Introduction to Anatomy and Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyPhysiology

Historical Historical perspective of A&P perspective of A&P Pre-scientific periodPre-scientific period Cavemen – Cavemen –

intimate knowledge intimate knowledge about about animal animal anatomyanatomy

Scientific periodScientific period

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia – examined the – examined the body body

Records found Records found on cuneiform tabletson cuneiform tablets

Egypt – did Egypt – did dissection for dissection for embalming (but not embalming (but not systematic systematic examination)examination)

Eastern (Japan/China) 3000BCEastern (Japan/China) 3000BC

Herbalists and Herbalists and acupuncture acupuncture (anatomy)(anatomy)

Grecian periodGrecian period

Hippocrates 460-377 BC Hippocrates 460-377 BC Humoral theory: Humoral theory:

health determined by balance of 4 fluids health determined by balance of 4 fluids Blood (red) – liver Blood (red) – liver Choler – (yellow) – yellow bile – gall Choler – (yellow) – yellow bile – gall

bladderbladder Phlegm – (white) - lungsPhlegm – (white) - lungs Melancholy – (black) - black bile - spleenMelancholy – (black) - black bile - spleen Key contribution: disease was natural, Key contribution: disease was natural,

not “by the godsnot “by the gods””

Aristotle 384-322 BCAristotle 384-322 BC

Dissection (with Dissection (with embryology and embryology and zoology)zoology)

However, However, there were errors:there were errors:

Ex. Brain was Ex. Brain was for cooling the for cooling the bloodblood

5) Alexandrian period (322-30BC)5) Alexandrian period (322-30BC)

Anatomy rose as a detailed scienceAnatomy rose as a detailed science However, done via human However, done via human

vivisection of prisoners or with vivisection of prisoners or with cadaverscadavers

Herophilus – described brain Herophilus – described brain structures & spinal cord (vivisection of structures & spinal cord (vivisection of prisoners)prisoners)

Erisistratus – father of physiologyErisistratus – father of physiology

RenaissanceRenaissance

Leonardo da Vinci – Leonardo da Vinci – anatomy anatomy cadaver dissectioncadaver dissection

1717thth/18/18thth centuries centuries

Harvey – demonstrated blood circulationHarvey – demonstrated blood circulation

Leeuwenhoek – “father of histology” Leeuwenhoek – “father of histology” designed microscopedesigned microscope

1919thth/20/20thth centuries centuries

Explosion of anatomical, histological, Explosion of anatomical, histological, physiological and pharmacological physiological and pharmacological discoveriesdiscoveries

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

Anatomy – study of the structure and Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and body partsshape of the body and body parts

From the Greek words “tomy” to cut From the Greek words “tomy” to cut

and “ana” apartand “ana” apart Physiology – study of how the body and its Physiology – study of how the body and its

parts work or function (systems)parts work or function (systems) Growth, reproduction, respiration, Growth, reproduction, respiration,

digestion, metabolism, circulation, digestion, metabolism, circulation, absorption, excretion, movementabsorption, excretion, movement

Other disciplines arise from A&POther disciplines arise from A&P

Histology – study of tissue structureHistology – study of tissue structure Pathology – disease processesPathology – disease processes Pathophysiology – how the body Pathophysiology – how the body

responds to diseaseresponds to disease Pharmacology – medicine to repair the Pharmacology – medicine to repair the

imbalanceimbalance

How is any living thing organized?How is any living thing organized?

Definitions-Definitions-1.1. AtomsAtoms2.2. MacromoleculesMacromolecules3.3. CellsCells4.4. TissueTissue5.5. OrganOrgan6.6. Organ SystemOrgan System7.7. Organism-Organism-

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

What Elements make up the What Elements make up the Human Body?Human Body?

4 Elements make up 96.1% of the 4 Elements make up 96.1% of the human body (by mass)human body (by mass) OXYGEN- 65 % in water- used as a gas OXYGEN- 65 % in water- used as a gas

by every cell to oxidated glucose by every cell to oxidated glucose (cellular respiration)(cellular respiration)

CARBON- 18.5% primary component of CARBON- 18.5% primary component of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acidsnucleic acids

HYDROGEN- 9.5% found in most organic HYDROGEN- 9.5% found in most organic molecules- also influences the pH levels molecules- also influences the pH levels of body fluidsof body fluids

NITROGEN- 3.2% component of proteins NITROGEN- 3.2% component of proteins and nucleic acidsand nucleic acids

TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%)TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%)

CALCIUM- (1.5%)-salt form found in CALCIUM- (1.5%)-salt form found in bones and teethbones and teeth

PHOSPHORUS- 1 %- salt form found in PHOSPHORUS- 1 %- salt form found in bones and teeth- also used in ATPbones and teeth- also used in ATP

POTASSIUM- (0.4%)ionic form used to POTASSIUM- (0.4%)ionic form used to transmit nerve impulsestransmit nerve impulses

SULFUR- (0.3%)- component of proteinsSULFUR- (0.3%)- component of proteins SODIUM- ( 0.2%) ion used in water SODIUM- ( 0.2%) ion used in water

balance and conduction of nerve balance and conduction of nerve impulsesimpulses

TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%)TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%)

CHLORINE- (0.2%) negative ion in the CHLORINE- (0.2%) negative ion in the body- electrolytes and nerve impulsesbody- electrolytes and nerve impulses

MAGNESIUM-(0.1%) makes up MAGNESIUM-(0.1%) makes up enzymes used in many metabolic enzymes used in many metabolic reactionsreactions

IODINE- (0.1%)- needed to make IODINE- (0.1%)- needed to make functional thyroid hormonesfunctional thyroid hormones

IRON- (0.1%)- in hemoglobin- carries IRON- (0.1%)- in hemoglobin- carries oxygen in the bloodoxygen in the blood

Compounds in the Human BodyCompounds in the Human Body

WATER- makes up about two-thirds of WATER- makes up about two-thirds of the total body weightthe total body weight

4 functions4 functions

1. High heat capacity- can absorb 1. High heat capacity- can absorb and release large amounts of heat and release large amounts of heat without changing temperature -without changing temperature -homeostasis of the body temp.homeostasis of the body temp.

WATERWATER

2.2. UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- its polarity UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- its polarity properties allow it to dissolve solids, properties allow it to dissolve solids, liquids and gases. liquids and gases.

3.3. CHEMICALLY REACTIVE- water is the CHEMICALLY REACTIVE- water is the essential part in hydrolysis essential part in hydrolysis reactions which breakdown reactions which breakdown complex sugars and proteinscomplex sugars and proteins

4.4. CUSHIONING- examples are CUSHIONING- examples are cerebrospinal fluid that cushion the cerebrospinal fluid that cushion the brain and amniotic fluid that brain and amniotic fluid that cushion a developing fetuscushion a developing fetus

SALTSSALTS

Mostly calcium and phosphorus are Mostly calcium and phosphorus are easily ionized by water and can easily ionized by water and can conduct electrical currents in conduct electrical currents in solution- (electrolytes)solution- (electrolytes)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDSORGANIC COMPOUNDS

CARBOHYDRATES- sugars, and starches CARBOHYDRATES- sugars, and starches contain C, H, and O in a certain ratiocontain C, H, and O in a certain ratio

GLUCOSE- monosaccharide that is GLUCOSE- monosaccharide that is refered refered to as “blood sugar”to as “blood sugar”

GLYCOGEN- polysaccharide in animals GLYCOGEN- polysaccharide in animals that stores energy- found in the that stores energy- found in the muscles and livermuscles and liver

LIPIDSLIPIDS

LIPIDS-(fats) contain long chains of C and HLIPIDS-(fats) contain long chains of C and H

PHOSPHOLIPID- 2 fatty acid chains connected PHOSPHOLIPID- 2 fatty acid chains connected to a phosphate head (cell membrane)to a phosphate head (cell membrane)

NEUTRAL FATS- (TRIGLYCERIDES) 3 fatty acid NEUTRAL FATS- (TRIGLYCERIDES) 3 fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol molecule- chains connected to a glycerol molecule- (storage of energy) usually found just (storage of energy) usually found just beneath the skin and around body organsbeneath the skin and around body organs

LIPIDSLIPIDS

STEROIDS- 4 interlocking rings of C STEROIDS- 4 interlocking rings of C and Hand H

CHOLESTEROL- found in cell CHOLESTEROL- found in cell membrane (keeps its fluid) used to membrane (keeps its fluid) used to make vitamin D, used to make sex make vitamin D, used to make sex hormones. (estrogen, testosterone)hormones. (estrogen, testosterone)

PROTEINSPROTEINS

AMINO ACIDS- (26) building blocks of AMINO ACIDS- (26) building blocks of proteins- contains an amine group proteins- contains an amine group (Nitrogen atom connected with 2 (Nitrogen atom connected with 2 hydrogen atoms) connected to a hydrogen atoms) connected to a long chain of carbonslong chain of carbons

FIBROUS PROTEINS- bind structures FIBROUS PROTEINS- bind structures together- (tough) examples are together- (tough) examples are Keratin and CollagenKeratin and Collagen

PROTEINSPROTEINS

GLOBULAR PROTEINS- “functional GLOBULAR PROTEINS- “functional proteins” that are mobile and proteins” that are mobile and perform biological processesperform biological processes

Examples are antibodies, hormones Examples are antibodies, hormones (growth hormone and insulin), and (growth hormone and insulin), and enzymesenzymes

ENZYMESENZYMES

CATALYSTS- speed up a chemical reaction CATALYSTS- speed up a chemical reaction (by lowering the activation energy)without (by lowering the activation energy)without become part of the chemical reaction-become part of the chemical reaction-

Enzymes bind to molecule at specific active Enzymes bind to molecule at specific active sites then release after the reaction.sites then release after the reaction.

Enzymes are designated with the suffix -ASEEnzymes are designated with the suffix -ASE

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEOTIDES are the building blocksNUCLEOTIDES are the building blocks1. adenine1. adenine2. guanine2. guanine3. cytosine3. cytosine4. thymine4. thymine

5.5. uraciluracil

Form long chains DNA or RNAForm long chains DNA or RNA

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

ATP- provides the chemical energy ATP- provides the chemical energy used in all cellsused in all cells