Introduction & Introduction & Orientation to the Orientation to the

Human BodyHuman Body

AnatomyAnatomy Field of study that describes the Field of study that describes the

structure, location, and structure, location, and relationships of body parts.relationships of body parts.

Branches of AnatomyBranches of Anatomy Gross Anatomy-Gross Anatomy- Study of body Study of body

structures that are visible without a structures that are visible without a microscope.microscope.

Regional Anatomy-Regional Anatomy- Focuses on Focuses on specific area of the body, such as the specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.head, neck, or trunk.

MicroanatomyMicroanatomy- Examines structures on - Examines structures on a microscopic level.a microscopic level. HistologyHistology- Microanatomy that studies - Microanatomy that studies

tissues.tissues.

PhysiologyPhysiology

The study of the mechanisms that The study of the mechanisms that enable the body to function.enable the body to function.

Study of functions of the human Study of functions of the human body.body.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization Chemical Level- Chemical Level- Simplest (O,H,C,K).Simplest (O,H,C,K). Cellular Level- Cellular Level- Combination of molecules (cell) Combination of molecules (cell)

basic unit of structure and function.basic unit of structure and function. Tissue Level- Tissue Level- Combination of cells that perform a Combination of cells that perform a

function. (Four types exist in the human body)function. (Four types exist in the human body) Organ Level- Organ Level- Two or more types of tissues Two or more types of tissues

combined to perform a general combined to perform a general function(heart ,liver)function(heart ,liver)

System Level- System Level- Two or more organs and associated Two or more organs and associated structures that perform a more general function.structures that perform a more general function.

Complete Organism- Complete Organism- Composed of many systems Composed of many systems dependant on each other to perform their function.dependant on each other to perform their function.

Body RegionsBody Regions

1. Cephalic or Head1. Cephalic or Head 2. Cervical or Neck2. Cervical or Neck

Body RegionsBody Regions TrunkTrunk

1. Thorax1. Thorax 2. Abdomen2. Abdomen 3. Pelvis3. Pelvis

Directional TerminologyDirectional Terminology Superior: Superior: Towards the head end or upper Towards the head end or upper

portion of the body.portion of the body. Inferior: Inferior: Towards the bottom portion of the Towards the bottom portion of the

body.body. Ventral: Ventral: The front of the body.The front of the body. Dorsal: Dorsal: The back of the body.The back of the body. Medial: Medial: Toward the middle or center of the bodyToward the middle or center of the body Lateral: Lateral: Away from the center of the body.Away from the center of the body.

Directions Cont….Directions Cont…. Cephalad: Cephalad: The head.The head. Caudal: Caudal: The tail (lower spine coccyx The tail (lower spine coccyx

vertebrae).vertebrae). Proximal: Proximal: Toward the base(trunk) of the body.Toward the base(trunk) of the body. Distal: Distal: Away from the base (trunk) of the body.Away from the base (trunk) of the body. Superficial: Superficial: The surface of the body.The surface of the body. Deep: Deep: The inside of the body.The inside of the body.

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal Cavity-Dorsal Cavity- Is located on the Is located on the

posterior or back side and posterior or back side and contains the cranial and vertebral contains the cranial and vertebral cavities.cavities. Cranial cavityCranial cavity the space that the space that

contains the brain and vertebral contains the brain and vertebral (spinal) cavity (spinal cord).(spinal) cavity (spinal cord).

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Ventral-Ventral- Anterior or front side, Anterior or front side,

contains the thoracic and abdominal-contains the thoracic and abdominal-pelvic cavity.pelvic cavity. ThoracicThoracic- Divided into 3 smaller - Divided into 3 smaller

cavities.cavities. PleuralPleural- two cavities which enclose the - two cavities which enclose the

lungs.lungs. PericardialPericardial- small space between the two - small space between the two

membranes around the heart.membranes around the heart. MediastinumMediastinum- contains, trachea, - contains, trachea,

esophagus, vessels.esophagus, vessels.

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Abdominal-pelvic:Abdominal-pelvic: Contains the Contains the

peritoneal cavity which is divided into two peritoneal cavity which is divided into two separate cavities, the Abdominal and separate cavities, the Abdominal and Pelvic.Pelvic. AbdominalAbdominal- contains the stomach, small - contains the stomach, small

intestines, liver, and most of the large intestines, liver, and most of the large intestines.intestines.

PelvicPelvic- contains the urinary bladder, the - contains the urinary bladder, the rest of the large intestines, internal rest of the large intestines, internal reproductive organs.reproductive organs.

DiaphragmDiaphragm- Flat muscular sheet that - Flat muscular sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominal-separates the thoracic and abdominal-pelvic cavities. pelvic cavities.

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Body PlanesBody Planes Sagittal:Sagittal: Extends parallel to the long axis Extends parallel to the long axis

of the body and divides the body into of the body and divides the body into right and left portions.right and left portions.

Frontal/Coronal:Frontal/Coronal: Extends parallel to axis Extends parallel to axis but divides the body into anterior (front) but divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) planes.and posterior (back) planes.

Transverse/Horizontal:Transverse/Horizontal: Extends Extends perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes. planes.

Abdomino-pelvic Abdomino-pelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

Right UpperRight Upper Right LowerRight Lower Left Upper Left Upper Left LowerLeft Lower

RegionsRegions

Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical Landmarks (QUIZ) (QUIZ) FrontalFrontal OrbitalOrbital BuccalBuccal CervicalCervical AbdominalAbdominal PelvicPelvic InguinalInguinal FemoralFemoral PedalPedal OlecranalOlecranal

PatellarPatellar DigitalDigital AntebrachialAntebrachial BrachialBrachial AxillaryAxillary AcromialAcromial PoplitealPopliteal SuralSural CalcanealCalcaneal PlantarPlantar