: : : : : : : : :

: . : . : :

: )stnemelE(: -

511 .

: )sdnuopmoC( -

.

:

.lC2 O2H . :

.

noituloS : :

. :etuloS . :tnevloS lCaN

.

:

suisleC 001

. 001 23

. 081 212

1..51.372 + )C( t = )K(T 2.)23 )F( t( 9/5 = )C( t

: )V( emuloV

thgieh x htdiw x htgnel = V 3m = m x m x m = V Lm 0001 = L 1 3mc 1 = Lm 1 3m 3-0001 x 1 = L 1

ytisneD .

emuloV / ssaM = ytisneD )3m( V / )gk( m = D

:1

gk5.5 .mc 52 mc 05 m 5.1

: 5.0= 5.1=

52.0= 3 91.0 = 52.0 * 5.0 * 5.1=

3/ 92 = 91.0/ 5.5= / =

2 552

/ 180.1 02

: = 552 * 180.1= * =

672

deepS

/ = / = noitareleccA

. ecroF

* .N

erusserP

.

2- * 1- * = / = aP

ygrenE kroW

.= * =

3 . 24.52 4 3 3 5

5 3/ 11

. 3-01= 13 6-01 = 3 1

3/ 00011 = 6-01 / 3-01 *11

: 8081

:.

.

.

:

.

1 554.0 gM

513.2 OgM 510.2 .

513.2 + gM 554.0=

77.2 = 2O 2O 510.2 + OgM =

77.2= . 557.0 = 510.2 77.2 =

:

.

.

. .tW / 001 x tnemelE .tW = tnemelE %

.elpmaS

2 001.0

. 661.0

. 441.0

66.1 / 00.1 = OgM g y / gM g X

:

= 66.1 / 00.1 = OgM g y / gM g 441.0 OgM g 932.0

: 2381

.

.

.

6581 ( )

. .

g 82-01 x 6901.9

:

.

42-01 x 6276.1

2391

. .

42-01 x 0576.1

)

01/1

( / 9 01 *5.1

. :

.

: .

. : : .

. . . .

: . Z

. . = . A : + =

n + Z = A :

Z A = n AXZ

. X

3 791uA97

97 = Z = 97 = Z 791 = A 811 = 97 971 = Z A = n

97 = Z 4 . 31 21 21 = Z 31 = n gM 52 = 31 + 21 = n + Z = A

. . .

.

.

. .

: x ) =

(

% 90.96 8929.26 645.36

.

001 % 19.03 = 90.96 001= =8929.26 * 001/90.96+ * 001/19.03

645.36329.46=

53lC

19569.63 73lC 9869.43 354.53

. X = 53lC

1 X = 73lC = )X-1( 9569.63 + X 9869.43

354.53% 67.57 = 6757.0 = X42.42 = 67.57 001 73lC

: seluceloM :

.

: :

. 21

3201 x 220.6 .

1 3.472

(78.701= ) 78.701= 1 3.472= X. 345.2 =

. .ssam ralom / )g( tw = n

2

3201 x 320.6 x n = 2 eF lom 42-01 x 23.3 = n 58.1 = 58.55 x 42-01 x 23.3 = ssam ralom x n = .tw

g 42-01 x3. 32.0 ( = ) =

80.04 22.9 = 80.04 / tw = 32.0 = ssam ralom / )g( tw = n

thgieW raluceloM

. .

4 : 4OS2aN 89.54 = 99.22 x 2 = aN x 270.23 = S46 = 61 x 4 = O x 450.241=

5 2)4OP(3aC 81.013= 6 S6H2C

S6H2C 5.1 . ./ 48.0

:

v x d = .tW g 62.1 = 5.1 x 48.0 .tW

.lom / g 26 = 23+1x6+21x2 = S6H2C .tw.M

.lom 20.0 = 26 / g 62.1 = S6H2C n

7 3OCaC 05

001 = 61x3+21+04 = .tw M .lom 5.0 = 001 / g 05 = n

3201 x 220.6 x 5.0= 8 6O21H6C 02

081 = 61x6+1x21+21x6 = 6O21H6C .tw .M lom 11.0 = 081/02 = n

x 26.6 = 11.0 3201 x 220.6 x = 6O21H6C 2201

6 6O21H6C 02

= 3201 x462201 x 26.6 x=

salumroF lacimehC

:

. . .

. . . 6H6C 4H2C 4HC

. fo . tW M / 001 x tnemelE fo .tW tA = tnemelE %

dnuopmoC

9

. 3FlCrBH2C

3 + 5.53 + 08 + 1 + 21x2 = 3FlCrBH2C .tW M lom / g 5.791 = 91 x

% 51.21 = 5.791 / 001 X 21 X 2 = C % % 15.0 = 5.791 / 001 X 1 X 1 = H % % 5.04 = 5.791 / 001 X 08 X 1 = rB % % 79.71 = 5.791 / 001 x 5.53 x 1 = lC % % 68.82 = 5.791 / 001 X 91 X 3 = F %

01

. n)lCHC-2HC(

5.53 + 1 x 3 + 21 x 2 = n)lCHC-2HC( .tW M 5.26 =

lC %, H % , C %

11

%.36.9 % 85.26

001

: 001 % 97.72 = )36.9 + 85.26( 001 = O %

:

.

O H C 97.72 36.9 85.26 97.72 36.9 85.26 47.1 = 61/97.72 36.9 = 1/36.9 12.5 = 21 /85.26

3 35.5 1 6 11 2 2O11H6C

21 C

2.0 . 9180.0 7992.0

.

O2H + 2OC 2O + C nimatiV

: g 280.0 = 44/21 x 7992.0 = 2OC ni C fo .tW g 1900.0 = 81/2 x 9180.0 = O2H ni H fo .tW

1900.0 280.0 2.0

= + = 2.0 280.0 + 1900.0 = 9801.03O4H3C

31 C

. / 671 3O4H3C

:

88 = 61 x 3 + 1 x 4 + 21 x 3 = 3O4H3C .tW M lom / g

2 = 88 / 671= 6O8H6C

41 8.53

7O2rC2)4HN( ( * 1 * 4 + 41=)

/ 252 = 61 * 7 + 25 * 2 + 2=

%3.14 = 252/001*25*2= 8.53

8.41 = 001 / 8.53 * 3.14

4

2 3

3O2eF2 2O3 + eF 4 51

2H + 3lClA lCH + lA

O2H 6 + 2OC4 2O7 + 6H2C2

7 . 6 4

4 7 2 . 6

.

7 * 23 2*03 81*6 4 * 44

.

61 52

O2H 6 + 2OC4 2O7 + 6H2C2 2O7 = 6H2C2 2O x = 6H2C52

52 5.78

71 5.3

5.3

O2H 6 + 2OC4 2O7 + 6H2C2 2O7 = 6H2C2 2O x = 6H2C5.3

5.3 52.21 .

.

.

3O2eF2 2O3 + eF4 5.9 5.7

.

.

5.9 5.7 578.1 = 4 / 5.7= 71.3 = 3 / 5.9=

% 001

% 001

81

:

O2H + 2)2HN(OC 2OC + 3HN2 88 201

. 5.59 .

O2H + 2)2HN(OC 2OC + 3HN2 201 88 6= 71/201 2=44/88 3=2/6 2=1/2 . = --= 2 2 = 1/1*2

lom / g 06 = 2 x )1 x 2 + 41( + 61 + 21 = tW M g 021 = 06 x 2 = .tW

%6.97 = 001 / 001*5.59

:

.

. ( ) ( ) : etuloS + tnevloS = noituloS

.

.

.

.

005 ) ( 0001

. :

.

.

fo thgiew / etulos fo ralom fo rebmun = m .)gk( tnevlos fo .tw / n = )gk( tnevlos

1 4OSiN

. 726 4OSiN 0496.451= 61*4+ 23+ 96.85 = 4OSiN

952.0 = 96.451 / 04 = .tWM/.tw = n 214.0= 726.0/ 952.0 = /

1

fo emulov/etulos fo relom fo rebmun = M V / n = )L( noitulos

: .

.

2 2.8

. 001 4oP3aN 13*1 + 32*3=

/ 461 = 61* 4+ lom 50.0 = 461 / 2.8 =.tWM / .tW = n

1.0= 001= M 5.0 = L 1.0 / lom 50.0 = V / n = M

3 052

. M 52.0 4OrC2K

.

g 491 = 61x4 + 25 + 93x2 = 4OrC2K .tW.M lom /

n = V/n= . 5260.0 = 52.0 *52.0 = V x M=

x 5260.0 = .tw M x n = tW = .tw M / .tW = n g 1.21 = 491

4 . OC2)2HN(

/ 780.1 % 23 .

/ 7801= / 780.1= / 7801

g 48.743 = 001 / 7801 x 23 = .tW

lom 8.5 = 06 / 48.743 = n M 8.5 = L 1 / lom 8.5 = V /n = M : :

g 2.937 = 001/ 7801 x 86 = O2H.tW

m 48.7 = 2937.0 / lom 8.5 = m

Vx M = n = v / n = M

: ( )

2V x 2M = 1V x 1M 5 M 10.0

M 52.0 4OrC2K 052

M 10.0 = 2M M 52.0 = 1M lm 052 = 2V ? = 1V2V x 2M = 1V x 1M 052 x 10.0 = 1V x 52.0 lm 01 = 1V

01 052

M 10.0

:

.....( - ) .

: .

. : :

s/1 . zH

: . x = c

c 1-sm 801 x 9799.2

1 mn 054

x 5.4 = mn/m 9-01 x mn 054 = mn 054 = m 7-01

x = c 4101 x 7.6 = 7- 01 x 5.4 / 801 x 3 = v

2

901 x 3 zH

= m 1.0 = 901 x 3 / 801 x 3

( )

. :

: v h = Esj 43-01 x 626.6 h v

3

mn 005

m 7- 01 x 5 = = 7-01 x 5 / 801 x 3 x 43-01 x 626.6 = vh = E

j 91-01 x 89.3

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

6 ( 82 = Z) iN

. 8d3 2s4 6p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1

d3

citengamarap

: rC : 4d3 2s4 6p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1 : 5d3 1s4 6p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1

4 d3

5

. )oM :

(24=

: uC : 9d3 2s4 6p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1

: 01d3 1s4 6p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1

9 d3

01

. :

9d)1-n( 2s)n(

)gA : (74=

noitazinoI

. 7 (62=Z )+2eF 6d3 2s4 6p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1

d3 s4 :

6d3 0s4 6p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1

. .

.

s 2,1sn

.

s n . 2 1

6-1pn 2sn p

p

p, s .

. d

n 01-1d)1-n( 2,1sn

. 2sn f

n 41-2f)2-n(

.

: . . . . . 2+

. B1

:

1+ 01d)1-n( 1sn.

5952 3801

4OSuC

052 O2H5.4OSuC

. : 001

.

: % 04

: :

. :

. % 04 :

.

.

. . 5.069

.

.

.

.

. . .

uA

.

. 3601 :

9082

.3+ 1+ ( )

:

: ( )

619 42 81 057 22

.

. : ( 891)

.

( 8)

. eF

% 5

:

3O2eF( ) 56

% .07 4O3eF( )

% .27 SeF( )

% .64

( ) ( ) : . ( )

-2.0 % 7.1

2 0 %

5-3 %

: O2H3.3O2eF2

3)HO(eF . .

: . (: )

. :

. (: )

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

. .

lom / jk 301

lom / jk 301

.

.

8 F ,O ,N ,P

: N P O N F : . .

. . F

: .

. dnob cinoi

.

:

-e + 6p2 2s2 2s1 +aN 1s3 6p2 2s2 2s1 aN 6p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1 lC 5p3 2s3 6p2 2s2 2s1 lC

2lCgM . +2gM

. -lC

dnob tnelavoc

2rB , 2lC 1 ):lC( 4-OlC

-23OC

:

899.0 719.0 / 885000.0

% 49.02 % 90.87%.1

719.0899.0885000.0/

: . . 1. . 2. . 3. . 4

%1 %49.022O %90.872N

.

ap 2s.m/gk = 2m/2-s.m.gk = aera/ecrof = erusserP

.

. .

.

mm067 .

gH mm 067 = mta 1 ap 523101 = mta 1

1 gH mm 225

mta 786.0 = 067 / 225 x mta 1 = mta X

.

p/k = V k k = vp

K= 2V2P = 1V1P 2 5.0 lm004 mta 1

. mta

.Lm 008 = 5.0 / 004 x 1 = 2V2P = 1V1P

. K = 2T2V = 1T/1V K=T/V T K = V

: K = 2T/2V2P = 1T/1V1P T/VP = k P/ T k = V

:

TRn = VP P / TnR = V

TRn = VP

2T/2V2P = 1T/1V1P

2n/2V = 1n/1V

2T2V = 1T/1V

2V2P = 1V1P

.

) ( .

.

. .

3 05

. 001

2OC + OaC 3OCaC lom 5.0 = 001/05 = selom fo rebmuN 2OC lom 1 = 3OCaC lom 1 2OC lom 5.0 = 3OCaC lom 5.0

L 3.51 = 1 / 373 x 5.0 x 280.0 = P / TnR = V TRn = VP 4 052.0 82 52.1

517

K 103 = 372 + 82 = T mta 149.0 = 067 / 517 = gHmm 517 .tw.M/TR.tW = VP TRn = VP lom / g 131 = 52.0 x 149.0 / 103 x 280.0 x 52.1 = .tw.M

5 52

.

K 892 = 372 + 52 = T V/g .tw.M/TR.g = VP TRn = VP

TR/ twM x P =V / m = d TR/ twM x P = d

x k. lom / mta L 280.0 / lom/ g 17 x mta 1 .L/g 9.2 = k 892

6 :

O2H6 + 2OC4 2O7 + 6H2C2 51 51

2O L 7 = 6H2C fo L 2 2O L X = 6H2C fo L 51 .L 5.25 = 2 / 7 x 51 = X 2OC L 4 = 6H2C fo L 2 2OC L X = 6H2C fo L 51 .L 03 = 2 / 4 x 51 = X

:

IH2 2I + 2H

. ON + 2OC 2ON + OC

.

= : )

( 2]IH[ rk = retaR ]2I []2H[ fk = fetaR

2]IH[ rk = ]2I []2H[ fk

ck = ]2I []2H[/ 2]IH[ = rk / fk

Dd + Cc Bb + Aa b]B[ a]A[ / d]D[ C]C[ = ck

1 2ON2 4O2N

: 52

lom 2-01 x 45.8 = 4O2N lom 2-01 x 28.2 = 2ON2

:

L/lom 2-01 x 72.4 = L2 / lom 2-01 x 45.8 = ]4O2N[ L / lom 2-01 x 14.1 = L2 / lom 2-01 x 28.2 = ]2ON[

2) L / lom 2-01 x 14.1( = ]4O2N[ /2]2ON[ = ck

L / lom 3-01 x 66.4 = ) L / lom 2-01 x 72.4(/

.

.

2

)g( 2OC + )s( OaC )s( 3OCaC

]2OC[ = cK

. : :

. :

IH2 2I + 2H

IH IH

.IH

:

.

. 3HN2 2H3 + 2N

: : . H H

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

-lC + +aN O2H + lCaN

.

.

. , 4OS2H , 3ONH , lCH :

. HOOC3HC , 4OP3H. -. -. -. - , 3HN , HOK , HOaN :

. 2)HO(aB , 2)HO(gM , 3OC2aN. - -

. . -. -. -

.

-HO + +O3H O2H + O2H

-HO + +H O2H

]+H[ ]-HO[ = K/ ]O2H[ WK = ]-HO[ ]+H[ = ]O2H[K

. 52 41-01 x 1

.x = M 7-01 x 1 = x 2M 41-01 x 1 = 2X

7-01 x1 7-01x1

7-01x1 +H 7-01x1 -HO

.

.

OOC3HC + +H HOOC3HC :

]HOOC3HC[ / ]-OOC3HC[ ]+H[ = aK . . 1

O2H + lCaN HOaN + lCH

O2H + 3ONaN HOaN + 3ONH

. 2

O2H + aNOOC3HC HOaN + HOOC3HC + NCaN HOaN + NCH

O2H . 3 + lC4HN HO4HN + lCH

O2H

O2H + 3ON4HN HO4HN + 3ONH . 4

O2H + OOC3HC4HN HO4HN + HOOC3HC

Hp

7 Hp

7 Hp .

Hp 7 8.7 4.7

.

: aNOOC3HC + HOOC3HC 2ONaN + 2ONH lC HN+HO HN

9100.0

: . -lC + +gA lCgA

]lCgA[ /]-lC[]+gA[ = K :

]-lC[]+gA[ = K psK :

. . :

.s

:

-lC + +gA lCgA S S

2S = S x S = ]-lC[]+gA[ = psK

9100.0

.

5-01 x 33.1 = 23.341 / 9100.0 = .twM / thgiew = lCgAn

-lC + +gA lCgA

5-01 x 33.1 5-01 x 33.1

01-01 x 67.1 = 5-01 x 33.1 x 5-01 x 33.1 = ]-lC[]+gA[ = psK

psK 21-01 x 9.1 = 4OrC2gA psK

S

-24OrC + +gA2 4OrC2gA

S S2 M 5-01 x 8.7 = S 3S4 = ]S[2]S2[ = ]-24OrC[2]+gA[ = psK

21-01 x 9.1 psK

-HO2 + +2eF 2)HO(eF

S2 S 5-01 x 6.1 = S 3S4 = 2]S2[ ]S[ = 2]-HO[ ]+2eF[ = psK

. .1

.2FaC( ) .2

( )

. .3

.

. 4

. : . 1

. . 2

. . 3

(. )

. 4

.

.

ON2 2O + 2N

3HN2 2H3 + 2N . :. :

uC + ++nZ ++uC + nZ

( ) . (. )

. 2- 1+ : +4HN , --4OS , 3OC2aN , +2)HO(eF , 4-OlC , 7O2rC2K

-3 +6 +4 +3 +7 +6

. 2O6 + 6O21H6C O2H6 + 2OC6

( ) .

2O6 + 6O21H6C O2H6 + 2OC6

O2H 2O + 2H

.

:

2ONaN

.

. :

3O2lA

: % 87 2N

.

.61.0

.% / 52.1

.

522 .

5+ 3- 3HN ,4H2N ,HO2HN ,2N ,O2N ,ON ,2ONH ,2ON ,3ONH

.

.

.

3HN( ) . 1

.

. 3HN2 2H3 + 2N

002 001 005 4O3eF

.

/ 177.0 -7.77 -4.33

.

. 2

: ON( ) O2N

3O2N 2ON .5O2N 4O2N

/ 89.1 O2N

09- )

(.

.

43.1 ON( ) 1517- ( )/

2ON

22 4O2N 01

. : ( ) 3ONH

O2H6 + ON4 2O5 + 3HN4 2ON2 2O + ON2 ON + 3NOH2 O2H + 2ON3

68 51 / 25.1 -14

. .

3ONH4 O2H2 + 2O + 2ON4 .

% 53 % 56

.

. : : : :

. . : : . : . 1. : . 2

2HN OC 2HN ( ). 3

% 27 % 6.64

.

: : . 1

. : . 2

.

. : %439.0 % 9.02 % 480.87

%.300.0 % 4130.0 % 12

. % 22

2O

. 3O

. .691- 381- 2N . 2OC

97- .

97-

:. . 1(. ) 2. . 3. . 4

(: )

. % 8 : . 1

. . 2

. . . 3 . 4

.

. .5

: . . 1. . 2: . 1

. . . 2 :

. :

.

% 76 % 57

% 09 . . % 07 56

: . . 1 . 2

. . . 3 ( % 2.11)

%8.88) (

.

:

.

:

.

: . 1.

: . 2.

(: ) . 3. 2.8- 5.6

.

: : . 1

. : . 2

. 0001

: . 3. 00053 0001

: . 4 % 89 00053

% 2 .

052 000052

.

81 . 5.7

. : 3-OCH :

.

2OC + O2H + 3OCaC 2)3OCH(aC :

: : . 1

3OCaC + 4OS2aN 3OC2aN + 4OSaC . : . 2

3OCaC2 + O2H2 2)3OCH(aC + 2)HO(aC

.

.

: : . 1

.

.

(: ) .2

.

. 42 03

% 81 6 . 5241

91 . %

:

. . . 1. . 2

: : . 1

. : . 2

. : . 3

% 1

21 ) 0021 (.

: . 4

.:

. 1 % 5.41

. . 2

.

: .

. 004. 002