PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY

A. Origin of the Philippines1. Legends

The story of the bird, the sky, and the sea2. Theories

i. Part of a lost continent It was believed that the Philippines was a remnant of a vast continent in the pacific which had sunk during pre- historic

times like the fabled Atlantis lost somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. This lost pacific continent was called “Lemuria” or “Mu”. Its remnants aside from Philippines were Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra, and other islands of the pacific.

ii. Volcanic Origin It was proposed by Dr. Bailey Willis. According to this theory, Philippines was born due to the eruptions of sea volcanoes in remote epochs.

iii. Land Bridge Theory This theory suggests that Philippines was once a landmass bridging China and the Asian Mainland, to Borneo, Indonesia,

New Guinea, and even Australia. The present China Sea was an exposed dry land known as the Sunda Shelf which covered an area of 1, 800, 000 square kilometers. During the post glacial age, about 250, 000 years ago, the world’s ice melted, causing the sea level to rise. Consequently, the lower land regions including the land bridges linking Asia and the Philippines were submerged, thus, Philippines archipelago was formed.

This theory is supplied by the following plausible reasons;a. Similarity of fauna and flora in Asia and the Philippinesb. Similarity of rock structurec. Existence of the shallow China Sea between the Asia Mainland and the Philippinesd. The presence of a fore deep at the eastern margin of the Philippines indicating the archipelago

was once the edge of the Asia continental Platform

B. Archipelago’s Name1. Filipinas

The name given to Philippines in 1543 by the ill- starred Spanish explorer, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, in honor of Prince Felipe of Austria who later became Philip II, the greatest king of Spain.

This name first appeared on a rare map published at Venice in 1554 by Giovanni Battista Ramusio.2. Philippine Islands

The anglicized name of Filipinas during the American colonial regime.3. Republic of the Philippines

The name given to Philippines after the decolonization in 1946.4. Ma-yi/ ma-i

The name given to Philippines by the early Chinese traders such as Chau Ju Kua and Wang Ta- Yuan. Same names such as Mintolang for Mindanao, Makilu for Manila, and Pishoye for Visayas were also dubbed to Philippines by

the Chinese. Ma- i is generally accepted to refer to the island of Mindoro in Luzon because of its gold and proximity in the Chinese

mainland.5. Rizaline Republic

The name proposed by the Katipunan General Artemio Ricarte in honor of Dr. Jose Rizal.6. Maharlika

It was proposed by former President Ferdinand Marcos after his dream of making the Philippines great again.7. Pearl of the Orient Seas

The most romantic name of the Philippines. It was originally given in 1751 by father Juan J. Delgado as a name of Manila (Pearl of the Orient) and was also mentioned

by Manuel De Azcarraga y Palmero. It was also grunted by Dr. Jose P. Rizal in his published article in the Hong Kong Telegraph.

C. Geography and Resources1. Location

The Philippine Archipelago sprawls a little above the equator in Southeast Asia between latitude 4 degree 23” and 21 degree 25” north and longitude 116 degree and 127 degree east.

Philippines has a very strategic location due to the following;a. It serves as a bridge between the cultures of the East and the West.b. It lies at the crossroad of international air and sea routes.c. It looms as bastion of democracy in an area where dictators and communism hold sway over Asian

Nations.d. It is the citadel of Christianity between the largely Christian west and largely non- Christian east. Hence,

its role as “Christian Light of the World”.2. Area

The Philippines is an archipelago of 7, 107 islands of which 2, 773 are named. It has a total land area of 115, 707 sq. miles or 299, 681 sq. km. Luzon has an area of 40, 814 sq. miles while Mindanao has 36, 906 sq. miles. Y’ Ami Isle is the northernmost point of the Philippines.

3. Shape Philippines is an inverted Y- shaped archipelago of numerous islands, islets, coral reefs, abundant rivers, lakes and bays,

mountains and valleys, cool plateaus, and scenic volcanoes. Christian Scholars commented that Luzon is like a Helmet, Visayas and Mindanao is the Arms and Legs, and Palawan is

Spirit Sword.4. Climate

The Philippine climate is tropical and monsoonal in character. The two distinct seasons are dry season and wet season. The temperature varies from 21 degree Celsius to 32 degree Celsius. The coldest month is January and the Hottest is May.

Regions

Region 1- Ilocos Region Region 2- Cagayan Valley Region 3- Central Luzon Region 4A- CALABARZON Region 4B- MIMAROPA Region 5- Bicol Region Region 6- Western Visayas Region 7- Central Visayas Region 8- Eastern Visayas

Region 9- Zamboanga Peninsula Region 10- Northern Mindanao Region 11- Davao Region Region 12- SOCCSKSARGEN Region 13- CARAGA CAR- Cordillera Administrative Region NCR- National Capital Region ARMM- Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

5. Natural Resources Soil is the most important natural resources in the Philippines primarily of most people earn a living from tiling the land. Filipinos

are fortunate of having a highly fertile land. The country has rich plant life. Agricultural experts believed that 8,120 species of plants grow in the country, that is, about 1,000

varieties of orchids, 1,000 species of rice, and 3,000 species of trees. 850 species of birds are found in the Philippines. Carabao is the most useful animal for it serves as farmer’s best friend. At least 2,000 species of fish are found in the waters of the Philippine archipelago. Philippine forest lands have a total area of 16,633,000 hectares which represents 55 percent of the total land area. The

Philippines rank third in forest reserves. Philippines is one of Asia’s great gold producing regions. Energy in the Philippines is used to supply electricity and fuel to run factories, light homes, and offices.

6. Beauty Spots The Banaue Rice Terraces was built more than 2,000 years ago by hardy Ifugaos using only their bare hands and crude stone

tools. The Mount Mayon is the Crowning Glory of the Philippine Natural Wonders. Manila Bay is one of the Enchanting Wonders of the Country. Other beauty spots are being rediscovered.

7. Historical Places Luneta Park- It was a beautiful setting built in honor of the Philippines greatest hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. It is used to be called

Bagumbayan Field where Rizal was executed by a Spanish military firing squad at early dawn of December 30, 1896.

Corregidor- It is a national shrine nicknamed as “The Rock”. This was the vlast bastion to fall to the invading Japanese in 1942. Such made it the symbol of the determined resistance of its Filipino and American defenders.

Paoay Church- It was built in 1694 commissioned by the Augustinian friars led by Fr. Antonio Estavillo. It was declared as one of the national treasures by former president Ferdinand Marcos.

Intramuros (Fort Santiago)- It was the old capital of Manila which was built in 1571. It was used to be the seat of colonial powers of both Spain and the United States of America. It was also a dreaded prison under the Spanish regime and the scene of countless military police atrocities during the Japanese occupation. Here, too, Dr. Jose Rizal spent his last hours before his execution at Bagumbayan.

Aguinaldo Shrine- It was here where Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. This was where the Philippine flag first raised.

Cavite Shrine- It was in this place where Emilio Aguinaldo was declared the first president of the Philippine republic. The republic of which the first in Asia.

Barasoain Church- It was here where the constitution of the republican government was drafted on September 15, 1898. this constitution was also known as the Malolos Constitution because the church is located in Malolos, Bulacan.

Mount Samat- It is situated at Pilar, Bataan. It is in this mountain that the gigantic cross named as “Dambana ng Kagitingan” (Altar of Valor) was erected on April 1942. the cross symbolizes the heroic and courageous defense made by fatigue, hungry, and sick Filipino and American soldiers in regaing our freedom during world war II.

THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

A. Origin of the Filipinos1. The Religious Sources(Friar- Historians Ideas)

The ancestors of the Filipinos sprung out of the soil like wild plants. Filipinos were created by the sun. Filipinos were produced from base metals by the magic act of the ancient alchemist or termed as herbolarios. Filipinos descended from the Adam of Asia; the other Adam being European Adam, for whom the Spaniards and the Jews came

from. Filipinos were descendants of Tarshish, one of Noah’s great grandsons, who settled in the Philippines after the great flood.

2. Legends The first Filipino couple sprang out from bamboo nodules. They were named Lalake and Babae or Malakas and Maganda. The second legend claims a racial superiority in the brown complexion of the Filipinos that is Filipinos were baked by God named

Bathala.3. Theories

Migration Theory- It was proposed by Professor H. Otley Beyer. Beyer believed that Filipinos came from to the Philippines in different waves of migration. Such is explained in the table:

Dawn Man Negritos Indonesians A Indonesians B Malays

Date of Migration 250,000 years ago 25,000- 30,000 years ago

3,000- 4,000 BC 1,500- 500 BC 20 BC

Characteristics Thickly Haired Brawny

Black skin 5 ft tall dark kinky hair round black eyes flat noses

tall slender light complexion thin lips high aquiline

nose

shorter bulky body dark complexion thick lips large nose

medium height slim but well

built brown skin black hair dark brown eyes

Ways of Life He lived by means of gathering wild plants, by fishing, and hunting

Nomadic They lived

through hunting, fishing, and foraging for wild plants.

They wore little clothing.

They have crudest religion.

They were among the world’s best archers and herbalists

They had permanent dwellings. They wore clothing and personal

ornaments. They knew agriculture, mining, and

copper tools.

They introduced iron metal, smiting, pottery making, cloth weaving, and jewelry making.

Critiquesa. Prof. Beyer used the 19th century scientific methods of progressive evolution and migratory diffusion as the basis

for his hypotheses, which have now been proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain such theory.b. The empirical archaeological data for this theory was based on surface finds and mere conjecture, which lot of

imagination and unproven data included.c. There are no evidences of the existence of the Dawn Man. So far, the oldest human fossil in the Philippines is the

skull cap of a stone aged Filipino about 22,000 years ago which was excavated by Dr. Robert B. Fox inside Tabon Cave in Palawan on May 28, 1962.

d. Undue credit is given to the Malays as the original settlers of the lowland regions and the dominant cultural transmitters.

e. The migration theory does not agree with the real character of Filipinos, who are adaptive and highly creative people because it suggests that the Filipinos were only passive receptors of outside culture.

Evolution Theory- The discovery in a Tabon cave in Palawan in 1962 of a skull cap and a portion of a jaw, presumed to be those of a human being, shows conclusively that man came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malay Peninsula where, according to the old theory, the Filipinos came from. As to the present Filipino, Indonesians, and Malays of Malaysia, Jocano maintains that they are the “end results of both the long process of evolution and the later... movements of people. They stand co-equal as ethnic groups, without any one being the dominant group, racially or culturally. The differences, according to Jocano, are due to the differences in their responses to their environment. On the other hand, the similarities found among them are due to the adjustment to their environment..

B. Filipino Traits1. Strengths of the Filipino Character

Family Orientation- It refers to a genuine and deep love for the family. For the Filipinos, the family, as the basic social institution, includes not only the father, the mother, their brothers and sisters, but also the grandparents, the aunts, the uncles, the cousins, and even the ceremonial relatives. Concern for the family is eloquently manifested in the honor and respect given to parents and the elders, in the care given to children, the generosity extended to a kin in need, and in the great sacrifices one endures for the welfare of the family.

Hard Work and Industry- It refers to one’s willingness to risk taking jobs in a foreign land with a different culture, not to mention the social cost.

Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity- Filipinos have the capacity to adjust and to adapt to conditions and circumstances in a given environment, both physical and social. They have the ability to improvise and make use of whatever is on hand in order to create and produce new things out of discarded scraps, for survival.

Pakikipagkapwa- tao- It refers to a deep sense of concern for one’s dignity and respect. This is manifested in a basic regard for justice and fairness to others. “Pakikiramay”, the sensitivity to people’s feelings- “pakikiramdam” and “pagtitiwala” are bonds that promote feelings of closeness to one another and become the foundation of unity.

Joy and Humor- It refers to propensity to cheer and laugh and have a fun loving approach to the ups and downs of life. Laughing at themselves and the mess they are in is an important coping mechanism.

Faith and Religiosity- Filipinos have a deep faith in God. Their innate religiosity enables them to comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the context of God’s will and plan. Filipinos live very intimately with religion and prayers have been important part of their lives.

2. Weaknesses of Filipino Character Extreme Personalism- It refers to the extent to which one is able to relate personally to things and people determines the

recognition of their existence and the value attached to them. This extreme personalism often leads to graft and corruption and other malpractices in our government institutions.

Extreme Family Centeredness- The extreme excessiveness of family centeredness becomes detrimental to the welfare of a larger community. The use of one’s office and power to promote the interest of one’s family results in the utter lack of concern for the common good.

Lack of Discipline- This results in the use of shortcuts or the “palusot” syndrome, “nakaisa”, “nakalamang”, and “nakadaya”, in the Filipino vocabulary, words loaded with implied values. In several instances, Filipinos are guilty of the “ningas- cogon” tendency. They start their projects with full enthusiasm and interest, which abruptly die down, leaving things unfinished. What a waste!

Lack of National Consciousness- A proper understanding of one’s history is a very important factor in the development of national consciousness because it will serve to demonstrate how the present is influence by the past.

Colonial Mentality- These conditions are attributed to two dimensions- lack of patriotism and national integration and the strong preference for imported goods, foreign ideas and ways.

Passivity and Lack of Initiative- While it is true that Filipinos can adjust to circumstances in a given environment and posses some creative talents; they are generally passive and lacking in initiative. One has to be told what has to be done. They can tolerate inefficiency, poor service, and even violation of human rights. In many ways, it can be said that Filipinos are too patient for long suffering (“matiisin”), easily resigned to one’s fate, even if they are oppressed or exploited.

Kanya- kanya Syndrome- It refers to a selfish and self- serving attitude that generates a feeling of envy towards others, particularly when one’s peer has gained honor or prestige because of hard work. They demonstrate some hostile attitudes and feelings by recoursing to unfounded and malicious criticism “tsismis” and “intriga” to bring others down. This crab mentality that characterizes many Filipinos is counter productive. One evident manifestation of kanya- kanya syndrome is one’s personal ambition and the drive for power and status that is completely insensitive to the common good. It often results in the non cooperation of members of the community.

Lack of Exhaustive Study and Self-analysis- The Filipinos have a tendency to be superficial and sometimes even somewhat flighty. Confronted with serious problems, both personal and social, there seems to be no deliberate and intelligent alternative plan to solve the problem. In most cases, they joke and laugh about serious problem affecting them. Anyway, these problems are not mine alone. If there are strategies to solve these problems, they are only panacea. They easily accept and are even satisfied with the superficial explanations and hasty solutions to the problems. Another factor related to this issue is that Filipinos give too much emphasis on form, “maporma” rather than on the substance. In most cases, they have a tendency to be satisfied with rhetoric and substitute this for reality.

ASIAN HERITAGE

A. INDIANIZATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA Indianization refers to the propagation of the Indian Civilization. This propagation was a two-way process, that is, the propagation of the Indian Civilization was effected not only by the Indian Colonists and

colonizers, but also by the Southeast Asians themselves. These Southeast Asians, particularly the Malays, were bold navigators. Hence, visiting the parts of India let them acquire Indian culture and brought them to their native countries.

1. The Sri Vijaya and Majapahit EmpireSri Vijaya Majapahit

Other names Sin-fo-tsi(Chinese)Zabagin(Arabian)

Nationality Malayan

Culture Indianized

Capital Palembang Majapahit

Capital Mahayana Buddhist Brahmanistic Hindu

The Philippines was never ruled by the Sri Vijayan and Majapahit Empire due to ff: There are plenty of historical materials on Sri Vijaya as a maritime power and its relation with China in the annals of

Tang, Yuan, Sung, and Ming Dynasty. Of those materials, there is no mentioned about Philippines being a vassal state of the Sri Vijaya Empire.

Chau-ju-kua in his chronicles, listed fifteen vassal states of the Sri Vijaya and the Philippines is not one of them. Contemporary authorities on the history of Southeast Asia never claimed that Philippines was a vassal state of the Sri

Vijaya Empire. The claim of Prapanca in his eulogistic poem, Negarakertagama, that ninety- four vassal states of Majapahit Empire

includes Solot which he referred as Sulu of the Philippines is not real. Most likely, Solots are the tiny island in the lesser Sundas which still bears the name Solot and the northeastern part of Borneo.

2. Relations with the Orang Dampuans The Orang Dampuans or Men of Champa are group of immigrants who came in the Philippines from Southern Annam (Modern

Vietnam) between 900- 1200 A.D. They established a trading post in Sulu that resulted in a flourishing trade between Sulu and Southern Annam. Their main interest is to have trade with Buranuns People of Sulu). Their increasing prosperity aroused jealousy of the Buranuns who in fit of anger, massacred some Orang Dampuans. Having superior weapons, they took their bloody revenge on the Buranuns and having leveled the enemy’s village to the ground,

sailed to their homeland.

3. Relations with Bandjarmasin The Orang Bandjar (Men of Bandjarmasin) were immigrants from Bandjarmasin, Borneo settled in Sulu and engaged actively in

the rich pearl trade. They introduced the Indian influences in Sulu in which made Buranuns possessing Hindu customs and worshipping vedic gods.

Evidences: An evidence of the Philippine intercourse with the Indianized countries of southeast Asian nations is found in the

manuscript entitled, Suma Oriental, which was written by Tome Pires. According to this Pire Codex, the Lucoes (People of Luzon) annually sent trading vessels to Borneo and Malacca and the Bornean traders used to sail to Luzon to buy gold or food stuffs.

Relics Place Year Specifics

Gold Image of Agusan Wawa River near Esperanza, Agusan Province

1917 Tara (Beyer)

Bronze Image of Mactan Mactan, Cebu 1843 Hindu God Siva (Beyer)Lokesvara (Francisco)

Copper Image of Ganesha Mactan, Cebu 1843 Elephant God of Hindus

Clay Medallion of Calatagan

Calatagan, Batangas 1958 Buddho- Siamese Art (Francisco)

Gd Garuda Pendant of Palawan

Brooke’s Point, Palawan 1961 Mythical bird which served as a vehicle of Hindu god Vishnu

Ceramics from Cambodia, Annam, and Siam

Rizal province, Batangas, Laguna, Mindoro, Sorsogon and palawan

   

4. Indian Influences in the Philippines Religious Beliefs

Bathala- Chief God of the Tagalogs who was derived from Bhattara- great lord.

Bukidnon Four Cardinal Points Hindu Deities

Dumalondong North Kubera

Ongli South Yama

Tagolambong East Indra

Mababaya West Varuna

Also of Hindu origin was the belief of the ancient Filipinos that the universe is alive with devas and hantus, good spirits and evil spirits or demons, through whom all good and evil are done in this world.

Mythology and Folk Literature Bantugan, the mythological hero of the Maranaos and Lumawig, the legendary savior of

the Bontoc are identified with Indra of Hindu mythology. The Darangan of Lanao, the Lam-ang of Ilokandia, and the Ibalon of Bicolandia and the

Ilim and the Hudhud of the Muontain Province were inspired by the Mahabharata and other Hindu epics. Fables

The Tagalog story of the monkey and the turtle, the tale of the race between the deer and the snail, and the Visayan anecdote of the hawk and the hen.

The hilarious adventures of Juan Tamad reveal traces of Hindu influences. Customs and Traditions

Pagan Mandayas   Hindu

Mansilatan Creator of the Universe BrahmaBadla Protector of Men VishnuPudaugnun Destroyer of Men Siva

Placing of a fresh flower garland around the neck of the visitor upon his arrival or departure, symbolic of hospitality and friendship.

Before marriage, a groom gives dowry to bride’s parents and renders personal services in the house of his future parents- in- law.

After the wedding ceremony, the guests throw rice upon the bride and the groom. The offering of a buyo (a mixture of betel nut, ikmo leaf, and lime) to a guest as an expression of hospitality. A childless couple goes on pilgrimage to a holy shrine, whose deity is believed to have the power to grant the virtue

of fertility to those not blessed with children. Superstitious Beliefs

A maiden who sings merrily before a stove while cooking will marry an old widower. A comet is a bad omen, for it is a harbinger of famine, war, or some other calamity. A pregnant woman who eats twin bananas will give birth twins. When a cat wipes off its face with paws, a visitor is coming to the house. If a sleeping person dreams that one of his teeth falls out, somebody close to him will die.

Mode of Dressing Of Indian origin were putong (turban) of the men and sarong (lower garment) of the women in pre-Spanish

Philippines. The Muslim men in Mindanao and Sulu wear tight- fitting trousers which resemble the Indian putees and their women

use embroidered shawls which are suggestive of the Indian sari. Industries

Quicklime mining in Masbate Boat building Weaving of cotton clothes Metal works

Musical Instruments Kudyapi (Guitar)

Language

Filipino Sanskrit EnglishAma Ama Father

Asawa Atawa SpouseRaha Raha KingSaksi Saksi Witness

Maharlika Mahardlika Noble

B. EARLY CONTACT WITH CHINA Sino- Philippine intercourse begun in 10th century A.D. during the Sung Dynasty. The earliest known authentic data of the Sino- Philippine in 982 A. D. was recorded by a Chinese chronicler, Ma- Tuan- Lin in his monumental

work entitled, Wen Shiann Tung Kao (General Investigation on the Chinese Cultural Sources) The following are the Chinese influences in the Philippines:

Manufacturing/ occupations/ games Gunpowder The method of placer gold mining The art of metallurgy The use of porcelain, gold, silver, tin and other metals Blacksmithing Goldsmithing Kite flying Gambling- jueteng, kuwaho, pangginggi

Manner of Dressing The sleeved jackets (kangan) of the pre-Spanish Filipino males, the loose trousers of the Muslim and the dresses of

women of Sulu and Minadanao. The use of slippers, bakya(wooden Shoes), fans and umbrellas. Of Chinese introduction was the yellow garb of native nobility, the blue dress of the commoners, and the wearing of

white clothes for mourning. Culinary Art and Diet

Roasting of pigs for a delicious meat Brewing of tea for drinking Cooking of such dishes as lumpiya, pansit, mami, tsapsoy, and ukoy Appetizers such as tahuri, heko, toyo Edible vegetables including bataw, petsay, and upo

Social Customs Fixed marriage Hiring of go-between in marital negotiations Employment of professional mourners during the funeral and the veneration of departed ancestor. The filial respect accorded by children to their older brothers and sisters, parents and elders. The explosion of firecrackers on the advent of new year and other festivals The collection of tong (percentage fee) by the owner of a gambling joint. The haggling between the merchant and customer to arrive at the final fix price of commodity The beating of gongs to celebrate a feast among pagan Filipinos of northern Luzon, the Muslim Filipinos of Sulu and

Mindanao.

Language

Filipino Chinese EnglishBakya Bak- kiah Wooden ShoesBantay Bang- tai Sentinel Gunting Kan- ting Pair of scissors

Pinto Pin- to DoorSusi So- si Key

C. EARLY RELATIONS WITH JAPAN The regions settled by the Japanese during the pre- Spanish times were the delta of Cagayan River, the Lingayen Gulf Region, and Manila. The town of Agoo in Lingayen Gulf was busy center of trade with Japan which was later called by the Spaniards as Puerto de Japon. The following are the Japanese influences:

Industries Manufacture of arms and tools The tanning of deer skins Artificial breeding of ducks and fishes which is Japan’s greatest legacy to our ancestors.

EARLY FILIPINO ANCESTORS

A. THE BARANGAYS Well organized independent villages. It originated from balangay, a Malayan word meaning “sailboat”. It is a self- sustaining community ruled by a datu. It consisted of from 30- 100 families while some having a population of more than 2,000.

B. HOUSES AND DWELLINGS Bahay kubo (nipa hut)- houses which were made of wood and bamboo, roofed by nipa palm leaves. It had a bamboo ladder that could be

drawn up at night or when the family was out. It had a gallery called batalan where big water jars were kept for bathing and washing purposes. Under the house were kept the rice, firewood, and animals.

Some lived in tree houses which were built on the top of trees for better protection against the enemy. The badjaos (sea gypsies) of Sulu Sea still live in boat houses.

C. FOOD AND DRINKS Rice- staple food Earthen Jars/ bamboo tubes (Ilocano/Itawes- Banga) - where food are being placed for cooking. Banana Leaves (don bahat- Itawes)- serves as plates Coconut Shells ( tahuk- Itawes)- used as drinking cups Makkammat(Itawes)/ Agkammet(Ilocano)- eating with the use of fingers Fire was used to cook food. Such were produced by rubbing two pieces of dry woods (hulu- Itawes, bulu- Ilocano, Boho- Tagalog) which, when

heated, produced a tiny flame. Angang (Itawes)/ Burnay (Ilocano)/ huge bamboo tubes- used to store drinking waters Wines were also drank by early Filipinos such are the following:

Tuba - wine taken from coconut sports Basi - an Ilocano wine brewed from sugarcane Pangasi - Visayan wine made from rice Lambanog - Tagalog wine taken from coconut palm Tapuy - Igorot wine taken from rice

D. MODE OF DRESSING

Men Women

Upper Garment Kangan Baro

Lower Garment Bahag Patadyong

Head Dress Putong Ipit (Itawes), punggos (Ilocano)

Accessories Kolombigas (gold armlets)Samul- Ilocano, Balitok- Itawes (gold between teeth)

Samul- Ilocano, Balitok- Itawes (gold between teeth), aritut- Itawes (earrings), dusaru- Itawes (necklace), purselas- Itawes (bracelet)

Footwear Barefooted

E. TATTOES It serve two purposes

a. To enhance their bodily beautyb. To show their war record

Men were more tattooed than women. Children were not tattooed at all. The Visayans are the most tattooed Filipinos. They were called pintados or painted people.

F. NATURAL COURTESY AND POLITENESS When two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their putong as a sign of courtesy. When a person addressed his superior, he took off his putong, put it over his left shoulder like a towel, and bowed low. He addressed his

superior with the word “po”, which is equivalent to “sir”. When a man and a woman walked together, the man was always behind the woman. It was considered impolite for a man to walk ahead of his

woman companion. Whenever the entire family went out, the mothers and daughters walk ahead, while fathers and sons walk behind.

G. CLEANLINESS AND NEATNESS They bathed daily. Their favorite hour for bathing in the river was at sunset when they had finished their daily toil. They washed their hair regularly with gugo and water. They anointed it with coconut oil (denu- Itawes, Lana- Ilocano) and other lotions. They washed their mouths (makkulumummug- Itawes) and cleaned their teeth (ginat- Itawes: sand- English was used to clean their teeth)

upon waking up in the morning. They filed their teeth to make it even. They chewed buyo which made their teeth colored but strong. They kept a vessel full of water at the door of every house, and every person, whether belonging to the house or not, upon entering, take

water from this vessel and wash his feet, especially during rainy season.

H. FAMILY LIFE It is the basis of the society, hence, family ties, as they are today, was close and strong. The children were given considerable attention, affection and discipline by their parents. They were trained to be loyal to the ancestral god, to

respect the elders, to love their parents and to obey the datu and barangay rules. The father was the head of the family, thus, his words were law to children. The mother was the housekeeper. She enjoyed the sole privilege of naming the children.

I. SOCIETY AND SOCIAL CLASSES The pre- Spanish society was divided into three social classes:

a. Maharlikas - nobles- they constituted the barangay aristocracy, the highest social class. This class was composed of the affluent slave- owning families, including the datu, his family and relatives and the rich people.

b. Timawas - freemen- they constituted the middle class in the barangays. They were free- born persons and emancipated slaves. They formed the majority among the inhabitants of every barangay.

c. Alipin- slaves- they belonged to the lowest social classes. The causes of slavery were the following: Birth Captivity in war Purchase Failure to pay debts Penalty for crimes committed

Kinds of Slaves

1) Aliping Namamahay - they lived in their houses. They owned their property. They could marry without their master’s consent. They could not be sold.

2) Aliping Saguiguilid - they owned no property. They lived in their master’s house. They could not marry without their master’s consent. They could be sold anytime.

Slaves could emancipate themselves and become a freeman in various ways of emancipation as follows:

1) Marriage2) Purchase3) Voluntary action of the master

Hence, a slave woman who married a freeman or a noble automatically becomes free. A slave man could become free by paying his master a certain sum of gold. A slave- owner, according to customary laws, might emancipate his slave for saving his life in the war or for having served his family faithfully for many years.

There was no caste system unlike in India. Hence, a noble could become slave, a freeman could rise to nobility, and a slave could become a freeman.

J. WOMENS’ POSITION Tribal Laws and Customs recognized them as equal to men. They could own and inherent property. They could engage in trade and industry. If they were daughters of datus who had no sons, they could inherit the chieftaincy and rule barangays. They had the exclusive privilege of naming their children. Many women were famous in songs and stories as follows:

Sibabae - the legendary first woman in the world Lubluban - the legendary lawgiver of the Visayans Lalahon - the Visayan goddess of fire and volcanoes Kalangitan - the sultana of the Pasig and Lakandula’s grandmother

K. AMUSEMENTS They held banquets to celebrate a good harvest, a wedding, a religious sacrifice and a victory in war. Such are celebrated with much eating,

drinking, singing and dancing. Though they drink too much, this does not mean losing their senses rather, they will only become talkative and livelier.

They had games such as carabao races, wrestling, fencing, boat races and stone-throwing contests.

L. MUSIC They were lovers of music. They had various musical instruments as follows:

1) Kudyapi - Tagalog guitar2) Kalaleng - Tinggian nose- flute3) Kulintamg - Muslim xylophone

4) Tultogan - Visayan bamboo drum5) Silbay - Ilocano reed flute6) Suracan - Subanun cymbal

They had plenty of folk dances such as:1) Kumintang - Tagalog love dance2) Mahinhin - Tagalog courtship dance3) Dandansoy - Visayan tuba dance

4) Kinnoton - Ilocano ant’s dance5) Panjalay - Muslim wedding dance6) Tadek - Tinggian love dance

Their songs expressed all aspects of life. Among these are the following:1) Tagumpay - Tagalog song of victory2) Dallu - Negrito religious song3) Ayeg - klu- Igorot serenade song4) Bactal - Tagbanua death song

5) Dal-lot - Ilocano ballad song6) Kuilay - kuilay- Tinggian wine song7) Tudob - Agusan harvest song

M. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS Before marriage, the groom gave a dowry to the family of the bride (bigaykaya). It consisted of gold, land, slaves or anything else of value.

The groom had to work in the house of his bride for a certain period of time to do the following: Carrying water and firewood to the house Assisting the bride’s father in plowing the field Assisting in the planting and harvesting of rice

Other dowries were in the form of the following: Panghimuyat : the amount of money given to the bride’s parent, the mother for the nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to

womanhood. Bigay- suso - the payment given to the girl wet- nurse who fed the bride during infancy with milk from her breast. Humaraw - the amount given to the bride’s parents as reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the bride during

infancy. Sambon - the amount given to the bride’s relatives.

The state of courtship immediately before marriage is called Pamumulungan or Pamamalae. For Muslims (Mindanao):

Panalanguni - betrothal or engagement Pedsungud - settlement of dowry Pegkawing - marriage ceremony

They also practiced divorce with the aforementioned grounds:1) Adultery on the part of the wife2) Desertion on the part of the husband3) Loss of affection

4) Cruelty5) Insanity6) Childlessness

N. BARANGAY GOVERNMENT Barangays were virtually independent village- kingdoms. Each barangay was ruled by a chieftain called Datu. The rulers of bigger barangay kingdoms assumed the title of raha, hari or lakan. Datu - he was the chief, executive, legislator, and judge of the barangay and in time of war, he was the commander of the barangay warriors.

He obtained his position by inheritance, being a son or daughter of a datu. In case the datu died without any legitimate son or daughter, the people of barangay choose their new datu who should be the strongest, richest, or wisest man in the barangay. Despite his great powers, he was not an absolute ruler. The datu should consult the barangay elders in their approval of the following matters:

Declaration of war with the enemy barangay The marriage of the barangay lakan (prince) or lakambini (princess) The negotiation of a political alliance with another barangay. Making new laws for the barangay.

The barangay elders also took part in judicial trials of persons accused of certain crimes and the datu’s decision could not be binding without their approval.

There were also confederations of barangays. The causes of these emergence were the following: For better protection against enemies The marriage of a lakan of a barangay with the lakambini of another barangay

O. BARANGANIC RELATIONS Barangays concluded treaties of alliance and friendship with each other, sealed by a traditional ceremony of the blood compact called

sandugo (one blood). Sometimes wars broke up between barangays. Such according to Captain Miguel Loarca were caused by the following:

When one goes to another village and was put to death without any reason When one’s wives were stolen from them When one went to any village and he was badly treated or aggrieved

P. LAWS The early Filipinos had both oral and written laws. The oral laws were their customs (ugali) which had been handed down orally from generation to generation.

According to legend, the lawgiver of the pre- Spanish Philippines was a woman named Lubluban, the great granddaughter of the first man and the first woman of the world.

The written laws were promulgated by datus with the help of the barangay elders and announced to the people by a barangay crier known as umalohokan.

Take note that the much known Kalantiaw Code of the Philippines has been proven to be suspect of origin and contents. Hence, it should be believed in.

Q. RELIGION The early Filipinos were pagans except that of Moros in Minadanao and Sulu. The following were their gods and goddesses:

Bathala - supreme god and the creator of heaven and earth Idianale - Tagalog goddess of agriculture Lakampati - Tagalog god of harvest Sidapa - Visayan god of death Apolaki- Pangasinan war god Kidul - Kalinga god of thunder Dal’lang - Ilocano goddess of beauty Malyari - Zambal god of power and strength Poko - Tagbanua god of sea Kolyog - Ifugao god of earthquakes

They worshipped ancestral spirits called anitos (Tagalog) or diwatas (Visayan). To these anitos the sacrifices called, maganito, were offered. The ritual was performed by a priest or priestess called katalona or babaylan.

They also worshipped nature in the belief that such natural objects were the habitats of the spirits. They also believed in life after death. The good soul would go to heaven, called kaluwalhatian (Tagalog) or Ologan (Visayan), while the bad

soul would go to hell called, kasamaan (Tagalog) or Solad (Visayan).

R. BURIAL AND MOURNING CUSTOMS The corpse was embalmed and was buried near his home, in a cave or on headlands overlooking the sea. Clothes, foods, weapons and,

sometimes slaves were buried with the dead. The relatives of the dead wore rattan bands around their neck, arms, and legs; used white garments; and abstained from eating meat and

drinking wine during the period of mourning. Mourning for a dead man is called maglahe, for a dead woman it was termed morotal; and for a datu, larao. When a datu died, a herald

announced the event and the larao were then observed. No colored clothes were worn by the grieving people. All wars and quarrels were suspended. Singing in boats returning from sea was prohibited. All warriors carried their spears with points downward and their daggers with hilts reversed.

S. SUPERSTITIONS Early Filipinos believed in witches as follows;

Asuang - assumed the form of a dog, a bird, or any animal and devoured human flesh Mangkukulam - caused people to die or be sick by pricking a toy with his magic pin Tianak - sucked the baby’s entrails by means of his elongated proboscis Tigbalang - appeared in a form of a dog, a horse or an old man to deceive his victims.

They believed in the magical power of amulets and charms such as; Anting- anting - believed to make its possessors invulnerable Gayuma - a love potion which can arouse an adamant woman’s affection Odom - Bicol magic herb which makes its possessor invisible to the human eye Uiga - Visayan charm which enables any man to cross a river without getting wet

They also had superstitious beliefs which until now are surviving as follows: The appearance of a comet is an ill omen, for it is harbinger of war, pestilence or calamity. If a pregnant woman cuts her hair, she will give birth to a hairless child. A pregnant woman should not eat twin bananas, otherwise she will give birth to twins. A girl who sings before the stove while cooking will marry an old widower. When a cat wipes its face with its paws, a visitor is coming to house.

T. LANGUAGES The early Filipinos had different languages and dialects which were originated from a common linguistic form, the Malayo- Polynesian

language. Tagalog was regarded by the early Spanish writers as the best.

U. WRITING The ancient Filipinos had their own writing system following their alphabet called baybayin which was originated from the asokan alphabet of

India. A sharp- pointed iron instrument called sipol was used as pen. They engraved words in a bamboo tubes, wooden boards, or leaves of plants which were used as paper. The ancient writing is still preserved by the Mangyans of Mindoro and the Tagbanuas of Palawan.

V. LITERATURE Early Filipino literature consisted of bugtong (riddles), awit (songs), salawikain (proverbs), myths, legends and poetry. The following folk epic have been preserved:

Ifugao Alim and Hudhud Ilocano Lam-ang Bicol Handiong Kalinga Ullalim Maranao Bantigan Maguinadanao Indarapatra and Sulayman Illanon Agyu Taosug Parang Sabil

W. EDUCATION Early Filipino education was both academic and vocational. The father trained his sons to be warriors, hunters, fishermen, miners, lumbermen, and shipbuilders. The mother, on the other hand, trained

her daughters in cooking, gardening, sewing, and other household chores. There was an ancient barangay school in Panay termed as Bothoan under the charge of a teacher, usually an old man. 3R’s were taught in this

school- arithmetic, reading, and writing

X. ARTS

Architecture was expressed in the bahay- kubo style of dwelling. They early painting was that of tattoo. Sculpture was manifested in their anitos.

Y. SCIENCES Filipinos had knowledge of medicine since they knew the curative power of many medicinal plants. There were herbalists. There was some crude knowledge of astronomy such as:

Tala (morning star) by the Tagalog Poyo poyo (Pleiades) by the Bagobos Monbunkol (Dipper) by the Ifugaos Mamacta (astrologer) by the Ilokanos

They also knew Mathematics They had native terms for numericals;

Isa- one Puo- ten Daan- hundred Libo- thousand Yuta- one hundred thousand Angao- one million Kati- ten million Bahala- one hundred million

Z. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Early Filipinos had their own weights and measures. They used talaro a kind of balance with scales. Their measure of capacities were the ff;

Kaban- 25 gantas Salop- one ganta Kaguitna- one half ganta Gating- one chupa

Their measures for length were the ff; Dipa- the length of the outstretched arms Tumuro- the length between the tip of the thumb and that of the forefinger when extended. Sandamak- the width of the hand with the five fingers pressed together Sandali- the width of one finger

SPANISH EXPEDITIONS AND COLONIAL RULE TO THE PHILIPPINES

1. The Magellan Expedition

o Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown, was looking for a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. On 16 March 1521, Magellan's expedition landed on Homonhon island in the Philippines. He was the first European to reach the islands. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly with Magellan and embraced Christianity, but their enemy, Lapu-Lapu was not. Humabon wanted Magellan to kill Lapu-Lapu while Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu into Christianity. On 17 April 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killed Magellan by the natives lead by Lapu-Lapu. Out of the five ships who left on the Magellan expedition in 1519, only one ship (the Victoria) returned to Seville, Spain on 6 September 1522. Nevertheless, the said expedition was considered historic because it marked the first circumnavigation of the globe and proved that the world was round.

o Juan Sebastian de Elcano, the master of ship “Concepcion” took over the command of the expedition after the death of Magellan and captained the ship “Victoria” back to Spain. He and his men earned the distinction of being the first to circumnavigate the world in one full journey. After Magellan's death in Cebu, it took 16 more months for Elcano to return to Spain. The Magellan expedition started off through the westward route and returning to Spain by going east; Magellan and Elcano's entire voyage took almost three years to complete.2. Spain sends other expeditions

o After the Spain had celebrated Elcano’s return, King Charles I decided that Spain should conquer the Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions were then sent to the Islands. These were led by Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525), Sebastian Cabot (1526), Alvaro de Saavedra (1527), Rudy Lopez de Villalobos (1542) and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564). Only the last two actually reached the Philippines; and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the Islands.3. The Villalobos Expedition

o Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542. He followed the route taken by Magellan and reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established a colony in Sarangani but could not stay long because of insufficient food supply. His fleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese.

o Villalobos is remembered for naming our country “Islas Filipinas,” in honor of King Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain.4. The Legazpi Expedition

o Since none of the expedition after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands. However, when Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission.

o On February 13, 1565, Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. On April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region.

o Hearing of the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left Cebu for Manila. They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570. At first they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. Because the Spaniards are more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila. Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital of the islands. In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title “Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España” (Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain.5. Why the Philippines was easily conquered

o Through largely outnumbered, the Spaniards who came to colonize the Philippines easily took control of our country. How did this happen?

o The best possible explanation is that the natives lacked unity and a centralized form of government. Although the barangays already functioned as units of governance, each one existed independently of the other, and the powers that each Datu enjoyed were confined only to his own barangay. No higher institution united the barangays, and the Spaniards took advantage of this situation. They used the barangays that were friendly to them in order to subdue the barangays that were not.

FILIPINO EARLY REVOLTSPhilippine Revolution: From Indio to Filipino1. The Filipinos began to fight the Spaniards the moment they settled permanently in 1565 and continued this resistance to the end of their rule in 1898. In October 1889, a group of ilustrados in Paris, signing themselves as the “Filipinos”. The Philippine Revolt patterns must be treated holistically and not separately.2. Revolts are categorized into three: Personal Motives

o The revolts were personally led by former barangay datus and maharlikas, as well as babaylans and katalonas, who had lost their prestige and power in their communities with the coming of the Spaniards, and were supplanted by leaders chosen by the Spaniards and by the Spanish friars.

o Lakandula and Soliman Revolt in 1574 due to sequestration of their landed properties and even toleration of the encomendero’s abuse and oppression of their people.

o The conspiracy of the maharlikas headed by Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan.

o In 1621-22, an outlawed babaylan, Tamblot of Bohol employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity and to return to their former beliefs. In no time, he was crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde mayor of Cebu.

o The rebellion in Carigara (Leyte), led by Bankaw, Datu of Limasawa

o Francisco Dagohoy’s revolt in Bohol. This was the longest revolt in Philippine history taking 85 years to quell (1744- 1829).

o Silang Revolt in Ilocos

o Palaris Revolt in Pangasinan

o Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan

Religious Motives

o Two Christianized Isnegs of Northwest Cagayan, Miguel Lanab and Alalaban of Capinatan (Apayao), revolted in 1625, by mutilating and beheading the Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Bro. Onofre Palao.

o A nativist revolt with religious overtones was led by Tapar in Oton, Iloilo, whom proclaimed himself, “God Almighty”.

o The Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan in October 1718 led by Francisco Rivera, a vissionary who appropriated for himself the title of “Papa Rey”.

o Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz’s revolt which was divided into two phases: phase 1 from 1832- 1841 was from the founding of the Confradia de San Jose in 1832 to the death of Dela Cruz in 1841, and phase 2 from 1870- 71, with the revival of the Confradia in 1870, terminating with the revolt and capture of Januario Labios in 1871.

Resistance to Spanish- Imposed Institutions

o Among the major rebellions belonging to this class were those in the late 16 th century led by Magalat of Cagayan, the Sumodoy and the CARAGA revolts in the 17 th century.

Name of Revolt

Date Place Cause Leader Result

Lakandula 1574 Tondo, Navotas

Failure of Gov. Lavezares to fulfill Legazpis’ promise to Lakandula

Lakandula Failed

Pampanga 1585 Pampanga Abuses of Spanish Encomienderos

Failed. A woman betrayed the revolt.

Todo 1587-1588

Tondo, Cuyo, Calamianes

Desire for Independence

Magat Salamat, Martin Pangan, Juan Banal, Pedro Balingit

Failed because the plot was discovered. Leaders were executed.

Cagayan- Ilocos

1589 Cagayan, Ilocos Norte

Refusal to pay tributes, tyranny of tribute collectors

Failed. Easily suppressed.

Magalat 1596 Cagayan Abuses of the Tribute Collectors

Magalat Failed. Hired Assasins killed the Magalat.

Igorot 1601 Northern Luzon

Desire for religious toleration

Failed

Irrayas 1621 Cagayan Valley

Oppression of the Indios by the Spanish officials

Felipe Cutabay, Gabriel Dayag

It was not materialized due to Fr. Pedro Sto. Tomas preaching.

Tamblot 1621- 1622

Bohol Desire to abandon Christianity and return to old religious faith

Babaylan Tamblot

It was suppressed by the Spaniards and Cebuanos.

Bankaw 1621 Leyte Desire for Religious Toleration

Bankaw Pagali

Failed

Cagayan 1625, 1627, 1639

Cagayan Desire for independence and punishment of a woman whom displeases certain Spanish officials

Miguel Lanab, Aldaban

Failed. Leaders were pardoned and later killed when they revolted anew.

Caraga 1629- 1631

Caraga, Northern Mindanao

Dissatisfaction of townspeople to Spanish rule

Failed

Cagayan 1639 Cagayan Dissatisfaction with Spanish rule

It was suppressed.

Ladia 1643 Malolos, Bulacan and Southern Luzon

Weariness from Spanish oppression

Pedro Ladia

Failed

Visayan 1649- 1650

Eastern Visayas, Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga

Caused by Gov. Fajardo’s order to send Visayan laborers tyo Cavite for shipbuilding

Juan Ponce Sumoroy and Pedro Caamug

Leaders were captured and were beheaded.

Pampanga 1660- 1661

Bacoor, Cavite and Pampanga

Failure of officials to pay rice purchased; repeated requirements for polo y servico

Francisco Maniago

General amnesty granted to rebels. Initial payment for services.

Pangasinan

1660- 1661

Binalatongan, Pangasinan

Quarrel between Fr. Gorospe and Malong

Andres Malong and Pedro Gumpaos

Failed

Ilocos 1661 San Nicolas, Bacarra, Laog, Ilocos

Spanish aggression

Juan Magsanop, Pedro Almazan and Gaspar Cristobal

Failed. Leaders were executed.

Panay 1663 Oton, Panay Desire to put up a modified form of Christianity

Tapar It was suppressed.

Agrarian 1745- 1746

Bulacan, Morong (Rizal), Cavite, Laguna

Usurpation of Filipino lands by religious orders

Matienza Failed

Dagohoy 1744- 1828

Bohol Refusal of Fr. Morales to give Dagohoy’s brother a Christian Burial

Francisco Dagohoy

Failed but rebels were pardoned.

Silang 1762- 1763

Ilocos Desire to expel the Spaniards from Ilocos

Diego silang and Gabriela Silang

Failed. Diego was assasinated .

Palaris 1762- 1765

Pangasinan Demand for reforms especially the changing of local officials

Juan Dela Cruz Palaris

Failed. Palaris was executed

Basi 1807 Ilocos Government Pedro Failed.

monopoly of basi manufacturing

Mateo Rebels were crushed by government troops.

Hermano Pule

1840- 1841

Quezon Province

Being a native, Pule was denied to be admitted as a monk. He founded the religious brotherhood, Confradia De San Jose, which the government outlawed and ordered to be dissolved.

Apolinario dela Cruz

Failed

3. Moro Resistance

o Most united groups were the Muslims.

o They were bounded by Islam.

o Continuous military expeditions failed to subdue them. They fought back by raiding the coastal towns under Spain.4. Why all these revolts failed? Absence of national leader Lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos Inadequate training and preparation for warfare

THE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISMNationalism

o It is the love of one’s country and people.

o It is a feeling of oneness that binds the people to a common past and a common identity.

o It includes pride in one’s cultural heritage, support for the country’s aspirations, patriotism and advocacy of national independence.What facilitated the development of Filipino nationalism?

o Influx of liberal ideas from Europe

o Introduction of modern technology

o The opening of Philippines to world trade

o The opening of the Suez Canal – traveling to other countries exposed the Filipinos to modern ideas of liberty.

o The rise of new middle class- occupied a high position in society because of their wealth and prestige. They also criticized the unequal treatment of the Spaniards to the Filipinos.

o Secularization Issue

Two kinds of priest during the Spanish Regime:

Regular - Spanish priests who belong to any of the religious orders.

Secular - Priest who obtained their religious training in the Philippines who were under the direct control of the bishops and archbishops.* Filipino priests were not only denied access to the parishes but some of them were removed from their parishes to accommodate the regulars. This event turned out to be a racial discrimination against Filipino secular priests.

o Cavite Mutiny- Soldiers and workers at the Cavite Arsenal rebelled against the withdrawal of their privileges of non-payment of taxes and exemption from forced labor.

o Trial and execution of GOMBURZA

o Disillusionment over Spanish rule- common sufferings under tyrannical rule of the Spaniards fostered a feeling of unity among Filipinos.TIMELINE: SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES1521, Mar 16. A Spanish expedition, sailing across the Pacific Ocean from east to west, and led by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan (died Apr 27, 1521) lands on Homonhon Island east of Samar with three small ships, named the Concepcion, Trinidad and Victoria. Magellan calls the place  San Lazaro Island since March 16 is Saint Lazarus day.1521, Mar 28. Directing his ships southwestward, Magellan reaches Limasawa Island, south of Leyte. It is ruled by Rajah Kulambo, who becomes Magellan's friend.1521, Mar 29. To seal the friendship between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo, they solemnize a blood compact. This is the first recorded blood compact in Philippine history.1521, Mar 31. The first mass on Philippine soil is celebrated on Limasawa or Masao in some reference book.1521, Apr 7. After sailing to Cebu Island, Magellan enters a new blood compact with the local chieftain, Rajah Humabon.1521, Apr 27. Magellan dies in a battle with Lapu-Lapu, chieftain of Mactan, an island near Cebu.1525. Spain sends an expedition under Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa to the Philippines. The expedition expects to find gold and spices but fails to do so. Loaysa and many members of his crew die in the Philippines.1526. Spain sends a third expedition to the Philippines under the leadership of  Juan Cabot. This expedition never reaches the archipelago as three years are wasted in South America, trying to find a new route to the East.1527. The fourth expedition sent by Spain to The Country is under the command of  Alvaro de Saavedra. It is the first Spanish expedition starting from Mexico. It reaches Mindanao but on the way to Cebu Saavedra's ship is carried by strong winds to the Moluccas.1529. Saavedra's expedition returns to Spain without Saavedra who died on the way home.1536. The Loaysa expedition returns to Spain. One of its survivors isAndres de Urdaneta, its chronicler.1543, Feb 2. The leader of the most successful Spanish expedition after Magellan, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (died Apr 4, 1546) arrives in the archipelago. He names the islands the Philippines in honor of the son of King Charles I, Philip II (1556-1598) of Spain. Villalobos reaches Sarangani Island off the eastern coast of Mindanao and settles there for 8 months. But because of the scarcity of food, the expedition is forced to leave the place and sails to the Moluccas where Villalobos dies.1565, Feb 13. With four ships and 380 men, Miguel Lopez de Legaspiarrives in the Philippines.1565, May 8. The Island of Cebu is surrendered to Legaspi by its rulerKing Tupas. Legaspi establishes the first permanent Spanish settlement on Cebu and becomes the first Spanish Governor-General. By his order,tributes are collected from all Filipino males aged 19 to 60.1568. The Portuguese, under the command of General Gonzalo de Pereira, attack Cebu and blockade its port.1570. The Portuguese again attack the colony and are repulsed. The series of attacks stems from Portugal's claim to the territory based on the provision of the Treaty of Tordisillas entered into by Spain and Portugal on June 7, 1474, in which their respective spheres of influence, trade and conquest were defined. The Portuguese believe that the Philippines falls within their sphere.

1570, May. Legaspi sends an expedition under the leadership of Martin de Goiti to Manila. Manila is ruled by Rajah Suliman, whose friendship is won by de Goiti.1571, May 19. Rajah Suliman wages war against the Spaniards due to a move by de Goiti which he mistakes for an assault. De Goiti's army defeats Suliman's troops and occupies the town.1571, Jun 24. Legaspi establishes his government in Manila and proclaims it the capital of the Philippines, calling it the "distinguished and ever loyal city".1572, Aug 20. Legaspi dies and Guido de Lavezares (died 1575) succeeds him as governor. Lavezares extends colonization to the Bicol region.1574, Nov 23. The Chinese pirate captain Limahong attacks Manila but the Spaniards win with the help of the Filipinos.1574, Dec 2. Limahong again attacks Manila, this time with 1,500 soldiers, but cannot conquer the city.1574, Dec. In Tondo (now a district of Manila) Lakandula leads a short revolt against the Spanish.1580. The Spanish King Philip II receives the throne of Portugal upon the death of the Portuguese King Sebastian. This puts an end to the Portuguese harassment of the Philippine archipelago.1580. The Spaniards institute forced labor on all male natives aged 16 to 60.1583, Aug. A great fire in Manila which starts from the candles around the bier of governor Penalosa.1589. The Spaniards establish the first school in the Philippines, theCollege of San Ignacio.1600. The Dutch attack the archipelago in a tactical offensive during the European war between Spain and the Netherlands.1600. Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera begins collecting thebandala from the natives. Bandala is an annual quota of products assigned to the natives for compulsory sale to the government.1600. The Galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico begins. But Manila serves merely as a transshipment port for the exchange of goods between Spain and Mexico on the one side and China on the other. Silver from Mexico is traded for any kind of Chinese merchandise. Because of the Galleon trade's quick returns, Spain lacks interest in developing the Philippine economy during the first 200 years of its occupation.1603. Chinese insurrection in Manila.1622. An early revolt takes place in Bohol. It is headed by Tamblot, a babaylan or priest of the native religion. Revolts in Leyte, Samar and Panay follow, all protesting the collection of tributes.1744. One of the most successful revolts in Philippine history breaks out, once more in Bohol, and provides the island a kind of independence from the Spaniards for the following 85 years. The first leader of the revolt isFrancisco Dagohoy.1754, May 15. Mt Taal emits magma and destroys the towns of Lipa, Sala, Tanauan and Talisay.1762, Sep 22. In a side encounter of the European Seven Years War, the British attack Manila with 13 vessels and 6,830 men under the command of General William Draper and Admiral Samuel Corning. The British win the battle and occupy the city.1762, Oct 5. The British take control of the Philippines and Darsonne Drake becomes Governor-General. The British open the colony to international trade and ultimately change its economic life.1762, Dec 14. A revolt under the leadership of Diego Silang (Dec 16, 1730 - May 28, 1763) breaks out in the Ilocos region.1763, May 28. The revolt ends as Diego Silang is assassinated by his former friend Miguel Viscos.1763, Feb 10. The Treaty of Paris between England, Spain and France is signed, ending the Seven Years War in Europe as well as the British occupation of the Philippines.1774, Nov 9. Parishes are secularized by order of King Charles III of Spain. Natives are also permitted to enter the Catholic priesthood.1808, May. French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte installs his brotherJoseph as King of Spain. French-influenced liberals support the king but the people do not.1809, Jan 22. As an effect of the appointment of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain, all Spanish colonies including the Philippines are made integral parts of Spain by the Spanish Central Junta. Filipinos are given the privileges of Spanish citizenship as well as representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament).1812, Mar 19. The Spanish Cortes promulgates the Cadiz Constitution. It is a liberal constitution, vesting sovereignty in the people, recognizing the equality of all men and the individual liberty of the citizen, and granting the right of suffrage, but providing for a hereditary monarchy and for Catholicism as the state religion.1812, Sep 24. The first Philippine delegates to the Spanish Cortes, Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto take their oath of office in Madrid, Spain.1813, Mar 17. Spain officially implements the Cadiz Constitution in Manila.1813, Oct 16 to 19. The Battle of the Nations near Leipzig, Germany; it ends with Napoleon and the French defeated.1813, Oct. Following the French defeat at Leipzig, the British General Duke of Wellington drives the Napoleonic forces out of Spain.1814. Ferdinand VII, son of Charles IV, is recognized as King of Spain.1815, Jun 18. Napoleon Bonaparte is defeated in a battle with another multi-national army under Wellington at Waterloo, Belgium.1815, Oct 15. Bonaparte is exiled to St. Helena's Island in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of West Africa.1816, May 24. After the defeat of Napoleon in Europe and his brother's loss of the Spanish throne,  conservative forces again dominate Spanish politics. The Spanish Cortes rejects the Cadiz Constitution which means, among other things, that Philippine representation in the Cortes is abolished.1820. Changes in Philippine economic life, partially introduced by the British, lead to some internal prosperity. In agriculture, crops are relegated by region so that tobacco becomes the chief crop of the north,sugar the main crop of the Visayas, and abaca the mainstay of the Bicol region. The same year, foreigners are massacred in Binondo. They were under suspicion of poisoning Pasig river and thus being responsible for a severe epidemic of cholera.1828. An earthquake lasting between 2 to 3 minutes damage a number of buildings and churches in Manila.1830. The Port of Manila is opened to the world market.1835. The Chamber of Commerce is installed. Francisco Rodriguez establishes the first Filipino bank.1848. Glowing avalanche from Mt Hibok-Hibok on Camiguin island1852, Dec 4 to 6. Glowing avalanche from Mt Hibok-Hibok.1863. The educational system in the archipelago is reformed, allowing the natives higher levels of training. Wealthier native families start sending their children to study in Spain.1863, Jun 3. At 19:00, a terrific earthquake shakes Manila and ruins most buildings in the city, including the cathedral. Of major structures, only theSan Agustin church remains standing.1869, Nov 17. The Suez Canal is opened, establishing a regular steamship service between the Philippines and Europe. This allows not only the influx of more goods into the colony but also of new ideas.1872, Feb 17. Three martyr priests are publicly garroted as alleged leaders of the Cavite Conspiracy, a movement for secularization and nationalism, which is distasteful to the Spanish friars. They are Jose Burgos (born Feb 9, 1837), Mariano Gomez (born Aug 2, 1799) andJacinto Zamora (born Aug 14, 1835). The incident gives the Filipinos an impetus to unite and to develop national consciousness. It also gives birth to a reform movement among Filipinos in Spain, known as the Propaganda Movement.1880. Manila is connected through telegraphic cable to the Western world by Eastern Telecom.1880, Jul 18 & 20. Two shocks of an earthquake create destruction from Manila to Santa Cruz, Luguna. Tremors continue until Aug 6.1882, Mar 3. A talented offspring of the native elite, Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (Jun 19, 1861 - Dec 30, 1896) leaves Manila for Barcelona to continue his studies in medicine.1882, Jun 2. In Madrid, Rizal begins writing Noli me tangere, a political novel set in the Philippines.1884. Exaction of tribute from all male natives is ended and the required forced labor of 40 days a year is reduced to 15 days.1884, Jun 21. Rizal finishes his medical studies in Spain.1887, May 29. Noli me tangere is published in Madrid and Barcelona.1887, Oct. Rizal begins writing the novel El Filibusterismo, a continuation of Noli me tangere.1888, Dec 13. Filipinos in Barcelona establish the organization La Solidaridad. It demands for the Philippines freedom of press, speech and assembly, equality before the law, participation in governmental affairs, social and political freedom and representation in the Spanish Cortes. The demands are published and circulated in Barcelona for the purpose of reaching the Spanish King's ear. Among the members are: Jose Rizal, Lopez Jaena (Dec 18, 1856 - Jan 20, 1897), Marcelo del Pilar (Aug 30, 1850 - Dec 3, 1920), Antonio Luna (Oct 29, 1866 - Jun 5, 1899) and Mariano Ponce (Mar 23, 1863 - May 23, 1918).1891, Mar 28. Rizal finishes writing El Filibusterismo in Biarritz, France.1892, Jun 26. Rizal arrives in the Philippines via Hong Kong.1892, Jul 3. In Ilaya St, Tondo, Rizal founds La Liga Filipina to give the people a chance for direct involvement in the reform movement.  Andres Bonifacio (Nov 30, 1863 - May 10, 1897) is one of Rizal's partners.1892, Jul 7. The Spanish authorities arrest Rizal for organizing La Liga Filipina.1892, Jul 17. Rizal is exiled to Dapitan, Mindanao.

1894, Jul 8. Andres Bonifacio forms the Katipunan. Its members come from the lower and the middle class. The organization wants to awaken nationalism and free the Filipino people from Spanish oppression and friar despotism. The organization believes that reforms can only be obtained by means of a revolution.1896, Jul 1. Rizal receives a telegram from Governor Ramon Blanco requiring his services as a physician for the Spanish army in Cuba.1896, Aug 6. Rizal returns to Manila.1896, Aug 19. Spanish authorities discover the Katipunan when one of its members, Teodoro Paterno, betrays the organization to an Agustinian priest, Fr. Mariano Gil. All those implicated are ordered arrested but many Katipuneros evade arrest and flee to the hills of Balintawak.1896, Aug 23. A revolution is proclaimed by Bonifacio. The event is marked in history as the Cry of Balintawak. In this instance, Filipinos tear up their cedulas (I.D. cards) issued by the Spanish government and thereby mark the beginning of the uprising against the Spaniards.1896, Aug 26. Rizal goes to Cavite where he boards a ship for Barcelona. In the following night, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other Katipuneros are able to surreptitiously board Rizal's ship. They offer to rescue him from the Spaniards, but Rizal refuses.1896, Aug 30. After the spread of the Katipunan revolt throughout The Country the first real battle for Philippine independence takes place at  San Juan del Monte. The Spanish Governor Ramon Blanco proclaims a state of war in the 8 provinces that took up arms. The provinces are Manila, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Pampanga, Bulacan, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija.1896, Sep 2. Aboard the ship Isla de Panay, Rizal leaves Cavite for Barcelona.1896, Oct 3. Rizal arrives in Barcelona.1896, Oct 4. By order of Capt. Gen. Despujol, Rizal is incarcerated in Montjuich.1896, Oct 6. On orders from Madrid, Rizal is sent back to Manila as aprisoner.1896, Oct 31. A new group of the Katipunan is formed in Cavite; it discards the leadership of Andres Bonifacio and is headed by  Emilio Aguinaldo (Mar 22, 1869 - Feb 6, 1964).1896, Nov 13. Rizal arrives in Manila and is immediately imprisoned at Fort Santiago.1896, Nov 20. Rizal is interrogated the first time on charges of partaking in an uprising against the Spanish government.1896, Dec 20. Rizal is sentenced to death by a Spanish court martial, and Governor Camilo Polavieja orders his execution.1896, Dec 30. The Spaniards execute Jose Rizal inBagumbayan (today's Rizal Park).1897, Mar 22. The Katipunan holds its election. Aguinaldo is elected as president while Bonifacio is elected only as director of war. Bonifacio is insulted by the election results and refuses to recognize the new leadership.1897, Apr 29. Katipuneros arrest Andres Bonifacio and his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco on orders of Aguinaldo, who considers the former a threat. The Bonifacios are charged with sedition and treason before a military court of the Katipunan.1897, May 8. The Katipunan court finds the Bonifacios guilty. They aresentenced to death.1897, May 10. Andres Bonifacio and his brothers are executed at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon, Cavite.1897, May 31. Aguinaldo establishes a Philippine republican government in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan.1897, Aug 10. Aguinaldo begins negotiating with the Spaniards, represented by Pedro Paterno.1897, Aug 15. An earthquake at estimated intensity of 7.9 centered on Luzon's northwest coast shakes Batanes and northern Luzon.1897, Nov 1. The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato is signed. It was prepared and written by Isabelo Artache and Felix Ferrer. The government of the Biak-na-Bato Republic has the following officers: Emilio Aguinaldo, President; Mariano Trias, Vice President; Isabelo Artache, Secretary of Interior; Antonio Montenegro, Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Baldomero Aguinaldo, Secretary of Treasury and Emiliano Riego de Jesus, Secretary of War. The Biak-na-Bato Republic fails as its leader, Aguinaldo, resigns to the fact that the Filipinos are not yet ready to confront the Spanish forces. This belief also drives him to negotiate with the Spaniards for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.1897, Dec 14. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato between the Spanish and Aguinaldo is signed. In this pact, Aguinaldo agrees to surrender all arms and to go with his companions into exile in Hong Kong upon payment of 800,000 pesos and an additional 900,000 pesos for the non-combatants who suffered losses because of the war.1897, Dec 27. Aguinaldo and his companions leave for Hong Kong.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINESDuring World War II

o On December 8, 1941, Japan invaded the Philippines. Clark Air Base in Pampanga was first attacked, then on December 22, The Japanese forces landed at the Lingayen Gulf and continued on to Manila. General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city on the advice of commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon to avoid its destruction. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. MacArthur retreated with his troops to Bataan while the commonwealth government withdrew to Corregidor island before proceeding to the United States. The joint American and Filipino soldiers in Bataan finally surrendered on April 9, 1942. MacArthur escaped to Corregidor then proceeded to Australia. The 76,000 captured soldiers were forced to embark on the infamous "Death March" to a prison camp more than 100 kilometers north. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died due to thirst, hunger and exhaustion.The Huks

o In the midst of fear and chaos, the farmers of Pampanga banded together and created local brigades for their protection. Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting in February 1942 in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army. Another meeting was held the following month, where in representatives from Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva Ecija threshed out various details regarding their organization, which they agreed to call " Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon " or HUKBALAHAP . Taruc was chosen to be the Leader of the group, with Alejandrino as his right hand man. The members were simply known as Huks!The Philippine Executive Commission

o In accordance the instructions of President Manuel Quezon to Jorge Vargas, the Filipino officials in Manila were told to enter into agreements and compromises with the Japanese to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of the Japanese. On January 23, 1942 the Philippine Executive Commission was established, with Vargas as chairman. the following was appointed as department heads: Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior; Antonio de las Alas, finance; Jose P. Laurel, justice; Claro M. Recto, education, health, and public welfare; and Quintin Paredes, public works and communication; Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme court.

o The following month, an election was held for members of The Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI). The purpose of PCPI is to draw up a constitution for a free Philippines. Jose Laurel became its head. Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new Constitution was finalized on July 10, 1943. Two months later it was ratified by the KALIBAPI , which was the only political party allowed to exist at that time. KALIBAPI is the acronym for “ Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas”

o The new constitution, which noticeably lacked a bill of rights contained 12 articles lifted from the 1935 constitution that fitted the wishes of the Japanese. It was meant to be in effect only temporarily, while the Philippines still in chaos. After the war, a new constitution would again be drafted for the new Philippine Republic.The Second Republic

o On September 20 1943, the KALIBAPI - under the leadership of its director general, Benigno Aquino Sr. held a party convention to elect 54 members of the National Assembly. The Assembly was actually made up of 108 members; but half of this number was composed of incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president of the second republic (the first republic was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon Avancena as a vice-presidents. The new republic was inaugurated on October 14 1943 on the front steps of the legislative building in Manila. The Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem was played.

o Meanwhile, the Japanese started using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. They hung giant posters and distribute their materials that contains such slogans as “the Philippines belong to the Filipinos” they also used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the same idea. Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main objectives of the KALIBAPI , but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.Gen. Douglas McArthur Returns

o From Australia, Allied forces slowly advanced toward the Philippines, bombing several Japanese strongholds until they regained control of areas previously occupied by the enemy. The bombings began on September 21 1944, and barely a month later, on October 20, 1944, the Americans landed triumphantly in Leyte. Once a shore, General Douglas MacArthur said; "I have Returned."

o Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He had taken over Manuel L. Quezon as president after the latter past way at Saranac Lake, New York on August 1944. From October 23 to October 26, 1944 the Americans engaged Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Consider as the biggest naval battle in World History, this historic encounter almost destroyed the entire Japanese fleet and rendered in incapable of further attack. The US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf is said to have signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.

o By mid-December, the American soldiers had reached Mindoro. The Japanese, meanwhile, secured other area where their thought other American units would land. Nevertheless, US liberation forces successfully docked at Lingayen Gulf on January 9, 1945. The news alarmed the Japanese. Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander of the Japanese troops in Manila, mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese suicide pilots); but they failed to stop Americans. The Japanese also deployed MAKAPILI units to defend Manila but neither succeeds.

o On December 8, 1944, President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya. The Japanese forces retreated to Yamashita line a jungle battlefront stretching along the Sierra Madre Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari Cagayan.

o The Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks of intense fighting before they finally surrendered on February 23. Gen. MacArthur continued to liberate other parts of the country. And finally proclaim general freedom from the Japanese on July 4, 1945.