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1Bataan Peninsula State UniversityLICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS 2014

Compilation of Notes in Philippine History

Reviewer in Philippine History

Pre-Colonial Philippine

The Fir! "Filipino#

Many historians and scientists believe that the first inhabitants of the Philippineislands emerged during the Pleistocene period. There are two theories on where theinhabitants (first Filipinos) came from namely: Beyers !Migration Theory" and #ocanos!$volution Theory". %oted social scientist &enry 'tley Beyer believes that Filipinosdescended from different groups that came from outheast sia in successive waves ofmigration. $ach group had a distinct culture* with its own customs and traditions. +hile#ocano believes that sians* including Filipinos are the result of a lengthy process ofevolution and migration.Mi$ra!ion Theor%

The first migrants were what Beyer ca,ed the !-awnmen" (or !cavemen" becausethey lived in caves.). The -awnmen resembled #ava Man* Pe,ing Man* and other sian&ome sapiens who eisted about /01*111 years ago. They did not have any ,nowledge ofagriculture* and lived by hunting and fishing. 2t was precisely in search of food that theycame to the Philippines by way of the land bridges that connected the Philippines and2ndonesia. 'wing perhaps to their migratory nature* they eventually left the Philippinesfordestinations un,nown.

The second group of migrants was composed of dar,3s,inned pygmies called !etasor !%egritoes". bout 41*111 years ago* they crossed the land bridged from Malaya*

Borneo* and ustralia until they reached Palawan* Mindoro and Mindanao. They werepygmies who went around practically na,ed and were good at hunting* fishing and foodgathering. They used spears and small flint stones weapons.The etas were already in the Philippines when the land bridges disappeared due to thethinning of the ice glaciers and the subse5uent increase in seawater level. This naturalevents !forced" them to remain in the country and become its first permanent inhabitants.

Because of the disappearance of the land bridges* the third wave of migrants wasnecessarily s,illed in seafaring. These were the 2ndonesians* who came to the islands inboats. They were more advanced than the etas in that: they had tools made out of stoneand steel* which enabled them to build sturdier houses: they engaged in farming andmining* and used materials made of brass6 they wore clothing and other body ornaments.

7ast to migrate to the Philippines* according to Beyer* were Malays. They werebelieved to have come from #ava* umatra* Borneo* and the Malay Peninsula more than/*111 years ago. 7i,e the 2ndonesians* they also traveled in boats.

The Malays were brown3s,inned and of medium height* with straight blac, hair and

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flat noses. Their technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors.They engaged in pottery* weaving* 8ewelry ma,ing and metal smelting* and introducedthe irrigation system in rice planting.&o'ano( Theor%

9enowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe 7anda #ocano disputes Beyers belief thatFilipinos descended from %egritoes and Malays who migrated to the Philippinesthousands of years ago. ccording to #ocano* it is difficult to prove that %egritoes werethe first inhabitants of this country. The only thing that can positively concluded fromfossil evidence* he says is that the first men who came to the Philippines also went to%ew uinea* #ava* Borneo* and ustralia.

2n ;aves of Palawan by archaeologist 9obert Fo and Manuel antiago* whoboth wor,ed for the %ational Museum. >arbon dating placed their age at /;*111 to

//*111 years. This proves* #ocano argues* that man came earlier to the Philippines than tothe Malay Peninsula6 therefore* the first inhabitants of our islands could not have comefrom the region. The !Tabon Man" is said to resemble #ava Man and Pe,ing Man. &egathered fruits* leaves and plants for his food. &e hunted with weapons made of stone.lthough further research is still being done on his life and culture* evidence shows thathe was already capable of using his brain in order to survive and ,eep himself safe.

2nstead of the Migration Theory* #ocano advances the $volution Theory* as a bettereplanation of how our country was first inhabited by human beings* #ocano believes thatthe first people of outheast sia were products of a long process of evolution andmigration. &is research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture* beliefs*practices an even similar tools and implements. These people eventually went theirseparate ways6 some migrated to the Philippines* the others to %ew uinea* #ava andBorneo. Proof* #ocano says* can be found in the fossils discovered in different parts ofoutheast sia* as well as the recorded migrations of other peoples from the sianmainland when history began to unfold.

Spanih E)pe*i!ion !o !he Philippine

The Ma$ellan E)pe*i!ion

Ferdinand Magellan* a Portuguese in the service of the panish crown* was loo,ingfor a westward route to the tothe pice 2slands of 2ndonesia. 'n March ;=* ;0/;*Magellan?s epedition landed on &omonhon island in the Philippines. &e was the first$uropean to reach the islands. 9a8ah &umabon of >ebu was friendly with Magellan andembraced >hristianity* but their enemy* 7apu37apu was not. &umabon wanted Magellanto ,ill 7apu37apu while Magellan wanted to convert 7apu37apu into >hristianity. 'npril ;@* ;0/;* Magellan sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle ,illed Magellan by thenativeslead by 7apu37apu. 'ut of the five ships and more than 411 men who left on the

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Magellan epedition in ;0;oncepcionC too, over the commandof the epedition after the death of Magellan and captained the ship CAictoriaC bac, topain. &e and his men earned the distinction of being the first to circumnavigate theworld in one full 8ourney. fter Magellan?s death in >ebu* it too, ;= more months for$lcano to return to pain. The Magellan epedition started off through the westwardroute and returning to pain by going east6 Magellan and $lcano?s entire voyage too,almost three years to complete.

fter the pain had celebrated $lcanos return* Ding >harles 2 decided that painshould con5uer the Philippines. Five subse5uent epeditions were then sent to the2slands. These were led by arcia #ofre 7oaisa (;0/0)* ebastian >abot (;0/=)* lvaro de

aavedra (;0/@)* 9udy 7opeE de Aillalobos (;0/) and Miguel 7opeE de 7egaEpi (;0=).'nly the last two actually reached the Philippines6 and only 7egaEpi succeeded incoloniEing the 2slands.

The +illalo,o E)pe*i!ion

9uy 7opeE de Aillalobos set sail for the Philippines from %avidad* Meico on%ovember ;* ;0/. &e followed the route ta,en by Magellan and reached Mindanao onFebruary /* ;04. &e established a colony in arangani but could not stay long becauseof insufficient food supply. &is fleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas*where they were captured by the Portuguese. Aillalobos is remembered for naming ourcountry !2slas Filipinas*" in honor of Ding >harles son* Prince Philip* who later became,ing of pain.

The Le$api E)pe*i!ion

ince none of the epedition after Magellan from 7oaisa to Aillalobos had succeededin ta,ing over the Philippines* Ding >harles 2 stopped sending coloniEers to the 2slands.&owever* when Philip 22 succeeded his father to the throne in ;00=* he instructed 7uis deAelasco* the viceroy of Meico* to prepare a new epedition G to be headed by Miguel7opeE de 7egaEpi* who would be accompanied by ndres de Hrdaneta* a priest who hadsurvived the 7oaisa mission.

'n February ;4* ;0=0* 7egaspi?s epedition landed in >ebu island. fter a shortstruggle with the natives* he proceeded to 7eyte* then to >amiguin and to Bohol. There7egaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain* -atu i,atuna as a sign of friendship.7egaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with i,atuna.'n pril /@* ;0=0* 7egaspi returned to >ebu6 destroyed the town of 9a8a Tupas andestablish a settlement. 'n orders of the Ding Philip 22* /*;11 men arrived from Meico.They built the the port of FuerEa de an Pedro which became the panish trading outpost

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and stronghold for the region.

&earing of the riches of Manila* an epedition of 411 men headed by Martin de oitileft >ebu for Manila. They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. oiti arrived inManila on May * ;0@1. t first they were welcomed by the natives and formed an

alliance with 9a8ah uliman* their Muslim ,ing but as the locals sensed the trueob8ectives of the paniards* a battle between the troops of uliman and the paniardserupted. Because the paniards are more heavily armed* the paniards were able tocon5uer Manila. oon after Miguel 7opeE de 7egaEpi arrived to 8oin oiti in Manila.7egaspi built alliances and made peace with 9a8ahs uliman* 7a,andula and Matanda. 2n;0@;* 7egaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of 2ntramuros and proclaimed itas the seat of government of the colony and the capital of the islands. 2n ;0@/* 7egaspidied and was buried at the an gustin >hurch in 2ntramuros. 2n ;0@* Manila wasbestowed the title C2nsigne y iempre 7eal >iudad de $spaIaC (-istinguished and everloyal city of pain) by Ding Philip 22of pain.

The Spaniar* a Colonial Ma!er

pain reigned over the Philippines for 444 years* from ;0=0 to ;ouncil of the 2ndies (;0=03;4@)* 'verseas>ouncil (;4@3;=4)* and Ministry of the >olonies (;=4G;


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eneral to observe conditions in the colony. The Aisitador eneral reported his findingsdirectly to the Ding.

The Ro%al A*ien'ia

part from its 8udicial functions* the 9oyal udiencia served as an advisory body tothe overnor eneral and had the power to chec, and a report on his abuses. Theudiencia also audited the ependitures of the colonial government and sent a yearlyreport to pain. The rchbishop and other government officials could also report theabuses of the colonial government to be panish ,ing. -espite all these chec,s* however*an abusive governor general often managed to escape stiff fines* suspension* or dismissalby simply bribing the Aisitador and other investigators.

The Pro/in'ial .o/ernen!

The paniards created local government units to facilitate the countrys

administration. There were two types of local government units G the alcadia and thecorregimiento. The alcadia* led by the alcalde mayor* governed the provinces that hadbeen fully sub8ugated: the corregimiento* headed by corregidor* governed the provincesthat were not yet entirely under panish control. The alcalde mayors represented thepanish ,ing and the governor general in their respective provinces. They managed theday3to3day operations of the provincial government* implemented laws and supervisedthe collection of taes. Through they were paid a small salary* they en8oyed privilegessuch as the indulto de comercio* or the right to participate in the galleon trade.

The Mni'ipal .o/ernen!

$ach province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed byobernadordcillos* whose main concerns were efficient governance and ta collection.Four lieutenants aided the overnardorcillo: the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant)* theTeniente de Policia (police lieutenant)* the Teniente de ementeras (lieutenant of thefields) and the Teniente de anados (lieutenant of the livestoc,).

The En'oien*a S%!e

pain owed the coloniEation of the Philippines to Miguel 7opeE de 7egaEpi* whovaliantly and loyally served the panish crown. To hasten the sub8ugation of the country*Ding Philip 22 instructed 7egaEpi to divide the Philippines into large territories calledencomiendas* to be left to the management of designated encomenderos. To show hisgratitude to his con5uistadors* the Ding made them the first encomenderos in the colony.s the Dings representatives in their respective encomiendas* the encomenderos had theright to collect taes. &owever* the encomiendas were not there to own. Theencomenderos were only territorial overseers who had the duty to: ;) protect the peoplein the encomienda6 (/) maintain peace and order6 (4) promote education and healthprograms6 and () help the missionaries propagate >hristianity.

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The .alleon Tra*e

+hen the paniards came to the Philippines* our ancestors were already trading with>hina* #apan* iam* 2ndia* >ambodia* Borneo and the Moluccas. The panishgovernment continued trade relations with these countries* and the Manila became the

center of commerce in the $ast. The paniards closed the ports of Manila to all countriesecept Meico. Thus* the ManilaGcapulco Trade* better ,nown as the Calleon TradeCwas born. The alleon Trade was a government monopoly. 'nly two galleons were used:'ne sailed from capulco to Manila with some 011*111 pesos worth of goods* spending;/1 days at sea6 the other sailed from Manila tocapulco with some /01*111 pesos worthof goods spending


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The Se'laria!ion Con!ro/er%

Two ,inds of priests served the >atholic >hurch in the Philippines. These were theregulars and the seculars. 9egular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main tas,was to spread >hristianity. $amples were the Franciscans* 9ecollects*-ominicans* and

ugustinians. ecular priests did not belong to any religious order. They were trainedspecifically to run the parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops.

>onflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being runby regular priests. 2t was their duty* they argued* to chec, on the administration of theseparishes. But the regular priests refused these visits* saying that they were not under thebishops 8urisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.2n ;@@* rchbishop Basilio anta #usta decided to uphold the dioceses authority overthe parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular priests. &e assigned secularpriests to ta,e their place. ince there were not enough seculars to fill all the vacanciesthe rchbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars. royal decree was also

issued on %ovember hurch* sided with theFilipinos. Hnfortunately* he died in an earth5ua,e that destroyed the Manila >athedral in;=4. fter his death* other priests too, his place in fighting for the seculariEationmovement. mong them were Fathers Mariano omeE* #ose Burgos and #acintoJamora.

2n February ;@* ;@/* Fathers Mariano omeE* #ose Burgos and #ocinto Jamora(omburEa)* all Filipino priest* was eecuted by the panish coloniEers on charges ofsubversion. The charges against Fathers omeE* Burgos and Jamora was their allegedcomplicity in the uprising of wor,ers at the >avite %aval Kard. The death of omburEaawa,ened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. They 5uestionedpanish authorities and demanded reforms. The martyrdom of the three priests apparentlyhelped to inspire the organiEation of the Propaganda Movement* which aimed to see,reforms and inform pain of the abuses of its colonial government.

The illustrados led the Filipinos 5uest for reforms. Because of their education andnewly ac5uired wealth* they felt more confident about voicing out popular grievances.&owever* since the illustrados themselves were a result of the changes that the panishgovernment had been slowly implementing* the group could not really push very hard forthe reforms it wanted. The illustrados did not succeeded in easing the sufferings of theFilipinos6 but from this group arose another faction called the intelligentsia. The

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intelligentsia also wanted reforms6 but they were more systematic and used a peacefulmeans called the Propaganda Movement..oal o3 !he Propa$an*a Mo/een!

The Propaganda Movement never as,ed for Philippine independence because itsmembers believed that once pain realiEed the pitiful state of the country* the paniardswould implement the changes the Filipinos were see,ing. Members of the PropagandaMovement were called propagandists or reformists. They wor,ed inside and outside thePhilippines. Their ob8ectives were to see,:

L 9ecognition of the Philippines as a province of painL $5ual status for both Filipinos and paniardsL Philippine representation in the panish >ortesL eculariEation of Philippine parishes.L 9ecognition of human rights

The Propa$an*i!

The Filipinos in $urope were much more active in see,ing reforms than those in

Manila. They could be divided into three groups: The first included Filipinos who hadbeen eiled to the Marianas 2slands in ;@/ after being implicated in the >avite Mutiny.fter two many years in the Marianas* they proceeded to Madrid and Barcelona becausethey could no longer return to the Philippines. The second group consisted of illustradosin the Philippines who had been sent to $urope for their education. The third group wascomposed of Filipinos who had fled their country to avoid punishment for a crime* orsimply because they could not stand panish atrocities any longer. till* not all Filipinosliving in pain were members of the Propaganda Movement. #ose 9iEal* raciano 7opeE#aena and Marcelo &. del Pilarwere it most prominent members.

7opeE #aena was a brilliant orator who wrote such pieces as CFray Botod*CC$speranEa*C and C7a &i8a del Fraile*C which all criticiEed the abuses of panish friars inthe Philippines. -el Pilar was an ecellent writer and spea,er who put up the newspaper-iarion Tagalog in ;/. &is favorite topic was the friars. ome of his most popularwritings included C>aiingat >ayoC* C-asalan at Tocsohan*C and Cng ampung Dautusanng mga PrayleC. C>aingat >ayoC was a pamphlet answering the criticisms received by#ose 9iEals novel %oli Me Tangere. C-asalanC was parody of the prayer boo,s used bythe >hurch* while Cng ampung DautusanC was a satirical ta,e on the Ten>ommandments* which highly ridiculed the panish friars.

#ose 9iEal was recogniEed as the great novelist of the Propaganda Movement. &ewas the first Filipino become famous for his written wor,s. &e wrote a poem entitled !a,ing mga Dababata" when he was only eight years old. &is novels* %oli Me Tangereand $l Filibusterismo* clearly depicted the sufferings of the Filipinos and the rampantabuses committed by the friars in the colony. Because of his criticisms of the government

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and the friars* 9iEal made a lot of enemies. &e was eecuted at Bagumbayan (laterrenamed 7uneta Par, and now called 9iEal Par,) on -ecember 41* ;


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The propaganda movement did not succeed in its pursuit of reforms. The colonialgovernment did not agree to any of its demands.pain itself was undergoing a lot ofinternal problems all that time* which could eplain why the mother country failed toheed the Filipinos petitions. The friars* on the other hand* were at the height of theirpower and displayed even more arrogance in flaunting their influence. They had neither

the time nor the desire to listen to the voice of the people.

Many of the reformists showed a deep love for their country* although they stillfailed to maintain a united front. Because most of them belonged to the upper middleclass* they had to eercise caution in order to safeguard their wealth and other privateinterests. Personal differences and petty 5uarrels* apart from the lac, of funds* were also ahindrance to the movements success. 7astly* no other strong and charismatic leaderemerged from the group aside from #ose 9iEal.

The 5a!ipnan Finall% S!ar! a Re/ol!ion

The Datipunan is born. ndres Bonifacio was also a member of 7a 7iga Filipina*although he soon lost hope in gaining reforms though peaceful means. This feeling wasespecially heightened when #ose 9iEal was eiled to -apitan. Bonifacio becameconvinced that the only way the Philippinescould gain independence was through arevolution. Bonifacio then founded the !Datastaasang Dagalanggalangang Datipuanan ngmga na, ng Bayan" (DDD) on #uly @* ;laroM. 9ecto)* in Tondo Manila. The Datipunan had colorful beginnings. s a symbol of themembers loyalty* they performed the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood compact)* whereineach one signed his name with his own blood.

The members agreed to recruit more people using the !triangle system" ofenlistment. $ach original member would recruit tow new members who were not relatedto each other. $ach new member would do the same thing* and so on down the line.Members were also as,ed to contribute one 9eal (about /0 centavos) each month in orderto raise funds for the association. The DDD members agreed on the following ob8ectives:

The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from pain

after declaring the countrys independence. The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners* cleanliness*

hygiene* fine morals* and how to guard themselves against religiousfanaticism..

The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend

the poor oppressed.

The !Dataastaasang anggunian" (supreme council) was the highest governing bodyof the Datipunan. 2t was headed by a supremo* or president. $ach province had a!angguaniang Bayan" (Provincial >ouncil) and each town had a !angguniangBalangay" (Popular >ouncil).

The Lea*er o3 !he 5a!ipnan6

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L -eodato rellano 3upremoL 7adislao -iwa 3FiscalL Teodora Plata 3ecretaryL Aalentine -iaE 3treasurer

L ndres Bonifacio 3controller

&oe Rial an* !he 5a!ipnan

#ose 9iEal never became involved in the organiEation and activities of the Datipunan6but the Datipuneros still loo,ed up to him as a leader. 2n fact* 9iEals name was used as apassword among the societys highest3ran,ing members* who were called bayani.

ndres Bonifacio had already ,nown 9iEal during his 7a 7iga Filipina days*although 9iEal did not ,now Bonifaciopersonally %evertheless* Bonifacio so respected9iEals intelligence and talent that in #une ;


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The Cr% o3 P$a*la8in

%ews about the discovery of the Datipunan spread to Manila and nearby suburbs* andndres Bonifacioimmediately called for a general meeting. Aarious wings of theDatipunan gathered at the house of #uan 9amos in Pugadlawin on ugust /4* ;


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the commutation upon pressure from Pio -el Pilar and other officers. 'n orders fromeneral Mariano %oriel* ndres Bonifacio was eecuted at the foothills of Mt. Buntis byMa8or 7aEaro Ma,apagal on May ;1* ;avite* which wasconsidered the seat of the 9evolution. +hen overnor eneral Primo de 9ivera replaced>amilo Polavie8a on pril /@* ;avite to persuadethe Filipinos to surrender. The rebels* however* stood their ground. $milio guinaldoestablished his head5uarters in Bia,3na3Bato in Bulacan province. The news immediatelyspread throughout the country* and the revolutionaries were once more in high spirits.eneral llanera* who was in %ueva $ci8a* declared his support for guinaldo. 2n #uly;ortesL Freedom of the press and of religionL bolition of the governments power to banish FilipinosL $5uality for all before the law.

charter based on the >uban >onstitution was also drafted by Feli Ferrer and2sabelo rtacho. 2t was signed on %ovember ;* ;onstitutionprovided for the establishment of a upreme council that would serve as the highestgoverning body of the 9epublic. 2t also outlined certain basic human rights* such asfreedom of religion* freedom of the press* and the right to education. $milio guinaldoand Mariano Trias were elected upreme >ouncil president and vice president*respectively.

The Pa'! o3 ia:-na-a!o

Pedro Paterno* a paniard born in the Philippines volunteered to act as negotiatorbetween guinaldo and ov. Primo de 9ivera in order to end the clashes. Paternos effortpaid off when on* -ecember ;0* ;


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receiving a partial payment of P11*111* guinaldo left for &ong Dong on -ecember /@*;ry of Pugad 7awin* a revolution bro,e out in >uba3another panish >olony that rose against the rampant abuses of the paniards. 2t becameindependent in ;ubans for various reasons:

First3 the H is a free country and dvocated democracy and freedom.

/nd3 the H wants to protect its huge economic interest in >uba* in the amount

of N01*111*111. 4rd3 a lot of stories reached the Hnited tates about panish maltreatment of

mericans living in >uba and this greatly angered the H citiEens. Finally* since >uba was located very near the H it was deemed covered by the

protective mantle of the Monroe -octrine.

Aeri'an Colonia!ion o3 !he Philippine

t that time* ssistant ecretary of the %avy Theodore 9oosevelt* wanted a war toerupt between the H and pain so he could strengthen and epand the H %avy* heimmediately put his plan into place. 'n February /0* ;ommodoreeorge -ewey to ma,e &ong Dong the head5uarters of the merican siatic 5uadron.

&e also directed -ewey to attac, Manila Bay and destroy the panish fleet* the momenthostilities between pain and H brea, out.

The Spanih-Aeri'an ar

pain did not relish merican intervention in its affairs. &owever* with the Philippineand >uban revolutions going on* it could not afford to add the mericans to its enemylist* especially since the Hnited tates had more advanced technology and weaponry. 2nthe face of pains declining power* it tried to repair its rift with the H in order to avoida disastrous war. 'n February ;0* ;uba. Themerican warship Maine was blown up in &avana harbor* resulting in the death of its

/=1 officers and crewmembers. lthough it was not proven that the paniards had sun,the Maine* the mericans called for war against pain. 9oosevelt was one of many Hofficials who considered the destruction of the Maine as act of treason and supported thedeclaration of war.

pain declared war on the Hnited tates on pril /4* ;


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panish naval base at angley Point in >avite. By #une* ;


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>ongress:

;. 2n eptember /ayetano rellano* theconstitution was drafted* for the first time by representatives of the Filipino people and itis the first republican constitution in sia. The constitution was inspired by theconstitutions of Meico* uatemala* >osta 9ica* BraEil* Belgium and France. fter some

minor revisions (mainly due to the ob8ectionsof polinario Mabini)* the final draft of theconstitution was presented to guinaldo. This paved the way to launching the firstPhilippine 9epublic. 2t established a democratic* republication government with threebranches 3 the $ecutive* 7egislative and the #udicial branches. 2t called for theseparation of church and state. The eecutive powers were to be eercise by the presidentof the republic with the help of his cabinet. #udicial powers were given to the upreme>ourt and other lower courts to be created by law. The >hief 8ustice of the upreme >ourtwas to be elected by the legislature with the concurrence of the President and his >abinet.Fir! Philippine Rep,li'

The first Philippine 9epublic was inaugurated in Malolos* Bulacan on #anuary /;*;


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Filipino-Aeri'an Ho!ili!ie

$milio guinaldo agreed to hold a peace conference between Filipino and mericanleaders. The conference lasted from #anuary < to /< in ;


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wife* son* mother sister* and some >abinet members. The mericans followed in hotpursuit6 but guinaldo still managed to elude them. &owever* he soon realiEed that beingconstantly on the run put the women in his group at great disadvantage. o* on -ecember/0* ;


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4. ppoint merican and Filipino member of the Hpper house to head the cabinet. Preserve Philippine natural resources0. >reate a civil service system=. ssign highly 5ualified Filipinos to important government positions

The Ta3! Coiion

'n March ;=* ;ommission* which would alsobe ,nown as the Taft >ommission. Taft would become overnor3eneral of thePhilippinesand later* the president of the H.. McDinley wanted to hasten the transition ofthe Philippine military government into a civil one. The Taft >ommissions was giveneecutive and legislative powers it could use to achieve the Presidents ob8ective. The>ommission arrives in the Philippines on #une 4* ;. pooner* allowed the H president to

fully administer the Philippines. Thus* the military government of the Philippines wasreplaced with a civil one albeit temporary pending the legislation of permanent colonialgovernment by the Hnited tates.Ci/il .o/ernen! n*er Ta3!

The Philippine civil government was inaugurated on #uly * ;ommission continuing functioning as legislative body. >ayetano rellanowas the first Filipino to hold a high position of government he was named >hief #usticeof the upreme >ourt on May /* ;ommonwealth era is the ;1 year transitional period in Philippine history from;


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QueEon and ergio . 'smeIa went into eile in the H..* QueEon died of tuberculosiswhile in eile and 'smeIa too, over as president. t the same time* the #apaneseforcesinstalled a puppet government in Manila headed by #ose P. 7aurel as president. Thisgovernment is ,nown as the econd Philippine 9epublic. 'n 'ctober /1* ;ongress convened in

its firstregular session on #uly


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ppointment of two Filipino resident commissioners who would represent the

Philippines in the H >ongress but would not en8oy voting rights >onservation of Philippine natural resources

The bill contained 4 provisions that had to be fulfilled first before the Philippine

ssembly could be establishing these were the: >omplete restoration of peace and order in the Philippines

ccomplishment of a %ationwide census

Two years of peace and order after the publication of the census

The Philippine Ae,l%

The assembly was inaugurated on 'ctober ;=* ;ommission served as the upper house. Benito 7egarda and Pablo 'campowere the first commissioners. 'ther Filipinos who occupied this position includedManuel QueEon* #aime de Aeyra* Teodoro Kangco* 2saro abaldon* and >amilo 'sias.The &one La8

To further train the Filipinos in the art of government* the H.. >ongress enacted the

#ones 7aw on ugust /


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'ne delegation* however* that met with partial success was the 's39o Mission* so

called because it was headed by ergio 'smeIa and Manuel 9oas. The 's39o groupwent to the Hnited tates in ;ongress to pass apro3independence bill by 9epresentative Butter &are* enator &enry &awes* and enator

Bronso >utting. The &are3&awes3>utting 7aw provided for a ;13year transition periodbefore the Hnited tates would recogniEe Philippine independence. H.. President&erbert &oover did not sign the bill6 but both &ouses of >ongress ratified it. +hen the's39o Mission presented the &are3&awes3>utting 7aw to the Philippine 7egislature* itwas re8ected by a the merican &igh >ommissioner representing the H president in thecountry and the Philippine enate* specifically the provision that gave the H.. presidentthe right to maintain land and other properties reserved for military use. Manuel QueEonwas tas,ed to head another independence mission to the united tates.The T%*in$-M'733ie La8

2n -ecember ;utting bill authored byenator Milliard Tydings and representative Mc-uffie. President Fran,lin -elano9oosevelt* the new H.. president* signed it into law on March /* ;ongress6Public 7aw @43;/@) or more popularly ,nown as the The Tydings3Mc-uffie 7awprovided for the establishment of the >ommonwealth government for a period of tenyears preparatory to the granting of 2ndependence

&apanee O''pa!ion o3 !he Philippine

7rin$ or* ar II

'n -ecember * ;lar, ir Base in Pampanga

was first attac,ed and also %ichols Field outside Manila was attac,ed* then on -ecember//* The #apanese forces landed at the 7ingayen ulf and continued on to Manila. eneral-ouglas Macrthur declared Manila an open city on the advice of commonwealthPresident Manuel 7. QueEon to avoid its destruction. Manila was occupied by the#apanese on #anuary /* ;orregidor island before proceeding to theHnited tates. The 8oint merican and Filipino soldiers in Bataan finally surrendered onpril astro le8andrino*

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and other leaders of organiEed farmers held a meeting in February ;abiao* %ueva$ci8a. 2n that meeting* they agreed to fight the #apanese as a unified guerrilla army.nother meeting was held the following month* where in representatives from Tarlac*Pampanga and %ueva $ci8a threshed out various details regarding their organiEation*which they agreed to call C&u,bo ng Bayan 7aban sa mga &aponC or &HDB7&P.

Taruc was chosen to be the 7eader of the group* with le8andrino as his right hand man.The members were simply ,nown as &u,sRThe Philippine E)e'!i/e Coiion

2n accordance the instructions of President Manuel QueEon to #orge Aargas* the

Filipino officials in Manila were told to enter into agreements and compromises with the#apanese to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron3clad rule of the #apanese.'n #anuary /4* ;ommission was established* with Aargasas chairman. the following was appointed as department heads: Benigno 5uino* r.*interior6 ntonio de las las* finance6 #ose P. 7aurel* 8ustice6 >laro M. 9ecto* education*

health* and public welfare6 and Quintin Paredes* public wor,s and communication6 #oseKulo was named >hief #ustice of the upreme court.

The following month* an election was held for members of The Preparatory>ommission for Philippine 2ndependence (P>P2). The purpose of P>P2 is to draw up aconstitution for a free Philippines. #ose 7aurel became its head. gainst the will of theP>P2 delegates the new >onstitution was finaliEed on #uly ;1* ;


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.en< 7o$la Ma'Ar!hr Re!rn

From ustralia* llied forces slowly advanced toward the Philippines* bombing

several #apanese strongholds until they regained control of areas previously occupied by

the enemy. The bombings began on eptember /; ;


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supported the Hnited tates with military forces including indispensableintelligence.merica summoned guinaldo to return to the Philippines from eile andwith confidence towards the pleasant H relations* guinaldo anticipated independencefrom pain with the help of merica. 9eturning to the Philippines and leading theFilipino troops to hold the fort of 7uEon with success ecept for 2ntramuros* guinaldo

declared the Philippine 2ndependence from the panish colonial government on #une ;/*;avite. lbeit* the fact that painlost the battle to the Filipino troops* dmiral eorge -ewey schemed to convince thepaniards to surrender to merica. 2t was an act of betrayal by merica that no soonershort3lived the celebration of Philippine independence when merica anneed thepanish colonies to include the Philippines. The Filipino forces were determined tocontinue their efforts against imperialist power leading to a bloody fight against themerican rmy in February ;


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#uly * however* holds less inspiration for the Filipinos according to the elected Presidentof the 9epublic of the Philippines in ;


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the attainment of national welfare. &is reforms targeted his rivals within the elitedepriving them of their power and patronage but did not affect their supporters (H7ibrary of >ongress* Martial 7aw and the ftermath).

Thirty3thousand opposition figures including enator Benigno 5uino* 8ournalists*

student and labor activists were detained at military compounds under the Presidentscommand (Proclamation ;1; and Martial 7aw). The army and the Philippine>onstabulary seiEed weapons and disbanded private armies controlled by prominentpoliticians and other influential figures (Proclamation ;1; and Martial 7aw). Marcostoo, control of the legislature and closed the Philippine >ongress (Proclamation;1; andMartial 7aw). %umerous media outfits were either closed down or operated under tightcontrol (Proclamation ;1; andMartial 7aw). Marcos also allegedly funnelled millions ofthe countrys money by placing some of his trusted supporters in strategic economicpositions to channel resources to him. $perts call this the !crony capitalism."

The deterioration of the political and economic condition in the Philippines triggered

the decline of support on Marcos plans. More and more Filipinos too, arms to dislodgethe regime. Hrban poor communities in the countrys capital were organiEed by thePhilippine $cumenical >ouncil for >ommunity and were soon conducting protest massesand prayer rallies. These efforts including the eposure of numerous human rightsviolations pushed Marcos to hold an election in ;


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oppressive Marcos regime. &ence* it came to be ,nown as the $- People Powers9evolution.

The revolution was a result of the long oppressed freedom and the life threateningabuses eecuted by the Marcos government to cite several events li,e human rights

violation since the tyrannical Martial 7awProclamation in ;o8uangco35uino showed the Filipinos and the world the strength and courage toclaimbac, the democracy that Ferdinand Marcos arrested for his personal caprice.>onsidering the depressing economy of the country* %inoys death further intensified thecontainedresentment of the Filipinos. 2n the efforts to win bac, his popularity among the

people* Marcos held a snap presidential election in February @* ;oraEon 5uino. 2t was the most corruptand deceitful election held in the Philippine history. There was an evident trace ofelectoral fraud as the tally of votes were declared with discrepancy between the officialcount by the >'M$7$> (>ommission on $lections) and the count of %MF9$7(%ational Movement for Free $lections). uch blatant corruption in that election was thefinal straw of tolerance by the Filipinos of the Marcos regime. The demonstration startedto brea, in the cry for democracy and the demand to oust Marcos from his seat atMalacaIang Palace. The revolt commenced when Marcos? -efense Minister #uan Ponce$nrile and the rmed Forces Aice3>hief of taff command of Fidel A. 9amos* bothwithdrew their support from the government and called upon the resignation of thenPresident Marcos. They responsibly barricaded >amp >rame and >amp guinaldo andhad their troops ready to combat against possible armed attac, organiEed by Marcos andhis troops. The >atholic >hurch represented by rchbishop#aime >ardinal in along withthe priests and nuns called for the support of all Filipinos who believed in democracy.9adyo Aeritas aired the message of >ardinal in that summoned thousands of Filipinos tomarch the street of $-. 2t was an empowering demonstration that aimed to succeedpeacefully with the intervention of faith. %uns ,neeled in front of tan,s with rosaries intheir hands and uttering their prayers.

+ith the power of prayers* the armed marine troops under the command of Marcoswithdrew from the site. >elebrities epressed their support putting up a presentation toshowcase the in8ustices and the anomalies carried out by the Marcos administration.Finally* in the morning of February /0* ;oraEon 5uino too, the presidential oathof office* administered by the upreme >ourt ssociate #ustice >laudio Teehan,ee at>lub Filipino located in an #uan. 5uino was proclaimed as the ;;th President of the9epublic of the Philippines. he was the first lady president of the country. Peoplere8oiced over their victory proving the success of the $- Peoples Power 9evolution*the historic peaceful demonstration. lthough in /11;* there was an attempt to revivePeople Power in the efforts to oust then President #oseph $strada* it was not as strong as

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the glorifying demonstration in ;


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first H%$>' Peace ward yet given to an sian for this effort. &e also came to be,nown as the S>entennial President for his successful supervision of the ;11thanniversary of the countrys independence from the panish rule celebrated in #une ;/*;o8uangco 5uino 222* a.,.a%oynoy 5uino* was proclaimed as president of the republic together with #e8omar

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>abauatan Binay as vice3president.

The Philippine Prei*en!

FIRST REPULIC

(9evolutionary overnmentThe Philippines under panish rule)(;


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(;


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2n ;avite headed by eneral $milioguinaldo had a red ensign with a sun and at the center of the sun is the letter D writtenin the ancient Filipino alphabet.

nother variation is the un of 7iberty of the %aic ssembly in ;uba* accordingto del Pilar.

2n ;avite* Bulacan* %ueva $ci8a*Pampanga* Bataan* 7aguna* and Batangas) and 4 stars representing the main islandgroups: 7uEon* Aisayas and Mindanao.

2n ;


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V ;= 3 #osW 9iEal publishes anti3panish novel* %oli Me Tangere (The 7ost $den)6 andseers up independence sentiment.V ;


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V ;esar A. Purisima-epartment of #ustice (-'#) G 7eila 7. de 7ima-epartment of %ational -efense G Aoltaire asmin-epartment of $ducation (-ep$d) G rmin . 7uistro%ational $conomic -evelopment uthority (%$-) G >ayetano Paderanga #r.-epartment of griculture (-) G Proceso A. lcala-epartment of $nvironment and %atural 9esources (-$%9) G 9amon Pa8e-epartment of Transportation and >ommunications (-oT>) G #ose Ping de #esus-epartment of 7abor and $mployment (-'7$) G 9osalindo BaldoE-epartment of &ealth (-'&) G -r. $nri5ue 'na-epartment of Tourism (-'T) G lberto 7im-epartment of 7ocal and 2nterior overnment 3 Mar 9oas-epartment of Trade and 2ndustry (-T2) G regory -omingo-epartment of ocial +elfare and -evelopment (-+-) G >oraEon #uliano oliman-epartment of $nergy (-'$) G #ose 9ene lmendras-epartment of Public +or,s and &ighways (-P+&) G 9ogelio ingson-epartment of cience and Technology (-'T) G -r. Mario Monte8o-epartment of grarian 9eform (-9) G Airgilio 9. -e 7os 9eyes>ommission on &igher $ducation G Patricia 7icuananBureau of 2nternal 9evenue G Dim #acinto &enaresrmed Forces of the Philippines G 7ieutenant eneral $mmanuel T. BautistaPeace Process G Teresita Quintos -eles

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Presidential Management taff G #ulia 9. badpo,esperson 3 $dwin 7acierdaPresidential 7egal >ounsel 3 $duardo A. -e MesaPolice -irector3eneral 3 llan Purisima>hief #ustice of upreme >ourt 3 Ma. 7ourdes ereno

olicitor eneral 3 Francis #ardeleEa.1 Re$ion o3 !he Philippine

=NCR NATIONAL CAPITAL RE.ION - >aloocan >ity* 7as PiIas >ity* Ma,ati >ity*Malabon >ity* Mandaluyong >ity* Manila* Mari,ina >ity* Muntinlupa >ity* %avotas>ity* ParaIa5ue >ity* Pasay >ity* Pasig >ity* Pateros >ity* QueEon >ity* an #uan >ity*Taguig >ity* AalenEuela >ity.

=CAR COR7ILLERA A7MINISTRATI+E RE.ION - bra* payao* Benguet*2fugao* Dalinga* Mountain Province

= Re$ion I ILOCOS RE.ION - 2locos %orte* 2locos ur* Pangasinan* 7a Hnion

= Re$ion II CA.AAN +ALLE - Batanes* >agayan* 2sabela* %ueva Aiscaya*Quirino

= Re$ion III CENTRAL LUGON - urora* Bataan* Bulacan* %ueva $ci8a* Pampanga*Tarlac* Jambales

= Re$ion I+-A CALAARGON - >avite* 7aguna* Batangas* 9iEal* QueEon

= Re$ion I+- MIMAROPA - Marindu5ue* 'ccidental Mindoro* 'riental Mindoro*9omblon* Palawan

= Re$ion + ICOL RE.ION - lbay* >amarines %orte* >amarines ur* >atanduanes*Masbate* orsogon

=Re$ion +I ESTERN +ISAAS - ,lan* nti5ue* >apiE* uimaras* 2loilo* %egros'ccidental

=Re$ion +II CENTRAL +ISAAS - Bohol* >ebu* %egros 'riental* i5ui8or

=Re$ion +III EASTERN +ISAAS - Biliran* $astern amar* 7eyte* %orthern amar*amar* outhern 7eyte

= Re$ion IX GAMOAN.A PENINGULA - Jamboanga del %orte* Jamboanga delur* Jamboanga ibugay

= Re$ion X NORTHERN MIN7ANAO - Bu,idnon* >amiguin* 7anao del %orte*Misamis 'ccidental* Misamis 'riental

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= Re$ion XI 7A+AO RE.ION ->ompostela Aalley* -avao del %orte* -avao del sur-avao 'riental

= Re$ion XII SOCCS5SR.EN - >otabato* arangani* outh >otabato* ultan Dudarat

eneral antos >ity

= Re$ion XIII CARA.A - gusan del %orte* gusan del ur* -inagat 2slands* urigaodel %orte* urigao del ur

=ARMM AUTONOMOUS RE.ION IN MUSLIM MIN7ANAO - Basilan* 7anao delur* Maguindanao* hariff Dabunsuan* ulu* Tawi3tawi

reviewer sa phil history

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