introducere (sau mic ghid practic) în mysqlbusaco/teach/courses/net/docs/mysql-ro.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
!
Introducere (sau mic ghid practic) în MySQL
Traducere de Leonte Carmen – [email protected]
!
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!
shell> mysql --help
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Enter password: ********
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shell> mysql -h host -u user -p
Enter password: ********
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!
shell> mysql -h host -u user -p
Enter password: ********
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 459 to server version: 3.22.20a-log
Type 'help' for help.
mysql>
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!
shell> mysql
!
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!
mysql> QUIT
Bye
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!
mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
+--------------+--------------+
| VERSION() | CURRENT_DATE |
+--------------+--------------+
| 3.22.20a-log | 1999-03-19 |
+--------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
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mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
mysql> select version(), current_date;
mysql> SeLeCt vErSiOn(), current_DATE;
!
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!
mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;
! Y
+-------------+---------+
| SIN(PI()/4) | (4+1)*5 |
+-------------+---------+
| 0.707107 | 25 |
+-------------+---------+
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!
mysql> SELECT VERSION(); SELECT NOW();
+--------------+
| VERSION() |
+--------------+
| 3.22.20a-log |
+--------------+
+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 1999-03-19 00:15:33 |
+---------------------+
!
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!
mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> ,
-> CURRENT_DATE;
+--------------------+--------------+
| USER() | CURRENT_DATE |
+--------------------+--------------+
| joesmith@localhost | 1999-03-18 |
+--------------------+--------------+
!
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mysql>
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!
mysql> Gata pentru o noua comanda
-> Asteapta o noua linie dintr-o comanda multipla
'> Asteapta un nou rand colectand un sir inceput cu (‘'’).
"> Asteptand pentru un nou rand colectand un sir inceput cu (‘"’).
!
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!
mysql> SELECT USER()
->
!
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,'%(-.%!($!#',$C+!(,)5)&)!$%&$!C[?6!5')!5-+&!#'!%):-,!51%;+!'%&$'(&'!(&,$#)8',$'!GWH=!!
!
mysql> SELECT USER()
-> ;
+--------------------+
| USER() |
+--------------------+
| joesmith@localhost |
+--------------------+
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mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE name = "Smith AND age < 30;
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mysql>
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! !
+----------+
| Database |
+----------+
| mysql |
| test |
| tmp |
+----------+
!
! 4)%&'!9'8$+*,!/$!/'&$!7'!@)!(,*9'9)+!'+&'!($!#'+#-+'&*,-+!($,%*.'+W!/',6!5')!5-+&!#'!%):-,!51%;+!%)!
&$%&!'-!&*'&$!%'.%$+$!%'!%$!.-5$,$!(,).&,$!#$+$+'+&$=!
! g'8'!/$!/'&$!51%;+!$%&$!%*+)#)&'&'!)./$*%$9)!($.&,-!#'!/$%#,)$!*!%$,)$!/$!@'#)+)&'&)!-&)+)8'&*,-+-)=!
! g'8'! /$! /'&$! C&$%&! $! (,$@$,'&'! #'! %-(*,&! (,'#&)#6! #'! @*')$! /$! +-#,-! ($.&,-! /)7$,%$! ).#$,#',)!
(,$+)5).',$=!
! ]!K'#'!.-!9$.$@)#)'&)!/$!'7'.&'M-+!2hPi!K"L"g"2U2!.-!(-&$&)!7)8-'+)8'!&*'&$!9'8$+$!/$!/'&$=!
! ]!K'#'!$D)%&'!9'8'!&$%&!).#$,#'&)!%C*!'##$%'&)!'%&@$+B!
!
mysql> USE test
Database changed
!
! ]! P9%$,7'&)! #'! S2U6! #'! /$'+&@$+6! -&)+)&',-+! 3STL! .-! .$#$%)&'! GWH! >K'#'! ).%'! '&)! @).'+)8'&! /$M'!
#$,$,$'6!#*5'./'!#-!'#$%&!%$5.!*,&*:,'@)#6!.-!$%&$!.$7*)$!%'C+!%&$,:$&)6!.-!7'!'@$#&'!%&,-#&-,'!#-!.)5)#?=!
! e'#)+)&'&$'!S2U!$!-.'!%($#)'+'!/).&,C-.!(-.#&!/$!7$/$,$B!.$#$%)&'!*!#*5'./'!%)5(+'!>O!+).)$?=!
! E-&$&)! @*+*%)! %)! 9'8'! /$! /'&$! &$%&! >/$! 7,$5$! #$! '&)! '##$%'&C*?! ($.&,-! $D$5(+$+$! -,5'&*',$6! /',6!
$D)%&'!-.!).#*7$.)$.&6!(-&$&)!'7$'!%-,(,)8'!#'!/'&$+$!/).!&'9$+$!%'!@)$!5*/)@)#'&$6!*,)#$!'+&!-&)+)8'&*,!#-!'##$%!
+'!9'8'!/$!/'&$!',!(-&$'C*!@'#$=!K).!'#$%&!5*&)7!',!&,$9-)!%'!#$,$&)!'/5).)%&,'&*,-+-)!51%;+!*!9'8'!($!#*.&!
(,*(,)-=!2'!(,$%-(-.$5!#'!*!7$&)!.-5)B!5$.'M$,)$=!"/5).)%&,'&*,-+!&,$9-)$!%'!$D$#-&$!*!+).)$!/$!#*5'./'!
/$!@*,5'B!
!
mysql> GRANT ALL ON menagerie.* TO your_mysql_name;
! j
!
! !!-./$!1*-,k51%;+k.'5$!$%&$!#A)',!.-5$+$!/$!-&)+)8'&*,!'%*#)'&!K7%=!!!
!
3.3.1 Crearea si selectarea unei baze de date
!
! K'#'!'/5).)%&,'&*,-+!'!#,$'&!9'8'!#-!($,5)%)-.$'!K7%=!(-&$&)! ).#$($!%'!*!@*+*%)&)=! T.!#'8!#*.&,',!
(-&$&)!%C*!#*.%&,-)&)!%).:-,)B!
!
mysql> CREATE DATABASE menagerie;
!
! 2-9!SbTl!!/$.-5),)+$!9'8$+*,!/$!/'&$!%-.&!%$.%)9)+$!/).!(-#&-+!/$!7$/$,$!'+!(,*#$%',))!>.-!$%&$!%)!
#'8-+!#-7).&$+*,!#A$)$!234?!'=)=!7'!&,$9-)!%'!'7$&)!:,)M'!#-5!%$+$#&'&)!9'8'6!@*+*%)&)!5$.:$,)$6!.-!0$.'M$,)$!
%'-!0Ub"mUVTU=!"#$+'%)! +-#,-!$%&$!7'+'9)+! %)!($&,-!.-5$+$! &'9$+$+*,=! >2-9!iTbKPi2!'#$%&$! ,$%&,)#&))!
#'/?=!
! I,$',$'! -.$)! 9'8$! .-! ).%$'5.'! '-&*5'&! %)! %$+$#&',$'! $)W! &,$9-)$! %'! @'#$&)! '%&'! %$(','&=! E$.&,-!
'##$%',$'!(,*(,)-C8)%'!'!9'8$)!5$.'M$,)$!@*+*%)&)!#*5'./'B!
!
mysql> USE menagerie
Database changed
!
! E,*#$%-+! #,$',))!9'8$)! ',$! +*#!*! %).:-,'!/'&'W! ).! %A)59!*!(-&$&)! %$+$#&'!*,)!/$! #'&$!*,)! ).#$($&)!*!
%$/).&'!51%;+=!E-&$&)!'##$%'!(,).&,C*!#*5'./'!S2U6!#-5!'&)!(-&-&!7$/$'!'.&$,)*,=!"+&@$+6!(-&$&)!'($+'!+'!*!
+).)$!/$!#*5'./'!).!#'8-+!).!#',$'!'($+'&)!51%;+C-+=!
! 2($#)@)#'&)! /*',! .-5$+$! 9'8$)! /-('! @)$#',$! /).&,$! (','5$&,)! /$! #*5$.&',$! ($! #',$! )C'&)! (-&$'!
@-,.)8'=!UD$5(+-B!
!
shell> mysql -h host -u user -p menagerie
Enter password: ********
!
! P9%$,7'&)!#'!5$.'M$,)$!.-!$%&$!%)!(',*+'6!).!+).)'!/$!#*5'./'=!
! K'#'!7,$&)!%'!,$/),$#&)*.'&)!(',*+'!/),$#&!($! +).)'!/$!#*5'./'!/-('!*(&)-.$'!<(6!(-&$&)!%C*!@'#$&)!
/),$#&!@','!%('&))6!+)&$,$!).&$,5$/)',$!>$D=6!C(51('%%n*,/6!.-!<(!51('%%n*,/?=!
! P,)#-5!%)&-',$'!(',*+$)!($!'#$)'%)!+).)$!/$!#*5'./'!.-!$%&$!,$#*5'./'9)+'6!($.&,-!#'!*!$D(-.$&)!
'%&@$+!-.$)!$7$.&-'+$!5*/)@)#',)!>/$!#'&,$!'+&)!-&)+)8'&*,)!+*:'&)!).!'#$+'%)!#'+#-+'&*,?=!
!
3.3.2 Crearea unui tabel
!
! o
! I,$',$'!9'8$)!/$!/'&$!$%&$!(',&$'!-%*','6!/',!).!'#$%&!5*5$.&!%$+$#&'./!*(&)-.$'!2hPi!L"g4U2!
7$&)!*9%$,7'!#'!$%&$!:*'+'B!
!
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
!
! K$! ')#)! ).#$($! G:,$-+H6! %'! /$#)/$&)! %&,-#&-,'! 9'8$)!K7%=! /$! /'&$6! /$! #$! &'9$+$! '7$&)! .$7*)$! %)! #$!
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.-5)!($&!>'.)5'+$!/$!#*5('.)$?!%)!7'!&,$9-)!%'!#*.&).'6!#$+!(-&).6!.-5$+$!@)$#',-)!'.)5'+=!E$.&,-!#'!/*',!
.-5$+$!).!%).$!.-!$%&$!@*',&$!).&$,$%'.&6!&'9$+-+!',!&,$9-)!%'!).#+-/'!%)!'+&$!).@*,5'&))?=!
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).,$:)%&,'6! /$! ()+/'6! (*%$%*,))! '#$%&*,! '.)5'+$=! "&)! (-&$'! /$'%$5$.$'! %'! ).#$,#'&)! %'! ).,$:)%&,'&)! #'&$7'!
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! 2&*#',$'!/'&$+*,!/$!.'%&$,$!).!+*#-+!7',%&$)!(,*(,)-!8)%$!(,$8).&'!%)!'+&$!'7'.&'M$6!(,$#-5B!
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).,$:)%&,'&)! 8)-'! /$#$%-+-)! (-&$&)! #'+#-+'! #'&)! '.)! '7$'! '.)5'+-+! /$! #*5('.)$! ('.'! +'! '#$%&!
5*5$.&=!
! X'!(-&$&)!:)./)! +'!*!5-+&)&-/).$!/$!'+&$!&)(-,)!/$!).@*,5'&))!($!#',$!+$C'&)!(-&$'!).&,*/-#$!).&,C-.!
&'9$+!($&!6!/',6!#$+$!'5).&)&$!().'!'#-5!%).&!5')!5-+&!/$#)&!%-@)#)$.&$!($.&,-!$D$5(+)@)#',$B!.-5$6!(*%$%*,6!
%($#)$6!%$D6!/'&'!/$!.'%&$,$!%)!/'&'!/$#$%-+-)=!
! e*+*%)&)!*(&)-.$'!IVU"LU!L"g4U!($.&,-!'!%($#)@)#'!(','5$&,))!&'9$+-+-)=!
!
mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (name VARCHAR(20), owner VARCHAR(20),
->species VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(1), birth DATE, death DATE);
!
X',#A',!$%&$!*!'+$:$,$!@$,)#)&'!($.&,-!#*+*'.$+$!'@$,$.&$!b-5$+-)6!E*%$%*,-+-)6!%)!2($#)$)6!($.&,-!
#'!7'+*,)+$!+*,!7*,!7',)'!).!+-.:)5$=!4-.:)5$'!'#$%&*,!#*+*'.$!.-!&,$9-)$!%'!@)$!'#$)'%)!%)!.-!.$'(','&!/$!Rp=!
! Op
E-&$&)! '+$:$! *,)#$! +-.:)5$! ).&,$! O! %)! ORZW! *@$,&'! 5')! 5-+&! /$#'&! :$.$,*'%'=! K'#'! '&)! *(&'&! :,$%)&! %)! %$!
/*7$/$%&$!5')!&',8)-!#'!'&)!@)!'7-&!.$7*)$!/$!-.!#'5(!5')!+',:!51%;+!7'!:$.$,'!*(&)-.$'!"4LUV!L"g4U=!
! T'&'!#'&$7'!/).&,$!7'+*,)+$!#$!(*&!@)!'+$%$!($.&,-!)./)#'&*,))!%$D-+-)!).!G,$:)%&,$+$H!@)$#',-)!'.)5'+B!
G5H!6!G@H!C!G5'+$H6!G@$5'+$H=!K$%):-,!#$'!5')!%)5(+'!*(&)-.$!$%&$!(,)5'=!!
! K'&$+$!/$!.'%&$,$!%)!,$%($#&)7!/$!/$#$%!%$!).,$:)%&,$'8'!(,).!).&$,5$/)-+!*(&)-.))!K"LU=!"#-5!#'!
'&)!#,$'&!&'9$+-+6!2hPi!L"g4U2!',!&,$9-)!%'!,$+)$@$8$!#'&$7'!*(&)-.)!/$!)$%),$B!
!
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------------+
| Tables in menagerie |
+---------------------+
| pet |
+---------------------+
!
! E$.&,-!'!7$,)@)#'!/'#'!&'9$+-+!'!@*%&!#,$'&!%'-!.-!/-('!#-5!7C'&)!/*,)&!@*+*%)&)!#*5'./'!KU2IVTgU!
>'#$)'%)!#*5'./'!$%&$!7'+'9)+'!%)!#'./!'&)!-)&'&!/$!$D$5(+-!.-5$+$!-.$)!#*+*'.$?=!
!
mysql> DESCRIBE pet;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| birth | date | YES | | NULL | |
| death | date | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
!
3.3.3 Incarcarea datelor de pe suport fizic
!
! K-('!#$!'&)!#,$'&!&'9$+-+6!&,$9-)$!%'C+!G(*(-+'&)H=!UD(,$%))+$!4P"K!K"L"!%)!Tb2UVL!%-.&!&*&!#$!
7'!&,$9-)$=!
! 2'!(,$%-(-.$5!#'!).,$:)%&,',)+$!K7%=!(*&!@)!/$%#,)%$!'%&@$+B!
!
nume posesor specie sex data nasterii data decesului
e+-@@1!! ! h',*+/!! ! #'&!! @!! OooNCpRCpY!
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! OO
g-@@1!! ! h',*+/!! ! /*:!! @!! OojoCpZCON!
e'.:!! ! g$..1!! ! /*:!! 5!! OoopCpjCRf!
g*n%$,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!K)'.$!! ! /*:!! 5!! OoojCpjCNO!! OooZCpfCRo!
IA),(1!! ! qn$.!! ! 9),/!! @!! OoojCpoCOO!
iA)%&+$,!! qn$.!! ! 9),/!! ! OoofCORCpo!
2+)5!! ! g$..1!! ! %.'r$!! 5!! Ooo^CpYCRo!
!
! T.!5*5$.&-+!).!#',$!'7$&)!/$C'!@'#$!#-!-.!&'9$+!G).!'+9H!#$+!5')!%)5(+-!5)M+*#!($.&,-!'C+!(*(-+'!
$%&$!'#$+'!/$!'!#,$'!-.!@)%)$,!G&D&H!'+*#'./!#'&$!-.!%),!($.&,-!@)$#',$!/).&,$!'.)5'+$+$!/$!#*5('.)$6!%)!'(*)!
).#',#'&)!#*.&).-&-+!/).!@)%)$,!).!&'9$+!(,).&,C*!%).:-,'!+).)$!/$!#*5'./'=!
! E-&$&)!#,$'!-.!@)%)$,!&$D&!G($&=&D&H!#*.&).'./!*!).,$:)%&,',$!($!@)$#',$!,'./6!'7'./!/)@$,)&$+$!7'+*,)!
%$(','&$!(,).!%('&))6!%)!/$,-+'&$!).!'#$)'%)!*,/).$!).!#',$!#*+*'.$+$!'-!@*%&!+)%&'&$!).!IVU"LU!L"g4U=!
! E$.&,-!7'+*,)+$!+)(%'!>%$D!.$#-.*%#-&6!%'-!/'&'!/$#$%-+-)!).!#'8-+!'.)5'+$+*,!'@+'&$!).#'! ).!7)'&'?!
(-&$&)!'($+'!+'!*(&)-.$'!bS44=!E$.&,-!,$(,$8$.&',$'!'#$%&*,'!).!@)%)$,-+!&$D&!@*+*%)&)!\b=!K$!$D$5(+-6!($.&,-!
iA)%&+$,!*!).,$:)%&,',$!7'!','&'!'%&@$+B!
!
nume posesor specie sex data nasterii data decesului
i)%&+$,! ! qn$.! ! 9),/! \b! OoofCORCpo! \b!
!
E$.&,-!'!&,'.%#,)$!&$D&-+!/).!@)%)$,-+!G($&=&D&H!).!&'9$+!&'%&'&)!#*5'./'B!
!
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "pet.txt" INTO TABLE pet;
!
! P,)!/$!#)&$!*,)!7,$&)!%'!'/'-:'&)!).,$:)%&,',)!*(&'&)!($.&,-! Tb2UVL=I$+!5')!%)5(+-!5)M+*#!$%&$!%'!
%-(+)5$.&'&)! ! ).@*,5'&))+$! ($.&,-! @)$#',$! #*+*'.'6! ).! '#$$'%)! *,/).$! ).! #',$! '#$%&$'! '-! @*%&! +)%&'&$! ).!
IVU"LU!L"g4U=2'!(,$%-(-.$5!#'!K)'.'!(,)5$%&$!-.!.*-!A'5%&$,!.-5)&!E-@9'++=!
! b*-'!).,$:)%&,',$!@*+*%)./!-&)+)&',-+!Tb2UVL!7'!','&'!'%&@$+B!!
!
mysql> INSERT INTO pet
->VALUES ('Puffball','Diane','hamster','f','1999-03-30',NULL);
!
! P9%$,7'&)!@'(&-+!#'!).%),-),$'!7'+*,)+*,!%$!@'#$!).&,$!:A)+)5$+$=I-!'#$+'%)!-&)+)&',!Tb2UVL!
E-&$&)!).%$,'!7'+*,)+$!+)(%'=b-!*(&'&)!($.&,-!\b!#-5!'&)!@'#-&!#-!4P"K!K"L"=!
! K).! '#$%&! $D$5(+-! '&)! (-&-&! *9%$,7'! #'! $%&$! (,$@$,'9)+! %'! ).#',#'&)! ).)&)'+! ).,$:)%&,',$'! @*+*%)./!
-&)+)&',-+!Tb2UVL!/$#)&!4P"K!K"L"=!
! !!
! OR
3.3.4 Refacerea informatiilor dintr-un tabel!
!
! P(&)-.$'!2U4UIL!$%&$!@*+*%)&'!($.&,-!'!G$D&,':$H!).@*,5'&))+$!/).&,C-.!&'9$+=T.!@*,5'!%'!:$.$,'+'!
#*5'./'!','&'!'%&@$+B!
!
SELECT what_to_select
FROM which_table
WHERE conditions_to_satisfy
!
! GnA'&C&*!%$+$#&H!)./)#'!#$$'!#$!7,$&)!%'!7)8-'+)8'&)="#$'%&'!(*'&$!@)!/*',!-.!.-5',!/$!#*+*'.$!%'-!
&*'&$=!
! GnA)#AC&'9+$H!)./)#'!&'9$+-+!/).!#',$!7$&)!$D&,':$!).@*,5'&)'=!
!!!!!!! P&).$'!GihUVUH!$%&$!@'#-+&'&)7'=!
! G#*./)&)*.%C&*! %'&)%@1H! %($#)@)#'! #*./)&))+,$! ! ($! #',$! +).))+$! &,$9-)$! %'! +$! )./$(+).$'%#'! ! ($.&,-! '!
(-&$'!@)!G$D&,'%$H=!
!
3.3.4.Selectarea tuturor informatiilor
!
! !T'&'!@*,5'!#$'!5')!%)5(+'!/$!%$+$#&',$!'!*,)#',-)!&'9$+B!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet;
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Fang | Benny | dog | m | 1990-08-27 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1998-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
| Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
! !"#$'%&'!5*/'+)&'&$!$%&$!)./)#'&'!).!#'8-+!).!#',$!7,$&)!%'!,$7$/$&)!).&,$:-+!&'9$+!6!/$!$D=6!/-('!#$!
&*#5')!'&)!).,$:)%&,'&!%$&-+!).)&)'+!/$!/'&$=!
! E*&! '(',$'! 6! %$! ).&)5(+'6! $,*,)! ).! @)%)$,-+!K7%=!K$! $D$5(+-6!g*n%$,! '(',$! '! @)! .'%#-&!/-('!/'&'!
/$#$%-+-)!%'-!#*.%-+&'&)C7'!).@*,5'&))+$!).!*,):).'+!6%)!/$%#*($,)&)!#'!'.-+!.'%&$,))!$,'!/$!@'(&!Oojo!).!+*#!/$!
Oooj=!
! ON
! UD)%&'!#$+!(-&).!/*-'!%*+-&))!($.&,-!'!,$5$/)'!:,$%$'+'B!
!L'%&'&)! UKTL! ($.&,-! @)%)$,-+! G($&&D&H! ($.&,-! '! #*,$#&'! $,*',$'6! :*+)&)! &'9$+-+! %)! ,$).#',#'&)C+! @*+*%)./!
KU4ULU!%)!4P"K!K"L"=!
! P,)#-5!/'#'!(,*#$/'&)!'%&@$+!&,$9-)$!/$'%$5$.$'!%'!,$).&,*/-#$&)!).,$:)%&,',)+$!($.&,-!E-@@9'++=!
!V$@'#$&)!/*',!).,$:)%&,',$'!#-!(,*9+$5$!(,).&,C*!#*5'./'!SEK"LU=!
!
mysql> SET AUTOCOMMIT=1; #
mysql> DELETE FROM pet;
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "pet.txt" INTO TABLE pet;
mysql> UPDATE pet SET birth = "1989-08-31" WHERE name = "Bowser";
!
! I-5!'5!','&'&!$%&$!%)5(+-!%'!$D&,':$5!s!%$+$#&'5!).&,$:-+!&'9$+=!K',6!).!5*/!.*,5'+6!.-!7$&)!'7$'!
.$7*)$!%'!@'#$&)!'%&'6!%)!.)#)!.-!$%&$!)./)#'&!5')!'+$%!#'!).!&)5(!'#$%&'!%$!$D&)./$=!
! T.! %#A)596! 7'! 7$&)! '@+'! ).! %)&-'&)'! /$! '! ,$8*+7'! *! %).:-,'! (,*9+$5'6! #'8! ).! #',$! 7'! &,$9-)! %'!
%($#)@)#'&)!#'&$7'!(,*9+$5$!)5(+)#'&$=!
! 2'!-,5'5!#'&$7'!#*5$.8)!/$!%$+$#&)$!'!-.*,!).@*,5'&))!/$%(,$!'.)5'+$+$!K7%=!
!
N=N=Y=R!2$+$#&',$'!-.*,!+).))!/).!&'9$+!
!
! E-&$&)!%$+$#&'!/*',!'.-5)&$!+).))!/).!).&,$:-+!&'9$+=!K$!$D$5(+-6!/'#'!7,$&)!%'!7$,)@)#'&)!#*,$#&-,'!
($!#',$!'&)!@'#-&C*!).!(,)7).&'!/'&$)!/$!.'%&$,$!'!+-)!g*n%$,6!%$+$#&'&)!).,$:)%&,',$'!'%&@$+B!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = "Bowser";
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
!
! T$%),$'!#*.@),5'!#*,$#&-,'!@'#-&'=!
! K'&$+$! %-.&! ).%$.%)9)+$! /).! (-.#&! /$! 7$/$,$'! '+! ).,$:)%&,',))! '%&@$+! ).#'&! (-&$&)! %#,)$! .-5$+$B!
G9*n%$,H6!GgPi2UVH!$&#=!V$8-+&'&-+!%*+)#)&',))! #'! @)! '#$+'%)=!E-&$&)! %($#)@)#'!#*./)&))+$!($!*,)#',$!/).&,$!
#*+*'.$6! .-! /*',! ($! '#$$'! '! .-5$+*,=!K$! $D$5(+-6! /'#'! 7,$&)! %'! %$+$#&'&)! '.)5'+$+$! .'%#-&$! /-('! Oooj!
%$+$#&'&)!#*+*'.'!G/'&'!/$!.'%&$,$HB!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth >= "1998-1-1";
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
! OY
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
!
! E-&$&)!/$!'%$5$.$'!#*59).'!#*./)&))+$6!/$!$D$5(+-!($.&,-!'!+*#'+)8'!@$5$+$+$!<!#').$B!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "dog" AND sex = "f";
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
!
! 2*+)#)&',$'!'.&$,)*','!@*+*%$%&$!*($,'&*,-+!+*:)#!"bK=!UD)%&'!%)!-.!*($,'&*,!PVB!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "snake" OR species = "bird";
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
! "bK!%)!PV!(*&!@)!+'!,'./-+!+*,!5)D'&)=!K'#'!'%&'!/*,)&)6!$!(,$@$,'9)+!%'!@*+*%)&)!(','.&$8$+$!($.&,-!'!
)./)#'!5*/-+!).!#',$!7,$&)!%'!@)$!:,-('&$!#*./)&))+$=!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE (species = "cat" AND sex = "m")
-> OR (species = "dog" AND sex = "f");
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
!
! OZ
3.3.4.3 Selectarea anumitor coloane
!
! K'#'! .-! /*,)&)! 7)8-'+)8',$'! &-&-,*,! +).))+*,! /).! &'9$+! (,$#)8'&)! /*',! #*+*'.$+$! ).! #',$! %-.&$&)!
).&$,$%'&6!%$(','&$!(,).!7),:-+$=!
! K$!$D$5(+-6!/'#'!7,$&)!%'!%&)&)!/'&$+$!/$!.'%&$,$!'+$!'.)5'+$+*,!/$&).-&$!%$+$#&'&)!#*+*'.$+$!.-5$+-)!
%)!,$%($#&)7!/'&$)!/$!.'%&$,$=!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
+----------+------------+
!
K'#'!7,$&)!%'!'@+'&)!(*%$%*,))!@)$#',-)!'.)5'+6!&'%&'&)B!
!
mysql> SELECT owner FROM pet;
+--------+
| owner |
+--------+
| Harold |
| Gwen |
| Harold |
| Benny |
| Diane |
| Gwen |
| Gwen |
| Benny |
| Diane |
+--------+
! O^
!
! T.!*,)#$!#'86!*9%$,7'&)!5*/'+)&'&$'!).#',$!#*5'./'!$D&,':$!(-,!%)!%)5(+-!#'5(-+!(*%$%*,-+-)!/).!
@)$#',$! ).,$:)%&,',$! %)! '%&@$+! 7$&)! 7$/$'! #'! -.$+$! .-5$! '(',! /$! 5')! 5-+&$! *,)=! E$.&,-! '! 5)5'! @).'+-+6!
$D&,':$&)!@)$#',$!).,$:)%&,',$!@).'+'!-.)#'!/*',!*/'&'!(,).!'/'-:',$'!#-7'.&-+-)!#A$)$!KT2LTbILB!
!
mysql> SELECT DISTINCT owner FROM pet;
+--------+
| owner |
+--------+
| Benny |
| Diane |
| Gwen |
| Harold |
+--------+
!
! E-&$&)!@*+*%)!*!#+'-8'!Gwhere”!%'!,$'+)8'&)!*!#*59).',$!).&,$!%$+$#&)'!,'./-,)+*,!%)!#$'!'!#*+*'.$+*,=!
K$!$D$5(+-6!%$+$#&'&)!/'&$+$!/$!.'%&$,$!/*',!'!#').)+*,!%)!()%)#)+*,B!
!
mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE species = "dog" OR species = "cat";
+--------+---------+------------+
| name | species | birth |
+--------+---------+------------+
| Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 |
+--------+---------+------------+
!
3.3.4.4 Sortarea liniilor
!
! L,$9-)$! %'! @)! *9%$,7'&! ).! $D$5(+$+$! '.&$,)*',$! #'! +).))+$! ,$8-+&'&$! .-! %-.&! /)%(-%$! ).&,C*! *,/).$!
'.-5$=!!
! P,)#-56!/$!#$+$!5')!5-+&$!*,)!$%&$!5')!-%*,!%'!).,$:)%&,$8)!#'./!+).))+$!%-.&!%*,&'&$!/-('!-.!'.-5)&!
).&$+$%=!"%&@$+!@*+*%)&)!#+'-8'!PVKUV!gt=!
! T'&'!/'&$+$!/$!.'%&$,$!/)%(-%$!#,*.*+*:)#B!
!
! Of
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
+----------+------------+
!
! E$.&,-!%*,&',$'!).7$,%'!>/$%#,$%#',*',$?!'/-:'&)!#-7'.&-+!#A$)$!KU2I!+'!.-5$+$!#*+*'.$)!($!#',$!
*!%$+$#&'&)B!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth DESC;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
+----------+------------+
!
! E-&$&)!%*,&'!5')!5-+&$!#*+*'.$!#*.%$#-&)7$=!UD$5(+-+!/-('!%($#)$6!'(*)!/-('!/'&'!.'%&$,))!@'#'./!
'.-5)&$!(,$#)8',)!(,$#-5!.-5$+$!#$+-)!5')!&'.',!'.)5'+B!
!
mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet ORDER BY species, birth
DESC;
! Oj
+----------+---------+------------+
| name | species | birth |
+----------+---------+------------+
| Chirpy | bird | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | bird | 1997-12-09 |
| Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 |
| Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 |
| Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 |
| Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 |
| Puffball | hamster | 1999-03-30 |
| Slim | snake | 1996-04-29 |
+----------+---------+------------+
!
P9%$,7'&)!#'!KU2I!%$!'(+)#'!/*',!#*+*'.$+*,!'+!#'+*,!.-5$!'!@*%&!%($#)@)#'&=!I$+$+'+&$!,'5'.!.$%#A)59'&$=!
UDB!7'+*,)+$!%($#)$)!%-.&!).#'!$.-5$,'&$!).!*,/).$!#,$%#'&*',$=!
3.3.4.5 Calculul datelor!
!
! 01%;+!'%):-,'!#'&$7'!@'#)+)&'&)!($!#',$!+$!(-&$&)!@*+*%)!($.&,-!/)7$,%$!#'+#-+$!'%-(,'!/'&$+*,B!!
! UDB!#'+#-+-+!7',%&$+*,!%'-!$D&,':$,$'!-.*,!(',&)!$,*.'&$!'!/'&$+*,=!E$.&,-!'!/$&$,5).'!#$!7',%&'!',$!
@)$#',$!'.)5'+6!#'+#-+'&)!/)@$,$.&'!/).&,$!/'&'!#-,$.&'! %)! #$'! ).,$:)%&,'&'!'(*)! %#'/$&)!O6!/'#'!/'&'! #-,$.&'!
$%&$!%)&-'&'!).!#'+$./',!).').&$'!/'&$+*,!/$!.'%&$,$=!!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURRENT_DATE,
-> (YEAR(CURRENT_DATE)-YEAR(birth))
-> - (RIGHT(CURRENT_DATE,5)<RIGHT(birth,5))
-> AS age
-> FROM pet;
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
| name | birth | CURRENT_DATE | age |
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2001-08-29 | 8 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2001-08-29 | 7 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2001-08-29 | 12 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2001-08-29 | 11 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2001-08-29 | 11 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2001-08-29 | 2 |
! Oo
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2001-08-29 | 3 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2001-08-29 | 5 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2001-08-29 | 2 |
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
!
")#)! tU"V>?! ).,$:)%&,$'8'! '.-+! /).! /'&'! /$! .'%&$,$6! )',! VTqhL! #$+$+'+&$! #).#)! #','#&$,$!
,$(,$8$.&'./! +-.'6! ,$%($#&)7! 8)-'=! V$8-+&'&-+! (*'&$! @)! %#'.'&! #-! 5')! 5-+&'! -%-,).&'! /'#'! +).))+$! '-! @*%&!
).,$:)%&,'&$! ).&,C*! *,/).$! (,$%&'9)+)&'=! "#$%&! +-#,-! %$! *9&).$! '/'-:'./! #+'-8'! PVKUV! gt! %(,$! '! %*,&'!
).,$:)%&,',)+$!@).'+$!/-('!.-5$=!E$.&,-!*!).,$:)%&,',$!@).'+'!/-('!7',%&'!$%&$!/$!'M-.%!%'!*(&'&)!($.&,-!*!'+&'!
#+'-8'!PVKUV!gt=!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURRENT_DATE,
-> (YEAR(CURRENT_DATE)-YEAR(birth))
-> - (RIGHT(CURRENT_DATE,5)<RIGHT(birth,5))
-> AS age
-> FROM pet ORDER BY name;
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
| name | birth | CURRENT_DATE | age |
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2001-08-29 | 11 |.170 MySQL Technical Reference
for Version 4.1.0-alpha
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2001-08-29 | 12 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2001-08-29 | 2 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2001-08-29 | 7 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2001-08-29 | 11 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2001-08-29 | 8 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2001-08-29 | 2 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2001-08-29 | 5 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2001-08-29 | 3 |
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURRENT_DATE,
-> (YEAR(CURRENT_DATE)-YEAR(birth))
-> - (RIGHT(CURRENT_DATE,5)<RIGHT(birth,5))
-> AS age
-> FROM pet ORDER BY age;
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
| name | birth | CURRENT_DATE | age |
! Rp
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2001-08-29 | 2 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2001-08-29 | 2 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2001-08-29 | 3 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2001-08-29 | 5 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2001-08-29 | 7 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2001-08-29 | 8 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2001-08-29 | 11 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2001-08-29 | 11 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2001-08-29 | 12 |
+----------+------------+--------------+------+
! P! @*,5-+',$! %)5)+','! (*'&$! @)! @*+*%)&'! ($.&,-! '! /$&$,5).'! 7',%&'! ).! 5*5$.&-+! /$#$%-+-)=! I',$!
'.-5$!%-.&!'.)5'+$+$!'@+'&$!).!%)&-'&)'!/'&'!%$!*9%$,7'!%)5(+-!7$,)@)#'./!/'#'!7'+*',$'!G/$'&AH!$%&$!%'-!.-!
bS44=!E$.&,-!#$+$!#',$!.-!%-.&!@'#$&)!/)@$,$.&'!/).&,$!/'&'!/$#$%-+-)!%)!#$'!'!.'%&$,))=!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth, death,
-> (YEAR(death)-YEAR(birth)) - (RIGHT(death,5)<RIGHT(birth,5))
-> AS age
-> FROM pet WHERE death IS NOT NULL ORDER BY age;
+--------+------------+------------+------+
| name | birth | death | age |
+--------+------------+------------+------+
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | 5 |
+--------+------------+------------+------+
!
! K',6!/'#'!7,$&)!%'!'@+'&)6!/$!$D$5(+-!#$!'.)5'+$!G)%)!%',9'&*,$%#!8)-'H!+-.'!7))&*',$c!E$.&,-!'%&@$+!
/$! &)(-,)! /$! #'+#-+$6!(','5$&,)! #'! '.-+! %'-! 8)-'!/$7).! ),$+$7'.&)W! &*&! #$! &,$9-)$! %'! @'#$&)!$%&$! %'! $D&,':$&)!
7'+*,)+$!,$@$,)&*',$!+'!+-.'!/).!#*+*'.'!/'&$)!/$!.'%&$,$=!
! 01%;+! @-,.)8$'8'! #'&$7'! (*%)9)+)&'&)! /$! '%&@$+! /$! %$+$#&',)! G(',&)'+$HB! tU"V>?6! 0PbLh>?6!
K"tPe0PbLh>?=!T.!$D$5(+-+!.*%&,-!+-.'!0PbLh>?!$%&$!*(&)-.$'!(*&,)7)&'=!
! 2(,$! '!7$/'! #*.#,$&! #-5! @-.#&)*.$'8'! ,-+'&)! *! #*5'./'!%)5(+'! #',$! ).#+-/$!/$*(*&,)7'!7'+*,)+$!
/'&$+*,!/$!.'%&$,$!>9),&A?!,$%($#&)7!'+$!+-.))!>5*.&A?=!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth, MONTH(birth) FROM pet;
+----------+------------+--------------+
| name | birth | MONTH(birth) |
+----------+------------+--------------+
! RO
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 3 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 5 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 8 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 8 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 9 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 12 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 4 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 3 |
+----------+------------+--------------+
!
K$'%$5$.$'! $%&$! -%*','! #'-&',$'! '.)5'+$+*,! #',$! '-! 8)-'! /$! .'%&$,$! ).! +-.'! #$! -,5$'8'=!
E,$%-(-.$5!#'!+-.'!#-,$.&'!$%&$!"(,)+)$=!"&-.#)!7'+*',$'!+-.))!$%&$!Y!%)!K7%=!#'-&'&)!'.)5'+$!.'%#-&$!).!0')!
>+-.'!Z?!'%&@$+B!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE MONTH(birth) = 5;
+-------+------------+
| name | birth |
+-------+------------+
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
+-------+------------+
!
K$%):-,! $D)%&'! *! 5)#'! #*5(+)#'&)$! /'#'! +-.'! #-,$.&'! $%&$! K$#$59,)$=! b-! (-&$&)! '/'-:'! O! +'!
.-5',-+!+-.))!>OR?!%)!'(*)!%'!#'-&'&)!'.)5'+$!.'%#-&$!).!+-.'!ON6!/$*',$#$!.-!$D)%&'!*!'%$5$.$'!+-.'=!T.!+*#!
7$&)!#'-&'!'.)5'+$!.'%#-&$!).!T'.-',)$!>+-.'!O?=!
E-&$&)!#A)',!%'!%#,)$&)!#*5'./'!'%&@$+!).#'&!$'!7'!@-.#&)*.'!)./)@$,$.&!/$!+-.'!#-,$.&'=!T.!'#$%&!@$+!.-!&,$9-)$!
%'!@*+*%)&)!.-5',-+!'@$,$.&!-.$)!+-.)!*',$#',$!).!#*5'./'=!K"LUk"KK>?!7'!($,5)&$!%'!'/'-:'&)!*!+-.'!+'!
7'+*',$'!+-)!bPi>?6!'(*)!$D&,':$&)!+-.'!#-!'M-&*,-+!@-.#&)$)!0PbLh>?6!'(*)!,$8-+&'&-+!7'!@)!+-.'!).!#',$!%'!
#'-&'&)!8)+$+$!/$!.'%&$,$B!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE MONTH(birth) = MONTH(DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 MONTH));
P!'+&'!#'+$!/$!'!,$'+)8'!'#$)'%)!&$5'!$%&$!%'!'/'-:'&)!O!($.&,-!'!'M-.:$!+'!+-.'!-,5'&*',$!/-('!#$'!
#-,$.&'!>@*+*%)./!@-.#&)'!0PK>?!($.&,-!'!,*&-.M)!7'+*',$'!+-.))!+'!p!/'#'!$'!$%&$!OR?B!
!
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE MONTH(birth) = MOD(MONTH(NOW()), 12) + 1;
! RR
!
L,$9-)$! .*&'&! @'(&-+! #'! @-.#&)'!0PbLh>?! ).&*',#$! -.! .-5',! ).&,$! O! %)! OR=! T',! 0PK>#$7'6OR?!
).&*',#$!-.!.-5',! ).&,$!p!%)!OO=!"%'/',!).#,$5$.&',$'!&,$9-)$!%'!@)$!@-.#&)'!0PK>?6!'+&@$+!'5!&,$#$!/$! +'!
b*)$59,)$!>OO?!+'!T'.-',)$!>O?=!
! !
! Lucrul cu valori NULL
X'+*',$'! bS44! (*'&$! @)! %-,(,).8'&*',$! ('.'! 7'! *9)%.-)&)! #-! $'=! I*.#$(&-'+6! bS44! ).%$'5.'!
7'+*',$!+)(%'!%'-!.$#-.*%#-&'!%)!$%&$!&,'&'&'!*',$#-5!/)@$,)&!/$#'&!'+&$!7'+*,)=!E$.&,-!'!&$%&'!7'+*',$'!bS44!
.-!(-&$&)!@*+*%)!*($,'&*,)!',)&5$&)#)!/$!#*5(','&)$!#-5!',!@)!u6v!%'-!v[=!E$.&,-!'!/$5*.%&,'!'#$'%&'!($.&,-!
K7%=!).%)7'6!).#$,#'&)!-,5'&*',$'!#*5'./'B!
!
mysql> SELECT 1 = NULL, 1 <> NULL, 1 < NULL, 1 > NULL;
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
| 1 = NULL | 1 <> NULL | 1 < NULL | 1 > NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
!
U7)/$.&!.-!*9&).$&)!,$8-+&'&$!%'&)%@'#'&*',$!/).!'#$'%&'!#*5(','&)$=!e*+*%)&)!*($,'&*,))!T2!bS44!%)!
T2!bPL!bS44!).!+*#B!
!
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NULL, 1 IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+---------------+
| 1 IS NULL | 1 IS NOT NULL |
+-----------+---------------+
| 0 | 1 |
+-----------+---------------+
!
P9%$,7'&)! #'! ).!01%;+6! p! %'-!bS44! ).%$'5.'! @'+%! %)! *,)#$! '+&#$7'! ).%$5.'! '/$7','&=!X'+*',$'!
%&'./',/!($.&,-!'/$7',!/).&,C*!*($,'&)$!9**+$'.'!$%&$!O=!
! "#$%&! &,'&'5$.&! %($#)'+! '+! +-)! bS44! $%&$! 5*&)7-+! ($.&,-! ',$6! ).! %$#&)-.$'! (,$#$/$.&'6! '! @*%&!
.$#$%','!/$&$,5).',$'!'.)5'+$+*,!#$!.-!5')!%-.&!).!7)'&'!@*+*%)./!/$'&A!T2!bPL!bS44!).!+*#!/$!/$'&A!v[!
bS44=!
! K*-'!7'+*,)!bS44!%-.&!#*.%)/$,'&$!$:'+$!).&,C-.!qVPSE!gt=!
! "&-.#)! #'./! -&)+)8'&)! -.! qVPSE! gt6! 7'+*,)+$! bS44! %-.&! (,$8$.&'&$! (,)5$+$! #'./! -&)+)8'&)!
qVPSE!gt!w!"2I!%)!-+&)5$+$!/'#'!@*+*%)&)!qVPSE!gt!w!KU2I=!
! RN
! b*&'&)! #'! ).&,$! 01%;+! Y=p=R! <! Y=p=Op6! 7'+*,)+$! bS44! $,'-! %*,&'&$! ).#*,$#&6! $+$! @))./! (,)5$+$!
)./)@$,$.&!/$!/),$#&)'!/$!%*,&',$=!
!
! Cautare dupa caz (forma)
01%;+!'%):-,'!%&'9/',/!%;+!/-('!#'8!>@*,5'?!#'&!%)!*!@*,5'!/$!#'-&',$!/-('!#'8!9'8'&$!($!$D(,$%))!
%)5)+',$!#$+*,!@*+*%)&$!/$!#'&,$!-&)+)&'&)+$!SbTl!#-5!',!@)!7)6!:,$(!%)!%$/=!
! I'-&',$!/-('!#'8!%;+!7'!($,5)&$!%'!@*+*%)&)!`ka!($.&,-!'!'%*#)'!-.!%).:-,!#','#&$,!*',$#',$!%)!`xa!
($.&,-!'!'%*#)'!-.!.-5',!',9)&,',!/$!#','#&$,$!>).#+-%)7!#','#&$,$+$!p?=!
! T.!01%;+6!&)(-,)+$!%;+!%-.&!).%$.%)9)+$!+'!#'8!).!5*/-+!%&'./',/=!I'&$7'!$D$5(+$!%-.&!','&'&$!')#)=!
P9%$,7'&)! #'!K7%=! .-! @*+*%)&)! u! %'-! v[! '&-.#)! #'./! -&)+)8'&)! &)(-,)! %;+W! -&)+)8'&)! *($,'&*,))! /$! #*5(','&)$!
4TyU!%'-!bPL!4TyU!).!+*#=!
! E$.&,-!'!:'%)!.-5$!#',$!).#$(!#-!`9aB!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "b%";
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
!
E$.&,-!'!:'%)!.-5$!#$!%$!&$,5).'!#-!`@1aB!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%fy";
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
!
E$.&,-!'!:'%)!.-5$!#$!#*.&).!+)&$,'!`naB!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%w%";
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
! RY
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
!
E$.&,-!'!:'%)!.-5$!#$!#*.&).!$D'#&!#).#)!#','#&$,$6!@*+*%)&)!#','#&$,-+!&)(!`kaB!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "_____";
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
!
"+&$!&)(-,)!/$!#'-&',)!/-('!#'8!'%):-,'&$!/$!01%;+!@*+*%$%#!$D(,$%))!$D&).%$!>,$:-+'&$?=!"-.#)!#'./!&$%&'&)!
($.&,-! '#$%&! &)(! /$! #'8! *! '%*#)$,$6! @*+*%)&)! *($,'&*,))! VUqUlE! %*!bPL!VUqUlE! >%'-!V4TyU! %*!bPL!
V4TyU6!#',$!%-.&!%).*.)5)?=!
! S.$+$!#','#&$,)%&)#)!'+$!$D(,$%))+*,!$D&).%$!%-.&B!
" `=a!"%*#)'8'!-.!%).:-,!#','#&$,!*',$#',$=!
" P! #+'%'! /$! #','#&$,$! `zw{a! '%*#)'8'! *,)#$! #','#&$,! /).! ).&$,)*,-+! (','.&$8$+*,=! K$!
$D$5(+-6!`z'9#{a!'%*#)'8'!#','#&$,$+$!`'a6a9a!%'-!`#a=!E$.&,-!'!'%*#)'!-.!%),!/$!#','#&$,$6!
@*+*%)&)!%$5.-+!GCH!>/'%A?=!`z'C8{a!'%*#)'8'!*,)#$!+)&$,'!5)#'!6!)',!`zp==o{a!*,)#$!#)@,'=!
" `Qa! '%*#)'8'! 8$,*! %'-! 5')! 5-+&$! ).%&'.&$! '+$! +-#,-+-)#$+! (,$#$/'=! K$! $D$5(+-6! `DQa!
'%*#)'8'! *,)#$! .-5',! /$! `Da! #','#&$,$6! `zp==o{a! '%*#)'8'! *,)#$! .-5',! /$! #)@,$6! )',! `Qa!
'%*#)'8'!*,)#$!.-5',!/$!*,)#',$!@$+=!
" L)(-+!$%&$!'%*#)'&!/'#'!'(',$!*,)-./$!).!7'+*',$'!#',$!$%&$!&$%&'&'=!L)(-,)+$!%;+!'%*#)'8'!
/*',!/'#'!$+$!'%*#)'8'!).&$':'!7'+*',$=!
" E$.&,-! '! '.#*,'! -.! &)(! '%&@$+! ).#'&! %'! &$9-)'%#'! '%*#)'&! #-! ).#$(-&-+! %'-! @).'+-+! 7'+*,))!
&$%&'&$6!@*+*%)&)!`|a!+'!).#$(-&!%'-!`}a!+'!%@',%)&-+!&)(-+-)=!
E$.&,-! '! /$5*.%&,'! #-5! @-.#&)*.$'8'! $D(,$%))+$! $D&).%$6! #*5$.8)+$! 4TyU! ','&'&$! '.&$,)*,! %-.&!
,$%#,)%$!')#)!($.&,-!'!@*+*%)!VUqUlE=!
! E$.&,-!'!:'%)!.-5$!#$!).#$(!#-!`9a6!@*+*%)&)!`|a!($.&,-!'!'%*#)'!).#$(-&-+!.-5$+-)B!
! !
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "^b";
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
! RZ
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
!
T.').&$!/$!01%;+!7$,%)-.$'!N=RN=Y6!VUqUlE!$%&$!%$.%)9)+!+'!#'86!%)!#*5'./'!/$!5')!).').&$!.-!7'!
).&*',#$!.)#)!-.!,'./=!E$.&,-!'!'%*#)'!'&'&!+)&$,$!5)#)!#'&!%)!5',)6!$D$5(+-!`9a6!@*+*%)&)!'#$'%&'!#*5'./'!).!
+*#B!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "^[bB]";
!
K$! +'!01%;+!N=RN=Y! ).#*+*6! ($.&,-!'! @*,&'!*!#*5(','&)$!VUqUlE!%'! @)$! %$.%)9)+'! +'! #'86! @*+*%)&)!
#-7'.&-+! #A$)$!gTb"Vt! ($.&,-! '! #*.7$,&)! -.! %),! ).&,C-.! %),! 9).',=! S,5'&*',$'! #*5'./'! 7'! '%*#)'! /*',!
+)&$,'!5)#'!`9a!+'!).#$(-&-+!-.-)!.-5$B!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP BINARY "^b";
!
E$.&,-!'!:'%)!.-5$!#$!%$!&$,5).'!#-!`@1a6!@*+*%)&)!`}a!($.&,-!'!'%*#)'!@).'+-+!-.-)!.-5$B!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "fy$";
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
!
! E$.&,-!'!:'%)!.-5$!#$!#*.&).!+)&$,'!5)#'!%'-!5',$!`na6!@*+*%)&)!'#$%&'!#*5'./'B!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "w";
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
!
! R^
K$*',$#$!*!$D(,$%)$!,$:-+','!&)(!'%*#)'8'!/'#'!$'!'(',$!*,)-./$!).!7'+*',$6!.-!$%&$!.$#$%',!#'!).!
#*5'./'! (,$#$/$.&'! %'! @)$! ).&,*/-%)! %($#)@)#'&*,)! /$! .)#)! *! (',&$! '! &)(-+-)! ($.&,-! '! *9&).$! *! '%*#)$,$! #-!
).&,$':'!7'+*',$!'%'!#-5!',!@)!@*%&!/'#'!'&)!@)!@*+*%)&!-.!&)(!%;+=!
! E$.&,-!'!:'%)!-.!.-5$!#$!#*.&).$!$D'#&!#).#)!#','#&$,$6!@*+*%)&)!`|a!%)!`}a!#'!%'!'%*#)'&)!).#$(-&-+!%)!
%@',%)&-+!.-5$+-)6!#)!#).#)!).%&'.&$!/$!`=a!).&,$B!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "^.....$";
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
!
! "&)!(-&$'!/$'%$5$.$'!%#,)$!#*5'./'!'.&$,)*','!@*+*%)./!`~.�a6!*($,'&*,-+!G,$($&'&C.C*,)H=!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "^.{5}$";
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
!
Numararea randurilor
g'8$+$!/$!/'&$!%-.&!'/$%$'!@*+*%)&$!($.&,-'!,'%(-./$!).&,$9',))B!GI'&!/$!/$%!'(',$!-.!'.-5)&!&)(!/$!
/'&'! ).&,C-.! &'9$+cH! K$! $D$5(+-6! /'#'! /*,)&)! %'! '@+'&)! #'&$! '.)5'+$! '7$&)6! %'-! #'&$! '.)5'+$! ',$! @)$#',$!
(,*(,)$&',6!%'-!(*'&$!/*,)&)!%'!$@$#&-'&)!/)@$,)&$!&)(-,)!/$!,$#$.%'5'.&!+'!'.)5'+$+$!K7%=!
! I'+#-+',$'! .-5',-+-)! &*&'+! /$! '.)5'+$! ($! #',$! +$! '7$&)! $%&$! '#$+'%)! +-#,-! #'! %)! #-5! '&)! ).&,$9'B!
GI'&$!,'./-,)!%-.&!).&,C-.!&'9$+!/$!'.)5'+$cH!/$*',$#$!$D)%&'!*!%).:-,'!).,$:)%&,',$!($.&,-!@)$#',$!'.)5'+=!
e-.#&)'!IPSbL>?! .-5','! .-5',-+! /$! ,$8-+&'&$! #',$! .-! %-.&!bS446! '%&@$+! ).#'&! #*5'./'! /$! '! .-5','!
'.)5'+$+$!K7%=!X'!','&'!/-('!#-5!-,5$'8'B!
!
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pet;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
! Rf
| 9 |
+----------+
!
0')!/$7,$5$!'&)!*9&).-&!.-5$+$!($,%*'.$+*,!#$!/$&).!'.)5'+$=!E-&$&)!@*+*%)!IPSbL>?!/'#'!/*,)&)!
%'!'@+'&)!#'&$!'.)5'+$!',$!@)$#',$!(,*(,)$&',!).!(',&$B!
!
mysql> SELECT owner, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY owner;
+--------+----------+
| owner | COUNT(*) |
+--------+----------+
| Benny | 2 |
| Diane | 2 |
| Gwen | 3 |
| Harold | 2 |
+--------+----------+
!
P9%$,7'&)!#-5!$%&$!-&)+)8'&!qVPSE!gt!($.&,-!'!:,-('!+'!-.!+*#!&*'&$!).,$:)%&,',)+$!($.&,-!@)$#',$!
(,*(,)$&',=!e','!$+!'&)!*9&).$!/*',!-.!5$%'M!/$!$,*',$B!
!
mysql> SELECT owner, COUNT(owner) FROM pet;
ERROR 1140 at line 1: Mixing of GROUP columns (MIN(),MAX(),COUNT()...)
with no GROUP columns is illegal if there is no GROUP BY clause
!
IPSbL>?! %)! qVPSE! gt! %-.&! @*+*%)&*',$! ($.&,-! '! 7'! #','#&$,)8'! /'&$+$! ).! /)@$,)&$! 5*/-,)=!
S,5'&*',$+$!$D$5(+$!','&'!/)@$,)&$!#')!/$!'!$@$#&-'!*($,'&))!/$!,$#$.%'5'.&!+'!'.)5'+$+$!K7%=!
! b-5',-+!/$!'.)5'+$!).!@-.#&)$/$!%($#)$B!
!
mysql> SELECT species, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species;
+---------+----------+
| species | COUNT(*) |
+---------+----------+
| bird | 2 |
| cat | 2 |
| dog | 3 |
| hamster | 1 |
| snake | 1 |
+---------+----------+
!
! Rj
! b-5',-+!/$!'.)5'+$!).!@-.#&)$!/$!%$DB!
!
mysql> SELECT sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY sex;
+------+----------+
| sex | COUNT(*) |
+------+----------+
| NULL | 1 |
| f | 4 |
| m | 4 |
+------+----------+
!
>4'!'#$%&!,$8-+&'&6!bS44!)./)#'!%$D!.$#-.*%#-&=?!
! b-5',-+!/$!'.)5'+$!).!#*59).'&)$!/$!%($#)$!%)!%$DB!
!
mysql> SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species, sex;
+---------+------+----------+
| species | sex | COUNT(*) |
+---------+------+----------+
| bird | NULL | 1 |
| bird | f | 1 |
| cat | f | 1 |
| cat | m | 1 |
| dog | f | 1 |
| dog | m | 2 |
| hamster | f | 1 |
| snake | m | 1 |
+---------+------+----------+
!
b-!$%&$!.$7*)$! %'! $D&,':$&)! ).&,$:-+! &'9$+! '&-.#)! #'./! @*+*%)&)!IPSbL>?=!K$! $D$5(+-6!#*5'./'!
'.&$,)*','6!#'./!$%&$!$@$#&-'&'!($!#').)!%)!()%)#)6!','&'!'%&@$+B!
!
mysql> SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet
-> WHERE species = "dog" OR species = "cat"
-> GROUP BY species, sex;
+---------+------+----------+
| species | sex | COUNT(*) |
+---------+------+----------+
| cat | f | 1 |
! Ro
| cat | m | 1 |
| dog | f | 1 |
| dog | m | 2 |
+---------+------+----------+
!
! 2'-6!/'#'!/*,)&)!/*',!.-5',-+!/$!'.)5'+$!#-!%$D-+!#-.*%#-&B!
!
mysql> SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet
-> WHERE sex IS NOT NULL
-> GROUP BY species, sex;
+---------+------+----------+
| species | sex | COUNT(*) |
+---------+------+----------+
| bird | f | 1 |
| cat | f | 1 |
| cat | m | 1 |
| dog | f | 1 |
| dog | m | 2 |
| hamster | f | 1 |
| snake | m | 1 |
+---------+------+----------+
!
3.3.4.9 Folosirea mai multor tabele
!
! L'9$+-+!G(#&H!7'!&).$!$7)/$.&'!'.)5'+$+*,!/$!#*5('.)$!($!#',$!+$!'7$&)=!K'#'!7,$&)!%'!).,$:)%&,'&)!%)!
'+&$! `).@*,5'&))a! /$%(,$! $+$6! $7$.)5$.&$! )5(*,&'.&$! (,$#-5! .'%&$,$'! (-)+*,! %'-! 7)8)&$+$! +'! 7$&$,).',6! 7$&)!
'7$'!.$7*)$!/$!-.!'+&!&'9$+=!
! I-5!',!&,$9-)!%'!','&$c!",!&,$9-)!%'!).#+-/'B!
" b-5$+$!'.)5'+-+-)!%(,$!'!%&)!-./$!(+'%'&)!$7$.)5$.&-+=!
" K'&'6!%(,$!'!%&)!#'./!%C'!($&,$#-&=!
" S.!('%'M!C!#'5(!).!#',$!%'C+!/$%#,)$&)=!
" S.!#'5(!($!&)(-,)!/$!$7$.)5$.&$6!%(,$!'!+$!*,/*.'=!
! L*'&$! '#$%&$'! @))./!*(-%$6! *(&)-.$'!IVU"LU!L"g4U!($.&,-! &'9$+-+! $7$.)5$.&$+*,! ',! &,$9-)! %'!
','&$!#'!'%'B!
mysql> CREATE TABLE event (name VARCHAR(20), date DATE,
-> type VARCHAR(15), remark VARCHAR(255));
!
! Np
K'&!@))./!&'9$+-+!).)&)'+!G($&H!7'!@)!5')!-%*,!%'!).&,*/-#$&)!/'&$+$!).)&)'+$!).!#$+!/$C'+!/*)+$'!#,$')./!
-.!&$D&!'!#',-)!/'&$!7*,!@)!/$+)5)&'&$!(,).!#'&$!-.!&'9B!!
!
name date type remark
Fluffy 1995-05-15 litter 4 kittens, 3 female, 1 male
Buffy 1993-06-23 litter 5 puppies, 2 female, 3 male
Buffy 1994-06-19 litter 3 puppies, 3 female
Chirpy 1999-03-21 vet ciocul indreptat
Slim 1997-08-03 vet coasta rupta
Bowser 1991-10-12 kennel
Fang 1991-10-12 kennel
Fang 1998-08-28 birthday o noua jucarie de plastic
Claws 1998-03-17 birthday o noua zgarda
Whistler 1998-12-09 birthday zi de nastere
!
T.#',#'&)!).,$:)%&,',)+$!'%&@$+B!
!
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "event.txt" INTO TABLE event;
!
P,)$.&'./-C7'! /-('! #-.*%&).&$+$! '#-5-+'&$! +'! &'9$+-+! '.&$,)*,! 7$&)! ,$-%)! %'! $@$#&-'&)! /)7$,%$!
*($,'&)-.)!%)!5*/)@)#',)!).!&'9$+-+!$7$.)5$.&$+*,=!E,).#)())+$!%-.&!'#$+$'%)=!
! K',!).!#'8-+!).!#',$!/'&$+$!).&,*/-%$!%-.&!).%-@)#)$.&$!($.&,-!'!,'%(-./$!'.-5)&*,!).&,$9',)6!#$!',!
&,$9-)!%'!@'#$&)c!
! 2'! (,$%-(-.$56! #$! 7',%&'! '7$'! @)$#',$! '.)5'+! ).!5*5$.&-+! ).! #',$! '! '7-&! .*-C.'%#-&)! L'9$+-+!
$7$.)5$.&$+*,! )./)#'! /'&$+$! ).! #',$! '#$%&! +-#,-! %'! ($&,$#-&6! /',! ($.&,-! '! #'+#-+'! 7',%&'! G5'5$)H6! '7$&)6!
.$7*)$!%)!/$!/'&'!/$!.'%&$,$=!
! E$.&,-!#'!'#$'%&'!$!%&*#'&'!).!&'9$+-+!G($&H!'7$&)!.$7*)$!/$!'59$+$!&'9$+$!).!'#$+'%)!&)5(6!($.&,-!
-,5'&*',$'!#*5'./'B!
!
mysql> SELECT pet.name,
-> (TO_DAYS(date) - TO_DAYS(birth))/365 AS age,
-> remark
-> FROM pet, event
-> WHERE pet.name = event.name AND type = "litter";.178 MySQL Technical
Reference for Version 4.1.0-alpha
+--------+------+-----------------------------+
| name | age | remark |
+--------+------+-----------------------------+
! NO
| Fluffy | 2.27 | 4 kittens, 3 female, 1 male |
| Buffy | 4.12 | 5 puppies, 2 female, 3 male |
| Buffy | 5.10 | 3 puppies, 3 female |
+--------+------+-----------------------------+
!
L,$9-)$!%-9+).)'&$!#'&$7'!+-#,-,)!).!+$:'&-,'!#-!'#$'%&'!#*5'./'B!
" I+'-8'!eVP0!,-+$'8'!'59$+$!&'9$+$!($.&,-!#'!#$,$,$'!7'!$D&,':$!/'&$!/).!'5'./*-'W!
" I'./! %-.&! #*59).'&$! ).! @*,5'&))! /).!5')!5-+&$! &'9$+$6! &,$9-)$! %($#)@)#'&!5*/-+! ).! #',$!
).,$:)%&,',)+$!/).&,C-.-+!(*&! @)! #-(+'&$! #-! #$+$!/).! '+! /*)+$'=!"#$%&! +-#,-! ',! &,$9-)! %'! @)$!
-%*,!6!($.&,-!#'!6!.-C)!'%'6!'59$+$!&'9$+$!(*%$/'!*!#*+*'.'!'!.-5$+-)=!2)!).!#'8-+!.*%&,-6!
%$!7*,!#-(+'!/'&$+$!/).!/*-'!&'9$+$!($!9'8'!7'+*,)+*,!.-5$+-)6!(,).!#'+-8'!ihUVU=!
" L*#5')! ($.&,-! #'! #*+*'.'! .-5$+-)! %$! '@+'! ).! '59$+$! &'9$+$6! #'./! *! @*+*%)&)! &,$9-)$! %'!
%($#)@)#'&)!&'9$+-+=!
! b-!).&*&/$'-.'!'7$&)!.$7*)$!/$!/*-'!&'9$+$!/)@$,)&$!($.&,-!'!@'#$!#*59).',)=!P,)#$!&'9$+!(*'&$!@)!
#*59).'&!#-!$+!).%-%)=!
! K$! $D$5(+-6! ($.&,-! '! :'%)! (*%)9)+$! ($,$#A)! (,).&,$! '.)5'+$+$! /-5.$'7*'%&,'! (-&$&)! #*59).'!
*,)$.&'&)7!@$5$+$+$!%)!5'%#-+))!).%#,)%)!).!'#$+'%)!&'9$+6!/$!$D$5(+-!/-('!%($#)$B!
!
mysql> SELECT p1.name, p1.sex, p2.name, p2.sex, p1.species
-> FROM pet AS p1, pet AS p2
-> WHERE p1.species = p2.species AND p1.sex = "f" AND p2.sex = "m";
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| name | sex | name | sex | species |
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| Fluffy | f | Claws | m | cat |
| Buffy | f | Fang | m | dog |
| Buffy | f | Bowser | m | dog |
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
!
3.4 Obtinerea informatiilor despre bazele de date si tabele
! I$!@'#$&)!/'#'!-)&'&)!.-5$+$!-.$)!9'8$!/$!/'&$!%'-!-.-)!&'9$+6!%'-!#',$!$!%&,-#&-,'!'#$%&-)'c!
! 01234! ,$8*+7'! '#$'%&'! (,*9+$5'! (,).! #'&$7'! &)(-,)! /$! #*5$.8)! '7'./! /,$(&! %#*(! *9&).$,$'!
).@*,5'&))+*,!/$%(,$!9'8'!%)!&'9$+$+$!#*5(*.$.&$=!
! XC'&)!@'5)+)',)8'&!/$M'!#-!2hPi!K"L"g"2U26!#',$!!%).&!9'8$+$!/$!/'&$!5'.)(-+'&$!($!%$,7$,=!
! E$.&,-!'!'@+'!#$!9'8'!/$!/'&$!,-+$'8'!).&,C-.!'.-5$!5*5$.&6!*(&'&)!($.&,-!@-.#&)'!K"L"g"2U>?B!
!
! NR
mysql> SELECT DATABASE();
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| menagerie |
+------------+
!
! K'#'!.C'&)!%$+$#&'&!.)#)!*!9'8'!/$!/'&$!).#'6!,$8-+&'&-+!7'!@)!.-+=!
! E$.&,-!'!'@+'!#$!&'9$+$!#*.&).$!9'8'!/$!/'&$!%$+$#&'&'!@*+*%)&)!#*5'./'B!
!
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------------+
| Tables in menagerie |
+---------------------+
| event |
| pet |
+---------------------+
! !
K'#'! 7,$&)! ).@*,5'&))! /$%(,$! %&,-#&-,'! &'9$+-+-)6! $! '9%*+-&! .$#$%','! #*5'./'!KU2IVTgU6! 7'! 7'!
@-,.)8'!).@*,5'&))!/$!%(,$!@)$#',$!/).&,$!#*+*'.$+$!&'9$+-+-)B!
!
mysql> DESCRIBE pet;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| birth | date | YES | | NULL | |
| death | date | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
!
! e)$+/!C!)./)#'!.-5$+$!#*+*'.$)W!L1($!C!&)(-+!/'&$+*,W!
! b-++! C! /'#'! #*+*'.'! ).#+-/$! %)! 7'+*,)! .-+$6!y$1! C! /'#'! #*+*'.'! $%&$! )./$D'&'! %)!K$@'-+&! 7'+*,)+$!
(,$%&'9)+)&$!).!%)%&$5-+!/$!*($,',$=!
! K'#'!$D)%&'!)./)#)!).!&'9$+6!2hPi!TbKUl!eVP0!&9+C.'5$!7'!(,*#-,'!).@*,5'&))!/$%(,$!$+$=!
!
! NN
! 3.5 Exemple de comenzi
!
! T'&'!#'&$7'!$D$5(+$!/$%(,$!#-5!(-&$&)!,$8*+7'!#'&$7'!(,*9+$5$!#-,$.&$!(,).!01234=!
! I'&$7'! /).&,$! $D$5(+$! @*+*%$%#! &'9$+-+! %A*(! ($.&,-! '! ).,$:)%&,'! (,$&-+! @)$#',-)! ',&)#*+! >)&$5?! ).!
#'8-+!'.-5)&*,!#*5$,#)'.&!>/$'+$,%?=!2'!(,$%-(-.$5!#'!@)$#',$!#*5$,#)'.&!',$!#'&$!-.!%).:-,!(,$&!@)D!($.&,-!
@)$#',$!(,*/-%=!"&-.#)!7*5!#*.%)/$,'!!#'!>',&)#+$6!/$'+$,%?!$%&$!#A$)$!(,)5','!($.&,-!).,$:)%&,',)B!
! 4'.%'&)!+).)'!/$!#*5'./'!51%;+!%)!%$+$#&'&)!*!9'8'!/$!/'&$B!
! E-&$&)!#,$'!-.!&'9$+!$D$5(+-!'%&@$+B!
!
CREATE TABLE shop (
article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,
dealer CHAR(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
price DOUBLE(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(article, dealer));
INSERT INTO shop VALUES
(1,'A',3.45),(1,'B',3.99),(2,'A',10.99),(3,'B',1.45),(3,'C',1.69),
(3,'D',1.25),(4,'D',19.95);
!
! "#-5!&*&-+!$%&$!Py=!g'8'!$D$5(+$!','&'!'%&@$+B!
!
mysql> SELECT * FROM shop;
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0001 | A | 3.45 |
| 0001 | B | 3.99 |
| 0002 | A | 10.99 |
| 0003 | B | 1.45 |
| 0003 | C | 1.69 |
| 0003 | D | 1.25 |
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
!
! NY
3.5.1 Valoarea maxima pentru o coloana
! GI',$!$%&$!#$+!5')!5',$!.-5',cH!
!
SELECT MAX(article) AS article FROM shop
+---------+
| article |
+---------+
| 4 |
+---------+
!
3.5.2. Linia continand maxima unei anume coloane.
!
Gq'%)&)!.-5',-+6!/$'+$,-+6!%)!(,$&-+!#$+-)!5')!%#-5(!',&)#*+=H!
! T.!234!C!oo!>%)!51;%+!7$,%=!YO?!%$!,$8*+7'!,$($/$!(,).&,C*!%-9#*5'./'B!
!
SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM shop
WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop)
!
T.!7$,%)-.$'!01234!/$!('.'!+'!Y=O!7$&)!*9&).$!,$8-+&'&-+!).!R!$&'($B!
O= P9&).$&)!7'+*',$'!5'D)5'!'!!(,$&-+-)!#-!2U4UIL=!
R= e*+*%)./!7'+*',$'!,$8-+&'&'!*!).#+-/$&)!).B!
!
SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM shop
WHERE price=19.95
!
! P! '+&'! (*%)9)+'! %*+-&)$! #*.%&'! ).! %*,&',$'! &-&-,*,! ,'./-,)+*,! >+).))+*,?! /$%#,$%#'&*,! /-('! 7'+*',$'!
(,$&-+-)!%)!%$+$#&'&)!/*',!(,)5'!@*+*%)./!#+'-8'!4T0TLB!
!
SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM shop
ORDER BY price DESC
LIMIT 1
!
! bPL"B!K'#'!$D)%&'!5')!5-+&$!7'+*,)!5'D)5$!>'#$+'%)!(,$&?!(,*:,'5-+!7'!)./)#'!/*',!-.'!/).&,$!
$+$=!
! !
! NZ
3.5.3 Maxima coloanei per grup
!
! GI',$!$%&$!7'+*',$'!5'D)5'!'!(,$&-+-)!/-('!',&)#*+cH!
!
SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price
FROM shop
GROUP BY article
+---------+-------+
| article | price |
+---------+-------+
| 0001 | 3.99 |
| 0002 | 10.99 |
| 0003 | 1.69 |
| 0004 | 19.95 |
+---------+-------+
!
3.5.4 Un rand cu un camp care cauta automat maxinmul dintr-un grup anume
GE$&,-!@)$#',$!',&)#*+6!:'%)&)!/)%&,)9-)&*,-+!#-!(,$&-+!#$+!5')!,)/)#'&=H!
!
SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM shop s1
WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(s2.price)
FROM shop s2
WHERE s1.article = s2.article);
!
T.!7$,%)-.$'!01234!/).').&$'!+-)!Y=O!$%&$!9).$!%'!-,5'&)!#)&)7'!('%)B!
O= P9&).$&)!+)%&$+$!>(,$&!5'D!s!',&)#*+?=!
R= E$.&,-!*,)#',$!',&)#*+!(,$+-'&)!+).)'!#*,$%(-.8'&*',$!#',$!',$!%&*#'&'!(,$&-+!5'D)5=!
! E-&$&)!@'#$!'%&'!%)5(+-!#-!-.!&'9$+!!(,*7)8*,)-B!
!
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp (
article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,
price DOUBLE(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL);
LOCK TABLES shop read;
INSERT INTO tmp SELECT article, MAX(price) FROM shop GROUP BY article;
SELECT shop.article, dealer, shop.price FROM shop, tmp
WHERE shop.article=tmp.article AND shop.price=tmp.price.
! N^
UNLOCK TABLES;
DROP TABLE tmp;
!
K'#'!.-!@*+*%)&)!-.!&'9$+!LU0EPV"Vt6!&,$9-)$!%'!9+*#'&)!&'9$+-+!`&5(a=!
! GE*'&$!@)!,$'+)8'&!#-!*!%).:-,'!#*5'./'cH!
! K'6!/',!/*',!@*+*%)./!-.!&,-#!$@)#)$.&!($!#',$!TC+!.-5$%#!&,-#-+!G0"lCIPbI"LHB!
!
SELECT article,
SUBSTRING( MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 7) AS dealer,
0.00+LEFT( MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 6) AS price
FROM shop
GROUP BY article;
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0001 | B | 3.99 |
| 0002 | A | 10.99 |
| 0003 | C | 1.69 |
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
!
! S+&)5-+!$D$5(+-!(*'&$!@)6!/%):-,6!@'#-&6!).#'!%)!5')!$@)#)$.&!(,).!/)7)8',$'!#*+*'.$)!).!#+)$.&=!
3.5.5 Folosirea variabilelor utilizatorului!
!
! E-&$&)! @*+*%)! ! 7',)'9)+$+$! 01234! %(,$! '! 7'! ,$'5).&)! ,$8-+&'&$+$! @','! '! &,$9-)! %'! +$! %&*#'&)! ).!
7',)'9)+$!&$5(*,',$!).!#+)$.&=!
! K$!$D$5(+-6!($.&,-!'!:'%)!',&)#*+$+$!#-!#$+!5')!5',$!%'-!#$+!5')!5)#!(,$&!(-&$&)!@'#$!'%&@$+B!
!
mysql> SELECT @min_price:=MIN(price),@max_price:=MAX(price) FROM shop;
mysql> SELECT * FROM shop WHERE price=@min_price OR price=@max_price;
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0003 | D | 1.25 |
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
! Nf
3.5.6 Folosirea cheilor straine
!
! T.!#'8-+!01234!N=RN=YY!%)!5')!/$(',&$6!&'9$+$+$!T..Kg!%-(*,&'!7$,)@)#',$'!#*.&,'.:$,)+*,!#A$)+*,!
%&,').$=!K$!@'(&!.-!'7$&)!.$7*)$!/$!#A$)!%&,').$!($.&,-!'!-.)!/*-'!&'9$+$=!2).:-,-+!+-#,-!($!#',$!01234!.-!
)+!@'#$!).!5*/!#-,$.&!>).!'+&$!&)(-,)!/$!&'9$+$!).'@','!/$!T..*Kg?6!$%&$!'#$+'!/$!'!7$,)@)#'6!GIhUIyH6!/'#'!
#A$)+$!($!#',$! +$!@*+*%)&)!$D)%&'! ).! &'9$+!%)!.-!%&$,:$!'-&*5'&!,'./-,)!/).! &'9$+!#-!#A$)!%&,').$!(,$/$@).)&$=!
K'#'!@*+*%)&)!#A$)+$!K7%=!).!5*/!.*,5'+!'&-.#)!&*&-+!7'!@-.&)*.'!($,@$#&B!
!
CREATE TABLE person (
id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name CHAR(60) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE shirt (
id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
style ENUM('t-shirt', 'polo', 'dress') NOT NULL,
color ENUM('red', 'blue', 'orange', 'white', 'black') NOT NULL,
owner SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL REFERENCES person(id),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
INSERT INTO person VALUES (NULL, 'Antonio Paz');
INSERT INTO shirt VALUES
(NULL, 'polo', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 'dress', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 't-shirt', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID());
INSERT INTO person VALUES (NULL, 'Lilliana Angelovska');
INSERT INTO shirt VALUES
(NULL, 'dress', 'orange', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 'polo', 'red', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 'dress', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 't-shirt', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID());
SELECT * FROM person;
+----+---------------------+
| id | name |
+----+---------------------+
| 1 | Antonio Paz |
| 2 | Lilliana Angelovska |
+----+---------------------+
! Nj
SELECT * FROM shirt;
+----+---------+--------+-------+
| id | style | color | owner |
+----+---------+--------+-------+
| 1 | polo | blue | 1 |
| 2 | dress | white | 1 |
| 3 | t-shirt | blue | 1 |
| 4 | dress | orange | 2 |
| 5 | polo | red | 2 |
| 6 | dress | blue | 2 |
| 7 | t-shirt | white | 2 |
+----+---------+--------+-------+
SELECT s.* FROM person p, shirt s
WHERE p.name LIKE 'Lilliana%'
AND s.owner = p.id
AND s.color <> 'white';
+----+-------+--------+-------+
| id | style | color | owner |
+----+-------+--------+-------+
| 4 | dress | orange | 2 |
| 5 | polo | red | 2 |
| 6 | dress | blue | 2 |
+----+-------+--------+-------+
!
N=Z=f!I'-&',$'!/-('!/*-'!#A$)!
!
01234! .-! $%&$! ).#'! *(&)5)8'&! ($.&,-! #'-&',$'! /-('! /*-'! #A$)! #*59).'&$! ).! @-.#&)$! /$! PV!
>#'-&',$'!/-('!*!%).:-,'!#A$)$!#-!/)@$,)&$!(',&)!PV!$%&$!).!%#A)59!@-.&)*.'+'?B!
!
SELECT field1_index, field2_index FROM test_table WHERE field1_index =
'1' OR field2_index = '1'
!
UD(+)#'&)'!',!@)!'#$$'!#'!.-!'5!'7-&!).#'!&)5(!).#'!&)5(!%'!(-.$5!+'!(-.#&!*!#'+$!!
(+'-8)9)+'!($.&,-!'!,$'+)8'!'#$%&!+-#,-!>7',)'.&'!"bK!).!%#A)59!'!@*%&!@).'+)8'&'!%)!@-.&)*.$'8'!$D#$+$.&?=!
! E$.&,-!5*5$.&!(-&$&)!,$8*+7'!(,*9+$5$+$!/$!'#$%&!&)(!@*+*%)./!-.!&'9$+!LU0EPV"Vt=!"#$%&!:$.!
/$!*(&)5)8',$!$%&$!(,$@$,'9)+'!%)!).!#'8-+!).!#',$!'&)!@*+*%)&!#*5$.8)!#*5(+)#'&$!-./$!%$,7$,-+!234!'!,$-%)&!
*(&)5)8',)+$!/',!.-!).!*,/).$'!+*,!).)&)'+'=!
!
! No
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp
SELECT field1_index, field2_index FROM test_table WHERE field1_index =
'1';
INSERT INTO tmp
SELECT field1_index, field2_index FROM test_table WHERE field2_index =
'1';
SELECT * from tmp;
DROP TABLE tmp;
!
! S,5'&*,-+! 5)M+*#! (,).! #',$! (-&$&)! ,$8*+7'! (,*9+$5$! %)5)+',$! $%&$! /$! @'(&! *! ,$-.)-.$! '! /*-'!
#*5$.8)=!
!
3.5.8 Numerotarea accesarilor zilnice
! !
! T.! #$+$! #$! -,5$'8'! %$! #,$)*.$'8'! /$%(,$! #-5! (-&$&)! @*+*%)! :,-(-+! (,).#)('+! /$! @-.#&))! ($.&,-! '!
#'+#-+'!@,$#7$.&'!8)+$+*,!/).!+-.'!).!#',$!-.!-&)+)8'&*,!'##$%$'8'!*!(':).'!i$9B!
!
!
CREATE TABLE t1 (year YEAR(4), month INT(2) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL,
day INT(2) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL);
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(2000,1,1),(2000,1,20),(2000,1,30),(2000,2,2),
(2000,2,23),(2000,2,23);.Chapter 3: Tutorial Introduction 185
SELECT year,month,BIT_COUNT(BIT_OR(1<<day)) AS days FROM t1
GROUP BY year,month;
!
I',$!).&*',#$B!
!
+------+-------+------+
| year | month | days |
+------+-------+------+
| 2000 | 01 | 3 |
| 2000 | 02 | 2 |
+------+-------+------+
!
N=Z=o!e*+*%),$'!"SLPkTbIVU0UbL!
!
"&,)9-&-+!"SLPkTbIVU0UbL!(*'&$!@)!@*+*%)&!($.&,-!'!:$.$,'!*!)/$.&)&'&$!-.)#'!.*)+*,!+).))B!
! Yp
CREATE TABLE animals (
id MEDIUMINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
INSERT INTO animals (name) VALUES ("dog"),("cat"),("penguin"),
("lax"),("whale");
SELECT * FROM animals;
!
I$!).&*',#$B!
!
+----+---------+
| id | name |
+----+---------+
| 1 | dog |
| 2 | cat |
| 3 | penguin |
| 4 | lax |
| 5 | whale |
+----+---------+
!
E-&$&)!,$#-($,'!#A$)'!"SLPkTbIVU0UbL!($!#',$!'&)!@*+*%)&C*!(,).!@-.#&)'!4"2LkTb2UVLkTK>?!
234!%'-!(,).!@-.#&)'!51%;+k).%$,&k)/>?!"ET=!b*&'B!($.&,-!).%$,',$'!5-+&)(+'!>5')!5-+&!/$!/*-'!+).))!@-.#&)'!
4"2LkTb2UVLkTK>?s51%;+k).%$,&k)/>?! 7'! ,$#-($,'! #A$)'! '-&*).#,$5$.&! /).! (,)5'! +).)$! ).%$,'&'=! "#$%&!
+-#,-!7'!($,5)&$!).%$,',)+*,!5-+&)(+$!%'!@)$!,$(,*/-%$!%)!($!'+&$!%$,7$,$=!
E$.&,-!01T2"0!%)!Kg!(-&$&)!%($#)@)#'!"SLPkTbIVU0UbL!($!#*+*'.'!%$#-./','!(,).&,C*!#A$)$!
($!5')!5-+&$!#A$)=!!
T.! '#$%&! #'8! 7'+*',$'! :$.$,'&'! ($.&,-! '-&*! ).#,$5$.&',$'! #*+*'.$)! $%&$! #'+#-+'&'! #'!
0"l>'-&*k).#,$5$.&k#*+-5.?�O?!ihUVU!(,$@)Du:)7$.C(,$@)D=!"#$%&!#'+#-+!7',!(-&$'!@)!/$!@*+*%!).!#'8!
.#'!/*,)&)!).&,*/-#$,$'!-.*,!/'&$!).!:,-(-,)!(,$%&'9)+)&$B!
!
CREATE TABLE animals (
grp ENUM('fish','mammal','bird') NOT NULL,
id MEDIUMINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (grp,id)
);
INSERT INTO animals (grp,name) VALUES("mammal","dog"),("mammal","cat"),
! YO
("bird","penguin"),("fish","lax"),("mammal","whale");
SELECT * FROM animals ORDER BY grp,id;
+--------+----+---------+
| grp | id | name |
+--------+----+---------+
| fish | 1 | lax |
| mammal | 1 | dog |
| mammal | 2 | cat |
| mammal | 3 | whale |
| bird | 1 | penguin |
+--------+----+---------+
!
! P9%$,7'&)!#'!).!'#$%&!#'8!7'+*',$'!"SLPkTbIVU0UbL!7'!@)!,$'#&)7'&'!/'#'!,$.-.&'&)!+'!+).)'!#-!
7'+*',$'!5'D)5'!"SLPkTbIVU0UbL!/).!:,-(=!
!
3.6 Folosirea MySQL in Batch mode (grupat)
!
T.! %$#&)-.)+$! '.&$,)*',$! '&)! @*+*%)&! (,*:,'5-+!01234! ).&$,'#&)7!($.&,-! '! ).&,*/-#$! #*5$.8)! %)! '!
7)8-'+)8'!,$8-+&'&$+$=!!
E-&$&)!/$'%$5$.$'!,-+'!01234!).!9'&#A!5*/$=!E$.&,-!'!@'#$!'%&'!&,$9-)$!%'!!
).&,*/-#$&)!#*5$.8)+$!($!#',$!+$!/*,)&)!).&,C-.!@)%)$,6!%)!#*5'./'&)!(,*:,'5-+-)!%'!+$!#)&$'%#'=!
!
shell> mysql < batch-file
!
! K'#'! ,-+'&)! 01234C-+! @*+*%)./! @$,$%&,$+$! %)! '7$&)! #'&$7'! #','#&$,$! %($#)'+$! ).! @)%)$,6! #',$! 7'!
#'-8$'8'!(,*9+$5$!(-&$&)!&'%&'B!
!
dos> mysql -e "source batch-file"
!
! K'#'!&,$9-)$!%'!%($@)#'&)!(','5$&,)!/$!#*.$#&',$!+'!+).)'!/$!#*5'./'6!'#$'%&'!/).!-,5'!',!&,$9-)!%'!
','&$!#'5!'%'B!
!
shell> mysql -h host -u user -p < batch-file
Enter password: ********
!
! I'./! @*+*%)&)!01234C-+! %-9!'#$'%&'!@*,5'!#,$'&)!-.! @)%)$,! /*#-5$.&!%)! @).'+)8'&)!-+&$,)*,! &$D&-+6!
/'#'!7,$&)!#'!'#$%&'!%'!#*.&).-$!#A)',!/'#'!$D)%&'!$,*,)!&,$9-)$!%'!@*+*%)&)!*(&)-.$'!+).)$!/$!#*5'./'!CC@*,#$!
! YR
! K$!#$!%'!@*+*%)&)!-.!@)%)$,!&$D&c!T'&'!#'&$7'!5*&)7$=!!
" K'#'!,-+'&)!*!#*5'./'!).!5*/!,$($&'&!>8)+.)#6!%'(&'5'.'+?!#*.%&,-)&)!-.!@)%)$,!/*#-5$.&!%)!7$&)!
@)!%#-&)&)!/$!,$&'%&',$'!#*5$.8))!/$!@)$#',$!/'&'=!
" E-&$&)! #,$'!.*)! #*5$.8)! %)5)+',$!(*,.)./!/$! +'! #$+$!/$M'! $D)%&$.&$! #*())./! %)! $/)&'./! @)%)$,$!
&$D&=!
" 0*/-+! 9'&#A! (*%&$! %$,7)! /$'%$5$.$'! 5*5$.&-+! /$,-+',))! -.$)! #*5$.8)6! ).! %($#)'+! '! #$+*,!
5-+&)(+$! %'-! '! %$#7$.&$+*,! /$! #*5$.8)=! K'#'! @'#$&)! 7,$*! :,$%$'+'6! .-! 7'! &,$9-)! %'! ,$&'%&'&)!
&*&-+=!K*',!(,$+-#,'&)!&$D&-+!%'!#*,$#&$8$!$,*',$'!%)!#*5'./'&)!'(*)!(,*:,'5-+-)!%'!*!$D$#-&$=!
" K'#'! *! #*5'./'! #*./-#$! +'! 5')! 5-+&$! ,$8-+&'&$! +$! (-&$&)! ,-+'6! @*+*%)./! -.! (,*:,'5! /$!
(':).',$=!
!
shell> mysql < batch-file | more
!
E-&$&)!#*.%$5.'!,$8-+&'&-+!).&,C-.!@)%)$,!($.&,-!'!(-&$'!@)!(,*#$%'&!-+&$,)*,B!
!
shell> mysql < batch-file > mysql.out
!
! E-&$&)!/)%&,)9-)!/*#-5$.&$+$!%)!'+&*,!($,%*'.$=!
" S.$+$! %)&-'&))! .-! ($,5)&!5*/-+! ).&$,'#&)7=!K$! $D$5(+-! #'./! ,-+'&)! *! #*5./'! /).&,C-.!cron
job=!
V$8-+&'&-+!$%&$!/)@$,)&!#'./!,-+'&)!01234!).!9'&#A!5*/$!/$#'&!).!#$+!).&$,'#&)76!/$!$D$5(+-6!,$8-+&'&-+!/).!
2U4UIL!KT2LTbIL!%($#)$%!eVP0!($&!','&'!'%&@$+!).!5$/)-+!).&$,'#&)7B!
!
+---------+
| species |
+---------+
| bird |
| cat |
| dog |
| hamster |
| snake |
+---------+
!
! YN
K',6!'%&@$+!#'./!,-+'&)!).!9'&#A!5*/$B!
!
species
bird
cat
dog
hamster
snake
!
! K'#'!7,$&)!%'!&,$#$&)!+'!5*/-+!).&$,'#&)7!).!#'/,-+!9'&#A!5*/$!@*+*%)&)!mysql –t.
E$.&,-!#'6!#*5$.8)+$!($!#',$!+$!$D$#-&'&)!%'!&,)5)&'!-.!$#*-!@*+*%)&)!mysql –vvv.!
! E-&$&)!/$!'%$5$.$'!@*+*%)!@)%)$,-+!&$D&!($.&,-!+).)'!/$!#*5'./'!(*,.)./!/$!+'!#*5./'!).)&)'+'B!
!
mysql> source filename;
!
3.7 Comenzi din proiecte gemene
!
! 4'!".'+1&)r$,.'!%)!4$.&-%6!'5!'#&)7'&!%)%&$5$+$!%)!#'5(-,)+$!($.&,-!-.!(,*)$#&!'5(+-!/$!#$,#$&',$=!!
"#$%&! (,*)$#&! $%&$! /$! @'(&! *! #*+'9*,',$! ).&,$! T.%&)&-&$!*@!U.7),*.5$.&'+!0$/)#).$! '&!y',*+).%r'!
T.%&)&-&$&!2&*#rA*+5!%)!!2$#&)*.!*.!I+).)#'+!V$%$',#A!).!":).:!
'./!E%1#A*+*:1!'&!&A$!S.)7$,%)&1!/).!2*-&A$,.!I'+)@*,.)'=!
! E,*)$#&$+$!)5(+)#'!-.!(,*#$%!/$!5*.)&*,)8',$!).!#'/,-+!#',-)'!:$5$.))!/).!2-$/)'!%-.&!).&$,7)$7'&)!
&$+$@*.)#=!I$)!#',$!)./$(+).$,%#!'.-5)&$!#,)&$,))!&,$#!).&,C*!@'8'!%-($,)*','!'!(,*:,'5-+-)=!")#)!#$)!#',$!7*,!
%'! (',&)#)($! %-.&! (-%)! %-9! *9%$,7'&)'! -.$)! $#A)($! /$! 5$/)#)=! I*.%-+&'&))+$! ).#+-/$! $D'5$.$! .$-,*C
@)8)*+*:)#$6!&$%&$!/$!+'9*,'&*,6!$.#$@'+*:,'5$6!$7)/$.&$!(%)A*+):)#$6!#-+$:'./-C%$! &*&*/'&'!/$%(,$!)%&*,)#-+!
@'5)+)$)=!
! 0')! 5-+&$! ).@*,5'&))! /$%(,$! %&-/))+$! '%-(,$'! :$5$.)+*,! +$! (-&$&)! :'%)! +'B!
A&&(Bssnnn=)55=r)=%$sLiTbsLiTbSyi=hL0!
! S+&)5'!(',&$!'!(,*)$#&-+-)!$%&$!*,:'.)8'&'!#-!'M-&*,-+!-.$)!).&$,@$&$!n$9!%#,)%'!).!E$,+!%)!01%;+=!
! T.!@)$#',$!.*'(&$!!&*'&$!/'&$+$!%-.&!%&*#'&$!).&,C*!9'8'!/$!/'&$!51%;+=!
!
3.7.1 Localizarea gemenilor nedistribuiti
!
S,5'&*',$'!#*5'./'!$%&$!@*+*%)&'!%(,$!'CT!%$+$#&'!($!#$)!#$!-,5$'8'!'!).&,'!).! @'8'!%-($,)*','!'!
(,*)$#&-+-)B!
!
SELECT
CONCAT(p1.id, p1.tvab) + 0 AS tvid,
! YY
CONCAT(p1.christian_name, " ", p1.surname) AS Name,
p1.postal_code AS Code,
p1.city AS City,
pg.abrev AS Area,
IF(td.participation = "Aborted", "A", " ") AS A,
p1.dead AS dead1,
l.event AS event1,
td.suspect AS tsuspect1,
id.suspect AS isuspect1,
td.severe AS tsevere1,
id.severe AS isevere1,
p2.dead AS dead2,
l2.event AS event2,
h2.nurse AS nurse2,
h2.doctor AS doctor2,
td2.suspect AS tsuspect2,
id2.suspect AS isuspect2,
td2.severe AS tsevere2,
id2.severe AS isevere2,
l.finish_date
FROM
twin_project AS tp
/* For Twin 1 */
LEFT JOIN twin_data AS td ON tp.id = td.id
AND tp.tvab = td.tvab
LEFT JOIN informant_data AS id ON tp.id = id.id
AND tp.tvab = id.tvab
LEFT JOIN harmony AS h ON tp.id = h.id
AND tp.tvab = h.tvab
LEFT JOIN lentus AS l ON tp.id = l.id
AND tp.tvab = l.tvab
/* For Twin 2 */
LEFT JOIN twin_data AS td2 ON p2.id = td2.id
AND p2.tvab = td2.tvab
LEFT JOIN informant_data AS id2 ON p2.id = id2.id
AND p2.tvab = id2.tvab
LEFT JOIN harmony AS h2 ON p2.id = h2.id
AND p2.tvab = h2.tvab
! YZ
LEFT JOIN lentus AS l2 ON p2.id = l2.id
AND p2.tvab = l2.tvab,
person_data AS p1,
person_data AS p2,
postal_groups AS pg
WHERE
/* p1 gets main twin and p2 gets his/her twin. */
/* ptvab is a field inverted from tvab */
p1.id = tp.id AND p1.tvab = tp.tvab AND
p2.id = p1.id AND p2.ptvab = p1.tvab AND
/* Just the sceening survey */
tp.survey_no = 5 AND
/* Skip if partner died before 65 but allow emigration (dead=9) */
(p2.dead = 0 OR p2.dead = 9 OR
(p2.dead = 1 AND
(p2.death_date = 0 OR
(((TO_DAYS(p2.death_date) - TO_DAYS(p2.birthday)) / 365)
>= 65))))
AND
(
/* Twin is suspect */
(td.future_contact = 'Yes' AND td.suspect = 2) OR
/* Twin is suspect - Informant is Blessed */
(td.future_contact = 'Yes' AND td.suspect = 1
AND id.suspect = 1) OR
/* No twin - Informant is Blessed */
(ISNULL(td.suspect) AND id.suspect = 1
AND id.future_contact = 'Yes') OR
/* Twin broken off - Informant is Blessed */
(td.participation = 'Aborted'
AND id.suspect = 1 AND id.future_contact = 'Yes') OR
/* Twin broken off - No inform - Have partner */
(td.participation = 'Aborted' AND ISNULL(id.suspect)
AND p2.dead = 0))
AND
l.event = 'Finished'
/* Get at area code */
AND SUBSTRING(p1.postal_code, 1, 2) = pg.code
! Y^
/* Not already distributed */
AND (h.nurse IS NULL OR h.nurse=00 OR h.doctor=00)
/* Has not refused or been aborted */
AND NOT (h.status = 'Refused' OR h.status = 'Aborted'
OR h.status = 'Died' OR h.status = 'Other')
ORDER BY
tvid;
! !
! I'&$7'!$D(+)#'&))B!
!
CONCAT(p1.id, p1.tvab) + 0 AS tvid
!
! K*,)5!%*,&',$'!#A$)+*,!)/!%)!&7'9!).!*,/).$!.-5$,)#'=!"/-:'./!p!,$8-+&'&-+-)!/$&$,5).'!01%;+C-+!
%'!,$#-.*'%#'!,$8-+&'&-+!/,$(&!.-5',=!
!
#*+*'.'!)/!! "#$'%&'!)/$.&)@)#'!*!($,$#A$!/$!:$5$.)=!"#$'%&'!$%&$!*!#A$)$!).!&*'&$!&'9$+$+$=!
#*+*'.'!&7'9! "#$'%&'!$%&$!-.!:$'5'.!).&,C*!($,$#A$=!",$!*!7'+*',$!/$!O!%'-!R=!
!
#*+-5.!(&7'9! "#$'%&'!$%&$!).7$,%'!+-)!&7'9=!"&-.#)!#'./!&7'9!$%&$!O!'#$'%&'!$%&$R6!%)!!
7)#$7$,%'=!UD)%&'!($.&,-!'!$#*.*5)%)!&)5(-+!/$!,$/'#&',$!%)!($.&,-!'!#*.@$,)!01%;+C-+-)!
(*%)9)+)&'&$'!/$!'!*(&)5)8'!'#$'%&'!#*5'./'=!
!
! "#$'%&!#*5'./'!/$5*.%&,$'8'6!(,).&,$!'+&$+$6!#-5!%'!#'-&'&)!-.!&'9$+!/).!'#$+'%)!&'9$+!@*+*%)./!*!
#*59).',$! >(O! %'-! (R?=! T.! $D$5(+-6! '#$'%&'! $%&! @*+*%)&'! ($.&,-! '! 7$,)@)#'! '&-.#)! #'./! (',&$.$,-+! -.-)!
:$'5'.!.'!5-,)&!).').&$'!7',%&$)!/$!^Z=!K'#'!$%&$!'%'6!'&-.#)!,'./-+!.-!$%&$!)./)#'&!).!,$8-+&'&=!
! L*&!#$!$%&$!5')!$D)%&'! &*'&$! &'9$+$!#-!*! ).@*,5'&)$!/$! &)(!:$5$.)=!"7$5!*!#A$)$!($.&,-! )/6! &7'9!
>&*'&$!&'9$+-,)+$?!#'&!%)!)/6!(&7'9!>($,%*.k/'&'?!($.&,$!'!@'#$!#*5$.8)+$!5')!,'()/$=!
! E$! #'+#-+'&*,-+! .*%&,-! >Sb!S+&,'2E"VI!Rpp0A8?! '#$'%&'! #*5'./'! ).&*',#$!OZpCRpp! ,'./-,)! %)!
/-,$'8'!5')!(-&).!/$!*!%$#-./'=!
! b-5',-+!#-,$.&!/$!).,$:)%&,',)!/).!&'9$+$+$!@*+*%)&$!5')!%-%B!
Table Rows
person_data 71074
lentus 5291
twin_project 5286
twin_data 2012
informant_data 663
harmony 381
postal_groups 100
! Yf
!
3.7.2 Vizualizarea unui tabel dupa “perechi de gemeni”
!
! e)$#',$!).&$,7)$7',$!%$!&$,5).'!#-!-.!#*/!`$7$.&a=!!
! I*5'./'! ','&'&'! ')#)! $%&$! @*+*%)&'! ($.&,-! '! '@)%'! -.! &'9$+! #-! (,)7),$! +'! ($,$#A)+$! /$! :$5$.)!
#*59).'&$!).!@-.&)$!/$!`$7$.&a=!
! "#$'%&'!)./)#'!/).!#'&$!($,$#A)!'59))!:$5$.)!'-!@).'+)8'&!(,*:,'5-+!%)!).!#'&$!($,$#A)!-.!:$'5'.!'!
&$,5).'&!)',!#$+'+'+&!'!@*%&!,$@-8'&6!%='=5=/=!
!
SELECT
t1.event,
t2.event,
COUNT(*)
FROM
lentus AS t1,
lentus AS t2,
twin_project AS tp
WHERE
/* We are looking at one pair at a time */
t1.id = tp.id
AND t1.tvab=tp.tvab
AND t1.id = t2.id
/* Just the sceening survey */
AND tp.survey_no = 5
/* This makes each pair only appear once */
AND t1.tvab='1' AND t2.tvab='2'
GROUP BY
t1.event, t2.event;
!
3.8 Utilizarea MySQL cu Apache
!
! UD)%&'! (,*:,'5$! #$! 7'! ($,5)&! %'! '-&$.&)@)#'&)! -&)+)8'&*,))! /).&,C*! 9'8'! /$! /'&$! 51%;+! %)! %'! 7'!
($,5)&'!+*:',$'!@)%)$,$+*,!K7%=!).&,C-.!&'9$+!51%;+=!
! E-&$&)! 5*/)@)#'! @*,5'&-+! /$! +*:',$! "('#A$! ($.&,-! '! @)! #)&)&! #-! -%-,).&'! /$! 51%;+! 5*/)@)#'./!
-,5'&*',$'!+).)$!).!@)%)$,-+!/$!#*.@):-,'&)$!"('#A$B!
LogFormat \
"\"%h\",%{%Y%m%d%H%M%S}t,%>s,\"%b\",\"%{Content-Type}o\", \
\"%U\",\"%{Referer}i\",\"%{User-Agent}i\""
! Yj
!
T.!01234!(-&$&)!@'#$!'#$+'%)!+-#,-!/-('!#-5!-,5$'8'B!
!
LOAD DATA INFILE '/local/access_log' INTO TABLE table_name
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' ESCAPED BY '\\'