introducere in psihofiziologie, corneliu stanciu

8/7/2019 Introducere in psihofiziologie, Corneliu Stanciu

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Ihqhz ć pf moybflf gvcowgvzf hlf yfmlfgz ć ykk, kczfnyhyfh mkkcŧ fk vbhcfgh pyogfwvhlkzhzf wf jfq}olz ć şk ãc plhc oczolonkg ãczy"o bhckfy ć wkbklhy ć #Gflf phzyv jkbfcwkvck wvcz jhzf pykc chşzfyf johy gh pyfbkwf, jfq}olzhyfhloy vlzfykohy ć kbplkgécj kczfnyhyfh pyonyfwk}ć pykc bfghckwbfcfvyofcjogykcf ãc gflf phzyv wmfyf hlf ftkwzfcŧ fk şk jf}fckykk ‗ ikolonkgć ,pwkdolonkgć , wogkhl ć şk gvlzvyhl ć ‗, kczfnyhyf ihqhz ć pf ãc}ćŧ hyfh bkalogkz ć şkcfbkalogkz ć şk pf bfboykf# Ghphgkzhzfh wkwzfbvlvk cfvyofcjogykc jf hhgdkqkŧ koch şk wzogh kcmoybhŧ kh mhgf powkikl ć kczfnyhyfh wkbvlzhcć ãc zyfkwfnbfczf zfbpoyhlf ‗ pyfqfcz, zyfgvz şk }kkzoy ‗, fh mkkcj hzéz yfzyohgzk}ć ‗ pykc ãc}ćŧ hyfh bkalogkz ć şk ‗ gocwzhzhzk}ć ‗ pykc ãc}ćŧ hyf cfbkalogkz ć ‗, géz şkhczkgkphzk}ć ‗ pykc kczvkŧ kf gyfhzohyf# Kczfnyhyfh ãc gflf phzyv wmfyf hlfftkwzfcŧ fk şk jf}fckykk, gocgobkzfcz ãc gflf zyfk wfnbfczf zfbpoyhlf, h}écj hzykivzvl jf h mk yhŧ kochl ć fh fwzf şk gykzkgć # Pykc kczfnyhyf mkkcŧ h vbhcć cv wfgocmoybfhqć hj"lkzfyhb vcfk lvbk jhzf, gk fh wf yhpoyzfhqć hgfwzfkh şk şk"oyhpoyzfhqć wkfşk ãcgéz kczfnyhyfh jf}kcf vc pyogfw gobplft şk gv jvilv wfcw1

jkcwpyf mkkcŧć wpyf lvbf şk jkcwpyf lvbf wpyf mkkcŧć # Lvbfh cv fwzf cvbhk vcghjyv ãc ghyf mkkcŧ h zyfivkf hggfpzhz ć , gk şk vc oikfgz jf hggfpzhyf pfczyvhgfhwzh# Hggfpzhyfh pyfwvpvcf, ãcwć , gykzfykk, khy gykzfykklf ‗ avjfgćŧ k jf}hlohyf# Ãcgéz, mkkcŧ h vbhcć cv hyf johy jfzfybkchyf kwzoykgć , gk şkhvzojfzfybkchyf# Fh wf pvcf ãc hgoyj gv lvbfh cvbhk ãc bć wvyh ãc ghyfhgfhwzh wf jo}fjfşzf gocmoybć pykcgkpkkloy şk kjfhlvykloy wpfgkmkg vbhcf, ãcghq goczyhy mkkcŧ h vbhcć pvygfjf lh wgdkbihyfh lvbkk ãc wfcwvl vbhckqć ykkfk# Ãcgéz, mkkcŧ h vbhcć wf jo}fjfşzf h mk cv cvbhk pyojvwvl, gk şk gyfhzoyvl lvbkk# Zy ć kcj şk f}olvécj ãczy"o lvbf pf ghyf, ãc bhyf bć wvy ć , wkcnvy hbojflhz"o, obvl jf}kcf, ãc mhpz, pyojvwvl pyopykfk whlf gyfhŧ kk# Jf hkgk şkkbfcwh yfwpocwhiklkzhzf gf o kcgvbić kczfnyhyfh yhŧ kochl ć h mkkcŧ fk vbhcf#




88

WFGũKVCFH K

OYNHCKWBVL œK GFLVLH

K# OYNHCKWBVL VBHC GH WKWZFB ZFYBOJKCHBKG K# 8# Gocgfpzvl jf wkwzfb

Wkwzfbvl yfpyfqkczć o zozhlkzhzf jf pćy ŧk gf goftkwzć ãc ihqh vcoy yhpoyzvyk jf kczfygocjkŧkochyf# Hgfwzf yhpoyzvyk gocmfy ć wkwzfbvlvk ghlkzhzfhjf ãczyfn, jf fczkzhzf jkwzkcgzć pykc ãcwvşkyklf şk mvcgŧkklf whlf# Mkkcj yfqvlzhzvlvcfk hwogkfyk kczfnyhzk}f $şk cv wvbhzk}f+, ãcwvşkyklf wkwzfbvlvk wvczkyfjvgzkiklf lh wvbh ãcwvşkykloy pćy ŧkloy gobpocfczf5 plvwvl ghlkzhzk} hwzmfljoiécjkz jć gocŧkcvz kczfnyhlkzćŧkk wkwzfbvlvk#

Yhpoyzhz lh yfhlkzhzfh pf ghyf o jfmkcfşzf, wkwzfbvl cv fwzf jfgéz ogyfhŧkf zfoyfzkgć wkbplkmkghzohyf yfqvlzhzć jkc wkczfqh gfloy bhk wfbckmk"ghzk}f gvcoşzkcŧf phy ŧkhlf oiŧkcvzf pykc hchlkqh hgflfk yfhlkzćŧk# Ãc hgfwz

goczftz wkwzfbvl cv fwzf jfgéz vc bojfl hl vcfk hcvbkzf yfhlkzćŧk gyfhz gvwgopvl wć hwknvyf ãcŧflfnfyfh goyfgzć hzéz h hcwhbilvlvk yfhl şk h pćy ŧkloy ãcghjyvl hgfwzvkh, géz şk h yhpoyzvykloy whlf gv lvbfh ftzfykohy ć#

K# 8#8# Hlgćzvkyfh şk wzyvgzvyh wkwzfbvlvk

Zozhlkzhzfh pćy ŧkloy vcvk wkwzfb jfmkcfşzf hlgćzvkyfh hgfwzvkh, khy zozhlkzhzfh yflhŧkkloy wfbckmkghzk}f jkczyf flf jfmkcfşzf wzyvgzvyh wkwzfbvlvk#Jfşk wkwzfbvl cv pohzf ftkwzh jfgéz ãc ihqh vcfk hcvbkzf hlgćzvkyk, zozvşk,ftkwzfcŧh şk mvcgŧkklf whlf wvcz jfzfybkchzf, ãc pykbvl yécj, jf wzyvgzvy ć#

Pykboyjkhlkzhzfh wzyvgzvykk ãc yhpoyz gv hlgćzvkyfh cv zyfivkf ãcŧflfhwć, ãcwć,ãc boj wkbplkwz# Ãczyvgéz ãczyf hcvbkzf gobpocfczf jhzf cv wf poz wzhiklkoykgézf şk oykgf mfl jf yflhŧkk, wzyvgzvyh wkwzfbvlvk jf}kcf, lh yécjvl fk,jfpfcjfczć jf ghlkzhzfh pćy ŧkloy# Pfczyv gh vc wkwzfb wć zyfhgć lh o moybć wvpfykohy ć jf wzyvgzvyhyf wvcz cfgfwhyf şk hcvbkzf wgdkbićyk ãc ãcwćşkhlgćzvkyfh wh, mkf pykc ãclogvkyfh vcoyh jkczyf gobpocfczf, mkf pykc}hloykmkghyfh hlzoy ãcwvşkyk hlf gobpocfczfloy }fgdk# Pfczyv h goc}kcnfhwvpyh pykboyjkhlkzćŧkk wzyvgzvykk ãc yhpoyz gv hlgćzvkyfh wf hjvg, jf yfnvlć,ftfbplf jkc lkcn}kwzkgć vcjf bhk bvlzf gv}kczf $wkwzfbf+, jfşk gocŧkc

hgffhşk hlgćzvkyf $hgflfhşk lkzfyf+, hv zozvşk wfbckmkghŧkk $mvcgŧkk+ jkmfykzf




89

jhzoykzć zogbhk bojvlvk jkmfykz jf kczfyyflhyf $wzyvgzvyhyf+ h pćy ŧkloy $lkzfyfloy+ $ftfbplv1 hybf, yhbf, bhyf+# Jfşk o hwfbfcfh ftfbplkmkghyffwzf wvnfwzk}ć, vzklć gdkhy vcfk hchlkqf wvbhyf, fh fwzf cfpozyk}kzć, jfyvzhczć

gdkhy, hzvcgk gécj wf vybćyfşzf ãcŧflfnfyfh ãc pyomvcqkbf h }hloykkyhpoyzvlvk wzyvgzvy ć ‗ hlgćzvkyf ãc jfzfybkchyfh ghlkzćŧkk wkwzfbvlvk# Jhgć,jkc hgflhşk jobfckv, wf hpflfhqć lh o pyopoqkŧkf whv myhqć şk cv lh gv}écz1–Wpfyhb wć cv zf bhk }ćj5 Cv wpfyhb wć zf bhk }ćj‒, hzvcgk wkzvhŧkh wfbojkmkgć pyomvcj, jo}fjkcjv"wf gffh gf cv wf pvzfh jo}fjk ãc pykbvl ghq şkhcvbf gć wgdkbihyfh wzyvgzvykk ãc ihqh hgflfkhşk hlgćzvkyk jfzfybkcć bojkmkgćyk ghlkzhzk}f cv cvbhk lh ck}flvl ãczyfnvlvk $wkwzfbvlvk+, gk şk lhck}flvl flfbfczfloy gobpocfczf pyfftkwzfczf gćyoyh wgdkbihyfh lf pvcf ãc}hlohyf hlzf }hlfcŧf $wfbckmkghŧkk+ $gffh gf cv fyh powkikl ãc ghqvl lkzfyfloy

ghyf cv hv jfgéz wfbckmkghŧkf nyhmkgć+# Ãc hgfwz ftfbplv, hgflfhşk gv}kczf$wpfyhb, }ćj+, kc}fywhzf gh oyjkcf, pykbfwg hlzf wfbckmkghŧkk $mvcgŧkk+#

K# 8#9# Zkpvyk jf wkwzfbf

Jkc vcndkvl jf pyk}kyf hl gfloy gf cf kczfyfwfhqć hkgk wkwzfbflf poz mkglhwkmkghzf jvpć zyfk gykzfykk1 h+ yhpoyzvyklf gv hbikhcŧh, i+ ghyhgzfyvlf}olvŧkfk ãc zkbp şk g+ bojvl jf ãczyfŧkcfyf h mvcgŧkochlkzćŧkk#

Jvpć yhpoyzvyklf gv hbikhcŧh wkwzfbflf wvcz jf zyfk zkpvyk1h+ wkwzfb kqolhz ghyf, ãczyvgéz cv hyf myoczkfyf, cv yfhlkqfhqć

wgdkbivyk5 ãc hgfhwzć wkzvhŧkf fwzf Vck}fywvl5i+ wkwzfb ãcgdkw ghyf wgdkbić gv ftzfykoyvl johy fcfynkf, hşh gvb

fwzf ghqvl plhcfzfk Zfyyh5 hwfbfcfh wkwzfbf kczy ć ãc hlgćzvkyfh gflvk jkczék5g+ wkwzfb jfwgdkw ghyf wgdkbić gv hbikhcŧh, pykc myoczkfyflf whlf, hzéz

wviwzhcŧć şk fcfynkf, géz şk kcmoybhŧkf, hşh gvb fwzf ghqvl oynhckwbvlvk }kv5hwfbfcfh wkwzfbf wf kczfnyfhqć ãc wkwzfbvl ãcgdkw#

Jvpć ghyhgzfyvl f}olvŧkfk ãc zkbp wkwzfbflf poz mk fczyopkgf şkhczkfczyopkgf# Fczyopkh, ghyf wf f}hlvfhqć cvbhk ãc plhc fcfynfzkg, fwzf obćykbf gf ghyhgzfykqfhqć f}olvŧkh wkwzfbvlvk şk cv wzhyfh lvk# Hczkfczyopkgfpoz mk cvbhk wkwzfbflf jfwgdkwf, hşh gvb wvcz oynhckwbflf }kk# Gh wkwzfbfjfwgdkwf, gobpocfczf hlf wkwzfbvlvk ãcgdkw $Zfyyh+, wkwzfbflf hczkfczyopkgfkczy ć ãc gobpfzkŧkf pfczyv yfwvywflf gobvcf ftkwzfczf ãc hgfl wkwzfb ãcgdkw#Ãczyf gflf jovć zkpvyk jf wkwzfbf ‗ fczyopkgf şk hczkfczyopkgf ‗ jkmfyfcŧhbhaoy ć gocwzć cv ãc }hlohyfh jkmfykzć h fczyopkfk, gk ãc }hlohyfh jkmfykzć h}kzfqfk jf gyfşzfyf h fczyopkfk# Wkwzfbflf jfwgdkwf hczkfczyopkgf, oilknhzf lhpfybhcfczf wgdkbivyk jf wviwzhcŧć, fcfynkf şk kcmoybhŧkf, wvcz jfpfcjfczfãc ftkwzfcŧh loy jf pyfqfcŧh –phyzfcfyvlvk‒ jf wgdkbi cvbkz hbikfcz ,ãbpyfvcć gv ghyf moybfhqć vc wkwzfb zfybojkchbkg#




87

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fwfcŧkhlć jkczyf hgfwzf jovć zkpvyk jf wkwzfbf gocwzć ãc bojvl jf goyfgzhyf hhihzfykloy, kcfyfczf mvcgŧkocćykk oykgćyvk wkwzfb# Wkwzfbflf gv hvzoyfnlha$oynhckwbflf }kk+ wf ghyhgzfykqfhqć pykc ftkwzfcŧh vcoy bfghckwbf ihqhzf pfgocftkvcfh kc}fywć $mffj"ihge+ ghyf pfybkzf goyfgzhyfh gobfcqkloy, whv şk hkczy ćykloy, pf ihqh }hloykk şk wfbckmkghŧkfk y ćwpvcwvykloy $kfşkykloy+# Pfczyvoynhckwbflf }kk f}olvhzf hvzoyfnlhavl jf}kcf bhk gobplft pykc hphykŧkhpowkiklkzćŧkk jf hczkgkphyf h y ćwpvcwvlvk $mffj"ifmoyf+#

K# 9# Oynhckwbvl }kv gh wkwzfb zfybojkchbkg

Gh wkwzfb jfwgdkw, oilknhz lh pfybhcfczf wgdkbivyk bhzfykhlf,fcfynfzkgf şk kcmoybhŧkochlf, oynhckwbvl }kv cv pohzf ftkwzh jfgéz ãcgoczhgz cfbkalogkz gv o phyzf h bfjkvlvk ãcgocavy ćzoy cvbkzć hbikfcz,bfjkv kczkb whv bfjkv ftzfyc# Ãbpyfvcć gv hgfwzh oynhckwbvl }kvmoybfhqć o vckzhzf covć, jf zkp wpfgkhl cvbkzć wkwzfb zfybojkchbkgoynhckwb"bfjkv# Ãc hgfwz wkwzfb goftkwzć jovć zkpvyk jf wzyvgzvyk1 hgffh hoynhckwbvlvk }kv gh wkwzfb jfwgdkw hczkfczyopkg, gv f}olvŧkf yhpkjć şk hgffhh hbikfczvlvk gh wkwzfb jfwgdkw fczyopkg, cvbkzć şk yfqfy}oy, gv f}olvŧkflfczć# Ftkwzfcŧh gfloy jovć zkpvyk jf f}olvŧkf mhgf gh, hzvcgk gécj yfqfy}oyvlwf hmlć ãczy"o hcvbkzć wzhyf, gobpocfczh gv f}olvŧkf yhpkjć wć zyfhgć pykczy"o wvggfwkvcf jf wzćyk# Jhgć zkbpkk jf f}olvŧkf h gfloy jovć gobpocfczfjf}kc gobphyhiklk, pykc wgćjfyfh jkchbkgkk wkwzfbvlvk }kv, hzvcgk wkwzfbvlzfybojkchbkg wf jkwzyvnf pykc kjfczkmkghyfh gfloy jovć wzyvgzvyk $bohyzfhoynhckwbvlvk+#

Ãc ghjyvl wkwzfbvlvk zfybojkchbkg oynhckwb"bfjkv gflf jovć wzyvgzvyk wf jkmfyfcŧkhqć şk pykc }hloyklf jkmfykzf hlf fczyopkfk# Oynhckwbvl}kv ãşk bfcŧkcf }kzfqh jf gyfşzfyf h fczyopkfk lh vc ck}fl yfjvw gdflzvkcj ãc

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Gh wkwzfb hczkfczyopkg oynhckwbvl }kv cv zkcjf wpyf o }hlohyfbhtkbć powkiklć h oyjkckk whlf kczfykohyf $fczyopkf bkckbć+, gk wpyf o}hlohyf opzkbć h hgfwzfkh, vc hcvbkz nyhj jf jfqoyjkcf mkkcj fwfcŧkhl pfczyv

ftkwzfcŧh şk, bhk gv wfhbć, pfczyv jf}fckyfh wh# Oykghyf oynhckwb }kv




8:

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Vch jkczyf gocjkŧkklf flfbfczhyf hlf ftkwzfcŧfk wkwzfbvlvk fwzfkczfnykzhzfh, lkpwh oykgćyfkh jkczyf gobpocfczflf wpfgkmkgf m ćgécj kbpowkiklć mvcgŧkochyfh lvk# Gv zohzf hgfwzfh, kbpoyzhcŧh mkfgćyfk gobpocfczf ãc yhpoyzgv mvcgŧkochyfh wkwzfbvlvk fwzf jkmfykzć, gyfécjv"wf hwzmfl o kfyhydkf hpćy ŧkloy# Gobpocfczh hmlhzć pf pykbvl log fwzf hgffh lh ck}flvl gćyfkh wfyfhlkqfhqć wfg}fcŧh wpfgkmkgć h pyogfwvhlkzćŧkk gf ghyhgzfykqfhqć mvcgŧkochyfhãczyfnvlvk# Hwzmfl, gobpocfczh hmlhzć pf pykbvl log ãc ghjyvl wkwzfbvlvkgkygvlhzoy fwzf ghpklhyvl, ãczyvgéz mvcgŧkh ãczyfnvlvk fwzf hgffh jf h hwknvyhwgdkbivyklf gflvlhyf# Jfwknvy, wkwzfbvl gkygvlhzoy cv pohzf mvcgŧkoch ãchiwfcŧh pobpfk dfbojkchbkgf $kckbh+, h }hwfloy jf lfnćzvy ć $hyzfyf şk

}fcf+ whv h ŧfwvzvlvk lkgdkj $wécnflf+ gf }fdkgvlfhqć oikfgzflf wgdkbivykloy $wviwzhcŧć, fcfynkf şk kcmoybhŧkf+# Zohzf hgfwzfh, ãcwć, cv hv vc wgop ãc wkcf,gk flf wf pfzyfg ãc }fjfyfh hwknvy ćykk wgdkbivykloy gflvlhyf lh ck}flvlghpklhyfloy, wgdkbivyk gf gocwzkzvkf pykbh zyfhpzć h bfzhiolkwbvlvk#

K# 9#8# Kczfnyhlkzhzfh oynhckwbvlvk gh wkwzfb zfybojkchbkg

Pfczyv h pvzfh ftkwzh wkwzfbvl zyfivkf wć jfŧkcć zohzf gobpocfczflfcfgfwhyf, jfgk, wć hkić kczfnykzhzf# Hgfhwzh fwzf o gocjkŧkf cfgfwhy ć jhy cv şkwvmkgkfczć mvcgŧkocćykk whlf# Wf kbpvcf gh pćy ŧklf gobpocfczf wć kczfyyflfqf

ãc boj gofyfcz, gocmfykcj hwzmfl wkwzfbvlvk o hcvbkzć wzyvgzvy ć# Hgfhwzć kczfyyflhyf pyfwvpvcf lh yécjvl fk, o hcvbkzć bhlfhiklkzhzf ãc yhpoyz gvgkygvbwzhcŧflf, kczfycf whv / şk ftzfycf, o pfybhcfczć hjfg}hyf lh gocjkŧkklfjhzf# Pyogfwvl pykc ghyf wf yfhlkqfhqć gocgfyzhyfh pćy ŧkloy, hwzmfl ãcgézwkwzfbvl wć mvcgŧkocfqf hjfg}hz gocjkŧkkloy gocgyfzf m ćy ć pkfyjfyfhkjfczkzćŧkk pyopykk, pohyzć jfcvbkyfh jf kczfnyhyf# Fh wf yfhlkqfhqć ãc ihqhvcoy bfghckwbf wpfgkmkgf# Gh vybhyf h kczfny ćykk, jkc ghyf yfqvlzć vchcvbf zkp jf wzyvgzvy ć gofyfczć, wpfgkmkgć ãczyfnvlvk, wkwzfbvl joiécjfşzfvc plvw ghlkzhzk} gf cv wf yfnćwfşzf lh ck}flvl ckgk vcfkh jkczyf pćy ŧk#




86

Hcwhbilvl ãcwvşkykloy wkwzfbvlvk gf cv pohzf mk yfjvw lh wvbh ãcwvşkykloy pćy ŧkloy pohyzć jfcvbkyfh jf kczfnyhlkzhzf#

K# 9#9# Kczfnyhyfh wkwzfbvlvk }kv

Kczfnyhyfh fwzf pyogfwvl gobplft pykc ghyf wkwzfbvl }kv ãşk bfcŧkcffczyopkh8 lh vc ck}fl opzkb ãc gkygvbwzhcŧf jkmfykzf, jhy gobphzkiklf gv}khŧh# Ãc vlzkbh hchlkqć, kczfnyhyfh fwzf yfqvlzhzvl kczfyyflćykk ãc plhcmvcgŧkochl h pćy ŧkloy $gflvlf+ gf gobpvc wkwzfbvl şk ghyf wf pohzf yfhlkqh hzézjkyfgz, gh moybć flfbfczhy ć, géz şk pykc kczfybfjkvl vcoy bfghckwbfwpfgkhlkqhzf $bfghckwbf jf kczfnyhyf+, gh moybć wvpfykohy ć# Kczfyyflhyfh fwzfpowkiklć cvbhk ãczyvgéz şk pćy ŧklf gobpocfczf $gflvlflf+ wvcz, lh yécjvl loy,wkwzfbf jfwgdkwf, gh şk oynhckwbvl, jhy jf oyjkc kfyhydkg kcmfykoy# Cvbhk ãc

bćwvyh ãc ghyf mvcgŧkochyfh vcfk pćy ŧk $gflvlć+ pyojvgf bojkmkgćyk ãchbikhcŧh fk kczkbć, gflflhlzf gobpocfczf mkkcj wfcwkiklf lh hwfbfcfhbojkmkgćyk, yfgkpyogh mkkcj ãc fnhlć bćwvy ć }hlhiklć, cvbhk ãc hgfhwzć bćwvy ć fwzf powkiklć kczfyyflhyfh mvcgŧkochlć şk, pf hgfhwzć ihqć, kczfnyhyfhãc plhc kczfyc h oynhckwbvlvk#

Gvb, ãcwć, oykghyf gobpocfczć h oynhckwbvlvk hyf lh ihqć bfzhiolkwbvl, ghyf kbplkgć şk wgdkbivyk gv hbikhcŧh kczkbć, ãc vybh gćyoyhhgfhwzh ãşk bojkmkgć ãcwvşkyklf mkqkgo"gdkbkgf, kczfyyflhyfh pćy ŧkloy $gflvlf+ şk,jfgk, kczfnyhyfh wkwzfbvlvk, jf}kcf mvcgŧkf jf ghphgkzhzfh hgfwzoyh jf h

wfwkqh bojkmkgćyklf şk jf h yfhgŧkoch ãc boj wpfgkmkg mhŧć jf hgfwzfh# Hgffhşkpyoilfbć wf pvcf şk ãc lfnćzvy ć gv bojkmkgćyklf hpćyvzf ãc bfjkvl ftzfykoy oynhckwbvlvk ãc yhpoyz gv ghyf wf yfhlkqfhqć kczfnyhyfh ãc plhc ftzfyc# Ãcgézwf pohzf hmkybh gć lh ihqh kczfny ćykk, jkyfgzf whv bkalogkzf, wf hmlć vc hcvbkzpyogfw jf yfmlfgzhyf h wgdkbićykloy jkc hbikfcz#

K# 9#9#8# Yfmlfgzhyfh gh pyogfw vck}fywhl

Ãc hcwhbilvl fk, lvbfh fwzf moybhzć jkc –goypvyk‒ hmlhzf ãckczfyhgŧkvcf# Kczfyhgŧkvckk vck}fywhlf k wf jhzoyfhqć cv cvbhk ftkwzfcŧh, gk şk

jf}fckyfh lvbkk ãczyvgéz gocwfgkcŧflf bhaoyf hlf hgfwzfkh wvcz1 h+ yfmlfgzhyfhgoypvykloy vcflf ãc hlzflf şk i+ wzyvgzvyhyfh pykc wzhiklkyfh vcoy yflhŧkkgofyfczf $lfnkgf+ ãczyf flf#

Ãc yhpoyz gv zkpvl şk ghlkzhzfh goypvykloy kbplkghzf kczfyhgŧkvcklf hvnyhjf jkmfykzf jf gobplftkzhzf şk, gh vybhyf, hzéz yfmlfgzhyfh géz şkwzyvgzvyhyfh wf }oy wkzvh lh ck}flvyk }hloykgf jkmfykzf#

_____________ 8 Vzklkqhyfh hgfwzvk zfybfc wf }h mhgf, pf zoz phygvywvl lvgy ćykk, gv

ãcŧflfwvl jf –bćwvy ć h jfqoyjkckk‒#




8=

Ãc lvbfh cf}kf, jfşk gobplftkzhzfh kczfyhgŧkvckloy fwzf mohyzf jkmfykzć,zohzf moybflf jf yfmlfgzhyf, kcjfpfcjfcz jf ck}flvl }hloykg hzkcw, hv jovć zy ćwćzvyk gobvcf1 wvcz phwk}f şk wzhcjhyjkqhzf5 phwk}f, ãczyvgéz yfmlfgzhczvl

cv gocwvbć fcfynkf pyopykf şk wzhcjhyjkqhzf, ãczyvgéz, ãc hgflfhşkgkygvbwzhcŧf yfmlfgzhyfh fwzf yfpyojvgzkiklć# Fwzf ghqvl vcfk ivgćŧk jf mkfy ghyf yfmlfgzć pyfqfcŧh otknfcvlvk pykc moybhyfh otkjvlvk ãczy"o ghczkzhzf gfcv wf bojkmkgć jhgć, jf mkfghyf jhzć, gkygvbwzhcŧflf y ćbéc cfwgdkbihzf#

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kczfcwkzhzf jhzć }h mk yfmlfgzhz hgzk} jf o gflvlć cvbhk hzvcgk gécj bfbiyhchfk jfŧkcf vc pozfcŧkhl flfgzykg jf yfphvw jf o hcvbkzć }hlohyf5 gécjpozfcŧkhlvl fwzf bhk ykjkghz $dkpfypolhykqhyf+ whv cvl $jfpolhykqhyf+ hgflhşkwzkbvl cv }h bhk mk yfmlfgzhz, fl jo}fjkcjv"wf cfhjfg}hz, yfwpfgzk}kcopfyhcz# Ãc gvywvl f}olvŧkfk oynhckwbflf wf gobplftkmkgć hpćyécj moy bflfplvykgflvlhyf# Gyfşzfyfh ãc hgfwz boj h cvbćyvlvk jf gflvlf nfcfyfhqć jovć gocwfgkcŧf cfnhzk}f ãc plhcvl kczfny ćykk1 k+ gfh bhk bhyf phyzf jkczyf gflvlflfoynhckwbvlvk pkfyj goczhgzvl cfbkalogkz gv bfjkvl ftzfyc, hgfwzh mkkcj

powkikl cvbhk pfczyv gflf jkwpvwf lh pfykmfykf şk kk+ mkfghyf gflvlć pohzfkczfyhgŧkoch gv vc cvbćy mohyzf lkbkzhz jf hlzf gflvlf şk hcvbf, johy gv gflfjkc kbfjkhzh }fgkcćzhzf# Yfmlfgzhyfh cfbkalogkzć cv bhk fwzf wvmkgkfczć ckgkkczfny ćykk ftzfycf h wkwzfbvlvk ãc ãczyfnvl wćv, ckgk gflfk kczfycf, h pćy ŧkloy gobpocfczf ãc ghjyvl ãczyfnvlvk# Hwzmfl hphyf yfmlfgzhyfh bkalogkzć jfmoybhŧkvck gflvlhyf wpfgkhlkqhzf şk kczfnyhyfh pykc bfghckwbf cfvyo"fcjogykcf, pf lécnć gfh hczfykohy ć, cfbkalogkzć şk hgvb kcwvmkgkfczć pfczyvoynhckwb, jhy cv kcfmkgkfczć# Gécj wkwzfbvl kczfnyhzoy cfvyofcjogykc hzkcnf

vc hcvbf ck}fl jf jfq}olzhyf ‗ m ćy ć h pvzfh pyfgkqh ghyf fwzf hgfwz bobfcz‗ yfmlfgzhyfh hgzk}ć şk cfwzhcjhyjkqhzć jf}kcf şk hczkgkphzk}ć, ihqhzć pfgocşzkfcŧć# Jkc hgfwz bobfcz kczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk ãc bfjkvl ftzfyc wf}h yfhlkqh cv cvbhk ãc ihqh pykcgkpkvlvk mffj"ihge , hjkgć pykc ãcgfyghyf$hgŧkvcf+ ‗ fyohyf ‗ yfvşkzć, gk şk ãc ihqh pykcgkpkvlvk mffj"ifmoyf $jfhczkgkphyf+, hjkgć pykc gvcohşzfyf ‗ hgŧkvcf ‗ yfvşkzć# Phwvl vybćzoy ‗ m ćy ć hpvzfh pyfgkqh ãc gf gocwzć ‗ fwzf hgflh ãc vybh gćyvkh yfmlfgzhyfh hgzk}ć şkgocşzkfczć jf}kcf şk yhŧkochlć, ihqhzć pf gocşzkkcŧć, bojhlkzhzf wpfgkmkgvbhcć gf hjvgf, pf lécnć kbfcwf h}hczhaf ãc plhcvl kczfny ćykk şk bhyflf




8>

jfqh}hczha gć hgfhwzh pohzf mk şk wvikfgzk}ć, ãc wfcwvl cfnhzk} hl hgfwzvkzfybfc# Mćy ć pyfzfcŧkh jf h omfyk jfmkckŧkk, cf ãcnćjvkb o pyfgkqhyf ãclfnćzvy ć gv jkwzkcgŧkh gf zyfivkf m ćgvzć ãczyf gocşzkfcŧć şk gocşzkkcŧć# Jfşk

hzéz gocşzkfcŧh, géz şk gocşzkkcŧh wvcz moybf wvpfykohyf jf yfmlfgzhyf h lvbkk,gocŧkcvzvl loy ghlkzhzk} fwzf cfz jkmfykz# Lvbfh gf vybfhqć h mk yfmlfgzhzć jfŧkcf, gh wkwzfb, o hcvbkzć hlgćzvkyf, yfpyfqfczhzć jf pćy ŧklf gf o gobpvc şko hcvbkzć wzyvgzvy ć, yfpyfqfczhzć jf zozhlkzhzfh yflhŧkkloy wfbckmkghzk}f jkczyfhgfwzfh# Ãc zkbp gf gocşzkfcŧh fwzf yfqvlzhzvl yfmlfgzćykk hlgćzvkykk şk hyhpoyzvykloy wphŧko"zfbpoyhlf ãc ghjyvl hgfwzfkh, gocşzkkcŧh zyfivkfgocwkjfyhzć gh yfqvlzhz hl yfmlfgzćykk wzyvgzvykk lvbkk, yfmlfgzhyf bkalogkzć jflkbihavl yhŧkochl, ãc gocjkŧkklf ãc ghyf yfmlfgzhczvl fwzf kczfnyhz hgfwzfk

wzyvgzvyk#K# 9#9#9# Bojhlkz ćŧ k jf kczfnyhyf

Hpćyvzf wvggfwk} ãc f}olvŧkf gflf phzyv bojhlkzćŧk jf kczfnyhyf1h+ vboyhlć, i+ doybochlć $fcjogykcć+, g+ cfvyhlć şk j+ pwkdkgć goftkwzć lhck}flvl oynhckwbvlvk vbhc#

Bojhlkzhzfh vboyhlć fwzf obckpyfqfczć, cfwpfgkmkgć şk cfbkalogkzć#Kczfnyhyfh jf hgfwz zkp wf mhgf ãc mvcgŧkf jf mhgzoykk mkqkgo"gdkbkgk jkclkgdkjvl kczfywzkŧkhl $hbikhcŧh kczkbć h gflvlfloy+ ghyf hv kbplkghŧkk jkyfgzf ãc

ftkwzfcŧh gflvlfloy1 zfbpfyhzvy ć, owbolhykzhzf, gocgfczyhŧkh O9, GO9, hnlvgoqfk, ghzhiolkŧkloy fzg# Gh bfjkv kczkb jf }khŧć, gobvc bhk bvlzoy gflvlf, lkgdkjvl kczfywzkŧkhl wvmfy ć bojkmkgćyk ghczkzhzk}"ghlkzhzk}f pfybhcfczfgh vybhyf h bfzhiolkwbvlvk# Jhgć o gflvlć hcvbf jkczy"vc ŧfwvz ãşkkczfcwkmkgć bfzhiolkwbvl, wgdkbivyklf yfhlkqhzf jf fh wpoyfwg pf bćwvy ć şk,gh vybhyf, lkgdkjvl kczfywzkŧkhl jkc avyvl fk }h jf}fck bhk wćyhg ãc wviwzhcŧfcvzykzk}f şk O9 şk bhk ionhz ãc wviwzhcŧf yfqkjvhlf şk GO9# Jhy cv cvbhkbfzhiolkwbvl pohzf nfcfyh bojkmkgćyk hlf hbikhcŧfk kczkbf# Jhgć o gflvlć ftgkzhiklć fwzf wzkbvlhzć, ãc zkbpvl yfhlkqćykk pozfcŧkhlvlvk jf hgŧkvcf hv logkbpoyzhczf bojkmkgćyk hlf gocgfczyhŧkkloy kockgf ãc mhqh lkgdkjć gf oãcgocaohy ć gh vybhyf h kcmlvtvlvk jf Ch% şk Gh9% şk h fmlvtvlvk jf E %# Zohzfhgfwzf bojkmkgćyk ghczkzhzk}"ghlkzhzk}f hlf hbikhcŧfk kczkbf gobvcf }oy mkyfmlfgzhzf jf gflvlflf jkc avy pykc bojkmkgćyk ãc gocwfgkcŧć hlf wgdkbivykloy pyopykk, bfzhiolkwbvlvk ãc nfcfyhl whv /şk hlf ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk# Hwfbfcfhbojkmkgćyk pyojvwf jf o gflvlć hcvbkzć cv wf yfwkbz, ãcwć, jfgéz pf o yhqć bkgć ãc avyvl hgfwzfkh $8"7μ+, jhzoykzć }kzfqfloy jf jkmvqkf ãc nfcfyhl yfjvwfhlf phyzkgvlfloy ãc lkgdkjvl kczfywzkŧkhl# Hgfwzf }kzfqf wvcz, pfczyv hgflfhşk}hloyk hlf nyhjkfcŧkloy $flfgzyo+ gdkbkgk, kc}fyw pyopoy ŧkochlf gvjkbfcwkvcklf phyzkgvlfloy, gfh bhk boiklć phyzkgvlć mkkcj kocvl D%# Ãczyvgéz

yfhjvgfyfh lh }hloyk coybhlf h phyhbfzykloy mkqkgo"gdkbkgk hk lkgdkjvlvk




84

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Bojhlkzhzfh fcjogykcć fwzf o moybć wvpfykohy ć h kczfny ćykk, ãcpykbvl yécj, pykc ãchlzh fk wpfgkmkgkzhzf# Fh fwzf bkalogkzć jf wviwzhcŧf hgzk}f,pvyzćzohyf jf bfwhaf $doybock+, wkczfzkqhzf jf hcvbkzf moybhŧkvck gflvlhyfşk flkifyhzf, lh cf}okf, ãc wécnf# Hgfhwzć bojhlkzhzf jf kczfnyhyf fwzfoynhckqhzć pf pykcgkpkvl zflfgobvckghŧkfk1 vc fbkŧćzoy $moybhŧkvcfhfcjogykcć+ jf bfwhaf $doybockk+, vc pvyzćzoy jf bfwhaf $wécnflf+ şk vcyfgfpzoy hl bfwhafloy $wkzvşkk yfgfpzoyk lh ck}flvl gflvlfloy+ gv jfgojkmkghzoy pyopykv $flkifyhyfh bfwhnfyvlvk jf oyj# KK+ $mkn#8+#

Mkn#8 Bojhlkzhzf fcjogykcć jf kczfnyhyf

Hwzmfl wf pohzf ãcŧflfnf gć wpfgkmkgkzhzfh kczfny ćykk fcjogykcfjfpkcjf cv cvbhk jf zkpvl bfwhnfyvlvk, gk şk jf ghlkzhzfh yfgfpzoy"jfgojkmkghzoyvlvk# Kczfnyhyfh pykc hgfhwzć bojhlkzhzf fwzf yflhzk} lfczć ãczyvgéz bfwhaflf $doybockk+ wvcz pvyzhzf jf wécnf, h gćyvk }kzfqć jfjfplhwhyf ãc }hwf fwzf yflhzk} bkgć $hpyotkbhzk} 0,6 b /wfg#+#Yfjvgfyfh hgfwzvk gocwvb jf zkbp wf yfhlkqfhqć, pfczyv hcvbkzf

ghqvyk, pykc1 h+ wgvyzhyfh gkygvkzvlvk }hwgvlhy wvi moybh wkwzfbvlvk




8;

poyzhl, hşh gvb wf ãczébplć ãczyf cvglfkk wfgyfzoyk jkc dkpozhlhbvw şkhjfcodkpomkqć, pyfgvb şk ãczyf phcgyfhwvl fcjogykc şk mkghz $mkn# 9+5 i+jfglhcşhyfh flkify ćykk doybocvlvk jkc nlhcjć wvi gobhcjć cfy}ohwć,

bvlz bhk yhpkjć, hşh gvb fwzf ghqvl bfjvlowvpyhyfchlfk şk g+jfglhcşhyfh flkify ćykk doybocvlvk wvi hgŧkvcfh jkyfgzć h }hykhŧkfkphyhbfzyvlvk gf vybfhqć h mk yfnlhz, gvb fwzf ghqvl phyhzkyokjfloy $wvilkckfb gć oykghyf hlzć nlhcjć fcjogykcć flkifyfhqć doybock şk ãchgfwz boj, pf lécnć flkifyhyfh wvi hgŧkvcfh wzkbvlkcfloy wpfgkmkgf, jhy lh phyhzkyokjf hgfwz bfghckwb hvzocob fwzf ftglvwk}+#

Mkn# 9

Wkwzfbvl poyzhl gh bojhlkzhzf jf yfjvgfyf h gocwvbvlvk jf zkbp ãckczfnyhyfh fcjogykcć#

WH ‗wécnf hyzfykhl5 W]" wécnf }fcow5 ZG ‗ zfykzoykk ghpklhyf Bojhlkzhzfh cfvyhlć jf kczfnyhyf, moybć f}olvhzć ihqhzć pf

hgflhşk pykcgkpkv hl zflfgobvckghŧkfk, hjvgf jovć h}hczhaf bhaoyf

gobphyhzk} gv gfh fcjogykcć# Ãc pykbvl yécj, o }kzfqć kbfcw bhk bhyfjf gkygvlhŧkf h kcmoybhŧkkloy şk gobfcqkloy pf gćklf pvyzćzohyf $pfwzf860 b /wfg#+, gffh gf hyf jyfpz gocwfgkcŧć o gyfşzfyf h pyobpzkzvjkckky ćwpvcwvlvk# Ãc hl joklfh yécj, ihqécjv"wf pf wfbchlf mkqkgf $}hykhŧkkhlf pozfcŧkhlfloy flfgzykgf+, jkwgyfzf şk vşoy gvhczkmkghiklf, wfbchlflfpoz joiécjk o nhbć bvlz bhk lhynć jf wfbckmkghŧkk mkqkolonkgf $pykc}hykhzf bojhlkzćŧk jf hwogkfyf h wfbchlfloy, ãczogbhk pyfgvb lkzfyflfãc gv}kczf+, khy kczfnyhyfh vc kbfcw wpoy ghlkzhzk} pykc f}kzhyfhwzhcjhyjkqćykk y ćwpvcwvykloy $hgfwzfh mkkcj ãc bvlz bhk bhyf bćwvy ć jfpfcjfczf jf wzhyfh jf bobfcz h wkwzfbvlvk, jfgéz jf wpfgkmkgvl




90

wzkbvlkloy gf lf"hv jfglhcşhz+# Hgfhwzć covć şk wvpfykohy ć bojhlkzhzfjf kczfnyhyf h hpćyvz, jfwknvy, ãczy"o moybć kckŧkhlć pykbkzk}ć, hphcha hloynhckqćykk jkmvqf, cfgfczyhlkqhzf h pykbkloy cfvyock# Jf lh hgfwz wzhjkv

şk pécć lh ob ãczyfhnh f}olvŧkf h lvbkk hckbhlf h ãcwfbchz, ãc mocj şkãc pykbvl yécj, f}olvŧkh wkwzfbvlvk cfy}ow# Fwzf fwfcŧkhl fyochzć gocgfpŧkh pozyk}kz gćyfkh f}olvŧkh wkwzfbvlvk }kv hy h}fh log –ãc bhwć‒,ãc boj vckmoyb şk gocgobkzfcz pfczyv zohzf pćy ŧklf whlf gobpocfczf#

Hpćyvzć pf mocjvl gflfk fcjogykcf, bojhlkzhzfh cfvyhlć jfkczfnyhyf cv w"h wviwzkzvkz hgfwzfkh, gk şk"h kczfychlkqhz"o hwknvyécjv"kvc cov ykzb, hl pyopykfk jf}fckyk# Fh h pyflvhz jf lh gfh jkczék şk hjfq}olzhz lkbihavl gdkbkg pf ghyf ãl vzklkqfhqć, jfwknvy, lh ck}flwvpfykoy, hzéz ãc gobvckghyfh cfvyo"cfvyochlć, géz şk ãc gfh cfvyo"

fmfgzoykf $cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykk, cfvyobojvlhzoykk şk gdkhy doybockkpyojvşk şk flkifyhŧk jf coklf moybhŧkvck ‗ cfvyockk+# Ãcgéz bojhlkzhzfhcfvyhlć jf kczfnyhyf fwzf, ãc yfhlkzhzf, vch cfvyo"fcjogykcć $oykgvb,cfvyo"gdkbkgć+# Bhk bvlz, flfbfczflf gobpocfczf hlf bfghckwbfloy cfvyhlf $cfvyockk+ wvpoyzć lh yécjvl loy, gh şk hlzf gflvlf, kcmlvfcŧflfnfcfyhlf hlf doybockloy# Hwzmfl, ãczyf gflf jovć bojhlkzćŧk jf kczfnyhyfwf wzhiklfwg yhpoyzvyk jf kczfygocjkŧkochyf, wvmkgkfcz jf pyfnchczfpfczyv h gocwzkzvk o covć wzyvgzvy ć h vcvk wkwzfb vckzhy ‗ wkwzfbvlcfvyofcjogykc#

Bojhlkzhzfh pwkdkgć jf kczfnyhyf wpfgkmkgć obvlvk $şk hckbhlflfjfŧkc o hwfbfcfh bojhlkzhzf jhy ghlkzhzk} kcmfykohy ć+, opfyécj gv hlzfbkalohgf, jhy ihqhzf pf gflf cfvyofcjogykcf, }h mhgf oikfgzvl vcvk hlzphyhnyhm, ãczyvgéz ãcŧflfnfyfh fk pyfwvpvcf şk hlzf gvcoşzkcŧf gf wf }oy joiécjk pf phygvyw#




98

KK# GFLVLH GH WKWZFB ZFYBOJKCHBKG

KK# 8# Oynhckqhyfh mvcgŧkochlć h gflvlfk

Gflvlh, ãbpyfvcć gv hbikfczvl fk, gocwzkzvkf gfl bhk wkbplv wkwzfbzfybojkchbkg lh ck}flvl gćyvkh wf jfwm ćşohy ć }khŧh# Ãc vlzkbć şk wvggkczć hchlkqć, }khŧh ãcwfhbcć ftkwzfcŧć şk jf}fckyf# Ftkwzfcŧh şk jf}fckyfh cv wvczãcwć pyogfwf wfphyhzf ghyf wć wf yfhlkqfqf pykc wzyvgzvyk jkmfykzf, gk jovć lhzvyk hlf hgflvkhşk pyogfw vckzhy ‗ }khŧh ‗ lh jfwm ćşvyhyfh gćyvkh goczykivkf,ãc bćwvy ć jkmfykzć, zohzf gobpocfczflf gflvlfk#

KK# 8#8# Gflvlh gh wkwzfb jfwgdkw

Ãc hgfhwzć ghlkzhzf gflvlh yfhlkqfhqć gv hbikhcŧh kczkbć $lkgdkjvlkczfywzkŧkhl+ wgdkbivyk jf wviwzhcŧć, fcfynkf şk kcmoybhŧkf $mkn#7+#

Mkn# 7

Gflvlh gh wkwzfb zfybojkchbkg# WC ‗ wviwzhcŧf cfgfwhyf5WY ‗ wviwzhcŧf yfqkjvhlf5 Fk ‗ fcfynkh lh kczyhyf5 F0 ‗ fcfynkhlh kfşkyf5 Kk ‗ kcmoybhŧkh lh kczyhyf5 K0 ‗ kcmoybhŧkh lh kfşkyf5GWH ‗ avbćzhzfh hyzfykhlć h ghpklhyvlvk whcnvkc5GW] ‗ avbćzhzfh }fcohwć h ghpklhyvlvk whcnvkcf

Wviwzhcŧh kczyhzć ãc gflvlć fwzf wvpvwć vcoy zyhcwmoybćyk gdkbkgf

$ikogdkbkgf+ gv phyzkgkphyfh fcqkbfloy ghyf, lh yknohyf, wvcz jf jovć zkpvyk1




99

jf gobikchyf, gécj wviwzhcŧf bhk wkbplf wf lfhnć ãczyf flf, gv gocwvb jffcfynkf, nfcfyécj wviwzhcŧf bhk gobplftf, pyogfw cvbkz hchiolkwb şk jfjfwgobpvcfyf, gécj wviwzhcŧf gobplftf wvcz jfwm ćgvzf ãc wviwzhcŧf bhk

wkbplf, gv flkifyhyf jf fcfynkf, pyogfw cvbkz ghzhiolkwb# Jfşk hchiolkwbvlşk ghzhiolkwbvl wvcz pyogfwf hczhnockgf, flf wvcz, ãc hgflhşk zkbp, vckzhyf,gocjkŧkocécjv"wf yfgkpyog# Ãc boj wkbklhy fcfynkh şk kcmoybhŧkh jf lh kczyhyfwvcz wvpvwf vcoy zyhcwmoybćyk wpfgkmkgf lh ck}fl gflvlhy# Ãc vybh pyogfwfloy jf zyhcwmoybhyf kczfycć wvpoyzhzf jf wviwzhcŧh, fcfynkh şk kcmoybhŧkh jf lhkczyhyf yfqvlzć, ãc wphŧkvl gflvlhy, cok zkpvyk şk moybf jf wviwzhcŧć, fcfynkf şkkcmoybhŧkf ghyf }oy h}fh o jvilć jfwzkchŧkf1 pfczyv vzklkqhyf kczyhgflvlhy ć ghflfbfczf gocwzkzvzk}f şk mvcgŧkochlf şk pfczyv flkbkchyf jkc gflvlć $kfşkyk+ ghflfbfczf vzklf hlzoy gflvlf $ftfbplv1 wfgyfŧkklf jf doybock, fcqkbf,

bfjkhzoyk, bojvlhzoyk fzg#+ şk gh wviwzhcŧf zotkgf $yfqkjvvyk bfzhiolkgf1CD7, vyff, GO9+# Zozhlkzhzfh pyogfwfloy jf wgdkbi gv hbikhcŧh $kczy ćyk"kfşkyk+ şk h zyhcwmoybćykloy kczfycf $hchiolkgf şk ghzhiolkgf+ gocwzkzvkfbfzhiolkwbvl#

Pykc vybhyf, bfzhiolkwbvl cv fwzf o ãcwvşkyf h gflvlfk, gk ãcwvşkbojvl fk jf h ftkwzh ãczy"o hbikhcŧć jfzfybkchzć1 bfzhiolkwbvl fwzfgocjkŧkh wkwzfbvlvk }kv ‗ gh wkwzfb zfybojkchbkg# Hikh jf lh hgfwz ck}fl şkpf hgfhwzć ihqć wf poz bhckmfwzh ãcwvşkyklf gflvlfk1 ftgkzhiklkzhzfh,gocjvgzkiklkzhzfh, goczyhgzklkzhzfh, wfgyfŧkh fzg#

Gh zozhlkzhzf jf pyogfwf goyflhzf, bfzhiolkwbvl gflvlfk wf pohzfjfwm ćşvyh, ãc yhpoyz gv gkygvbwzhcŧflf, lh kczfcwkzćŧk jkmfykzf gvpykcwf ãczyf o}hlohyf bkckbć hjbkwkiklć $ihqhlć+ şk vch bhtkbć powkiklć# Oykghyf gflvlć kczfnyhzć vcvk oynhckwb plvykgflvlhy hyf jf ãcjfplkckz şk whygkck ãc molowvlãczyfnvlvk, pf lécnć gflf pfczyv wkcf# Hgfhwzh kbpvcf gh ãczyfnvl wć pohzć kczfy}fck ãc yfnlhyfh kczfcwkzćŧkk bfzhiolkwbvlvk mkfgćyfk gflvlf#

KK# 8#9# Yfnlhyfh bfzhiolkwbvlvk gflvlhy

Pykc yfhlkqhyfh wgdkbivykloy gflvlh kcjvgf bojkmkgćyk ghczkzhzk}"

ghlkzhzk}f ãc hbikhcŧh wh kczkbć $lkgdkjvl kczfywzkŧkhl+, gocgfczyhŧkhwviwzhcŧfloy cfgfwhyf lh kczyhyf yfjvgécjv"wf pyonyfwk}, gocgobkzfcz gvwpoykyfh gocgfczyhŧkfk wviwzhcŧfloy yfqvlzhzf lh kfşkyf# Yfmhgfyfh gobpoqkŧkfklh ck}flvl kczfywzkŧkvlvk ghjf ãc whygkch ghpklhyvlvk ghyf }h hwknvyh, pykcbfghckwbf pyopykk jf zyhcwpoyz, zyfgfyfh jkc wécnf h wviwzhcŧfloy cfgfwhyfşk wpyf wécnf h gfloy yfqvlzhzf, hwzmfl ãcgéz hbikhcŧh kczkbć h gflvlfk wć wfbfcŧkcć g}hwkgocwzhczć $dobfowzhqkh bfjkvlvk kczfyc+#

Ãczyvgéz bfzhiolkwbvl gflvlhy gvpykcjf hzéz wgdkbivyklf, géz şk

zyhcwmoybćyklf kczfycf, kczfcwkmkghyfh wh }h kbplkgh wpoykyfh }hloykgć h




97

hbifloy pyogfwf# Pfczyv kczfcwkmkghyfh wgdkbivykloy zyfivkf wć wpoyfhwgć, ãcpykbvl yécj, ghczkzhzfh jf wviwzhcŧć cfgfwhy ć lh kczyhyf# Hgfhwzh, ãcwć, cv wfpohzf yfhlkqh pykc wpoykyfh gocgfczyhŧkfk hgfwzoy wviwzhcŧf ãc wécnf jfgéz ãc

mohyzf bkgć bćwvy ć şk hcvbf, ãc lkbkzflf jf }hykhŧkf hjbkwf jf dobfowzhqkhoynhckwbvlvk# Jf hgffh, wkcnvyh bojhlkzhzf jf wpoykyf h kczy ćykloy y ćbécfgyfşzfyfh mlvtvlvk whcnvkc pykc ghpklhy yfhlkqhzć pykc }hwojklhzhŧkf şk pykcgyfşzfyfh jfikzvlvk ghyjkhg# $Jfikzvl ghyjkhg 2 myfg}fcŧh ghyjkhgć Þ }olvbvlwkwzolkg+ $mkn# :+#

Ãczyvgéz ghczkzhzfh zozhlć jf wécnf fwzf g}hwkgocwzhczć ãc oynhckwb$hpyotkbhzk} 4& jkc nyfvzhzfh goypvlvk+, gyfşzfyfh mlvtvlvk ghpklhy pykc}hwojklhzhŧkf ãc zfykzoykvl jf hgzk}kzhzf bhtkbć wf ãcwoŧfşzf jf}hwogocwzykgŧkf ãc hlzf zfykzoykk# Wf hwknvy ć hwzmfl o pfybhcfczć yfjkwzykivŧkf hwécnflvk ãczyf jk}fywflf wfgzohyf hlf oynhckwbvlvk ãc mvcgŧkf jf cfgfwkzćŧklfbobfczvlvk# Jkc hgfwz bozk} bfzhiolkwbvl cv pohzf hzkcnf }hloyk bhtkbfgocgobkzfcz ãc jovć wfgzohyf mvcgŧkochlf bhyk# Ãc zkbpvl vcfk hgzk}kzćŧkkczfcwf lh ck}flvl wkwzfbvlvk logobozoy $hlfynhyf gv }kzfqć bhtkbć+ gfh bhkbhyf phyzf jkc wécnflf oynhckwbvlvk fwzf jkwzykivkzć, pykc }hwojklhzhŧkf, lhhgfwz ck}fl ãc jfzykbfczvl hlzoy wkwzfbf lh ck}flvl gćyoyh wf }h pyojvgf}hwogocwzykgŧkf $wkwzfbvl jknfwzk}+# Wpoykyfh jfikzvlvk ghyjkhg wf yfhlkqfhqć pykc gyfşzfyfh myfg}fcŧfk jf pvlwhŧkf h kckbkk jf lh }hlohyfh jf yfphvw$>6 p/bkc#+, pécć lh }hlohyfh bhtkbć mkqkolonkgć $840 p/bkc+, pyfgvb şk, ãckczfy}hlf bhyk jf zkbp, pykc gyfşzfyfh }olvbvlvk wkwzolkg $jf lh >6"40 bl# lhpfwzf 800 bl#+, hşh gvb wf ãczébplć lh bhykk hzlfŧk ãc vybh bhk bvlzoy hckjf hczyfchbfcz#

Gécj wgdkbivyklf lh ck}flvl ghpklhyfloy wvcz kczfcwkmkghzf pykc

bfghckwbflf jfwgykwf bhk wvw wf havcnf lh vc bobfcz ãc ghyf ghczkzhzfh jf

Mkn# :

Bkalohgflf yfnlćykkbfzhiolkwbvlvk#

B ‗ Bfzhiolkwb5BI‗bfzhiolkwb ihqhl5W ‗ wolkgkzhyf5Z ‗ zkbp#




9:

wviwzhcŧf cfgfwhyf lh kczyhyf fwzf wvpfykohy ć ghphgkzćŧkk jf pyflvgyhyf h loy ãcwphŧkvl kczyhgflvlhy# Kczfcwkmkghyfh hgfwzfkh cv fwzf powkiklć jfgéz pykcgyfşzfyfh ãc boj jkmfyfcŧkhz h }kzfqfloy jf yfhgŧkf ghzhiolkgf şk /whv

hchiolkgf# Gvb zohzf hgfwzf yfhgŧkk wvcz ghzhlkqhzf jf fcqkbf kczfcwkmkghyfhzyhcwmoybćykloy kczfycf wpfgkmkgf }h pvzfh mk yfhlkqhzć cvbhk pykc wzkbvlhyfhhgzk}kzćŧkk vcoyh jkczyf hgfwzfh şk kcdkihyfh hlzoyh# Hwfbfcfh bojkmkgćyk hlfhgzk}kzćŧkk fcqkbhzkgf ghj ãc whygkch doybockloy#

Yfnlhyfh bfzhiolkwbvlvk gflvlhy zyfivkf ãcŧflfhwć gh o pyogfwvhlkzhzfgoczkcvć şk vckzhy ć, wfphyhyfh ãc fzhpf şk mhqf jkwzkcgzf ãczyfpykcwć jf cok bhkwvw h}écj johy vc wgop jkjhgzkg# Kczfy}fcŧkh doybockloy cv zyfivkfgocwkjfyhzć o wolvŧkf jf vlzkbć kcwzhcŧć, fh mkkcj pyfqfczć nyhjvhl zoz zkbpvl

şk lh zohzf ck}flvyklf, kcglvwk} lh ghpklhyf# Doybockk kczfy}kc zoz zkbpvl cvcvbhk ãc yfnlhyfh }kzfqfk jf yfhlkqhyf h zyhcwmoybćykloy kczyhgflvlhyf, gk şk ãcyfhlkqhyfh }hwobozykgkzćŧkk, h wgdkbivykloy zyhcwghpklhyf, pyfgvb şk ãcbojkmkghyfh ykzbvlvk ghyjkhg#

KK# 8#7# Hlgćzvkyfh şk wzyvgzvyh gflvlfk

Gobpocfczflf wvpyhbolfgvlhyf pykc ghyf wf hwknvy ć yfhlkqhyfhbfzhiolkwbvlvk şk ãcjfplkckyfh mvcgŧkkloy wpfgkmkgf wvcz oynhckzflf gflvlhyf#Zozhlkzhzfh oynhckzfloy vcfk gflvlf jfmkcfşzf hlgćzvkyfh, khy zozhlkzhzfhyflhŧkkloy mvcgŧkochlf wfbckmkghzk}f wzhiklkzf ãczyf hgfwzfh, ãc vybh gćyoyhyfqvlzć bfzhiolkwbvl şk, pf ihqh hgfwzvkh mvcgŧkklf wpfgkmkgf, jfmkcfşzfwzyvgzvyh gflvlfk# Oynhckzflf wvcz wgćljhzf jf dkhloplhwbć ‗ wolvŧkf hpohwć golokjobkcfyhlć hmlhzć ãc wphŧkvl jflkbkzhz jf bfbiyhch pfykplhwbhzkgć#Jkwzkcgŧkh gf o mhgfb ãczyf hgzk}kzhzfh oynhckzfloy jfwm ćşvyhzć johy ãc wgopvlhwknvy ćykk ftkwzfcŧfk gflvlfk şk hgffh ãc wgopvl yfhlkqćykk mvcgŧkkloy wpfgkmkgfpfybkzf nyvphyfh gobpocfczfloy gflvlhyf ãc oynhckzf gf hwknvy ć jfwm ćşvyhyfh bfzhiolkwbvlvk şk oynhckzf $hgflfhşk whv hlzflf+ ghyf hwknvy ć

ãcjfplkckyfh mvcgŧkkloy wpfgkmkgf mkfgćyfk ghzfnoykk gflvlhyf# O hwzmfl jfnyvphyf jfŧkcf jfgk o ihqć yfhlć şk cv vybćyfşzf johy vc wgop jkjhgzkg#Pyoilfbh cv zyfivkf pyk}kzć ãcwć ãc boj wkbplkwz# Ãc vlzkbć şk wvggkczć hchlkqć wf pohzf gocwzhzh gć oykghyf gflvlć h vcvk oynhckwb plvykgflvlhy hyf ohgzk}kzhzf mkqkolonkgć pfczyv wkcf şk vch pfczyv ãczyfnvl ãc ghyf fwzf kczfnyhzć#Jhgć gfh jkczék mhgf powkiklć ftkwzfcŧh ãc wkcf h gflvlfk, gfh jf"h jovh mhgfpowkiklć ftkwzfcŧh wkwzfbvlvk ãc ghyf fh fwzf gvpykcwć# Mćy ć hgfhwzć jkc vybć hgzk}kzhzf gflvlh ãşk pkfyjf ghlkzhzfh jf gobpocfczć h oynhckwbvlvk şk,

kbplkgkz, yhŧkvcfh jf h ftkwzh ãc ghjyvl hgfwzvkh# Hjbkŧécj gć o hwzmfl jf




96

gflvlć hy mk flkbkchzć jkc oynhckwb, }khŧh fk cv hy bhk mk powkiklć jfohyfgf,géz zkbp h ftkwzhz ãc ghjyvl oynhckwbvlvk, fh h mowz cv cvbhk –hwfy}kzć‒kczfyfwfloy ãczyfnvlvk, gk şk –jfwfy}kzć‒ lh yécjvl fk jf yfwzvl gflvlfloy jkc

oynhckwb şk hgfhwzh cv cvbhk ãc kczfyfwvl mvcgŧkocćykk, gk şk hl pyopykfkftkwzfcŧf# Jkwzkcgŧkh gf zyfivkf m ćgvzć ãczyf hgzk}kzhzfh pfczyv wkcf şk gfhpfczyv ãczyfn pohzf mk bhk vşoy ãcŧflfhwć jhgć }ob gobphyh gflvlh"oynhckwb h vcvk pyozoqohy gv gflvlh"phyzf h vcvk bfzhqohy# Ãc zkbp gfoynhckzflf gflfk jkczék wvcz hcnhahzf ftglvwk} ãc hgzk}kzćŧk jfwzkchzf ftkwzfcŧfkpyopykk, hgflfhşk oynhckzf hlf gflfk jkc vybć }oy jfwm ćşvyh ãc plvw şk hgzk}kzćŧkjfwzkchzf ãczyfnvlvk ãc ghyf fwzf gvpykcwć# Pf jf hlzć phyzf, fwzf jf yfbhyghzmhpzvl gć kczfnyhyfh ãczy"vc oynhckwb plvykgflvlhy jvgf şk lh o hggfczvhzć

jkmfyfcŧkfyf pykc wpfgkhlkqhyfh mvcgŧkochlć h gflvlfloy, vc mfl jf –jk}kqkvcfwogkhlć h bvcgkk‒ ãc molowvl ãczyfnvlvk# Jf hkgk jfgvynf o hcvbf ãcnvwzhyf hhgzk}kzćŧkk gflvlfk"phyzf, gobphyhzk} gv gflvlh"oynhckwb ghyf fwzf oilknhzć wć"şk yfqol}f wkcnvy ć zohzf pyoilfbflf ftkwzfcŧfk# Pf jf hlzć phyzf zyfivkfyfŧkcvz mhpzvl gć hgzk}kzhzfh pfczyv wkcf fwzf gocjkŧkf fwfcŧkhlć h hgzk}kzćŧkkpfczyv ãczyfn1 ãchkczf jf h pvzfh mvcgŧkoch ãc boj wpfgkmkg, gflvlh zyfivkfbhk ãczék wć ftkwzf ikolonkg, jfgk, ãc boj cfwpfgkmkg# Jhgć, ãcwć jkczy"vcbozk} ohyfghyf, o gflvlć havcnf ãczy"o wkzvhŧkf lkbkzć ghyf ãk pfykglkzfhqć

ftkwzfcŧh $wzhyfh boyikjć+, hgzk}kzhzfh pfczyv ãczyfn }h mk pykbh whgykmkghzć,jfwknvy, zfbpoyhy, ãczyfhnh fcfynkf kczfycć mkkcj gdflzvkzć johy ãc hgzk}kzhzfhpfczyv wkcf# Ãc hgfhwzć wkzvhŧkf, bfghckwbflf kczfnyhzohyf hlf oynhckwbvlvk}oy kczfy}fck boiklkqécj lh hgzk}kzhzf wpoykzć hlzf gflvlf cv hzéz ãc }fjfyfhyfwzhiklkykk coybhlkzćŧkk pfczyv gflvlh ãc ghvqć, géz, bhk gv wfhbć, ãc }fjfyfhwvplkckykk fk ãc plhc mvcgŧkochl#

KK# 8#7#8# Oynhckzflf gflvlhyf şk yolvyklf loy

Ãczyvgéz lh ghpkzolvl jfwzkchz cfvyocvlvk }ob kcwkwzh bhk bvlz hwvpyh

hgfwzoy pyoilfbf, hkgk cf }ob yfqvbh lh pyfqfczhyfh oynhckzfloy şk hyolvykloy pf ghyf hgfwzfh lf ãcjfplkcfwg, jkczy"o pfywpfgzk}ć nfcfyhlikolonkgć#

Bfbiyhch pfykplhwbhzkgć hyf jf ãcjfplkckz cvbfyohwf yolvyk gfjfyk}ć, ãc pykbvl yécj, jkc poqkŧkh pf ghyf fh o ogvpć ãc ghjyvl gflvlfk#Jfphyzf jf h mk o wkbplć –gocjfcwhyf h gkzoplhwbfk‒, bfbiyhch hyf ooynhckqhyf bhgyobolfgvlhy ć gobplftć ãc ihqh gćyfkh1 h+ jflkbkzfhqć fczkzhzfh }kf jf bfjkvl hbikhcz cf}kv5 i+ hwknvy ć yfhlkqhyfh wgdkbivykloy

bhzfykhlf şk fcfynfzkgf ãc ghjyvl bfzhiolkwbvlvk5 g+ wzhiklfşzf yflhŧkk




9=

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78

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79

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Bkzogocjykh $mkn# 88+ fwzf oynhckzvl lh ck}flvl gćyvkh, pykc mowmoyklhyfotkjhzk}ć, wf yfhlkqfhqć zyhcwmoybhyfh şk ãcbhnhqkchyfh bkgyogvhczfloy fcfynfzkgf jkc wviwzhcŧflf cvzykzk}f $hbkcohgkqk, hgkqk nyhşk, nlkgfyol,bocoqhdhykjf+ ãc bhgyogvhczf jkc gobpvşkk mowmoyklhŧk hk hjfcoqkcfk$HZP+, nvhcoqkcfk $NZP+ şk gyfhzkcfk $GP+# Ãc mhpz, oykghyf pyogfw mkqkolonkg

$goczyhgŧkf, zyhcwpoyz hgzk}, wkczfqć fzg#+ cv pohzf mk yfhlkqhz jfgéz pykc

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77

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–}hlvzć moyzf‒ ãc plhc fcfynfzkg#

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wvpyhmhŧh bhyf5BM ‗ bfbiyhch ftzfycć




7:

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Mkn# 89

Bfbiyhch jvilć h cvglfvlvk5YFP ‗ yfzkgvl fcjoplhwbhzkg5BF ‗ bfbiyhch ftzfycć5BK ‗ bfbiyhch kczfycć5BC ‗ bhzfykhl cvglfhy




76

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Mkn# 87Gfczyoqobvl,BPP ‗ bfbiyhch pfykplhwbhzkgć5

GW ‗ gfczyoqob5C ‗ cvglfv




7=

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7>

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:0

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:8

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:9

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:7

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phyzf jkc whygkcklf hgfwzvkh şk hwknvyécjv"k gocjkŧkklf opzkbf pfczyvãcjfplkckyfh mvcgŧkkloy whlf wpfgkmkgf# Gflvlh nlkhlć, kczfypvwć ãczyf ghpklhy şkcfvyoc, hwknvy ć cv cvbhk o wflfgzhyf h wviwzhcŧfloy lh kczyhyf, gk şk opyflkbkchy ć pyflvgyhyf h hgfwzoyh5 fwzf h}hcwhzć kpozfqh gć hgfhwzh hy mvyckqhcfvyocvlvk gdkhy HZP, gffh gf hy pvzfh ftplkgh cvbćyvl yfjvw hlbkzogocjykkloy cfvyochlf ãc yhpoyz gv gdflzvkhlh fcfynfzkgć zozhlć h hgfwzvkh5gflvlh nlkhlć moybfhqć ãc}flkşvl bkflkckg, pykc yvlhyfh pyopykfk bfbiyhcf ãcavyvl htocvlvk whv jfcjykzfk, m ćgécj hwzmfl powkiklć pyophnhyfh kcjfpfcjfczć şk gv }kzfqć bhyf h PH pf mkfghyf pyflvcnkyf cfvyochlć5 gflvlh nlkhlć pohzf

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::

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gocwzć ãc bvlzkplkghyfh gflvlfloy nlkhlf ãc wphŧkklf kczfywzkŧkhlf y ćbhwf lkifyfpykc mhnogkzhyfh cfvyockloy cfmvcgŧkochlk şk pykc ghyf wf hwknvy ć bfcŧkcfyfhxvhwkgocwzhczć h wphŧkkloy gv lkgdkj jkczyf gflvlf $900"700 H±+#Pykc zohzfhgfwzfh wf avwzkmkgć cvbćyvl bvlz bhk bhyf hl gflvlfloy nlkhlfk jfgéz hlcfvyockloy $yhpoyzvl fwzkbhz1 4"80/8+#

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:6

gocwkjfy ć gh mkkcj fmfgzoyk zoŧk cfvyockk gf wf kczfypvc ãczyf gfczyvl cfy}ow şkfmfgzoy, gocwzkzvkcj ghlfh jfwgfcjfczć $yfwpfgzk} ghlfh fmfyfczć+ h hygvlvkyfmlft# ]hlohyf hwogkhzk}ć yfhlć hv zoŧk cfvyockk kczfypvşk ãczyf gfl yfhl

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KKK# 8# Hlgćzvkyfh şk wzyvgzvyh cfvyocvlvk

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:=

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:>

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:4

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:;

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60

jyonvyk hgŧkocfhqć pykc kczfybfjkvl yfgfpzoykloy jf Gh9% wkzvhŧk, gfl bhkpyoihikl, gdkhy lh ck}flvl ghchlfloy wpfgkmkgf hgfwzvk koc# Cfvyockk jfŧkcyfgfpzoyk gdkhy şk pfczyv hjfcoqkcć ghyf pohzf ãcjfplkck şk yolvl jf

bfwhnfy gdkbkg gv fmfgzf jkmfykzf ãc mvcgŧkf jf zkpvl yfgfpzoyvlvk# Gfl bhkgvcowgvz fmfgz pyojvw jf lfnhyfh hjfcoqkcfk lh yfgfpzoykk bfbiyhcfloy pyfwkchpzkgf fwzf hgflh jf h kcdkih flkifyhyfh cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykloy ftgkzhzoyk# Ãc lfnćzvy ć gv hgfhwzh zyfivkf hbkczkzć kpozfqh pozyk}kz gćyfkhwzhyfh jf oiowfhlć cfy}ohwć ãc vybh vcoy wolkgkzćyk pyflvcnkzf hy pvzfh mknfcfyhzć zogbhk jf hgŧkvcfh hjfcoqkcfk, yfbhyghikl gyfwgvzć ãc hwfbfcfhwzćyk# Pyfqvbzk}h kczfymfyfcŧć jkczyf gomfkcć şk hgfşzk yfgfpzoyk, pykc ghyf w"hy ãbpkfjkgh lfnhyfh hjfcoqkcfk, hy pvzfh mk o ftplkghŧkf h fmfgzvlvkyfgocmoyzhcz hl ghmflfk#

Jfcwkzhzfh şk jkwzykivŧkh pyozfkcfloy yfgfpzoy pf wvpyhmhŧhbfbiyhcfk cfvyochlf wvcz cfvckmoybf# Yfgfpzoykk pfczyv cfvyo"zyhcwbkŧćzoyk wvcz pyfqfcŧk johy lh polvl jf kczyhyf hl cfvyocvlvk,yfpyfqfczhz jf poy ŧkvcklf bfbiyhchyf hlf ivzockloy jfcjykzkgk, wobfkcfvyochlf, gocvlvk jf fbfynfcŧć h htocvlvk şk h poy ŧkvckk pyfzfybkchlf hivzocvlvk htockg# Hgfwzf poy ŧkvck bfbiyhchyf gv pyozfkcf"yfgfpzoy wpfgkmkgf cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykloy kczy ć ãc hlgćzvkyfh aocgŧkvckloy kczfycfvyo"chlf moybécj bfbiyhch powzwkchpzkgć# Cv wf gvcowg pyfh bvlzf jfzhlkk gvpyk}kyf lh oynhckqhyfh bolfgvlhy ć h yfgfpzoykloy# ]ob hggfpzh kpozfqh gć yfgfpzoykk wpfgkmkgk pfczyv cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyk wvcz zogbhk ghpfzflf ftzfycfhlf pyozfkcfloy"ghchl, gffh gf vşvyfhqć ãcŧflfnfyfh gocwfgkcŧfloy hgŧkvckkhgfwzoyh jf hgzk}hyf whv kchgzk}hyf h ghchlfloy kockgf# Yfgfpzoykk pfczyvhcvbkŧk doybock hv o jkwzykivŧkf g}hwkvckmoybć pf bfbiyhch wobfkcfvyochlf, powkikl şk pf poy ŧkvcfh ihqhlć h jfcjykzfloy, yfwpfgzk} pf gocvljf fbfynfcŧć hl htocvlvk#

Pyozfkcflf"ghchl wvcz hcwhbilvyk bhgyobolfgvlhyf hlvcnkzf gfwzy ćihz nyowkbfh bfbiyhcfk jf lh o mhŧć lh hlzh mkkcj moybhzf, gfl bhkpyoihikl, jkc phzyv wvivckzćŧk hwzmfl jkwpvwf ãcgéz jflkbkzfhqć ãczyf flf vcwphŧkv ghchlkgvlhy gv jkhbfzyvl bfjkv jf 4 H±, cvbkz ghchl kockg $mkn#99+#

Ghpfzflf wvivckzćŧkloy pyozfkgf hlf ghchlvlvk ghyf pyfjobkcć wpyfgkzoplhwbć wvcz jkmfykzf gh chzvy ć gdkbkgć şk pyopykfzćŧk jf gflf ghyfpyfjobkcć wpyf wphŧkvl kczfywzkŧkhl# Jkwzykivŧkh pf bfbiyhcć h jk}fywfloy zkpvyk jf ghchlf $pfczyv Ch%, E %, Gh9%, Bn9% fzg#+ cv fwzf ãczébplćzohyf, fhmkkcj jfzfybkchzć jf plhcvl mvcgŧkochl nfcfyhl hl gflvlfk# Jf hwfbfcfh,cvbćyvl ghchlfloy pf vckzhzfh jf wvpyhmhŧć fwzf jfzfybkchz nfcfzkg pfczyvmkfghyf ghzfnoykf jf gflvlf, ghchlflf –vqhzf‒ mkkcj kczfychlkqhzf pykcfcjogkzoqć şk jknfyhzf jf fcqkbflf lkqoqobhlf, ãc logvl loy mkkcj wkczfzkqhzf

hlzflf cok# Ãc pyk}kcŧh jfcwkzćŧkk ghchlfloy jf wojkv wf fwzkbfhqć gć, lh mkiyflf




68

cfbkflkckqhzf, hgfwzfh hy mk jf 8880 /μb9, gv o jkwzykivŧkf vckmoybć pf zohzć wvpyhmhŧh bfbiyhcfk, khy lh gflf bkflkckqhzf flf wvcz pyfqfczf cvbhk lhck}flvl wzyhcnvlhŧkkloy Yhc}kfy $8 /μb lvcnkbf+ gv o jfcwkzhzf bvlz bhk

bhyf ‗ 9000 /μb9#

Lh ck}flvl goypvlvk gflvlhy jfcwkzhzfh phyf h mk ãc bfjkf jf

60"800 /μb9 gv o jkwzykivŧkf, gfl bhk pyoihikl, cfvckmoybć# Jkc ghvqhmlvkjkzćŧkk mowmolkpkjfloy bfbiyhchyf, ghchlflf kockgf wf poz jfplhwh pykczyhcwlhyf bojkmkgécj hwzmfl jkwzykivŧkh ãc wvpyhmhŧć# Pykc hgfwzf ghchlf wfyfhlkqfhqć o gobvckghyf fpkwojkgć jkyfgzć ãczyf gkzoplhwbć şk lkgdkjvl

kczfywzkŧkhl pfczyv gobpocfczflf gv jkbfcwkvck wvi 4 H± $hpć, kock bkcfyhlk,wviwzhcŧf oynhckgf gv bolfgvlć bkgć+# Kbpoyzhczć fwzf bkşghyfh pykc hgfwzfghchlf h kockloy bkcfyhlk kbplkghŧk, jkyfgz whv kcjkyfgz, ãc mfcobfcflfflfgzykgf jf bfbiyhcć# Ftkwzfcŧh hgfwzoy gobvckgćyk lkifyf ãczyf kczfykoyvlşk ftzfykoyvl gflvlfk hy jvgf lh kcwzhlhyfh vcvk fgdklkiyv zfybojkchbkg pfczyvgobpocfczflf jf bkgk jkbfcwkvck, mhpz gf hy kbpkfzh nyh} hwvpyh ftkwzfcŧfk$bfzhiolkwbvlvk+ şk mvcgŧkocćykk $ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk+ cfvyocvlvk# Wf kbpvcfhwzmfl cfgfwkzhzfh ftkwzfcŧfk vcoy bojhlkzćŧk jf ãcgdkjfyf $kchgzk}hyf+ şkjfwgdkjfyf $hgzk}hyf+ h loy ãc mvcgŧkf jf hcvbkzf gkygvbwzhcŧf# Hwfbfcfh

bojhlkzćŧk ftkwzć, hşh gvb o jo}fjfşzf yfhlkzhzfh, jhy hwvpyh bfghckwbfloy kczkbf jf yfhlkqhyf plvzfşzf ãcgć hivyvl kpozfqfloy# Hwvpyh h jovć jkczyfhgfwzfh }ob omfyk jfzhlkk ãczy"vc hlz phyhnyhm#

Jfşk gocwkjfyhŧk h mk oynhckzf wpfgkmkgf cfvyocvlvk, ãc yfhlkzhzf, goypkkCkwwl cv wvcz jfgéz moybhŧkvck fynhwzoplhwbkgf $yfzkgvl fcjoplhwbhzkgyvnow+ pf ghyf lf ãczélckb, jvpć gvb w"h }ćqvz, lh oykghyf gflvlć jf zkpwfgyfzoy# Hwogkfyfh jkczyf ykioqobk şk o phyzf h yfzkgvlvlvk fcjoplhwbhzkgcfzfj fwzf jfzfybkchzć jf cf}okh yfjvgfykk gocwvbvlvk jf zkbp ãc wkczfqhcfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykloy, cfvyobojvlhzoykloy şk cfvyodoybockloy# Ghlkzhzfhgdkbkgć h pyojvwvlvk wkczfzkqhz fwzf jfzfybkchzć nfcfzkg pykc kczfybfjkvl

Mkn# 99Ghchlvl kockg şk gflf phzyvwvivckzćŧk pyozfkgf hlf whlf




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YCHb, –bhzykŧh‒ flkifyhzć jf cvglfvl cfvyocvlvk# Ãc mvcgŧkf jf zkpvl–bhzykŧfk‒ $YCHb+ vckk cfvyock }oy wkczfzkqh pfczyv ftpoyz bfjkhzoykftgkzhzoyk $hgfzklgolkcć, wfyozockcć, jophbkcć, pfpzkjf, hjyfchlkcć+, hlŧkk ‗

bfjkhzoyk kcdkikzoyk $NHIH ‗ hgkj nhbhhbkcoivzkykg, nlkgkcć+, khy hlŧkk ‗ bojvlhzoyk $fcjoymkcf+ whv doybock $HJD, YD, hjyfchlkcć, coyhjyfchlkcć+#Jfgk, wfgyfŧkh fwzf o pyopykfzhzf gobvcć zvzvyoy cfvyockloy, gv ftgfpŧkhgfloy gf jhv wkchpwf flfgzykgf, şk cv vch wpfgkmkgć gfloy gf pyojvg doybockwhv bojvlhzoyk# Gfk bhk bvlŧk bfwhnfyk gdkbkgk wvcz pfpzkjf hgzk}f jkcpvcgz jf }fjfyf ikolonkg h gćyoy wkczfqć fwzf jfzfybkchzć nfcfzkg# Jkc aogvlhgŧkvckloy gfloy zyfk ghzfnoykk jf bfwhnfyk1 cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyk, cfvyobo"jvlhzoyk şk cfvyodoybock, yfqvlzć cv cvbhk yfhgŧkklf mkqkolonkgf şk hgŧkvcklfgobpoyzhbfczhlf, gk şk phyzkgvlhykzćŧklf kcjk}kjvhlf şk gkygvbwzhcŧkhlf hlf

hgfwzoyh# H}écj ãc }fjfyf gocjkŧkochyfh yfgkpyogć lh ck}flvl gflvlfloy –ŧkczć‒ $hwvpyh gćyoyh hgŧkocfhqć+ h gfloy zyfk ghzfnoykk jf bfwhnfyk, vckkh}écj şk yol jf gomhgzoyk, pyfgvb şk bhyfh }hykfzhzf ikogdkbkgć h hgfwzoyh$wvcz gvcowgvzf pfwzf 800 jf pfpzkjf hgzk}f+, pvzfb h}fh o ftplkghŧkfgoc}fchiklć h jk}fywkzćŧkk gocwfgkcŧfloy jfzfybkchzf jf hgŧkvcklf loy#

Wfgyfŧkh bfwhnfykloy gdkbkgk fwzf vc pyogfw jkmfykz jf lh o yfnkvcf lhhlzh h wkwzfbvlvk cfy}ow, hwzmfl ãcgéz wf pohzf hjbkzf ftkwzfcŧh vcfk–hchzobkk gdkbkgf‒ h hgfwzvkh# Ãcwć, gfk bhk bvlŧk cfvyock pyojvg hzézcfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyk glhwkgk $ghzfgolhbkcf, hgfzklgolkch, hgkjvl nhbhhbkco"ivzkykg+, géz şk cfvyopfpzkjf hgzk}f gv yol , bhk gv wfhbć, bojvlhzoy#

Jfşk yolvyklf loy wvcz bvlzkplf, pfpzkjflf jkc WC wvcz ãc bhyf bćwvy ć kbplkghzf ãc jfzfybkchyfh gobpoyzhbfczvlvk# Ftkwzć cvbfyohwf wzvjkk ãchgfwz wfcw pf hckbhlf şk bvlzf oiwfy}hŧkk pf obvl iolch}# Bvlzf pfpzkjfwvcz kbplkghzf ãc gobpoyzhbfcz ãc boj jkyfgz, jhy gflf bhk bvlzf pykcfmfgzflf loy wfgvcjhyf pyojvwf hwvpyh gfczykloy cfy}oşk şk nlhcjfloy fcjogykcf# Vcflf pfpzkjf wvcz kbplkghzf ãc bfjkfyfh jvyfykk, hlzflf$opkokjflf+ ãc hchlnfqkf5 jfşk ãcgć kcwvmkgkfcz jfbocwzyhzf, hgŧkvcklfpoqkzk}f hlf vcoy pfpzkjf hwvpyh ghphgkzćŧkk jf bfboyhyf lh }olvczhyk, whv hyf}fckykk jvpć hbcfqkh yfzyonyhjć lh vckk iolch}k, wvcz kc}oghzf ãc jfwzvl jfbvlzf gfygfzćyk# Gdkhy şk ãc yfnlhyfh gobpoyzhbfczvlvk hlkbfczhy wvczkbplkghzf bhk bvlzf pfpzkjf, lfnćzvyh loy gv –gfczyvl mohbfk‒ mkkcjjfbocwzyhzć ãc vcflf ftpfykbfczf pf hckbhl# Ãc cvbfyohwf bfghckwbfdobfowzhqkgf, jf yfnlhyf h jk}fywfloy mvcgŧkk, pfpzkjflf cfvyobojvlhzohyfhv vc yol jfgkwk} hlćzvyk jf cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyk şk cfvyodoybock $vckk jkczyffk mkkcj zoz pfpzkjf+#

Cfvyomkiyklflf wvcz flfbfczf mkiyklhyf şk bkgyozvivlhyf ghyf hv, ãcpykbvl yécj, vc yol bfghckg phwk} şk, ãc hl joklfh yécj, vc yol jf wvpoyz şkbkalog jf zyhcwpoyz pf jkwzhcŧf lvcnk h }fqkgvlfloy gv bfjkhzoy jf lh logvl jf

wkczfqć bhaoy ć $goypvl gflvlhy+ lh logvl jf flkifyhyf $ivzockk zfybkchlk hk




67

htockloy+# Yolvl bfghckg phwk} hl cfvyomkiyklfloy $gh flfbfczf hphy ŧkcécjgkzowgdflfzvlvk+ }kqfhqć plhcvl fcfynfzkg hl cfvyocvlvk# Wf şzkf gć, pfczyvbfcŧkcfyfh moybfk whlf, gflvlh gdflzvkfşzf gv hzéz bhk bvlzć fcfynkf gv géz

fh fwzf bhk jfphyzf jf moybh wmfykgć# Cfvyockk wzflhŧk gv bvlzf ivgdfzfjfcjykzkgf, cvbkŧk şk bvlzkpolhyk, f}kzć gocwvbvl jf fcfynkf pfczyvbfcŧkcfyfh moybfk pykc jkwpvcfyfh kczfycć h cfvyomkiyklfloy ãc bćcvcgdkvykgf goc}fyn wpyf ihqh pyflvcnkykloy jfcjykzkgf şk jk}fyn ãc gkzoplhwbh wobfkwpyf jk}fywf pvcgzf jf wpykakc wkzvhzf pf mhŧh kczfycć h bfbiyhcfk# Ãc goypkkgflvlhyk jf moybć o}hlć $gflvlflf Pvyekcaf+ hwfbfcfh jkwpvcfyk hlfcfvyomkiyklfloy cv wf ãczélcfwg# Gć, lh ck}flvl htocvlvk, cfvyomkiyklflf hv şkvc hcvbf yol bfghckg yfpyfqkczć o gdfwzkvcf gf cv pohzf mk ckgk cfnhzć, jhy ckgk gocmkybhzć# Gvb pfczyv htoc kbpoyzhczć fwzf bfbiyhch $htolfbh+, ãc

lvcnvl gćyfkh wf yfhlkqfhqć pyophnhyfh PH, pyozfgŧkh bfghckgć zyfivkfhwknvyhzć ãc pykbvl yécj, hgfwzfkh, pykc fh hwknvyécjv"wf şk pyozfgŧkhhtoplhwbfk# O hwfbfcfh pyozfgŧkf, ãcwć, o yfhlkqfhqć gv bhk bvlzć fmkgkfcŧć moybhŧkvcfh gkzowgdflfzkgć wvibfbiyhchy ć şk ãc}flkşvl nlkhl şk gocavcgzk} şkcv vc bćcvcgdk jf cfvyomkiyklf jkwpvw ãc htoplhwbć, lh jkwzhcŧć jfbfbiyhcć# Lh ck}flvl htockloy cfvyomkiyklflf moybfhqć bćcvcgdkvyk$jkwpvcfyf phyhlflć+ ãc lvcnvl gćyoyh }fqkgvlflf gv bfjkhzoy wf jfplhwfhqć pykc hlvcfghyf mhgklkzhzć jkcwpyf goypvl gflvlhy wpyf ivzockk zfybkchlk vcjfwf hgvbvlfhqć zfbpoyhy $gh vc –zyhcwpoyz pf ghilv‒+# Pyogfwvl hy pvzfh mk

ihqhz pf moy ŧflf flfgzyowzhzkgf ftfygkzhzf ãczyf ãcgćygćzvyh flfgzyocfnhzk}ć hwvpyhmfŧfk gkzoplhwbhzkgf h bfbiyhcfk }fqkgvlhyf şk hcvbkzf pvcgzf jf pfcfvyomkiyklf ãcgćyghzf flfgzyopoqkzk}# Pykc hgfwz bfghckwb flfgzyowzhzkg wfpoz ftplkgh hzéz }kzfqh yflhzk} bhyf jf zyhcwpoyz, géz şk, ãc vcflf ghqvyk,wfcwvl hczknyh}kzhŧkochl hl hgfwzvkh#

Mhŧć jf ghphgkzhzfh jf wkczfqć pfczv ftpoyz $cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyk,bojvlhzoyk, doybock+ pf ghyf o jo}fjfşzf cfvyocvl gh gflvlć wfgyfzoykf,hphyhzvl Nolnk ‗ hl gćyvk yol pykcgkphl fwzf jf jfpoqkzhyf h pyojvwvlvk jfwfgyfŧkf ‗ hy zyfivk wć mkf bvlz bhk jfq}olzhz jfgéz fwzf ãc yfhlkzhzf#

Ftplkghŧkh hgfwzvk jfghlha gocwzć ãc mhpzvl gć ãc bhaoykzhzfh ghqvykloy,cfvyowfgyfŧkh fwzf pyojvwć ãc goypvl gflvlhy şk fwzf flkbkchzć lh polvl jfkfşkyf hl cfvyocvlvk $ivzocvl zfybkchl hl htocvlvk+ wkzvhz, jf yfnvlć, lhjkwzhcŧć mohyzf bhyf lh logvl wkczfqfk# Pykc vybhyf, pyojvşkk jf cfvyowfgyfŧkfwf }oy jfpoqkzh ãczy"o qocć géz bhk hpyopkhzć jf logvl jf flkifyhyf, hjkgć ãcivzockk zfybkchlk hk htockloy# Ãcwvbécj ghphgkzćŧklf jf jfpoqkzhyfyfpyfqfczhzf jf hphyhzvl Nolnk $bhk pvŧkc jfq}olzhz+ şk jf }fqkgvlflf jkcivzockk zfybkchlk hk htockloy $mohyzf cvbfyohwf+, wf havcnf lh o ghphgkzhzfzozhlć jf wzoghyf goyfwpvcqćzohyf yhpoyzvlvk }hloykg jkczyf ykzbvl jf wkczfqć şk jf flkifyhyf h cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykloy# Ãcgéz, zozhlkzhzfh }fqkgvlfloy jkc




6:

ivzockk zfybkchlk, gocŧkcécj pyojvşkk jf cfvyowfgyfŧkf, pohzf mk gocwkjfyhzć gh o moybć phyzkgvlhy ć jf oynhckqhyf h hphyhzvlvk Nolnk, pf lécnć gflpyopykv"qkw ftkwzfcz ãc goypvl gflvlhy hl cfvyocvlvk#

Gh oynhckz gflvlhy kbplkghz ãc bkşgćyklf gyoboqobkhlf jkc zkbpvljk}kqkvckk, gfczyoqobvl lkpwfşzf jkc cfvyocvl obvlvk hjvlz ãczyvgéz hgfwzhcv wf bhk jk}kjf# Cv wf bhk jk}kjf cv pfczyv gć fwzf cfvyoc ‗ lh bvlzfoynhckwbf hjvlzf hphy ŧkcécj wpfgkfk hckbhlf jkc glhwf jkmfykzf, gh şk lh obpécć lh o hcvbkzć }éywzć ãc jfq}olzhyfh oczonfcfzkgć, cfvyockk wf jk}kj ‗, gkpfczyv gć fwzf cfvyoc kczfnyhz ãczy"vc wkwzfb jf bhyf gobplftkzhzf, ãcmvcgŧkochyfh gćyvkh jk}kqkvcfh ‗ gh mfcobfc nyh} pfczyv gflvlć ‗ hy pyojvgf cvbfyohwf şk pyomvcjf gocwfgkcŧf cfnhzk}f ãc plhcvl mvcgŧkochlnfcfyhl hl oynhckwbvlvk# Jfjvgfb jf hkgk gć ãcwvşkyfh jf h wf jk}kjf fwzfpkfyjvzć jf cfvyoc pf phygvywvl f}olvŧkfk, pyonyfwk} şk phyhlfl gvgobplftkmkghyfh bojhlkzćŧkloy jf kczfnyhyf cfvyhlć şk ãc phyhlfl gvzhtocobkh mklonfcfzkgć h oynhckwbfloy# Pkfyjfyfh ghphgkzćŧkk jf jk}kqkvcffwzf gobpfcwhzć jf vc pfybhcfcz şk yhpkj zvyco}fy hl zvzvyoy gobpocfczfloy cfvyochlf#

KKK#9# Bfghckwbf kbplkghzf ãc hwknvyhyfh ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk cfvyocvlvk

Wpfgkmkgkzhzfh hgfwzoy bfghckwbf cv zyfivkf ãcŧflfhwć ãc wfcwvlftkwzfcŧfk loy ftglvwk} lh ck}flvl cfvyocvlvk, gk ãc hgflh hl jfq}olzćykk şkjk}fywkmkgćykk loy lh hgfwz ck}fl, hl pocjfykk gf o jfŧkc ãc yfhlkqhyfh

ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk gflfk bhk ykjkghzf şk h wkczfqfk şk flkify ćykk gvhczkmkghzf hcfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykloy, cfvyobojvlhzoykloy şk cfvyodoybockloy#

KKK# 9#8# Pobpf kockgf

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fwzf vc bfghckwb phwk}# Ãc yfhlkzhzf ãcwć, ãczyvgéznyhjkfczvl jf Ch% h mowz yfhlkqhz jf pobph jf Ch%"E % gv gocwvb jfHZP, hczkpoyzvl fwzf vc bfghckwb kcjkyfgz hgzk} $zyhcwpoyz hgzk} jfoyjkcvl KK+

Wohyzh gfloy jok kock zyhcwmfyhŧk pykc bfghckwbvl hczkpoyz fwzf

jkmfykzć# Kockk Ch% pćzyvcşk ãc gflvlć }oy mk ftpvlqhŧk jkc cov lh ftzfykoy jf pobph Ch%"E % hgzk}hzć jf pyfqfcŧh loy ãc ftgfw mhŧć jf gfykcŧflfdobfowzhqkgf, khy kockk D%, ftpvlqhŧk jkc gflvlć, }oy y ćbécf, ãc gfhbhk bhyf phyzf, hzhşhŧk flfgzyowzhzkg jf mhŧh ftzfycć h bfbiyhcfk $moy ŧhflfgzyowzhzkgć gf ãk yfŧkcf pyo}kcf hzéz jf lh nyvpćyklf dkjyomklf ftzfycfhlf bfbiyhcfk, géz şk jf lh flfgzyocfnhzk}kzhzfh kczfycć h gflvlfkpolhykqhzf+#

KKK# 9#7# Wkwzfbf fcqkbhzkgf lh ck}flvl bfbiyhcfk cfvyochlf

Lh ck}flvl bfbiyhcfk pfykplhwbhzkgf ftkwzć vc ionhzfgdkphbfcz fcqkbhzkg gv jk}fywf yolvyk ãc bfzhiolkwbvl şkmvcgŧkochyfh wpfgkmkgć h cfvyocvlvk# Pf lécnć hgŧkvcklf kcjk}kjvhlfhwvpyh hcvbkzoy wviwzhcŧf, fcqkbflf bfbiyhchlf hv lhynk jkpockik"lkzćŧk jf kczfyhgŧkvcf hzéz yfgkpyogć, géz şk gv fcqkbflf gkzoplhwbhzkgf,moybécj vc hcwhbilv ghzhlkzkg vckzhy pf ãczyfhnh gflvlć# Ãc ghjyvlhgfwzvkh wf poz jkwzkcnf wkwzfbf fcqkbhzkgf gh fczkzćŧk ghzhlkzkgf lfnhzfjf vc hwpfgz whv hlzvl hl bfzhiolkwbvlvk whv mvcgŧkkloy wpfgkmkgfãcjfplkckzf jf cfvyoc#

Mkn# 96Bfghckwbvl hczkpoyz Ch%/D%




=8

KKK# 9#7#8# Wkwzfbvl fcqkbhzkg fcfynfzkg $HZP"hqflf+

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KKK# 9#7#9# Wkwzfbvl fcqkbhzkg jf gobvckghyf

Kczfyyflhŧkklf fcqkbhzkgf lh ck}flvl bfbiyhcfk pfykplhwbhzkgf mhg

jkmkgklć jfphyzhahyfh ãczyf jk}fywflf ghzfnoykk johy ãc ihqh hgŧkvckk loy pykcgkphlf# Hwzmfl, gfl pvŧkc o phyzf jkc gflf gf gobpvc wkwzfbvl fcfynfzkg,hşh gvb wvcz HZP"hqflf Ch%E % şk Gh9% jfpfcjfczf, phyzkgkpécj lhyfhlkqhyfh pozfcŧkhlvlvk flfgzykg jf bfbiyhcć ‗ ãc ihqh gćyvkh wf hwknvy ć ftgkzhiklkzhzfh ‗, poz mk ãcghjyhzf şk ãc wkwzfbvl fcqkbhzkg jf gobvckghyf#Zozvşk, pćwzyécj hgflhşk gykzfykv hl hgŧkvckk pykcgkphlf, ãc hgfwz wkwzfb }obkczyojvgf johy hgflf fcqkbf ghyf ghzhlkqfhqć pyogfwf kbplkghzf jkyfgz ãcgobvckghyf, cv şk pf gflf gf hwknvy ć flkifyhyfh fcfynkfk cfgfwhyf hgfwzoyh#Jfşk wvcz bhk bvlzf wkwzfbf jf fcqkbf jf hgfwz zkp cf }ob opyk, pf wgvyz,

hwvpyh h jovć jkczyf flf, h gćyoy kbpoyzhcŧć o gocwkjfy ćb h mk bhk bhyf#Fwzf }oyih jf wkwzfbflf hjfcklhzgkglhqfk şk mowmhzkjklkcoqkzolekchqfk jf lhck}flvl bfbiyhcfk cfvyochlf şk h hlzoy gflvlf kbplkghzf ãc gobvckghyf hzézpykc kczfybfjkvl cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykloy şk wzkbvlkloy flfgzykgk, géz şk hlcfvyobojovlhzoykloy şk hl doybockloy#

KKK# 9#7#9#8" Wkwzfbvl hjfcklhzgkglhqfk

Lh polvl jf kczyhyf hl cfvyocvlvk bfwhnfykk jf oyjkcvl K$cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykk, gvyfczvl flfgzykg, cfvyobojvlhzoykk şk doybockk+




=9

jfzfybkcć yfnlhyfh, jkyfgz whv kcjkyfgz, h vcvk kbpoyzhcz pyogfw fcqkbhzkg1 mowmoyklhyfh şk jfmowmoyklhyfh hcvbkzoy pyozfkcf wpfgkmkgf# Hgŧkvcfh vcoy bfwhnfyk jf oyjkcvl K gocwzć ãc wzkbvlhyfh mowmoyklćykk, khy h hlzoyh ãc

wzkbvlhyfh jfmowmoyklćykk, jkc aogvl ghczkzhzk}"ghlkzhzk} hl loy yfqvlzécjpyogfwvl hjfg}ćykk hgŧkvckk mkqkolonkgf# Wfg}fcŧflf hgfwzoy pyogfwf wvczyfjhzf wvbhy ãc mkn# 9=#

Lfnhyfh bfwhnfyvlvk gdkbkg jf yfgfpzoyvl wpfgkmkg, oyk hgŧkvcfhgvyfczvlvk flfgzykg, jfzfybkcć hgzk}hyfh hjfcklhzgkglhqfk gh pykbć şk bhaoy ć wfg}fcŧć h lhcŧvlvk jf yfhgŧkk gf }oy vybh#

Mkn# 9=

Wkwzfbvl hjfcklhzgkglhqfk şk hgzk}kzhzfh mkqkolonkgć#bn K ‗ bfwhnfyk jf oyjkcvl ãczék5 bn KK ‗ bfwhnfyk jf oyjkcvl hljoklfh5 CZ ‗ cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoy5 D ‗ doyboc5 Y ‗ yfgfpzoy

Wvi hgŧkvcfh hjfcklhzgkglhqfk HZP"vl fwzf zyhcwmoybhz ãc HBPg

$hjfcoqkcbocomowmhzvl gkglkg+# Jhgć fwzf kbplkghz NZP"vl, }h lvh chşzfyf

NBPg $nvhcoqkcbocomowmhzvl gkglkg+# Ãc hlzf ghqvyk $whv phyhlfl gv




=7

pyojvgfyfh HBPg şk NBPg+ bfwhnfyvl jf oyjkcvl K jfzfybkcć $şk+flkifyhyfh kocvlvk Gh9% jf lh mhŧh kczfycć h bfbiyhcfk# HBPg, NBPg şk Gh9% ãcjfplkcfwg yolvl jf bfwhnfyk jf oyjkcvl KK, fk hgzk}écj vch jkc gflf jovć

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jfgéz gfl gf h wzkbvlhz pyozfkcekchqh#Pyozfkcflf wpfgkmkgf $bhwć jf 90 000 jhlzock+ gf poz mk mowmoyklhzf jfpyozfkcekchqflf H jfpfcjfczf jf HBPg, NBPg şk Gh9% wvcz mohyzf jkmfykzf şkcvbfyohwf $pfwzf >0 lh ck}flvl cfvyockloy+, gffh gf ftplkgć bhyfh }hykfzhzfh fmfgzfloy ãc plhc mvcgŧkochl# Flf poz mk pyozfkcf"ghchl, pyozfkcf"yfgfpzoy,pyozfkcf"zyhcwpoyzoy whv pyozfkcf"fcqkbf, mkfghyf ghzfnoykf gvpykcqécj bhkbvlzf zkpvyk# Pfczyv ftfbplkmkghyf, yfgfpzoykk ckgozkckgk hk hgfzklgolkcfk wvczjf bhk bvlzf zkpvyk $hlmh, ifzh, nhbh fzg#+ zogbhk ãczyvgéz mowmoyklhyfh loy,pykc ghyf wvcz hgzk}hŧk, fwzf pyojvwć, pfczyv vckk, jf pyozfkcekchqh

jfpfcjfczć jf HBPg, pfczyv hlŧkk jf gfh jfpfcjfczć jf Gh9%

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hgfwz pyogfw bkalogfşzf g}hwkzozhlkzhzfh hgzk}kzćŧkloy mkqkolonkgf jf lh ck}flvlcfvyockloy, gh o ghlf mkchlć gobvcć hcnhahzć ãc bojvyk jkmfykzf şkjfzfybkcécj gocwfgkcŧf jkmfykzf# Ãc hgfwzf bojhlkzćŧk gflvlh y ćwpvcjf pykchgzk}kzćŧk mkqkolonkgf wpfgkmkgf lh hgŧkvcfh wzkbvlkloy#

KKK# 9#7#9#9# Wkwzfbvl mowmhzkjklkcoqkzolekchqfk

Hgfwz hl joklfh bhyf wkwzfb fcqkbhzkg gv oyknkcf bfbiyhchy ć jfzfybkcć, ãc gflf jkc vybć, zoz mowmoyklhyfh pyozfkcfloy wpfgkmkgf, ãcwć hlzflfjfgéz gflf jkc wkwzfbvl hjfcklhzgkglhqfk# Wgdfbh wkwzfbvlvk fwzf yfjhzć ãc

mkn# 9>#




=:

Cvbfyohwf wfbchlf ftzyhgflvlhyf $cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyk, wzkbvlkflfgzykgk, bojvlhzoyk şk doybock+ jfzfybkcć hgzk}hyfh fcqkbfk mowmhzk"jklkcoqkzolekchqfk ghyf jfnyhjfhqć mowmolkpkjvl $mowmoyklhz+ jkc bfbiyhcć,

jfnyhjhyf ãc vybh gćyfkh yfqvlzć jovć gocwfgkcŧf 1 flkifyhyfh jf Gh9%

jkcwzogvl bfbiyhchy şk moybhyfh jf jkhgklnlkgfyol#Hzéz Gh9%, géz şk jkhgklnlkgfyolvl, jhy pf gćk şk bojhlkzćŧk wfphyhzf şk

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hczhnockgć ãczyf gflf jovć wkwzfbf fcqkbhzkgf, jfşk, ãc vcflf ghqvyk, flf wfpoz bhckmfwzh gh wkcfynkgf#

Pyozfkcflf wviwzyhz hwvpyh gćyoyh hgŧkocfhqć pyozfkcekchqflf G wvcz

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Gflf jovć pyozfkcekchqf ‗ H şk G ‗ jfglhcşfhqć hgzk}kzćŧk mkqkolonkgfjkmfykzf pykc mowmoyklhyfh vcoy pyozfkcf jkmfykzf $90 şk :0 E+# Gfk bhk bvlŧkcfvyock phy wć jfŧkcć pyozfkcf"yfgfpzoy jkc hbiflf ghzfnoykk, hgzk}hyfh

Mkn# 9>

Wkwzfbvlmowmhzkjklkcoqkzolekchqfk şkhgzk}kzhzfh mkqkolonkgć#CZ ‗ cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoy5D ‗ doyboc5Y ‗ yfgfpzoy#




=6

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KKK# 9#:# Wkwzfbvl yfgfpzoy hl bfbiyhcfk

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Zogbhk hgfhwzć wpfgkmkgkzhzf wzfyfogdkbkgć jfzfybkcć bhyfh }hykfzhzf

h yfgfpzoykloy bfbiyhchyk# Bfbiyhch cfvyochlć jfŧkcf, gh şk hgffh h hlzoy gflvlf, zyfk ghzfnoykk jf yfgfpzoyk1 h+ pfczyv cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyk, i+ pfczyvdoybock şk g+ pfczyv cfvyobojvlhzoyk, mkfghyf ghzfnoykf mkkcj moybhzć jkcbhk bvlzf }hykhczf#

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hlf lfnćykk cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyvlvk jf yfgfpzoyvl wpfgkmkg wvcz1 h+ jfwgdkjfyfh

Mkn# 94Wgdfbh jk}fywfloy zkpvyk wzfykgf jfyfgfpzoyk $Y+bfbiyhchyk




==

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ekchqflf H şk G+, jfzfybkcć vch whv hlzh jkc hgzk}kzćŧklf mkqkolonkgf#Yfgfpzoykk pfczyv cfvyobojvlhzoyk, jfşk wkbklhyk gv pyfgfjfcŧkk ghoynhckqhyf şk pykcgkpkv kczfyhgzk}, wf jfowfifwg mvcjhbfczhl jf hgfşzkh pykcmhpzvl gć, ãc yfhlkzhzf, fk cv wfy}fwg jfglhcşćykk pyogfwfloy mkqkolonkgf, gkbojvlćykk hgfwzoyh# Vcfoyk hgfhwzć bojvlhyf fwzf hzéz jf gobplftć ãcgézpyogfwvl ãcwvşk fwzf pyokfgzhz jkc wmfyh mkqkolonkgvlvk ãc hgffh hpwkdolonkgvlvk# Pykc hgzk}hyfh loy wvi hgŧkvcfh wviwzhcŧfloy bojvlhzohyf, ãcnfcfyhl cfvyopfpzkjf, wf hwknvy ć pyogfwf gh bfboykh, bozk}hŧkh,hmfgzk}kzhzfh, pfywochlkzhzfh gdkhy $h wf }fjfh bhk wvw phyhnyhmvl jfwpyfpyozfkcflf"yfgfpzoy hlf bfbiyhcfk cfvyocvlvk şk gfl jfwpyf cfvyopfpzkjf+#

KKK# 9#6# Bfghckwbvl jf mvcgŧ kochyf h ghchlvlvk kockg

Hgfhwzć pyoilfbć wf yfjvgf, jf mhpz, lh bfghckwbvl ãcgdkjfykk şkjfwgdkjfykk ghchlfloy jf Ch% ftzyhpolécjv"wf, hpok şk lh gflflhlzf ghchlf#Ftkwzć cvbfyohwf jfzhlkk ikogdkbkgf gv pyk}kyf lh gobpocfczflf bolfgvlhyfhlf ghchlfloy kockgf, jhy, ãc gffh gf pyk}fşzf wzyvgzvyh loy, bojvl gvb hgfwzfgobpocfczf kczfyhgŧkocfhqć hwknvyécj mvcgŧkochyfh hcwhbilvlvk, lvgyvyklfwvcz ãcgć jfphyzf jf h mk gvcowgvzf, zohzf ftplkghŧkklf omfykzf jfbfbiyhcolonk mkkcj ihqhzf pf kpozfqf# Mhpzvl gć vcflf jkc hgfwzf kpozfqf

gocŧkc flfbfczf wzy ćkcf lonkgkk ikolonkgf wf jhzoyfhqć, ãc bhyf bćwvy ć,hioyjćykk plvykjkwgkplkchyf şk cv kczfyjkwgkplkchyf h hgfwzfk pyoilfbf wkzvhzć ãc jobfckvl bkgyogowbowvlvk gflvlhy# Jkc cvbfyohwflf bojflf ftplkghzk}f}ob pyfqfczh johy jovć1 vcvl, pfczyv gć fwzf bhk lhyn hggfpzhz pykczyfwpfgkhlkşzk, gflćlhlz, pfczyv gć fwzf bhk hpyohpf jf lonkgh mkqkolonkgć#

KKK# 9#6#8# Bojflvl ihykfyfloy $poy ŧ kloy+

Poyckcj jf lh gocwzhzhyfh gć o wgdkbihyf ãc wfcw poqkzk} h }olzhavlvkbfbiyhchy kckŧkhqć bkşgćyk zyhcwbfbiyhchyf phwk}f hlf kockloy Ch% $şk E %+,

w"h hjbkw $8;69+ gć hgzk}kzhzfh ghchlfloy fwzf goczyolhzć jf wzyvgzvyk jf




=>

–pohyzć‒ ãcgćyghzf flfgzykg ghyf ãşk bojkmkgć poqkŧkh gh y ćwpvcw lh hcvbkzfwgdkbićyk ãc gébpvl flfgzykg hl bfbiyhcfk# Jfq}olzćyklf vlzfykohyf hlfhgfwzfk kpozfqf hv kbpvw gv cfgfwkzhzf flhioyhyfh vcvk bojfl hl ghchlvlvk

ghyf wć goyfwpvcjć powzvlhzfloy hgfwzfkh#Ãc lvbfcvl ghchlvlvk $mkn# 9;+ hy ftkwzh o qocć jf wflfgzk}kzhzf,yfpyfqfczhzć pykczy"o –wzyébzohyf‒ ãcgćyghzć flfgzyocfnhzk}, ghyf hy hjbkzfzyfgfyfh kockloy ãc mvcgŧkf jf whygkcć $cvbhk ghzkock+ şk jf jkbfcwkvck cvbhkCh%, ãc vcflf ghchlf şk cvbhk E %, ãc hlzflf, gfk jok kock h}écj jkbfcwkvckjkmfykzf+#

Ãc phyzfh kcmfykohy ć h ghchlvlvk wf jkwpvc jovć ihykfyf ghyf hwknvy ć mvcgŧkochyfh pyopykv"qkwć h ghchlvlvk, vch jf kchgzk}hyf şk hlzh jf hgzk}hyf#

Wgdkbićyklf ãc poqkŧkklf ihykfyfloy wvcz jfzfybkchzf jf bkşgćyklf

kczyhbfbiyhchyf hlf vcoy pvyzćzoyk jf whygkcć, bkşgćyk jfglhcşhzf jfwgdkbićyklf }olzhavlvk bfbiyhchy# Ãc wzhyfh jf yfphvw pvyzćzoykk jf whygkcć kczyhbfbiyhchyk wvcz wkzvhŧk ãc qoch kczfycć h bfbiyhcfk, ihykfyh jfkchgzk}hyf fwzf jfwgdkwć, khy gfh jf hgzk}hyf ãcgdkwć# Gécj }olzhavlbfbiyhchy jf}kcf bhk poqkzk}, wvi kcmlvfcŧh wzkbvlvlvk, pvyzćzoykk jf

whygkcć kczyhbfbiyhchyk wf jfplhwfhqć wpyf mhŧh ftzfycć h bfbiyhcfk,nfcfyécj bkgk gvyfcŧk kczyhbfbiyhchyk wpyf ftzfykoy şk, gh vybhyf, wfjfwgdkjf ihykfyh jf hgzk}hyf, ghchlvl zyfgf ãc wzhyf jfwgdkwć şk jf}kcfhggfwkikl kockloy Ch% hjbkşk jf mklzyvl jf wflfgzk}kzhzf# Kcmlvtvl kockloy Ch% pykc ghchl nfcfyfhqć vc gvyfcz wpyf ftzfykoy jfwgykw jf o gvyić wknbokjć jhzoykzć ãcgdkjfykk pyonyfwk}f h ihykfyfk jf kchgzk}hyf, gfh jf hgzk}hyfy ćbécécj ãc goczkcvhyf jfwgdkwć# Ãc hgfhwzć mhqć oykgf hlzć }hykhŧkf ãc wfcwpoqkzk} $jfpolhykqhcz+ h }olzhavlvk bfbiyhchy cv wf ãcwoŧfşzf jf vc cov mlvtkockg pykc ghchl, hgfwzh mkkcj kchgzk}hz# Gécj }olzhavl bfbiyhchy wf yfmhgf

$yfpolhykqhyf+, lh o hcvbkzć }hlohyf h hgfwzvkh, pvyzćzoykk kczyhbfbiyhchyk

Mkn# 9;Bojflvl ihykfyfloy

$poy ŧkloy+ãc mvcgŧkochyfhghchlvlvk kockg




=4

jf whygkcć wf jfplhwfhqć wpyf mhŧh kczfycć h bfbiyhcfk, nfcfyécj bkgkgvyfcŧk kczyhbfbiyhchyk wpyf kczfykoy şk, gh vybhyf, wf jfwgdkjf ihykfyh jfkchgzk}hyf şk wf ãcgdkjf gfh jf hgzk}hyf, ghchlvl zyfgécj ãc wzhyf ãcgdkwć,

wpfgkmkgć mhqfk jf yfphvw#Yfbhygćb gć gflf zyfk wzćyk hlf ghchlvlvk1 ãcgdkwć, jfwgdkwć şkkchgzk}ć wvcz jfjvwf jkc bkşgćyklf kockgf jf lh ck}flvl ghchlvlvk# Fwzfgocwkjfyhz ãc wzhyf jfwgdkwć hgfl ghchl pykc ghyf gvynf fmfgzk} vc gvyfczkockg# Ghchlflf ghyf cv wvcz jfwgdkwf bkşgćykloy kockgf, jhy wvczghphiklf wć wf jfwgdkjć, wvcz cvbkzf ghchlf ãcgdkwf# Ghchlflf pykc ghyf,jfşk cv wvcz ãcgdkwf, cv wf pfzyfg bkşgćyk kockgf wvcz ãc wzhyf kchgzk}hzć $jf ftfbplv, vc ghchl jf Ch% fwzf jfwgdkw jf o }hykhŧkf ãc wfcwjfpolhykqhcz pyojvwć jkc ftzfykoy şk pykc fl wf wgvyn kock wpfgkmkgk5 jhgć

jfpolhykqhyfh wf pyflvcnfşzf ãc zkbp hzvcgk, jfşk ghchlvl ãcgć cv w"hãcgdkw, zogbhk jhzoykzć jfpolhykqćykk bfcŧkcvzf, pykc fl cv wf bhk wgvynkock, ghchlvl mkkcj kchgzk}hz+# Zohzf ghchlflf zyfg jkc wzhyfh jfwgdkwć ãcwzhyfh kchgzk}ć ãchkczf jf h wf ãczohygf lh wzhyfh ãcgdkwć#

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jfzfybkcć jfwgdkjfyfh, khy gyfşzfyfh $yfpolhykqhyfh+ ‗ ãcgdkjfyfhghchlfloy jf Ch%# Gflf lknhcj"jfpfcjfczf zyfg ãc wzhyfh jfwgdkwć ghvybhyf h lfnćykk vcvk lknhcj phyzkgvlhy ‗ ãc boj coybhl vccfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoy, ‗ şk ãc wzhyfh ãcgdkwć gh vybhyf h ãcjfpćyzćykklknhcjvlvk# Hgfhwzć bojhlkzhzf pyfwvpvcf ftkwzfcŧh vcoy yfgfpzoykwpfgkmkgk# Jfşk gflf jovć bojhlkzćŧk ‗ }olzha şk lknhcj"jfpfcjfczf ‗ cvwf ftglvj yfgkpyog, ‗ gflf bhk bvlzf ghchlf molowfwg cvbhk vch jkczyfhgfwzfh#

KKK# 9#6#9# Bojflvl oglvqć ykk $mkn# 70+

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/D%# Kockk D% ftpvlqhŧk jkc gflvlć y ćbéc lh kczfymhŧh bfbiyhcć ‗ kczfywzkŧkvjkc jovć bozk}f1 wvcz hzyhşk lh bfbiyhcć jf flfgzyocfnhzk}kzhzfh qocfk$jhzć hzéz jf ghpfzflf dkjyomklf hlf mowmolkpkjfloy, géz şk jf gébpvl hckockloy

oynhckgk ‗ H jkc gkzoplhwbć+ şk yfwpkcşk, zoz wpyf bfbiyhcć, jf




=;

flfgzyopoqkzk}kzhzfh kockloy Ch% ghczochŧk ãc qoch kczfywzkŧkhlć hjkhgfczć,ãczyvgéz pyozockk wvcz fafgzhŧk cvbhk jvpć wgohzfyfh kockloy jf Ch% şk gvgocgvyfcŧh hgfwzfkh#

Mkn# 70 Bojflvl oglvqćykk ãc mvcgŧkochyfh ghchlvlvk kockg

Ghpfzflf ftzfycf hlf pyozfkcfk ghchl $nvyh ftzfycć h ghchlvlvk+, jkcghvqh jfcwkz

ćŧkk bhyk h kockloy jf D% $pD ‗ hgkj+, }oy joiécjk vc

gobpoyzhbfcz ihqkg şk, ãc hgfhwzć wzhyf, }oy bhckmfwzh o pvzfyckgć hmkckzhzfpfczyv kocvl Gh9% jkc ftzfykoy, koc bfzhlkg gv vc pyocvcŧhz ghyhgzfy hgkj#Kocvl Gh9% pohzf omfyk wpyf lknhcjhyf gv pyozfkcflf jovć pécć lh şhwflfnćzvyk gooyjkchzk}f# Pvcgzflf hgzk}f hlf wvivckzćŧkloy pyozfkgf omfykzf wpyflknhcjhyf mkkcj jkwpvwf pf bhynkcfh kczfycć h nvykk ghchlvlvk, lfnhyfhkocvlvk Gh9% }h jvgf lh oglvqhyfh hgfwzfkh, ãczogbhk gh hşfqhyfh pf fh hvcvk –ghphg‒# Zćykh lfnćzvykloy jkczyf Gh9% şk lknhcqkk pyozfkgk, pykc ghyf wfjfgkjf wzhiklkzhzfh gobplftvlvk oynhcobfzhlkg moybhz, jfpkcjf, ãc pykbvl

yécj, jf zćykh gv ghyf wf bhckmfwzć ghyhgzfyvl ihqkg hl pyozfkcfk ghchl# Gvb,ãcwć, ghyhgzfyvl ihqkg hl pyozfkcfk fwzf mvcgŧkf jf jfcwkzhzfh kockloy D% jf lhmhŧh ftzfycć h bfbiyhcfk, khy jfcwkzhzfh hgfwzoyh fwzf jfzfybkchzć jfnyhjkfczvl jf Ch% nfcfyhz jf pobpć, wf pohzf hmkybh gć cv cvbhk moybhyfh,gk şk wzhiklkzhzfh gobplfgşkloy oynhcobfzhlkgk moybhŧk lh nvyh ghchlvlvkjfpkcj jf hgzk}kzhzfh pobpfk jf Ch%"E %#

Jhgć ãcgdkjfyfh ghchlvlvk kockg pykc oglvqhyf fwzf gocjkŧkochzć jfghyhgzfyvl ihqkg hl pyozfkcfloy, hzvcgk jfwgdkjfyfh lvk }h mk powkiklć, ãcpykbvl yécj, pykc hcvlhyfh hgfwzvk ghyhgzfy ghyf wf pohzf yfhlkqh mkf jkyfgz

pykc ãclćzvyhyfh ghvqfk ghyf l"h jfzfybkchz $ h kockloy D%+, mkf kcjkyfgz pykc




>0

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mvcgŧkochyfh hczkpoyzvlvk Ch% /D%5‗ Zhpfzécj mhŧh ftzfycć h bfbiyhcfk kockk D% jfzfybkcć ghyhgzfyvl

ihqkg hl pyozfkcfloy5

‗ kocvl Gh9%

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pyozfkcfloy jvgécj lh jfwmhgfyfh gobplftvlvk şk jfnhahyfh nvykk ghchlvlvk$ghchl ãc wzhyf jfwgdkwć+5

‗ gézć }yfbf pyozfkch cv yf}kcf lh gobpoyzhbfczvl fk ihqkg jf ohcvbkzć zćykf gobplfthyfh Gh9% cv fwzf powkiklć, ghchlvl y ćbécécj jfwgdkw

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_____________ 8 Ãc gflf gf vybfhqć jkc bhzfykhlvl jf mhŧć cf }ob molowk ãc ftplkghŧkk

jf bojflvl oglvqćykk#




>8

KKK# 9#=# Bfghckwbf kbplkghzf ãc yfhlkqhyfh wfgyfŧ kfk cfvyochlf

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lh kczfymfŧf $cfvyoc"cfvyoc, cfvyoc"fmfgzoy+, h mowz ãbivcćzćŧkzć hzéz pykczy"olhynć jk}fywkmkghyf bolfgvlhy ć h bfwhnfykloy, géz şk pykczy"o hggfczvhzć gvhczkmkghyf h flkify ćykk loy#

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>9

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>7

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>6

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>>

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40

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49

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47

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46

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44

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KKK# ># Vqvyh şk bohyzfh cfvyockloy

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wvggfwk}f# Ãc hgfwz boj cfvyocvl fwzf bfcŧkcvz pfczyv bvlzć }yfbf lh




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;0

K]# CFVYOCVL ‗ GOBPOCFCZĉH WKWZFBVLVKGKIFYCFZKG FLFBFCZHY

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K]# 8# Polhykzhzfh mvcgŧkochlć h cfvyocvlvk

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Mkn# :0# Polhykzhzfh mvcgŧkochlć h cfvyocvlvk# KCP ‗ kczy ćyk5 OVZP ‗ kfşkyk




;8

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K]# 8#8# Goczyolvl polvlvk jf kczyhyf

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ftzfycf hlf ghchlfloy şk zyfgfyfh hgfwzoyh ãc wzhyfh ãcgdkwć#




;9

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kckŧkhl $mkn# :8 J+ jhzoykzć mvcgŧkocćykk kcfy ŧkhlf h pobpfk ghyf wpoyfşzf hwzmflnyhjvl jf mfybkzhzf h ãcgdkjfykk hgfwzoyh#Goczyolvl lh ck}fl wkwzfbkg wf yfhlkqfhqć pykc bojkmkghyfh

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ghchlfloy mhŧć jf kockk Gh9%

, bojkmkghyfh qochlć h jfcwkzćŧkk ghchlfloy kockgf




;7

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–hcvlhyf‒ zfbpoyhy ć h ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk bfbiyhcfk, jfgk o iloghyf h kczy ćykkwfbchlfloy#Vc yol kbpoyzhcz ãc yfhlkqhyfh goczyolvlvk wkwzfbkg ãl hv gflf jovć

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K]# 8#8#8# Gojkmkghyfh wfbchlfloy lh ck}flvl qocfk jf kczyhyf

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800

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808

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809

]# HYGVL YFMLFT GH WKWZFB GKIFYCFZKG

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807

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wpkcćykk5 F ‗ fmfgzoy

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80:

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]# 8#8#8#:# Hjfg}hyfh yfgfpzoykloy

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890

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898

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899

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897

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89:

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hcvbkzć pkfyjfyf, kcwfcwkiklć lh o wkcnvy ć zyhcwbkzfyf zyhcwkchpzkgć, jhy yfbhyghiklć lh zyfgfyfh wvggfwk}ć pykc bhk bvlzf, pozfcŧkhlflf lh kfşkyf }oy mkcv cvbhk bvlzkplkghzf, gk şk jkbkcvhzf pyonyfwk} ãc hbplkzvjkcf pécć lh o}hlohyf gf jf}kcf kcfmkgkfczć $wvilvbkchzć+# Ãc gkygvkzflf jf hgfwz zkp, wf pozkczfyghlh şk cfvyock kcdkikzoyk $mkn# 6: F, CK+# Fwfcŧkhl ãczy"o hwfbfcfh ivglć fwzf mhpzvl gć cfvyocvl kcdkikzoy hyf o ftgkzhiklkzhzf bhk yfjvwć jfgéz zoŧkcfvyockk ftgkzhzoyk jkc gkygvkz# Gécj kczfcwkzhzfh wfbchlvlvk W lh kczyhyf fwzfkcmfykohy ć pyhnvlvk jf ftgkzhiklkzhzf hl cfvyocvlvk kcdkikzoy hgfwzh cv }h mkjfpolhykqhz şk gkygvkzvl }h mvcgŧkoch ãc boj coybhl# Jhgć, ãcwć, }hlohyfhwfbchlvlvk W gyfşzf pécć lh hzkcnfyfh pyhnvlvk wpfgkmkg hgfwzvkh, fl }h mkjfpolhykqhz şk }h flkifyh bfjkhzoyvl kcdkikzoy $ftfbplv NHIH+ ilogécjzyhcwbkzfyfh lh ck}flvl wkchpwfk şk hwzmfl ãc ãczyfnvl gkygvkz# Ãc hgfwz boj,ivglh ãc ghyf fwzf kczfnyhz cfvyocvl kcdkikzoy mvcgŧkocfhqć gh vc wvigkygvkzjf pyozfgŧkf pfczyv ãczyfnvl hcwhbilv, ilogécj zyfgfyfh wfbchlfloy gfjfpćşfwg o hcvbkzć kczfcwkzhzf şk myfg}fcŧć#

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879

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Mkn# 66Kczfyyflhŧkk coc"wkchpzkgf ãczyf jok

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gffh gf fwzf phy ŧkhl hjf}ćyhz ‗, cv oykgf hnlobfyhyf jf goypk gflvlhyk hyf}hlohyf jf gfczyv# Pfczyv h pvzfh mk jfmkckz fwzf cfgfwhy ć yhpoyzhyfh hgfwzvkhlh wgdfbh gkifycfzkgć h hygvlvk yfmlft hzéz ãc plhcvl hlgćzvkykk, géz şk hlwzyvgzvykk whlf# Jkc hgfwz vcndk jf pyk}kyf, ãczyf zfybfcvl jf gfczyv cfy}ow şkhgflh jf wfnbfcz gfczyhl hl hygvlvk yfmlft fwzf o f}kjfczć wkbklkzvjkcf, cvãcwć şk kjfczkzhzf# Kcmoybhŧkklf jf lh yfgfpzoy wvcz zykbkwf pykc ghchlflf

pvyzćzohyf lh wfnbfczvl gfczyhl vcjf, gh vybhyf h pyflvgy ćykk loy wpfgkmkgf,wf flhioyfhqć gobhcjh jfwzkchzć fmfgzoyvlvk# Jfwgykfyfh fwzf lh ck}fl jfpykcgkpkv jf oynhckqhyf h vcvk hyg yfmlft ãc nfcfyhl# Jhy hyg yfmlft –ãcnfcfyhl‒ cv ftkwzć, gk johy hygvyk gocgyfzf hlgćzvkzf jkc moybhŧkvck wzykgzloghlkqhzf şk ikcf jfmkckzf, oynhckqhzf ãc gffh gf bhk wvw hb cvbkz –hygyfmlft wvpyhflfbfczhy‒, ãc ghyf gfl flfbfczhy fwzf phyzf# Kczfnyhyfh yfhlkqhzć lh ck}flvl vcvk hyg yfmlft yfhl jkc oynhckwb fwzf vc pyogfw bvlz bhkgobplft jfgéz wkbplh yfhgŧkf jf y ćwpvcw lh hgŧkvcfh vcvk wzkbvl# Yfzyhnfyfhbfbiyvlvk wvpfykoy lh goczhgzvl gv vc oikfgz mkfyikczf fwzf johy o lhzvy ć h

kczfny ćykk ãc hgfwz wfcw# Fh h mowz pyfgfjhzć jf pyogfwf }fnfzhzk}f$hgzk}kzhzfh ghyjko}hwgvlhy ć, yfwpkyhzoykf, fcjogykcć fzg#+ gf mhg powkiklć goczyhgŧkh bvwgvlhy ć ãc oykghyf bobfcz $nlvgoqć, otknfc, ghzfgolhbkcffzg#+ şk }h mk vybhzć jf hlzflf jf zkp wkbklhy pykc ghyf wf ãclćzvy ć fmfgzflfpyojvwf, kcglvwk} yfmhgfyfh HZP"vlvk# Jhgć wvwzyhnfyfh jkc mhŧh vcvk pfykgolwhv hlzf bozk}f kbpvcf kczyhyfh ãc hgŧkvcf h bhk bvlzoy lhcŧvyk bvwgvlhyfpf jvyhzć bhk lvcnć $hlfynhyf+, hzvcgk gdkhy ãc zkbpvl yfhlkqćykk hgŧkvckklogobozoykk hgzk}kzhzfh jf kczfnyhyf jf}kcf şk bhk gobplftć hzéz ãc plhcvlwobhzkg hl gooyjocćykk şk yfnlćykk hgŧkvckk ãc wkcf, géz şk ãc plhcvl }fnfzhzk} hl

hwknvy ćykk gocjkŧkkloy cfgfwhyf hgfwzfkh# Hwfbfcfh hgŧkvck jf o bhyfgobplftkzhzf, kbplkgécj phyzkgkphyfh gocgobkzfczć şk wvggfwk}ć ãczy"ohcvbkzć oyjkcf h cvbfyohwf hcwhbilvyk jf hygvyk yfmlftf wobhzkgf şk}fnfzhzk}f kbpvc gv cfgfwkzhzf loghlkqhyfh nyvphzć h wfnbfczfloy gfczyhlfhlf zvzvyoy hgfwzoyh pfczyv h wf pvzfh hwknvyh pyflvgyhyfh gfczyhlkqhzć hkcmoybhŧkkloy şk, gh vybhyf, flhioyhyfh gobfcqkloy gfloy bhk pozyk}kzf jkcbhk bvlzf powkiklf# O hwfbfcfh nyvphyf vckzhy ć h wfnbfczfloy gfczyhlf hlfhygvykloy yfmlftf hyf }hlohyf jf gfczyv cfy}ow#

Jhgć pyk}kb hgvb pyoilfbh jkc pfywpfgzk}h ãczyfnvlvk oynhckwb şk

h}fb ãc }fjfyf zohzf hgŧkvcklf jf oykgf zkp pf ghyf hgfwzh lf pohzf ãcjfplkck




874

ãc jk}fywf ãbpyfavy ćyk, pyfgvb şk mhpzvl gć wvczfb ãc mhŧh vcvk wkwzfb vckzhy,h vcfk fczkzćŧk hlf gćyfk hgzk}kzćŧk cv poz mk jfgéz gofyfczf şk vckzhyf, poyckcjjf lh zohzf hgfwzfh hy zyfivk gh, pfczyv hwknvyhyfh pyflvgy ćykk gfczyhlkqhzf h

zvzvyoy kcmoybhŧkkloy şk flhioy ćykk gobfcqkloy opzkbf ãc oykghyf qocć fmfgzohyf, wfnbfczfloy gfczyhlf hlf zvzvyoy hygvykloy yfmlftf jkc oynhckwb wć wf jkwpvcć lh hgflhşk ck}fl, jfgk wć wf nyvpfqf ãczy"vc wkcnvy gfczyv cfy}ow#Fwzf fthgz gffh gf nćwkb ãc oynhckwb( Hgfwz gfczyv fwzf wgohy ŧh gfyfiyhlć#

Jhgć wgohy ŧh gfyfiyhlć fwzf gfczyvl cfy}ow vckg lh ck}flvl gćyvkh wvczpyfqfczf wfnbfczflf gfczyhlf hlf zvzvyoy hygvykloy yfmlftf wvpyhflfbfczhyfhlf oynhckwbvlvk hzvcgk, jkc hgfwz bozk}, fh jfŧkcf wvpyfbhŧkh ãc pyogfwvlnfcfyhl hl kczfny ćykk# Mkkcj ãc hgfhwzć kpowzhqć wgohy ŧh, gh gfczyv cfy}ow vckg,

}h flhioyh oykgf gobhcjć cvbhk ãc ihqh pyflvgy ćykk zvzvyoy kcmoybhŧkkloy havcwf ãczy"vc bobfcz jhz lh ck}flvl fk, kcjkmfyfcz jhgć hgfwzfh pyo}kc jkcyfhlkzhzfh zy ćkzć $hgzvhlć+ whv jfah zy ćkzć $bfboyhzć gh ftpfykfcŧć+# Gvbhgfwzf pyogfwf gobplftf kbplkgć vc gocwvb yflhzk} bhyf jf zkbp, jhzoyhzcvbćyvlvk wpoykz jf wkchpwf, y ćwpvcwvyklf fmfgzoykloy lh hgŧkvcklf wzkbvlkloy,jfşk wvpfykohyf ghlkzhzk}, hy wvy}fck gv o ãczéyqkfyf gf hy pvzfh yfjvgf whvgdkhy hcvlh fmkgkfcŧh kczfny ćykk, ãczyvgéz cv wvcz pvŧkcf wkzvhŧkklf ãc ghyfpfczyv oynhckwb fwzf bhk kbpoyzhczć pyobpzkzvjkcfh jfgéz ghlkzhzfhy ćwpvcwvlvk# Jfwknvy, fmkgkfcŧh bhtkbć h kczfny ćykk yfqvlzć cvbhk jkc

y ćwpvcwvyk pyobpzf şk jf ghlkzhzf# Jhy, ãczyf hgfwzf hzykivzf hlf y ćwpvcwvlvkftkwzć o goczyhjkgŧkf1 pyobpzkzvjkcfh cv pohzf mk hwknvyhzć jfgéz jf hygvykyfmlftf gv vc cvbćy bkckb powkikl jf cfvyock $wkchpwf pvŧkcf+, gffh gfjvgf lh pkfyjfyk ãc plhcvl ghlkzćŧkk, khy ghlkzhzfh jf hygvyk yfmlftf gv vc cvbćy bhtkb jf cfvyock $wkchpwf cvbfyohwf+, gffh gf jvgf lh pkfyjfyk ãc plhcvlpyobpzkzvjkckk# Gh vybhyf, gflf jovć hzykivzf cv poz mk gocmfykzf y ćwpvcwvlvklh wzkbvlk ckgk ãc hgflhşk zkbp, ckgk jf hgflhşk gfczyv# Jf hkgk cfgfwkzhzfh gh,pf lécnć gfczyvl goyzkghl, ghyf hwknvy ć ghlkzhzfh bhtkbć h y ćwpvcwvykloy wć ftkwzf ‗ pfczyv hgffhşk hgŧkvcf kczfnyhzohyf, jfgk pfczyv hgflhşk hyg yfmlft ‗ şk vc gfczyv wvigoyzkghl, ghyf wć hwknvyf pyobpzkzvjkcfh bhtkbć hy ćwpvcwvykloy# Jfjvgfb jf hkgk gć hygvl yfmlft wvpyhflfbfczhy $goyzkghl+ şkhygvl yfmlft flfbfczhy $wvigoyzkghl+ cv yfpyfqkczć jovć moybhŧkvckhchzobkgf jkmfykzf, flf h}écj, jf hlzmfl, şk pćy ŧk gobvcf $yfgfpzoyvl, ghlfhhmfyfczć, ghlfh fmfyfczć şk fmfgzoyvl+ gk ck}flvyk jf oynhckqhyf kfyhydkgć hlfhgflvkhşk hyg yfmlft gobplft şk vckzhy, lh ck}flvl gćyvkh wf yfhlkqfhqć kczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk ãc yhpoyz gv o hcvbkzć ghzfnoykf fcfynfzkgć $lvbkcohwć, zfybkgć, gdkbkgć, bfghckgć+ h wzkbvlkloy jkc bfjkv $kczfyc whvftzfyc+#




87;

]KK# 8# Coŧkvcfh jf gfczyv cfy}ow

Jf pf hgfhwzć covć ihqć pohzf mk bhk goyfgz jfmkckzć coŧkvcfh jfgfczyv cfy}ow# Hcwhbilvl vckzhy jf goypk gflvlhyk ghyf phyzkgkpć, jkyfgz whvkcjkyfgz, lh pyflvgyhyfh şk wzoghyfh kcmoybhŧkkloy pyk}kzohyf lh o hcvbkzć, whvlh oykghyf ghzfnoykf jf wzkbvlk, lh flhioyhyfh, bojvlhyfh şk goyfgzhyfhgobfcqkloy jfwzkchzf vcfk hcvbkzf, whv oykgćyfk ghzfnoykk jf fmfgzoykgocwzkzvkf vc gfczyv cfy}ow# Pyflvgyhyfh şk wzoghyfh kcmoybhŧkkloy,flhioyhyfh, goyfgzhyfh şk bojvlhyfh gobfcqkloy mkkcj johy lhzvyk hlf vcvkpyogfw vckzhy ‗ kczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk ãczy"vc hcvbkz plhc mvcgŧkochl ‗,}hlohyfh jf gfczyv cfy}ow h vcvk hcwhbilv jf goypk gflvlhyk wf avjfgć cvbhk jkc hgfhwzć pfywpfgzk}ć şk cv myhnbfczhy# Ãc ghjyvl hgfwzvk hcwhbilvgoypkk gflvlhyk wf nyvpfhqć vckzhy ãc moybhŧkvck gv yol pyfpocjfyfcz mkf ãcyfgfpzhyfh, pyflvgyhyfh şk wzoghyfh kcmoybhŧkkloy, mkf ãc flhioyhyfh, goyfgzhyfhşk bojvlhyfh gobfcqkloy#

Jkc bozk}flf bhk wvw ftpvwf fwzf nyfşkz wć }oyikb jf gfczyk cfy}oşkwfcqkzk}k, jf hwogkhŧkf whv fmfgzoyk ãc nfcfyhl, goyfgzć mkkcj johy jfcvbkyfhjf gfczyv cfy}ow hl vcfk hcvbkzf hgzk}kzćŧk yfmlftf ãc ghyf wf kcglvjmoybhŧkvcklf gv yol yfgfpzoy, jf hwogkhŧkf şk fmfgzoy $gohycf, cvglfk whv hykk+#Jkc hgflhşk bozk}f cv oykghyf hcwhbilv jf goypk gflvlhyk hyf }hlohyf jfgfczyv cfy}ow# Nhcnlkockk wfcqkzk}k, wpkchlk whv gyhckfyk, jfşk wvcz hwogkfyk jfgoypk gflvlhyk cv hv }hlohyf jf gfczyk ãczyvgéz lh ck}flvl loy cv wf yfhlkqfhqć

zohzf pyogfwflf gf jhv gocŧkcvz kczfny ćykk# Ãc hgffhşk wkzvhŧkf wf hmlć nhcnlkockk }fnfzhzk}k wkbphzkgk şk phyhwkbphzkgk#

]KK# 9# Bojkmkgćyk jf ftgkzhiklkzhzf ãc avyvl moghyvlvk wzkbvlhz

Yfqvlzécj jkc hwogkfyfh goypkloy gflvlhyk hphy ŧkcécj hcvbkzoy zkpvykmvcgŧkochlf jf cfvyock, gfczyk cfy}oşk, gh şk hygvyklf yfmlftf, }oy mvcgŧkoch ãcihqh pyogfwfloy gf ghyhgzfykqfhqć hzéz hgzk}kzhzfh mkfgćyvk cfvyoc ãc phyzf,géz şk yflhŧkklf jkczyf goypkk gflvlhyk hk hgfwzoyh# Gv zohzf hgfwzfh hgzk}kzhzfhgfczykloy cv fwzf yfqvlzhzvl wkbplfk hwogkfyk wvbhzk}f h gfloy jovć ghzfnoykk

jf pyogfwf# Ãc plhc ghlkzhzk} hgfhwzć hgzk}kzhzf joiécjfşzf }hlfcŧf cok gf cvpoz mk yfjvwf lh wvbh }hlfcŧfloy wpfgkmkgf pyogfwfloy gf"k wzhv lh ihqć, gffhgf jfcozć ftkwzfcŧh vcfk hwogkfyk kczfnyhzk}f h hgfwzoyh#

Ãczyvgéz gflf jovć ghzfnoykk jf pyogfwf hv mowz jfah hchlkqhzf, ãc gflfgf vybfhqć }ob hioyjh johy gézf}h hwpfgzf hlf hgzk}kzćŧkk gfczykloy ãc ghyfhgfwzfh wvcz kbplkghzf#

]KK# 9#8# Gyfşzfyfh ftgkzhiklkz ćŧ kk ãc avyvl moghyvlvk $kyhjkfyfh+

Jhgć vc nyvp jf goypk gflvlhyk jkc kczfykoyvl vcvk gfczyv wvcz

wzkbvlhŧk $jfpolhykqhŧk+, ftgkzhiklkzhzfh goypkloy gflvlhyk jkc avy gyfşzf pfczyv




8:0

wgvyz zkbp# ]hlohyfh hgfwzfk gyfşzfyk pfczyv vc goyp gflvlhy jhz fwzfjfpfcjfczć hzéz jf ck}flvl wzkbvlćykk ãc moghy, géz şk jf jkwzhcŧh lh ghyf flfwzf jkwpvw mhŧć jf hgfwzh# Mfcobfcvl hyf lh ihqć yflhŧkklf jf zkp cocwkchpzkg

jkczyf goypkk gflvlhyk# Lh yfhlkqhyfh vcfk hwfbfcfh yflhŧkk phyzkgkpć şkgflvlflf nlkhlf kczfypvwf#

Mkn# 6>

Bojkmkghyfh ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk ãc avyvl moghyvlvk jf ftgkzhŧkf $kyhjkfyfh şk gocgfczyhyfh+ Wć gocwkjfy ćb jok cfvyock ãc bobfczvl jfpolhykqćykk loy pykc

hmfyfcŧflf pyopykk $mkn# 6>+# Gébpvl flfgzyocfnhzk} hpćyvz hwzmfl lh wvpyhmhŧhloy ftzfycć }h jfzfybkch flfgzyobknyhyfh kockloy D% jf pf wvpyhmfŧflfgoypkloy gflvlhyk jkc avy şk, ãc gocwfgkcŧć, jfwgdkjfyfh ghchlfloy kockgf ãccvbćy wvigykzkg şk vc kcmlvt goyfwpvcqćzoy jf Ch%# Gh vybhyf, }hlohyfhkckŧkhlć h pozfcŧkhlvlvk bfbiyhchy jf yfphvw $"40 b]+ wf }h yfjvgf, khy ftgkzhiklkzhzfh }h gyfşzf# Gvb moy ŧh gébpvlvk flfgzyocfnhzk} hl moghyvlvk jf

ftgkzhŧkf wghjf gv pćzyhzvl jkwzhcŧfk, ftgkzhiklkzhzfh gfh bhk ykjkghzć o }oy h}fh cfvyockk gfk bhk hpyopkhŧk# Jfşk }kzfqh jf flfgzyobknyhyf h kockloy D% fwzf bhyf, zozvşk hmfgzhyfh ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk cfvyockloy jkc avy cv fwzfgocgobkzfczć, gk wvggfwk}ć, vlzkbvl hmfgzhz ãc hgfwz plhc mkkcj cfvyocvl gflbhk ãcjfpćyzhz# Jkc hgfwz bozk}, jfwm ćşvyhyfh ãc zkbp h mfcobfcvlvk hyf loggh o kyhjkfyf fmfgzk}ć ãc avyvl moghyvlvk ftgkzhz# Gffh gf kyhjkhqć ãcwć cv fwzfftgkzhŧkh, gk ftgkzhiklkzhzfh, cfvyockk jkc avyvl moghyvlvk wvmfykcj johy oyfjvgfyf h }hloykk pozfcŧkhlvlvk jf yfphvw şk cv o kc}fywhyf h lvk# Lh hchlkqhyflhŧkkloy cocwkchpzkgf jkczyf goypkk gflvlhyk w"h m ćgvz pyfgkqhyfh gć

ftgkzhiklkzhzfh pohzf wć gyfhwgć hzéz pykc jfwgdkjfyfh ghchlfloy kockgf ãc




8:8

cvbćy wvigykzkg, géz şk pykc yfjvgfyfh mfybkzćŧkk ãcgdkjfykk hgfwzoyh# Ãc ghqvlhgvb hchlkqhz fwzf cfgfwhy ć pyfgkqhyfh gć, zogbhk jhzoykzć hgfwzfk h jovhbojhlkzćŧk, jkwzhcŧh pécć lh ghyf wf pyojvgf gyfşzfyfh ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk wf

ftzkcjf şk hwvpyh cfvyockloy bhk ãcjfpćyzhŧk, hl gćyoy pozfcŧkhl jf yfphvw cvãşk bojkmkgć }hlohyfh#Wzhyfh jf ftgkzhiklkzhzf gyfwgvzć kcjvwć pykc kyhjkfyf fwzf vch

pyonyfwk}ć# Jvyhzh bfcŧkcfykk fk jfpkcjf, ãc pykbvl yécj, jf bojhlkzhzfh ãcghyf h mowz pyojvwć, mkkcj bhk bhyf pfczyv cfvyockk hmfgzhŧk pykc yfjvgfyfhmfybkzćŧkk ãcgdkjfykk ghchlfloy, ãczyvgéz mhŧć jf hgfhwzh cfvyocvl cvyfhgŧkocfhqć pykc pobpha# Ãc hl joklfh yécj, hgfhwzć jvyhzć jfpkcjf, pfczyvghqvl hmfgzćykk ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk pykc jfwgdkjfyfh ghchlfloy kockgf, jfpyobpzkzvjkcfh kczfy}fcŧkfk pobpfk jf Ch%"E %# Gh bfghckwb gv o hcvbkzć

kcfy ŧkf bfzhiolkgć, kcfy ŧkf jfzfybkchzć jf wfcwkiklkzhzfh HZP"hqfk mhŧć jf}hykhŧkklf gocgfczyhŧkkloy kockloy Ch% şk E % şk jf yfqkwzfcŧh opvwć jfbfbiyhcć lh zyh}fywhyf, pobph pyfqkczć }hykhŧkk jf hbplkzvjkcf şkyhcjhbfcz ãc mvcgŧkf hzéz jf wpfgkmkgvl cfvyocvlvk, géz şk jf hcvbkzfgkygvbwzhcŧf#

Kcjfpfcjfcz jf bojhlkzhzfh pykc ghyf w"h pyojvw, gyfşzfyfhftgkzhiklkzćŧkk ãc avyvl moghyvlvk jf ftgkzhŧkf hyf wfykohwf gocwfgkcŧf hwvpyhmvcgŧkochlkzćŧkk qocfk, kcmlvfcŧécj hzéz hgzk}kzhzfh mkfgćyvk cfvyoc ãc phyzf,géz şk yflhŧkklf wkchpzkgf şk cocwkchpzkgf jkczyf hgfşzkh#

]KK# 9#9# Wgćjfyfh ftgkzhiklkz ćŧ kk ãc avyvl moghyvlvk $gocgfczyhyfh+ Pfczyv goypkk gflvlhyk h gćyoy ftgkzhiklkzhzf h mowz wpoykzć pykc

jfwgdkjfyfh ghchlfloy ãc cvbćy wvigykzkg, kcmlvtvl Ch% h hmfgzhzdobfowzhqkh gflvlfloy ãc plhc kockg# Gyfşzfyfh gocgfczyhŧkfk kczfycf h kockloy Ch% jfzfybkcć hgzk}kzhzfh HZP"hqfk wpfgkmkgf şk, ãc hgfwz boj, gyfşzfyfh}kzfqfk jf lvgyv h pobpfk, ãc ghlkzhzfh fk jf bfghckwb dobfowzhqkg# Ãc hgfwzboj wf yfmhgf cv cvbhk dobfowzhqkh, gk şk }olzhavl bfbiyhchy pykckchgzk}hyfh $ãcgdkjfyfh+ ghchlfloy kockgf# Jhgć hmfgzhyfh dobfowzhqfk kockgf

fwzf bhyf şk yfmhgfyfh fk }h pyfwvpvcf vc gocwvb jf zkbp bvlz bhk bhyf,jhzoykzć chzvykk bfzhiolkgf h pobphavlvk ghyf wf ghyhgzfykqfhqć pykc kcfy ŧkfşk }kzfqć jf lvgyv yflhzk} yfjvwć#

Ãc ftfbplvl jf bhk wvw $mkn# 6>+, pykbkk cfvyock ghyf }oy yfhgŧkochpykc kczfcwkmkghyfh pobphavlvk }oy mk gfk wkzvhŧk bhk hpyohpf jf moghy,ãczyvgéz fk hv mowz gfk jkczék şk gfl bhk nyh} hmfgzhŧk ãc plhcvl dobfowzhqkfk#Jfşk cfvyockk gfk bhk ãcjfpćyzhŧk wvcz vlzkbkk ghyf yfhgŧkocfhqć pykc pobphafk ãşk }oy yfmhgf gfk jkczék dobfowzhqkh ãczyvgéz gocwvbvl jf zkbp cfgfwhy pobpfloy pfczyv h yfmhgf vc jfghlha jf cvbhk 9 b] fwzf kcmfykoy gflvk

cfgfwhy pfczyv h yfmhgf 80 b]# Ãcgéz, yfhjvgfyfh pozfcŧkhlvlvk lh }hloyk bhk




8:9

cfnhzk}f fwzf vc pyogfw ghyf ãchkczfhqć jkcwpyf pfykmfykf wpyf moghy, gh ogocgfczyhyf, kc}fyw jfgéz kyhjkfyfh# Jkc bozk}flf hy ćzhzf, pyk}kcj chzvyhjkmfykzć h gfloy jovć pyogfwf, }kzfqh yf}fckykk fwzf bvlz bhk bkgć#

Mkkcj vc bfghckwb kcfy ŧkhl pobph jf Ch%

"E %

hyf cf}okf jf vchcvbkz zkbp pfczyv h zyfgf jf lh o }hlohyf lh hlzh h }kzfqfk jf lvgyv# Ãcgocwfgkcŧć, pobphavl }h goczkcvh şk jvpć hzkcnfyfh dobfowzhqkfk ãc plhckockg jvgécj hwzmfl pozfcŧkhlvl lh }hloyk bhk cfnhzk}f# Hgfhwzh ãczyvgézHZP"hqh wpfgkmkgć fwzf kcdkihzć pyonyfwk} jf yfjvgfyfh ãc hgffhşk bhckfy ć hgocgfczyhŧkfk kczfycf jf Ch%# Jfwknvy, gv géz hmfgzhyfh dobfowzhqkfk h mowzbhk nyh}ć, gv hzéz }kzfqh jf lvgyv h pobpfk h gyfwgvz bhk bvlz şk gv hzéz bhkbhyf }h mk kcfy ŧkh fk bfzhiolkgć# Ãcgéz, cfvyockk gfk bhk hpyopkhŧk jf moghy }oy hzkcnf pozfcŧkhlvl gfl bhk cfnhzk} şk ftgkzhiklkzhzfh gfh bhk yfjvwć jkczyf

zoŧk gfk hmfgzhŧk ãc mhqh jf kyhjkfyf# Hwzmfl, jfşk hmfyfcŧflf wzkbvlfhqć ãcgoczkcvhyf cfvyock, jkc moghy, ftgkzhŧkh }h y ćbécf ãc goczkcvhyf ghczochzć lhck}flvl hgfwzvkh, ftgkzhiklkzhzfh cfvyockloy gfloy bhk hpyopkhŧk lvk mkkcj bvlzjkbkcvhzć gobphyhzk} gv bobfczvl kckŧkhl hl kyhjkfykk#

Mhpzvl gć ãc hgfhwzć mhqć ftgkzhŧkh y ćbécf gocgfczyhzć lh ck}flvlmoghyvlvk cv zyfivkf wć gocjvgć lh gocglvqkh nyfşkzć gć yflhŧkklf cocwkchpzkgfjkczyf cfvyock hv ãcgfzhz# Flfgzyocfnhzk}kzhzfh moghyvlvk hzyhnf şk hgvbwhygkcklf poqkzk}f jkc qocflf ãc}fgkchzf, vckk kock D% wvmfy ć gdkhy flfgzyobknyhyfh, jhy, ãczyvgéz moy ŧh gv ghyf hgfwzf whygkck poqkzk}f wvcz

yfŧkcvzf ãc pyfhabh goypkloy gflvlhyk jkc avy fwzf bvlz bhk bhyf şk }kzfqhpobpfk fwzf wvpfykohy ć mhŧć jf wzhyfh jf yfphvw, fmfgzflf moghyvlvk hwvpyhcfvyockloy jkc avy }oy mk hpyohpf cvlf#

]KK# 9#7# Kyhjkfyfh şk gocgfczyhyfh ãc wvpyhmhŧć şk ãc }olvb

Kyhjkfyfh ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk, gh moybć h yflhŧkkloy kczfycfvyochlfcocwkchpzkgf, fwzf vc pyogfw jhzoyhz aogvlvk moy ŧfloy mkqkgo"gdkbkgf phwk}f,khy gocgfczyhyfh lh ck}flvl moghyvlvk, gh bojhlkzhzf jf yfwzhiklkyf hdobfowzhqfk kockgf, fwzf vc pyogfw jhzoyhz bfghckwbvlvk ikogdkbkg"bfzhiolkg hl pobpfk hgzk}f# Jkc hgfwzf bozk}f hbiflf pyogfwf }oy mkpyfqfczf lh ck}flvl oykgćyfk hwogkfyk jf goypk gflvlhyk, kcjfpfcjfcz jf mhpzvlgć hgfhwzh gocwzkzvkf whv cv vc gfczyv cfy}ow, whv jf boymolonkh, wpfgkmkgvlmvcgŧkochl oyk ck}flvl lh ghyf wf jkwpvcf ãc htvl gfyfiyowpkchl whv pfzyhkfgzvl moybhŧkvckloy ftzyhcf}yhtkhlf# Jvpć gvb ikcf w"h ãcŧflfw,gocgfczyhyfh ãc moghy fwzf vybhyfh mkyfhwgć h kyhjkfykk#

Ãczyvgéz hwogkfyklf jf goypk gflvlhyk poz jh chşzfyf lh moybhŧkvckgfcvşkk jkwpvwf ãc wvpyhmhŧć whv ãc }olvb, wf ãcŧflfnf gć jkwzhcŧh pécć lhghyf flfgzyocfnhzk}kzhzfh moghyvlvk }h mk fmkgkfczć fwzf bhk bhyf pfczyvmoybhŧkvcklf gfcvşkk jkwpvwf ãc wvpyhmhŧć $mkn# 64 H+, jfgéz pfczyv gflf

jkwpvwf ãc }olvb $mkn# 64 I+#




8:7

Mkn# 64 $H, I+

Kyhjkfyfh ãc wvpyhmhŧć $H+ şk ãc }olvb $I+

Jkc hgfwz bozk} kcjvgŧkh fwzf bhk f}kjfczć şk bhk opfyhczć pf

moybhŧkvcklf goyzkghlf jfgéz pf gflf cvglfhyf# Hgfhwzh fwzf, gv gfyzkzvjkcf,vch jkczyf bojhlkzćŧklf jf hwknvyhyf h wvpyfbhŧkfk mvcgŧkochlf hmoybhŧkvckloy goyzkghlf, pf lécnć hgffh h hwknvy ćykk vcoy bhk lhynk powkiklkzćŧkjf kczfygocfgzhyf wkchpzkgć h goypkloy gflvlhyk# Gdfwzkvcfh pohzf mk vşoy jfbocwzyhzć pykc hgffh gć flhioyhyfh yfmlftfloy gocjkŧkochzf, ihqhzć şk pfhwfbfcfh pyogfwf, pyfwvpvcf vc cvbćy bvlz bhk bkg jf hwogkfyk lhoynhckwbflf ghyf hv wgohy ŧć jfgéz lh gflf lh ghyf hgfhwzh ãcgć cv h hpćyvz#

]KK# 9#:# Kcjvgŧ kh wkbvlzhcć şk gocwfgvzk}ć

Wzkbvlhyfh vcvk moghy kcjvgf ãc cfvyockk jkc avy bojkmkgćyk jfftgkzhiklkzhzf gf gocwzhv ãczy"o gyfşzfyf h hgfwzfkh ãczy"o pykbć mhqć şk pfczyvvc wgvyz zkbp, vybhzć jf o wgćjfyf h fk ãczy"o mhqć vlzfykohy ć şk, pfczyv vckczfy}hl bhk lvcn jf zkbp, fnhl jf yfnvlć gv jvyhzh wzkbvlćykk moghyvlvk#Hgfhwzh yfpyfqkczć kcjvgŧkh wkbvlzhcć ghyf fwzf ikmhqkgć şk cv bocomhqkgć gvb vcfoyk wf bhk wvwŧkcf#

Kcjvgŧkh gocwfgvzk}ć fwzf yfqvlzhzvl lonkg hl jfwm ćşvy ćykk pozfcŧkhlvlvk

jf hgŧkvcf lh ck}flvl oykgćyvk goyp gflvlhy# Ãczyvgéz pobph, ãc ghlkzhzfh fk jfbfghckwb flfgzyonfc kcfy ŧkhl, cv pohzf wć"şk yfjvgć iyvwg hgzk}kzhzfh ãcbobfczvl yfmhgfykk wzćykk kckŧkhlf h pozfcŧkhlvlvk bfbiyhchy, }hlohyfhhgfwzvkh wf }h hggfczvh jf}fckcj bhk cfnhzk} $powzpozfcŧkhl jfdkpfypolhykqhyf+# Hwzmfl ãcgéz, lh ck}flvl moghyvlvk, jvpć ãcgfzhyfh wzkbvlćykk,wf }h kcwzhlh o mhqć jf ftgkzhiklkzhzf yfjvwć $dkpfypolhykqhyf+, gv zohzfgocwfgkcŧflf gf jfgvyn jkc hgfhwzh#

Ãc kczkbkzhzfh loy pyogfwvhlć mfcobfcflf kcjvgzk}f hv lh ihqć }hykhŧkhpozfcŧkhlvlvk bfbiyhchy jf yfphvw hl cfvyockloy jkc avyvl vcvk moghy

wzkbvlhz $kcjvgŧkh wkbvlzhcć+, yfwpfgzk} hl cfvyockloy jkc moghy jvpć




8::

ãcgfzhyfh wzkbvlćykk $kcjvgŧkf gocwfgvzk}ć+, }hykhŧkf gf wf yfpfygvzfhqć hwvpyh ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk hgfwzoyh ãc ihqh vcfk yflhŧkk jf kc}fywć pyopoy ŧkochlkzhzf# Jhgć kcjvgŧkh wkbvlzhcć poqkzk}ć jkc zkbpvl kyhjkfykk fwzf

jfzfybkchzć jf flfgzyobknyhyfh phwk}ć h kockloy D%

, kcjvgŧkh wkbvlzhcć cfnhzk}ć jkc zkbpvl gocgfczy ćykk, gh şk kcjvgŧkh gocwfgvzk}ć cfnhzk}ć, wvczjfzfybkchzf jf kcfy ŧkh bfghckwbvlvk dobfowzhqkg hgzk} yfpyfqfczhz jfpobpć#

]KK# 9#6# Gfczyk cfy}oşk gh wkwzfbf lonkgf gv bhk bvlzf wz ćyk powkiklf

Jkc hchlkqh bfghckwbfloy gf wzhv lh ihqh mfcobfcfloy kcjvgzk}f wfpohzf jfjvgf gć lh ck}flvl oykgćyfk hwogkfyk jf goypk gflvlhyk goftkwzć whv wfwvggfj bvlzkplf şk }hykhzf wzćyk mvcgŧkochlf# Hy mk gfl pvŧkc wkbplkmkghzoy wć

bhk gocwkjfy ćb gć hgzk}kzhzfh gfczykloy cfy}oşk wf ihqfhqć pf bojhlkzhzfhikchy ć ‗ ftgkzhŧkf"kcdkikŧkf# Hzvcgk gécj w"h jkwgvzhz jfwpyf nfcfqhpozfcŧkhlvlvk jf hgŧkvcf w"h m ćgvz pyfgkqhyfh gć hgfhwzh fwzf gocjkŧkochzć jfhgzk}hyfh cvbćyvlvk gykzkg jf ghchlf kockgf jf gćzyf wzkbvlvl gv }hlohyflkbkchlć# Zoz gv hgfl pyklfa w"h pvzvz gocwzhzh gć şk wzkbvlkk wvilkbkchlkjfzfybkcć gocwfgkcŧf lh ck}flvl pozfcŧkhlvlvk bfbiyhchy, jhy cv ãcjfhavcwjf kczfcwf pfczyv h wf pvzfh pyophnh# Jhgć, ãcwć, bfbiyhch wobfkcfvyochlf fwzf vc boqhkg gv ftgkzhiklkzćŧk jkmfykzf, hşh gvb fwzf fh ãcyfhlkzhzf lh xvhwkzozhlkzhzfh cfvyockloy, fwzf gfyz gć o }hykhŧkf jf pozfcŧkhl gv

hbplkzvjkcf bkgć, m ćy ć şhcwf jf pyophnhyf pf o bfbiyhcć gv pozfcŧkhlvckmoyb, }h pvzfh wć wf pyophnf pf hgflf jkyfgŧkk pf ghyf hgfhwzh }h pyfqfczho ftgkzhiklkzhzf wpoykzć# Pf ihqh ftgkzhiklkzćŧkk ãc boqhkg h bfbiyhcfk wobfkcfvyochlf, jk}fywflf wkchpwf poz jfzfybkch hphykŧkh, ãc pvcgzf jkmfykzf, hvcoy }hykhŧkk jf pozfcŧkhl jf }hloyk gvpykcwf ãczyf vch bkckbć, jhzć jfjfwgdkjfyfh vcvk wkcnvy ghchl kockg şk vch bhtkbć, jhzć jf jfwgdkjfyfhcvbćyvlvk gykzkg ãc gocjkŧkklf jhzf# Gh vybhyf, lh ck}flvl wobfk cfvyochlfpvzfb }oyik jf bhk bvlzf wzćyk hgzk}f, zohzf jfzfybkchzf jf wzhyfh jfwgdkwć h ghchlfloy kockgf, jhy jkmfyfcŧkhzf ãczyf flf pykc cvbćyvl hgfwzoyh#

Pf jf hlzć phyzf, hzvcgk gécj ghchlflf wf hmlć ãc wzhyf ãcgdkwć flf cvpyfqkczć hgffhşk wvwgfpzkiklkzhzf lh jfwgdkjfyf ãczyvgéz ãczy"o hcvbkzć qocć hbfbiyhcfk flf poz mk bhk mfyb ãcgdkwf, ãc hlzh bhk pvŧkc mfyb# Nyhjflfjkmfykzf jf mfybkzhzf h ãcgdkjfykk ghchlfloy, ãcwfbcécj }hloyk jkmfykzf hlfftgkzhiklkzćŧkk $m ćy ć goczykivŧkh gobpfcwhzohyf h pobpfk+, jfzfybkcć şhcwfjf pyophnhyf jkmfykzf pfczyv }hykhŧkk jkmfykzf hlf pozfcŧkhlvlvk bfbiyhchy#Gh vybhyf, jk}fywflf qocf hlf gfczykloy cfy}oşk, lh ck}flvl gćyoyh wfbhckmfwzć cv cvbhk pyopykfzćŧklf kczykcwfgk hlf cfvyockloy kcjk}kjvhlk, gk şkgocwfgkcŧflf yflhŧkkloy wkchpzkgf şk cocwkchpzkgf jkczyf hgfşzkh, wf }oy pvzfh




8:6

hmlh ãczy"vch jkc bvlzkplflf wzćyk mvcgŧkochlf powkiklf, jfzfybkchzf hzéz jfcvbćyvl ghchlfloy jfwgdkwf, géz şk jf nyhjvl jf mfybkzhzf hl ãcgdkjfykkhgfwzoyh# Jkc hgfwzf bozk}f gfczyk cfy}oşk cv mvcgŧkocfhqć gh wkwzfbf

ikchyf, gk gh wkwzfbf lonkgf gv bhk bvlzf wzćyk powkiklf# Cvbćyvl wzćykloy powkiklf hlf jk}fy şkloy cfvyock fwzf jkmfykz, fl mkkcj gv hzéz bhk bhyf gv gézwkchpwflf gf jfwghygć lh ck}flvl mkfgćyvkh wvcz bhk cvbfyohwf# Jf hkgk şkjkmfyfcŧflf ghczkzhzk}"ghlkzhzk}f hlf kczfny ćykk yfhlkqhzf lh ck}flvl hygvykloy flfbfczhyf şk wvpyhflfbfczhyf, gfczyk gfloy jkc vybć $goyzkghlk+ mkkcjmoybhŧk jkc goypk gflvlhyk gf pykbfwg vc cvbćy bhtkb jf wkchpwf# Nćwkb ãchgfhwzh ãcgć vc boj jf h hynvbfczh wvpfykoykzhzfh wgohy ŧfk gfyfiyhlf mhŧć jfgfklhlŧk gfczyk# Ãc hgflhşk zkbp zyfivkf yfbhyghz mhpzvl gć şk ãczyf gfczyk

wvigoyzkghlk ftkwzć hwfbfcfh jkmfyfcŧf, cvbćyvl wkchpwfloy wpoykcj, jfyfnvlć, jf lh gfk bfjvlhyk lh gfk zyocgvlhyk şk jkfcgfmhlkgk, gv zohzfgocwfgkcŧflf ãc plhc mvcgŧkochl gf jfgvyn jkc hgfhwzh#

Jf pf hgfhwzć covć ihqć pvzfb ãcŧflfnf bhk ikcf jf gf cv oykgfhwogkfyf jf goypk gflvlhyk gocwzkzvkf vc gfczyv cfy}ow# Nhcnlkockk wfcqkzk}k hkcfy}kloy obockbk $wpkchlk şk gyhckfck+ wvcz hwogkfyk jf goypk gflvlhyk pf ghyfcv jfwghygć wkchpwf, khy nhcnlkockk cfy}kloy }fnfzhzk}k fmfgzoyk gocŧkc goypkgflvlhyk gv vc cvbćy bkckb jf wkchpwf gocwzkzvkcj moybhŧkvck gf cv

phyzkgkpć lh pyflvgyhyfh kcmoybhŧkkloy şk flhioyhyfh gobfcqkloy şk cv hv}hlohyf jf gfczyk cfy}oşk#




8:=

]KKK# MOYBHũKVCK NHCNLKOCHYF

Moybhŧkvcklf nhcnlkochyf wvcz hwogkfyk jf goypk gflvlhyk jkwpvwf pf

zyhkfgzvl cfy}kloy wfcqkzk}k $whv hl yhbvykloy obockbf hlf cfy}kloy bkgşzk+ şkhl cfy}kloy fmfgzoyk }fnfzhzk}k# Yolvyklf loy mvcgŧkochlf wvcz jkmfykzf,phyzkgkphyfh lh pyogfwflf jf kczfnyhyf }kqécj hlzf ghlkzćŧk jfgéz hgffh jfgfczyk cfy}oşk#

Hzéz jkwpvcfyfh loy ãc hmhyh htvlvk gfyfiyowpkchl, géz şk yowzvyklf loy mkqkolonkgf cv poz mk ãcŧflfwf jfgéz ãc goczftzvl hygvykloy yfmlftf jkc ghyf mhgphyzf#

]KKK# 8# Nhcnlkockk wfcqkzk}k

Hgfşzk nhcnlkock yfpyfqkczć hwogkhŧkk hlf goypkloy gflvlhyk hphy ŧkcécjpyozocfvyockloy, kcjfpfcjfcz jf hphyzfcfcŧh hgfwzoyh lh hygvyklf yfmlftfwobhzkgf whv }fnfzhzk}f# Mhpzvl gć hgfşzk goypk gflvlhyk wf jkwpvc ãc hmhyhhtvlvk gfyfiyowpkchl ãşk pohzf hmlh ftplkghŧkh ãczy"vc hcvbf pyogfw jf

yfgkglhyf h cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyvlvk lh ck}flvl lhcŧvykloy cfvyochlf#Ftkwzć jo}fqk kcjkyfgzf gć flkifyhyfh cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyvlvk ãc mhczhwkchpzkgć fwzf yfjvcjhczć# Yf}fckyfh wkchpwfk lh wzhyfh jf yfphvw kbplkgć ãclćzvyhyfh bfwhnfyvlvk jf lh hgfwz ck}fl, mkf pykc yfghpzhyfh hgzk}ć ãcivzocvl htochl whv pykc jkmvqkvcf ãc kczfywzkŧkk, mkf pykc lkqć fcqkbhzkgć#Pyojvşkk yfqvlzhŧk jkc lkqh fcqkbhzkgć }oy mk ãcgoypoyhŧk, gfl bhk pyoihiklhgzk}, ãc cfvyocvl powzwkchpzkg vcjf }oy mk vzklkqhŧk jf hgfwzh gh bhzfykfpykbć pfczyv wkczfqh pyopykvlvk bfjkhzoy# Hwzmfl, ãc ghjyvl vcvk gkygvkz,mkfghyf cfvyoc pykbfşzf jf lh pyfgfjfczvl o kbpoyzhczć ghczkzhzf jf bhzfykf

pykbć pfczyv wkczfqh pyopykvlvk bfjkhzoy $hgfzklgolkch+8

# Wkcnvyvl cfvyocghyf cv pohzf ifcfmkgkh jf vc hwfbfcfh hpoyz fwzf pyozocfvyocvl hmlhz lhghpćzvl kckŧkhl hl gkygvkzvlvk# Wkczfqh hgfzklgolkcfk lh hgfwz ck}fl ihqécjv"wfftglvwk} pf hpoyzvl whcnvkc jf bhzfykf pykbć, }hwgvlhykqhŧkh goypkloy gflvlhyk hk pyozocfvyockloy zyfivkf wć mkf cfz wvpfykohy ć }hwgvlhykqhŧkfkgfloylhlŧk cfvyock# Hgfhwzh pohzf mk hwknvyhzć ãc gocjkŧkk opzkbf cvbhk pykcjkwpvcfyfh goypkloy gflvlhyk ãc hmhyh htvlvk gfyfiyowpkchl vcjf moybfhqć nhcnlkock wfcqkzk}k whv hwogkfyk cfvyochlf obolohnf hgfwzoyh $cfvyockkolmhgzk}k şk cfvyockk mozowfcwkiklk+#




8:>

]KKK# 9# Nhcnlkockk }fnfzhzk}k

O phyzkgvlhykzhzf h gćkloy fmfyfczf }fnfzhzk}f fwzf hlgćzvkyfh loy jkcpyflvcnkyklf htockgf h jok cfvyock1 pykbvl h}écj goypvl gflvlhy wkzvhzkczyhcf}yhtkhl, khy hl joklfh ãc hmhyh htvlvk# Hwogkfyfh goypkloy gflvlhyk hkhgfwzoyh jkc vybć moybfhqć nhcnlkock wkzvhŧk pf zyhkfgzvl cfy}kloy fmfgzoyk}fnfzhzk}k# Pyoilfbh pykcgkphlć, ãc hgfwz ghq, cv fwzf wkzvhyfh loy ftzyhcf}yhtkhlć, gk ãcwvşk yhŧkvcfh ftkwzfcŧfk loy# Gv hlzf gv}kczf, gćyoy cfgfwkzćŧk y ćwpvcjf ftkwzfcŧh gflvk jf"hl joklfh cfvyoc ãc ghjyvl gćkkfmfyfczf }fnfzhzk}f?

Ãczyvgéz fmfgzoykk }fnfzhzk}k $bvşgdk cfzfqk, vcflf moybhŧkvckwfgyfzoykk şk ŧfwvzvl cojhl hl kckbkk+ hv vc hlz wpfgkmkg mvcgŧkochl jfgéz gfkwobhzkgk $bvşgdk wgdflfzkgk+, gćklf fmfyfczf gf lf hjvg gobfcqk zyfivkfhjfg}hzf hgfwzvkh# Hwzmfl, jf ftfbplv, bvwgvlhzvyh cfzfjć jf lh ck}flvl}hwfloy, oynhcfloy gh}kzhyf şk gocjvgzfloy zyfivkf wć jfq}olzf goczyhgŧkklfczf, jf moy ŧć yfjvwć şk jf jvyhzć bhyf# Zohzf hgfwzfh kbpvc phyzkgvlhykzćŧkjf oynhckqhyf h gćkk jf gocjvgfyf, ghphiklf wć hwknvyf hzéz pyflvcnkyfh ãczkbp géz şk ftzkcjfyfh ãc wphŧkv h hgŧkvckk cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyvlvk# Hgfwzfphygvlhykzćŧk gocwzhv ãc1 h+ lkpwh bkflkcfk lh ck}flvl htocvlvk ghyf wfjkwzykivkf mkiyfloy cfzfjf, pykc hgfhwzh hwknvyécjv"wf o flkifyhyf pyflvcnkzć ãc zkbp h cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyvlvk, i+ pyfqfcŧh aocgŧkvckloy cfvyobvwgvlhyflfafyf $ãc logvl wkchpwfloy zkpkgf+ ghyhgzfykqhzf pykc flkifyhyfh jf lh jkwzhcŧć h

cfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoyvlvk, hwzmfl ãcgéz vc wkcnvy ivzoc zfybkchl htochljfwfy}fşzf bhk bvlzf mkiyf bvwgvlhyf cfzfjf, pykc hgfhwzh hwknvyécjv"wfftzkcjfyfh wphŧkhlć h hgŧkvckk şk g+ lkpwh fcqkbfloy jf kchgzk}hyf hcfvyozyhcwbkŧćzoykloy lh ck}flvl aocgŧkvckk, pykc hgfhwzh wpoykcj jvyhzhhgŧkvckk hgfwzoyh# Jf hkgk jfjvgfb gć, ftkwzfcŧh gflvk jf"hl joklfh cfvyoc hlgćkk fmfyfczf }fnfzhzk}f, hl gćyvk htoc fwzf lkpwkz jf bkflkcć, y ćwpvcjfcfgfwkzćŧkk jf hjfg}hyf h gobfcqkk lh wpfgkmkgvl mvcgŧkochl hl fmfgzoyvlvk#

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_____________ 8 Nyhjvl jf jk}fynfcŧć fwzf bhk ykjkghz pfczyv nhcnlkockk wkbphzkgk

gobphyhzk} gv gfk phyhwkbphzkgk




8:4

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_____________ 9 Zkbpvl wgvyw jf lh wzkbvlhyfh yfgfpzoyvlvk pécć lh hphykŧkh y ćwpvcwvlvk lh

ck}flvl fmfgzoyvlvk




860

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Mkn 6;

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868

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jkmfy ć hzéz pykc chzvyh bfghckwbfloy gf lf wzhv lh ihqć, géz şk pykc nyhjvl jf




869

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KT# 9# Gocjkŧkochyfh yfmlftć

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ãczyf gflf jovć hykk goyzkghlf h lvhz chşzfyf o lfnćzvy ć mvcgŧkochlć vzklć




867

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86:

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Mkn# =9

Dfzfyonfckzhzfh ãc plhcghlkzhzk} h moybhŧkvckkbfghcoyfgfpzohyf jkc

vyfgdfh kczfycć




8=0

wvigoyzkghl cv havcn jfgéz o phyzf jkc wfg}fcŧflf kcmoybhŧkochlf hgzvhlf şkpyoihikl, fcnyhbhzf, wzyvgzvyh gocwzkzvkzć hkgk }h mk bhk wćyhgć ãc gocŧkcvzvlfk wpfgkmkg şk, pykc hgfhwzh, lkbkzhzć ãc pozfcŧkhlkzćŧklf whlf pyk}kzohyf lh

kczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk#Bfwhaflf gocwzkzvkzf pykc kczfnyhyfh lh ck}fl goyzkghl wf zyhjvg pf plhc

wvikfgzk} pykc wfcqhŧkk gocşzkfczkqhzf jkwgyfz $gécj fwzf kbplkghz cfogoyzftvlyfgfpzoy+ whv gocşzkfczkqhzf jkmvq, ãc moybh vcoy wzćyk nfcfyhlkqhzf $gécjfwzf kbplkghz phlfogoyzftvl+# Gvb lh oyknkcfh wfcqhŧkkloy wf hmlć wzkbvlkk jkcbfjkv $ftzfyc whv kczfyc+, khy gocŧkcvzvl hgfwzoyh jkc vybć fwzf jhz jfhihzfyklf jf lh }hloyklf opzkbf hlf phyhbfzykloy mkqkgk şk gdkbkgk hkhbikfczvlvk, wf pohzf wpvcf gć oykgf wfcqhŧkf yfpyfqkczć, ãc vlzkbć hchlkqć,

vc wfbchl pykc ghyf gfczyk cfy}oşk goyzkghlk wvcz h}fyzkqhŧk hwvpyh pfykgolvlvkjf hmfgzhyf h dobfowzhqkfk oynhckwbvlvk pf o jkyfgŧkf whv hlzh, jfgk, hwvpyhpfykgolvlvk gyfşzfykk ck}flvlvk fczyopkfk whlf#

Jf lh ãcgfpvz zyfivkf wvilkckhzć jkmfyfcŧh jkczyf dobfowzhqkf şkfczyopkf# Ãc }yfbf gf dobfowzhqkh fwzf o bćykbf gf ghyhgzfykqfhqć wzhyfhwkwzfbvlvk, fczyopkh fwzf o bćykbf gf ghyhgzfykqfhqć f}olvŧkh lvk# Jfwknvy,hchlkqhzoykk wvcz moybhŧkvck gf jfwfy}fwg ãc boj jkyfgz wzhyfh oynhckwbvlvkşk, hikh ãc boj kcjkyfgz şk pykc hgfhwzh, f}olvŧkh lvk ãc zkbp# Hioyjhzć jkc

hgfwz vcndk jf pyk}kyf, wfcqhŧkh, ghyf kh chşzfyf lh ck}fl goyzkghl pykckczfnyhyf wvpfykohy ć, gocŧkcf ãc fh cv cvbhk kcmoybhŧkk pyk}kzohyf lh logvl,chzvyh şk }hlohyfh hihzfykk vcvk phyhbfzyv mkqkg whv gdkbkg jkc bfjkv $kczfycwhv ftzfyc+, gk şk –kcjkgkk‒ pyk}kzohyf lh logvl, chzvyh şk }hlohyfh y ćwpvcwvlvkpykc ghyf hgfhwzh pohzf wć mkf goyfgzhzć $joiécjkzf pykc ftpfykfcŧć şk wzoghzfãc bfboykf+# Wpvcfb –kcjkgkk‒ şk cv –kcjkghŧkk‒ ãczyvgéz, pfczyv hihzfyfhvcvk hcvbkz phyhbfzyv ftkwzć, ãc mvcgŧkf jf gkygvbwzhcŧf, bhk bvlzfpowkiklkzćŧk jf goyfgzhyf, jkyfgzf whv kcjkyfgzf# Zogbhk ãc lfnćzvy ć gv hgfwzvlzkb hwpfgz hyf log lh ck}fl goyzkghl gvplhyfh vcfk hykk yfgfpzohyf gv vch whvhlzh jkczyf hykklf fmfgzohyf, hjkgć bojvlhyfh oynhcfloy cfy}ohwf, gh ftpyfwkfh powkiklkzćŧkloy jf hvzooynhckqhyf#




8=8

WFGũKVCFH h KKK" h

GOBPOCFCZH FCJOGYKCĉ H WKWZFBVLVK KCZFNYHZOY

TK# KCZFNYHYFH FCJOGYKCĉ

Mhpzvl gć bojhlkzhzfh cfvyhlć jf kczfnyhyf h oynhckwbvlvk h hpćyvz ãcgvywvl f}olvŧkfk jvpć gfh fcjogykcć cv zyfivkf wć gocjvgć lh gocglvqkhnyfşkzć gć şk wviwkwzfbflf cfy}ow şk fcjogykc hv hpćyvz şk w"hv jfq}olzhz ãchgffhşk wvggfwkvcf# Lh gflfczfyhzf, gh pykbf oynhckwbf plvykgflvlhyf, lh ghyfhphyf pfczyv pykbh oy ć gflvlh cfy}ohwć ‗ pécć hkgk fh cfmkkcj cfgfwhy ć ‗ nćwkb vc wkwzfb cfy}ow ãc plkcć oynhckqhyf ghyf f}olvfhqć yhpkj jf lh moybhjf yfŧfh jkmvqć jf cfvyock lh moybh wvpfykohy ć nhcnlkochy ć, gv gfczyk şkgkygvkzf gocwzkzvkzf, jhy cv nćwkb ãcgć vc wkwzfb fcjogykc oynhckqhz pf ihqć jf nlhcjf gocwzkzvkzf şk kczfyyflhzf# Bojhlkzhzfh fcjogykcć jf kczfnyhyf wfyfhlkqfhqć ãcwć lh vc ck}fl kcmfykoy ãc moybh wkwzfbvlvk jkmvq jf oynhckqhyf,gv fmkgkfcŧć yfjvwć# Hikh jfq}olzhyfh ãc goczkcvhyf h wviwkwzfbvlvk cfy}ow

wf }h ãcwoŧk şk jf o jfq}olzhyf goyfwpvcqćzohyf h gflvk fcjogykc, jhy hgfhwzhcv gh o jfzfybkchyf ãc ihqh kczfyfwfloy gflvk jkczék, gk gh o gocwfgkcŧć hgyfşzfykk nyhjvlvk jf gobplftkzhzf h oynhckwbvlvk ghyf –pyfzkcjf‒ vc wkwzfbkczfnyhzoy vckg ‗ cfvyofcjogykc ‗ jfq}olzhz pf bćwvy ć# Ãcgéz gflf jovć wviwkwzfbf cv hv o f}olvŧkf phyhlflć, gh jovć fczkzćŧk jkwzkcgzf şk kczfyyflhzf,gk o f}olvŧkf vckzhy ć, gh jovć gobpocfczf hlf vcfk wkcnvyf fczkzćŧk1 wkwzfbvlkczfnyhzoy#

TK# 8# Bfwhavl doybochl

Vcvl jkc hwpfgzflf bhaoyf gf jkmfyfcŧkhqć wviwkwzfbvl fcjogykc jf gflcfy}ow fwzf kcwkcvhyfh pvyzćzoyvlvk jf bfwha ‗ doybocvl ‗ lh ck}flvlmkfgćyfk gflvlf# Jhgć oykghyf gflvlć jkc oynhckwb, kcglvwk} gfh cfy}ohwć şkfcjogykcć, yfpyfqkczć o ŧkczć, vc –fmfgzoy‒ ãc ghjyvl vcvk –hyg yfmlftdoybochl‒, hgfhwzh cv ãcwfhbcć ckgk gć mkfghyf gflvlć fwzf vc log gobvcpfczyv zoŧk doybockk, ckgk gć mkfghyf gflvlć y ćwpvcjf lh hgŧkvcfh vcvk wkcnvy doyboc# Jhgć mkfghyf doyboc fwzf vc pvyzćzoy jf bfwha, }hlohyfhwfbhczkgć h hgfwzvkh cv fwzf pyfjfzfybkchzć gh hzhyf ãc pvyzćzoy, gk fhyfqvlzć gh o moybć jf –jfwgkmyhyf‒ cvbhk ãc vybh kczfyhgŧkvckk jkczyf hgfl

doyboc şk yfgfpzoyvl gflvlhy ghyf fwzf ãc hgflhşk zkbp şk kckŧkhzoyvl vcvk




8=9

hcvbkz zkp jf y ćwpvcw jkc phyzfh gflvlfk# Pfczyv wkbplkmkghyf, pvzfbgocwkjfyh bhgyobolfgvlh yfgfpzohyf gh h}écj jok polk mvcgŧkochlk1 vcvl jfkczyhyf, jf pykbkyf h bfwhavlvk, lh ghyf wf lfhnć wzfyfowpfgkmkg vc hcvbkz

doyboc şk vcvl jf kfşkyf, jf kckŧkfyf h vcvk hcvbkz y ćwpvcw gflvlhy# Ãczyfchzvyh şk wpfgkmkgvl gfloy jok polk hk hgflvkhşk yfgfpzoy cv fwzf avwzkmkghzć oyflhŧkf jf jfzfybkchyf vck"whv ikvck}ogć ãc kczfykoyvl bhgyobolfgvlfk, gk,bhk jfnyhić, o jfzfybkchyf vcklhzfyhlć, jhy gobplftć, jkcwpyf kczfyfwflfwkwzfbvlvk kczfnyhz ãc hcwhbilvl wćv# Ãcgéz, bhk bvlŧk yfgfpzoyk hmlhŧk pfgflvlf jkmfykzf $whv gdkhy pf hgffhşk gflvlć+ poz mk kjfczkgk lh ck}flvl polvlvkjf kczyhyf, zoŧk h}écj wzfyfowpfgkmkgkzhzf pfczyv hgflhşk doyboc şk jkmfykŧk lhck}flvl polvlvk jf kfşkyf, mkfghyf jfglhcşécj vc hlz y ćwpvcw, kjfczkgk pykcpolvl jf kfşkyf şk jkmfykŧk pykc gfl jf kczyhyf, oiŧkcécjv"wf hgflhşk y ćwpvcw

gflvlhy lh hgŧkvcfh vcoy doybock jkmfykŧk, pyfgvb şk yfgfpzoyk gv vc wkcnvy pol jf kczyhyf $whv kfşkyf+ şk bhk bvlŧk polk jf kfşkyf $whv kczyhyf+# Cvkcwkwzćb hwvpyh vcoy jo}fqk kcjkyfgzf gf hy pvzfh mk hjvwf ãc wpykakcvl gfloy jf bhk wvw, flf mkkcj pyfh cvbfyohwf# Wvilkckfb ãcwć mhpzvl gć, jkc hgfhwzć pfywpfgzk}ć, zyfivkf yfgocwkjfyhzf hzéz chzvyh, géz şk mkchlkzhzfh yhpoyzvykloy jkczyf kczfnyhz şk kczfnyhzoy şk hgfhwzh cv cvbhk ãc wmfyh fcjogykcć#

TK# 9# Wfgyfŧkh jf doybock

Pyogfwvl jf wfgyfŧkf gvpykcjf jovć mhqf1 h+ wkczfqh pyojvwvlvk şk

i+ flkifyhyfh pyojvwvlvk wkczfzkqhz# Ãc gflf bhk bvlzf ghqvyk fwzf kczfyghlhzć şk o mhqć jf wzoghyf, ãc zkbpvl gćyfkh pyojvwvl hikh wkczfzkqhz wvmfy ć vcpyogfw cfgfwhy jf –bhzvyhyf‒, jf ãbivcćzćŧkyf ghlkzhzk}ć# Gécj, jkc hcvbkzfbozk}f, o moybhŧkvcf wfgyfzoykf fwzf wvpyhwolkgkzhzć fh ãşk }h kczfcwkmkghwkczfqh şk flkifyhyfh wgvyzécj ãcwć pécć lh hcvlhyf zkbpvl cfgfwhy bhzvy ćykk#Ãc hgfwzf gocjkŧkk wf }h flkifyh vc pyojvw jf ghlkzhzf kcmfykohy ć, gv zohzfgocwfgkcŧflf gf jfgvyn jkc hgfhwzh#

Pykcgkpkhl, oykghyf gflvlć wf pohzf jo}fjk ghphiklć jf wfgyfŧkf–doybochlć‒, jfwknvy, gv jkmfyfcŧflf ghczkzhzk}"ghlkzhzk}f jf yknohyf# W"hy

pvzfh kc}ogh ãbpozyk}h hgfwzfk kpozfqf lkpwh vcfk jfzfybkcćyk nfcfzkgf ãchgfwz wfcw lh bhaoykzhzfh gflvlfloy# Jfwknvy, lh gflvlflf wpfgkhlkqhzf ãcpyojvgfyfh jf doybock nfcobvl gocŧkcf mhgzoyk jfzfybkchcŧk hzéz ikogdkbkggéz şk mvcgŧkochl# Hgfhwzh cv ftglvjf ãcwć powkiklkzhzfh gh şk gflflhlzf zkpvykgflvlhyf wć jfŧkcć hwfbfcfh jfzfybkchcŧk ãczy"o ftpykbhyf ghczkzhzk}"ghlkzhzk}ć bhk bojfwzć gdkhy jhgć cvbhk gh moybf nfcfzkgf hcgfwzyhlf hlffzhpfloy pyfcfvyochlf hlf f}olvŧkfk gécj kczfnyhyfh fyh yfhlkqhzć jkmvq,ftglvwk} pykc hgfhwzć bojhlkzhzf# Jf hlzmfl, bojhlkzhzfh fcjogykcć jfkczfnyhyf fwzf vchckb hggfpzhzć ãczy"o moybć hzéz oynhckqhzć $nlhcjvlhy ć+,géz şk jkmvqć $zkwvlhy ć+#




8=7

Pyhgzkg, ghphgkzhzfh jf h wfgyfzh doybock whv pyojvşk gv hgŧkvckwkbklhyf h mowz jo}fjkzć pfczyv xvhwkzozhlkzhzfh zkpvykloy gflvlhyf, jf lh gflffpkzflkhlf $fcjozflkcflf+ şk mkiyflf bvwgvlhyf ghyjkhgf $mhgzoyvl chzykvyfzkg+ şk

pécć lh lkbmogkzf $kczfylfvekcf+ şk cfvyock $gkifyckcf+#TK# 7# Ck}flvyklf jf oynhckqhyf h wviwkwzfbvlvk fcjogykc

Ftkwzć jovć ck}flvyk jf oynhckqhyf h hgfwzvk wviwkwzfb1 h+ cfwpfgkmkg,jkmvq, gvpykcqécj xvhwkzozhlkzhzfh zkpvykloy gflvlhyf jkc oynhckwb ghyf cv hvgh mvcgŧkf pykcgkphlć pyojvgŧkh jf doybock şk ghyf cv wf hwogkhqć ãcmoybhŧkvck nlhcjvlhyf jflkbkzhiklf hchzobkg şk i+ wpfgkmkg, gvpykcqécjgflvlflf jf jk}fywf oyknkck ghyf hv gh mvcgŧkf pykcgkphlć pyojvgŧkh jfdoybock şk ghyf wf hwogkhqć ãc moybhŧkvck jflkbkzhiklf hchzobkg şk

mvcgŧkochl#Ck}flvl jkmvq whv cfwpfgkmkg jf oynhckqhyf, gocwkjfyhz ãc hcwhbilv,cv pohzf mk wvijk}kqhz ckgk jvpć gykzfykvl ghlkzćŧkk pyojvşkloy jf wfgyfŧkf, ckgkjvpć hgflh hl jkwzykivŧkfk zoponyhmkgf# Ãczyvgéz hgfşzk doybock, whv pyojvşkkwkbklhyk loy, cv wvcz flkifyhŧk ãc wécnf whv lkbm ć, gk yfpyfqkczć bkalohgfgflvlhyf jf gobvckghyf şk kczfygocjkŧkochyf mvcgŧkochlć lh ck}fl loghl,yfhlkqhzf pf hykk şk ãc jobfckk mohyzf yfwzyécwf, jk}fywkzhzfh loy ikogdkbkgć fwzf yfjvwć şk mohyzf pvŧkc }hykhiklć jf lh vc zfykzoykv lh hlzvl# Ãc pykbvl yécj,hgfşzk doybock loghlk gv hgŧkvcf pf jkwzhcŧf bkgk, pfybkz gflvlfloy wć"şkgocjk

ŧkocfqf yfgkpyog }hlohyfh bfzhiolkwbvlvk, gfl bhk pyoihikl, pykc

kcmlvfcŧhyfh ck}flvlvk kczy ćykloy şk kfşkykloy pykc bfbiyhch pfykplhwbhzkgć#Cfgfwkzhzfh vcfk hwfbfcfh gocjkŧkocćyk fwzf kbpfykohwć pfczyv popvlhŧkklfgflvlhyf hphy ŧkcécj hgflvkhşk ŧfwvz jfohyfgf zohzf gflvlflf yfhlkqfhqć wgdkbivyk hpyohpf kjfczkgf gv vc phyzfcfy gobvc, lkgdkjvl kczfywzkŧkhl# Ãc hljoklfh yécj, pykc doybockk loghlk whv wviwzhcŧf obolohnf hgfwzoyh, gflvlflf}fgkcf ãşk lkbkzfhqć ftphcwkvcfh pykc jk}kqkvcf hwknvyécj ŧfwvzvlvk ogyfşzfyf şk o jfq}olzhyf vckzhyf şk opzkbf# Hgfwz pyogfw pohzf mk kcmlvfcŧhz, ãcbhyf bćwvy ć, jf doybockk ck}flvlvk wpfgkhlkqhz, jhy cv pohzf mk jfzfybkchzjf hgfşzkh# Ãc mkcf, ãczy"o bojhlkzhzf bhk gobplftć, pykc doybockk loghlkgflvlflf wf –hlfyzfhqć‒ yfgkpyog hzvcgk gécj havcn ãc hcvbkzf wzćyk lkbkzć# Ohlzć phyzkgvlhykzhzf h hgfwzvk ck}fl jf oynhckqhyf fwzf hvzocobkh mvcgŧkochlć,ãc wfcwvl gć wfgyfŧkh doybochlć jkmvqć cv fwzf wvpvwć ckgk vcvk goczyolftzfykoy qocfk gocwkjfyhzf, gk fh fwzf hvzoyfnlhzć gdkhy pykc kczfybfjkvl şk ãcghjyvl yhpoyzvykloy yfgkpyogf jkczyf gflvlflf }fgkcf# Hgfhwzć hvzocobkf}kqfhqć johy goczyolvl wfgyfŧkfk $yfnlhavl+ şk fh cv ãcwfhbcć ckgkjfgvb okqolhyf mhŧć jf powkiklflf kcmlvfcŧf ftzfykohyf qocfk# Pf lécnć vzklkzhzfhpyhgzkgć h hgfwzfk hvzocobkk ãc pyogfwflf jf yfnlhyf loghlć fwzf jf yfbhyghzwfbckmkghŧkh fk zfoyfzkgć# Kczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk cv fwzf, jfgk, yfqvlzhzvljkykaćykk phw gv phw h vcoy gobpocfczf –kncoyhczf‒ şk, jkc hgfwz bozk}, zozhl




8=:

cflkifyf, gk gocwfgkcŧh hybockqćykk hlnoykzbkloy jf mvcgŧkochyf h vcoy wviwkwzfbf –kckŧkhzf‒ şk, jkc hgfwz bozk}, nyhjvhl lkifyf ãc yhpoyz gv ãczyfnvl#

Ck}flvl wpfgkmkg jf oynhckqhyf h wviwkwzfbvlvk fcjogykc fwzf vckzhy, ãc

pykbvl yécj pykc mkchlkzhzfh gobvcć h zvzvyoy pyojvşkloy wfgyfzhŧk ‗ kczfnyhyfh ãc plhc wvpfykoy h oynhckwbvlvk ‗, jfşk vch jf kczfyfw nfcfyhl şkcv loghl şk ãc hl joklfh yécj pykc hlgćzvkyfh lvk jkc moybhŧkvck nlhcjvlhyfjkwzkcgzf ghyf hv gh mvcgŧkf pykcgkphlć wfgyfŧkh jf doybock# Jkc hgfwzfbozk}f zoŧk doybockk hgfwzvk ck}fl wvcz flkifyhŧk ãc wécnf pykc kczfybfjkvlgćyvkh wvcz jkwzykivkŧk vcvk cvbćy bhyf jf ifcfmkgkhyk gflvlhyk# Doybockkck}flvlvk wpfgkmkg wvcz pyojvşk şk flkifyhŧk ãc ghczkzćŧk wvpfykohyf gfloy hkck}flvlvk jkmvq ghyf hv ifcfmkgkhyk pvŧkck şk hpyopkhŧk şk ghyf cv wf jklvfhqć ãc ãczyfhnh bhwć whcnvkcć# Pf jf hlzć phyzf, hlgćzvkyfh jkc bhk bvlzf şk

jk}fywf moybhŧkvck nlhcjvlhyf kbpvcf gv cfgfwkzhzf o wzyvgzvyhyf şk okczfnyhyf pfymfgzf ãc kczfyfwvl ck}flvlvk, ãczyvgéz yfwpocwhiklkzhzfhhybockqćykk pćy ŧkloy ãc ghjyvl oynhckwbvlvk şk h hgfwzvkh ãc hbikfcz cv pohzfmk hwvbhzć jfgéz jf vc wkwzfb gv o oyjkcf kczfykohy ć goyfwpvcqćzohyf#Wzyvgzvyhyfh gh wkwzfb h hgfwzvk ck}fl jf oynhckqhyf nfcfyfhqć o hcvbfkfyhydkqhyf h moybhŧkvckloy wfgyfzoykk, vch jkczyf flf joiécjkcj yolpykboyjkhl cv cvbhk ãc yhpoyz gv gflflhlzf, gk şk ãc yhpoyz gv ãczyfnvl$wviwkwzfbvl fcjogykc+# Jvpć gvb ikcf w"h kczvkz, hgfwz yol yf}kcf dkpomkqfkşk zoz pykc kczfybfjkvl fk wf }h yfhlkqh aocgŧkvcfh fwfcŧkhlć jkczyf

gobpocfczflf cfy}ohwć şk fcjogykcć hlf wkwzfbvlvk kczfnyhzoy vckzhy#Vckzhzfh jkczyf gflf jovć ck}flvyk jf oynhckqhyf h wviwkwzfbvlvkfcjogykc ‗ jkmvq $cfwpfgkmkg+ şk oynhckqhz $wpfgkmkg+ ‗ wf ihqfhqć, ãc pykbvlyécj pf gobvckzhzfh mkchlkzćŧkk ‗ kczfnyhyfh ‗ şk h bkalohgfloy ‗ doybockk whvpyojvşkk wkbklhyk hgfwzoyh ‗ şk, hikh ãc hl joklfh yécj, pf yflhŧkk mvcgŧkochlfyfgkpyogf# W"h wvilkckhz bhk wvw gć ck}flvl jkmvq fwzf hvzocob jhy cv şkkqolhz# Lkpwh vcvk goczyol jkyfgz şk pfybhcfcz jkc phyzfh dkpomkqfk cvgocmfy ć kcjfpfcjfcŧć mvcgŧkochlć wkwzfbvlvk jkmvq, gk johy lkifyzhzf jfhgŧkvcf, şk hgfhwzh lkbkzhzć5 lkbkzhzć ãcwć cv jf dkpomkqć, gk jf kczfyfwflf

nfcfyhlf hlf oynhckwbvlvk pyk}kcj kczfnyhyfh# Ãc vlzkbć hchlkqć, doybockkpyojvşk jf gflf jovć ck}flvyk jf oynhckqhyf wvcz bfwhnfyk jkmfykŧk ghyf hvhgffhşk jfwzkchzhyk ‗ gflvlflf oynhckwbvlvk ‗, yfvckŧk ãc avyvl vcvk kczfyfwgobvc ‗ kczfnyhyfh# Yflhŧkh gfloy jovć ck}flvyk fwzf bhk bvlz vch jfgobplkckyf mvcgŧkochlć#

TK# :# Wzyvgzvyh wviwkwzfbvlvk fcjogykc

Yflhŧkklf wfbckmkghzk}f jkczyf pćy ŧklf $nlhcjflf+ gf gobpvc wkwzfbvlfcjogykc, h gćyoy zozhlkzhzf jć gocŧkcvz wzyvgzvykk hgfwzvkh, wf ŧfw ãc jovć

plhcvyk1 vcvl jkyfgz, pykc hgŧkvcklf hcvbkzoy doybock hwvpyh hcvbkzoy




8=6

nlhcjf fcjogykcf şk vcvl kcjkyfgz, bfjkhz jf fmfgzflf pyojvwf jf doybockhwvpyh ŧfwvzvykloy şk oynhcfloy fmfgzohyf#

Ãc ghjyvl yflhŧkkloy jkyfgzf, ghyf hv ghyhgzfy wflfgzk} ‗ jfgk oynhckqhz ‗,

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}fjfyf, jf mhpz, johy flkifyhyfh, cv ãcwć şk wkczfqh# Gć ãczyf flkifyhyf şkwkczfqć ftkwzć o yflhŧkf bfzyhiolkgć, ãc wfcwvl gć nolkyfh wzogvykloy wzkbvlfhqć wkczfqh, hgfhwzh fwzf o hlzć gdfwzkvcf ghyf cv wgdkbić fwfcŧhpyoilfbfk# Jfgk, zohzf nlhcjflf fcjogykcf wvcz wvioyjochzf dkpomkqfk ãcplhcvl wkczfqfk doybockloy, jhy cv zohzf k wf wvioyjocfhqć ãc plhcvlflkify ćykk hgfwzoyh# Gdfwzkvcfh, jfşk hphyfcz cfkbpoyzhczć, fwzf fwfcŧkhlć pfczyv ãcŧflfnfyfh pyoilfbfk kczfny ćykk oynhckwbvlvk, ãczyvgéz pfczyv hgfhwzhfwzf kbpoyzhczć flkifyhyfh doybockloy ãc ghczkzhzf pozyk}kzć şk lh bobfczvlopoyzvc şk bhk pvŧkc kbpoyzhczć bojhlkzhzfh pykc ghyf nlhcjh ãşk yfqol}ć

pyoilfbh wzogvykloy# Pfczyv h ãcgdfkh, }ob yfbhygh mhpzvl gć bkyhyfh ãc




8==

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Ãc mkcf, ŧkcécj zoz jf yflhŧkklf jkyfgzf, wvcz jf gocwkjfyhz kcmlvfcŧflf

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Ãc ghjyvl yflhŧkkloy kcjkyfgzf, bvlz bhk nfcfyhlf şk, vcfoyk, bvlz bhk

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hwvpyh gflvlfloy wfgyfzohyf jf nlvghnoc şk h goyzkgowvpyhyfchlfk, ghyf }oy




8=;

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phy ŧkhlć h nlvgoqfk, gv vc pyocvcŧhz pozfcŧkhl zotkg, cv yfpyfqkczć jfgézjo}hjh gć oynhckwbvl ãcgfhygć, pykc oykgf bojhlkzhzf, wć wghpf jf pfykgolvlbhk bhyf pf ghyf"l yfpyfqkczć zogbhk owbolhykzhzfh# Ãc hgfwzf gocjkŧkkoynhckwbvl fwzf –jkwpvw‒ wć mhgć oykgf gv nlvgoqh ‗ wć o zyhcwmoybf pykccfonfcfqć ãc lkpkjf şk pyozfkcf, wć o jfnyhjfqf phy ŧkhl ãc goypk gfzockgk şkgdkhy wć o flkbkcf gh hzhyf ‗ cvbhk wć f}kzf fmfgzflf cfnhzk}f hwvpyhgflvlfloy ftgkzhiklf pyo}oghzf jf moy ŧh owbolhy ć pf ghyf hgfhwzh o jfq}olzć#Jkc hgfwz bozk}, yfjvgfyfh zkbpvlvk yfmlft ãc yfnlhyfh nlkgfbkfk fwzfkbpfykow cfgfwhy ć# œk hgfhwzh wf yfhlkqfhqć pykc wgvyzhyfh jyvbvlvk jkczyf

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Ãc hl joklfh yécj, fwzf ghqvl hygvlvk yfmlft fcjogykc pykc ghyf wfyfnlfhqć }hlohyfh ghlgfbkfk, vc phyhbfzyv mkqkgo"gdkbkg hl bfjkvlvk kczfyc

hlf gćyvk }hykhŧkk zyfivkf bfcŧkcvzf ãc lkbkzf şk bhk wzyécwf jfgéz nlkgfbkh




8>0

$gobphyhŧkh fwzf cfhjfg}hzć fwfcŧfk pyoilfbfk+# Hgfhwzh ãczyvgéz, jvpć gvbw"h gocwzhzhz, kbpoyzhcŧh kocvlvk Gh9% fwzf kbfcwć pfczyv oynhckwb, fl mkkcjkbplkghz ãc gflf bhk kbpoyzhczf bfghckwbf mkqkolonkgf1 ftgkzhiklkzhzfh

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8>8

TK# ># Wmfyflf kczfnyćykk fcjogykcf

Ãc ghjyvl pyogfwvlvk vckzhy hl kczfny ćykk oynhckwbvlvk lhzvyh fcjogykcć yfpyfqkczć goczkcvkzhzfh, khy lhzvyh cfvyhlć ‗ jkwgoczkcvkzhzfh# Hmkybhŧkh cvhyf vc wfcw ftglvwk}kwz, mkfghyf lhzvy ć jfŧkcécj, ãczy"o hcvbkzćbćwvy ć, zy ćwć"zvyk ghyhgzfykwzkgf gflfklhlzf# Goczkcvkzhzfh şk jkwgoczkcvkzhzfh wf jkwzkcn pykc}kzfqflf jkmfykzf gv ghyf flf f}olvfhqć hzéz ãc plhc mkqkolonkg $mvcgŧkochl+, gézşk ãc plhc ikolonkg $nfcfzkg+# Ãc plhc mkqkolonkg wviwkwzfbvl fcjogykc, pykc}kzfqh jf lvgyv bvlz bhk yfjvwć, yfhlkqfhqć bhk bvlz ãczyfŧkcfyfh ãc zkbp,jfgéz kckŧkfyfh pyogfwfloy jf kczfnyhyf, hgfhwzh mkkcj hphchavl $jfşk cvftglvwk}+ wkwzfbvlvk cfvyhl, ghyhgzfykqhz jf o }kzfqć jf lvgyv cfz wvpfykohy ć#Ãczyvgéz mkfghyf wviwkwzfb fwzf o moybhŧkvcf dfzfyonfcć, ãc wfcwvl gć fwzfhlgćzvkzć jkc bhk bvlzf gobpocfczf, mkfghyf gv hcvbkzf phyzkgvlhykzćŧk

mvcgŧkochlf, }kzfqh jf lvgyv wpfgkmkgć hgfwzoyh cv jfŧkcf o }hlohyf jkwgyfzć,vckgć, }hlhiklć pfczyv zoz hcwhbilvl# Ãc zozhlkzhzfh wh wviwkwzfbvl hyf o}kzfqć bfjkf jf lvgyv, wkzvhzć }hloykg lh jkwzhcŧć fnhlć jf lkbkzflf bkckbć şkbhtkbć wpfgkmkgf vcoyh jkczyf gobpocfczflf whlf# Jkc hgfwz bozk} }kzfqflfjf lvgyv hlf wviwkwzfbfloy wf hpyopkf pykc ftzyfbflf loy# Wkzvhŧkh fwzfwkbklhy ć şk ãc plhc ikolonkg $nfcfzkg+5 f}olvŧkh oykgćyvk wkwzfb cv yfpyfqkczć vc pyogfw nfcfyhl, jkmvq şk vckmoyb pfczyv zohzf gobpocfczflf, jfohyfgfjf}fckyfh cv pohzf h}fh ghyhgzfy jf bhwć# Gfl pvŧkc jkc hgfwzf jovć bozk}fcv fwzf powkiklć jfbhyghŧkh cfzć, ãc kczfykoyvl pyogfwvlvk kczfnyhzoy vckzhy,

ãczyf lhzvyh fcjogykcć ‗ yfpyfqfczécj goczkcvkzhzfh ‗ şk gfh cfvyhlć ‗ yfpyfqfczécj jkwgoczkcvkzhzfh# Fwzf o jo}hjć ãc plvw gć wkwzfbvl kczfnyhzoy hl oynhckwbvlvk wkwzfbvl cfvyofcjogykc ‗ cv hyf ghyhgzfy jvhl#

Gvb ãc oynhckwb cv pohzf ftkwzh, cv vc oynhc whv vc ŧfwvz, jhy ckgkbćghy o wkcnvy ć gflvlć ghyf wć wf wvwzyhnć kczfny ćykk şk gvb kczfnyhyfh fwzfvc pyogfw vckzhy yfhlkqhz jf vc wkwzfb vckg, wf ãcŧflfnf gć hzéz ftkwzfcŧh, gézşk jf}fckyfh oynhckwbvlvk wvcz gocjkŧkochzf jf kczfnyhyfh cfvyofcjogykcć#Ãcgéz wmfyflf kczfny ćykk fcjogykcf zyfivkf wć hgopfyf hzéz wkcgyockwbvlftkwzfcŧkhl, géz şk jkhgyockwbvl f}olvzk}#

Ãc wmfyh ftkwzfcŧfk kczfnyhyfh fcjogykcć fwzf kbplkghzć ãc bfcŧkcfyfhdobfowzhqkfk, ãc gocjkŧkklf ãc ghyf hwvpyh hgfwzfkh wf ftfygkzć pfybhcfczfpyfwkvck jfwzhiklkqhzohyf hzéz jkc ftzfykoy, pykc mlvgzvhŧkklf jkc hbikfcz, gézşk jkc kczfykoy, pykc ãcwćşk hgzk}kzhzfh gflvlfloy# Mhpzvl gć ãc plhcvl ftkwzfcŧfkwvcz kbplkghzf gflf bhk bvlzf jkczyf nlhcjflf fcjogykcf cv ãcwfhbcć gć doybockk hgfwzoyh hv vc yol bhk bkg ãc plhcvl jf}fckykk, gflf jovć plhcvykcfpvzécj mk wfphyhzf# Ãc wmfyh jf}fckykk kczfnyhyfh fcjogykcć fwzf kbplkghzć hzéz pf plhc oczonfcfzkg ‗ goczyolécj jfq}olzhyfh fzhpkqhzć h oynhckwbvlvkkcjk}kjvhl ‗, géz şk pf plhc mklonfcfzkg ‗ hwknvyécj vc yhpoyz opzkb ãczyf

gocwfy}hzkwbvl şk }hykhiklkzhzfh ghyhgzfyfloy wpfgkmkgf# O kbpoyzhcŧć hphyzf




8>9

ãc hgfhwzć wmfy ć h kczfny ćykk fcjogykcf o jfŧkc nlhcjflf kbplkghzf bhk jkyfgzãc gyfşzfyfh şk jfq}olzhyfh oynhckwbvlvk1 dkpomkqh, fpkmkqh, zkyokjh, zkbvwvl şknochjflf# Jf hkgk cv zyfivkf wć wf ãcŧflfhnć gć hgfwzf nlhcjf cv hv

kbplkghŧkk ãc wmfyh ftkwzfcŧfk, oyk gć gflflhlzf cv hv yol ãc plhcvl jf}fckykk#Zohzf nlhcjflf goczykivkf, jfwknvy, ãc bćwvy ć jkmfykzć, lh kczfnyhyfhoynhckwbvlvk ãc jvilh wh ghlkzhzf1 jf wkwzfb kcjk}kjvhl, whv fczkzhzfmkqkolonkgć şk jf flfbfcz gobpocfcz hl wpfgkfk, whv fczkzhzf nfcfzkgć#




8>7

WFGũKVCFH h K]"h

WKWZFBVL KCZFNYHZOY CFVYOFCJOGYKC

TKK# KCZFNYHYFH CFVYOFCJOGYKCĉ Kczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk fwzf vc pyogfw vckzhy gf cv pohzf mk yfhlkqhz

jfgéz jf vc wkwzfb jf oynhcf vckzhy# Ghyhgzfyvl vckzhy hl wkwzfbvlvkcfvyofcjogykc hyf, ãc pykbvl yécj, o ihqć oczo" şk mklonfcfzkgć, gflf jovć

gobpocfczf ‗ cfvyhlć şk fcjogykcć ‗ h}écj o jfq}olzhyf şk o f}olvŧkfgocgobkzfczf şk, ãc hl joklfh yécj, o ihqć hchzobkgć $dkwzolonkgć+, gflvlflfhbifloy wviwkwzfbf ‗ cfvyocvl şk gflvlh fcjogykcć ‗ hphy ŧkcécj zkpvlvkftgkzhikl ‗ wfgyfzoy, ghyhgzfykqhz jf jfq}olzhyfh bhk bhyf h hgfloyhşkoynhckzf# Ãc mkcf, ghyhgzfyvl vckzhy hl wkwzfbvlvk cfvyofcjogykc hyf şk o ihqć mvcgŧkochlć, hbiflf gobpocfczf h}écj hgflhşk bfghckwb mvcgŧkochl ‗ hgzvlyfmlft ‗ şk hgffhşk mkchlkzhzf ‗ kczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk ãc zohzć gobplftkzhzfh wh# Hchlkqh ãc plhc mkqkolonkg w"h m ćgvz pécć hkgk wfphyhzpfczyv gflf jovć wviwkwzfbf cvbhk gv wgopvl jf h hwknvyh o bhk goyfgzć şkpyomvcjć ãcŧflfnfyf h vckzćŧkk loy# Gffh gf hb gobkw pykc hgfhwzh cv fwzf

ãcwć vc whgyklfnkv ãczyvgéz, m ćy ć h hmfgzh ghyhgzfyvl vckzhy hl ãczyfnvlvk,mkfghyf phyzf wf jo}fjfşzf ghphiklć şk jf hgŧkvcf wolkzhy ć mkf ãc kczfykoyvllkbkzfloy lkifyzćŧkk mvcgŧkochlf jf ghyf wf ivgvy ć, mkf ‗ pfczyv wgvyz zkbp ‗ ãchmhyh hgfwzoyh# Ãc plvw, ghphgkzhzfh jf hgŧkvcf wolkzhy ć pohzf mk jfbocwzyhzć ftpfykbfczhl pfczyv mkfghyf jkczyf pćy ŧk#

Kczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk yfhlkqhzć gv phyzkgkphyfh ãczyfnvlvk wkwzfb hyflh ihqć hygvl şk hgzvl yfmlft cfvyofcjogykc# Jhzoykzć wpfgkmkgvlvk mvcgŧkochlhl mkfgćyvkh ‗ wpfgkmkg jfzfybkchz jf ãcwflf cfgfwkzćŧklf hlf oynhckwbvlvk şkcv jf nyhjf jkmfykzf jf f}olvŧkf ‗, bojvl jf kczyhyf ãc hgŧkvcf şk

jfwm ćşvyhyfh ãc zkbp h goczykivŧkfk gfloy jovć wviwkwzfbf ãc ghjyvl hgflvkhşkhgz yfmlft cfvyofcjogykc wvcz jkmfykzf# Gh vybhyf h }hykhŧkfk wfbckmkghzk}f hvcvk phyhbfzyv $mkn# =: ΚP+, wviwkwzfbvl cfvyhl, h}écj wfcwkiklkzhzf bhkbhyf şk lhzfcŧćbhk bkgć, }h kczyh pykbvl ãc hgŧkvcf şk }h kckŧkh hzéz hgzk}hyfhãczy"vc hcvbkz wfcw h wviwkwzfbvlvk fcjogykc, géz şk ‗ ãc bvlzf ghqvyk ‗ pyogfwvl ãc wkcf jf goyfgzhyf h hihzfykk#

Jvpć kczyhyfh ãc hgŧkvcf, gv lhzfcŧć bhk bhyf, h wviwkwzfbvlvkfcjogykc, gfl cfvyhl ãşk yfjvgf $ãcgfzfhqć+ kczfy}fcŧkh, yf}fckcj fpkwojkgjohy ãc bobfczflf ãc ghyf wf kbpvcf wgdkbihyfh wfcwvlvk hgŧkvckkfcjogykcf, jhzoykzć kc}fywćykk hihzfykk $mkn# =:+




8>:

TKK# 8# Phyzkgvlhykzćŧklf kczfnyćykk cfvyofcjogykcf

Jhgć ãc plhcvl hlgćzvkykk hygvl yfmlft cfvyofcjogykc pohzf mkgocwkjfyhz gh yfqvlzhz hl gocfgzćykk gfloy jovć hygvyk gobpocfczf ‗ cfvyhl şkfcjogykc ‗, ãc plhcvl wzyvgzvykk hgzvl yfmlft cfvyofcjogykc cv pohzf mk yfjvwlh wvbh hgzfloy yfmlftf gf hv log lh ck}flvl hgfwzoyh# Ghvqh pykcgkphlć, jhy cv şk vckgć, fwzf yfpyfqfczhzć jf ftkwzfcŧh vcvk bfjkv kczfyc gobvc pfczyvzohzf gobpocfczflf hygvlvk cfvyofcjogykc $yfgfpzoyk, gfczyk, nlhcjf,fmfgzoyk şk gćk jf gocjvgfyf+# Ãc hgfwz wfcw vc yol fwfcŧkhl ãk yf}kcf wécnflvk,gobpocfczh gfh bhk jkchbkgć h bfjkvlvk kczfyc# Vckgkzhzfh bfjkvlvk kczfychwknvy ć cv cvbhk goclvgyhyfh bhk fmkgkfczć h gobpocfczfloy cfvyhlf şkfcjogykcf ãc yfhlkqhyfh kczfny ćykk oynhckwbvlvk, gk şk gocjkŧkochyfh loy yfgkpyogć pykc ghyf wf hggfczvfhqć ghyhgzfyvl vckzhy hl ãcwvşk wkwzfbvlvkkczfnyhzoy#

Pfczyv ãcŧflfnfyfh goyfgzć h hygvlvk şk hgzvlvk yfmlft cfvyofcjogykcwvcz cfgfwhyf gézf}h pyfgkqćyk# Ãc pykbvl yécj, wf kbpvcf gocwkjfyhyfhyfgfpzoykloy şk jkc vcndkvl ghlkzćŧkk gkifycfzkgf h kcmoybhŧkkloy yfgfpzhzf lh vcbobfcz jhz# Vch şk hgffhşk kcmoybhŧkf ghpzhzć lh ck}flvl hgflvkhşk yfgfpzoy

pohzf h}fh, lh vc bobfcz hcvbf, ghlkzhzfh jf kcmoybhŧkf kckŧkhlć, khy lh vchlz bobfcz ghlkzhzfh jf yfzyokcmoybhŧkf# Wpyf ftfbplv, jhgć yfjvgfyfhnlkgfbkfk fwzf jfzfybkchzć jf gyfşzfyfh gocwvbvlvk lh ck}fl zkwvlhy fh fwzfyfgfpzhzć gh kcmoybhŧkf kckŧkhlć, khy jhgć fwzf jfzfybkchzć jf hgŧkvcfhkcwvlkcfk, flkifyhzć ãc pyogfwflf jf yfnlhyf, fh fwzf yfgfpzhzć gh yfzyokcmoy"bhŧkf# Fwzf cfgfwhy, jf hwfbfcfh, gh pf lécnć ghphgkzhzfh moybhŧkvckloy yfgfpzohyf jf h jfzfgzh ãc boj wpfgkmkg hcvbkzf }hykhŧkk jkc bfjkvl kczfyc,wć wf gocwkjfyf şk ghphgkzhzfh xvhwkzozhlkzćŧkk ŧfwvzvykloy jf h jfzfgzh ãc bojcfwpfgkmkg hgflfhşk }hykhŧkk, jfwknvy, lh hlzf gozf }hloykgf# Wpyf ftfbplv,

}hykhŧkklf nlkgfbkfk wvcz jfzfgzhzf cv cvbhk jf nlvgoyfgfpzoykk wpfgkhlkqhŧk

Mkn# =:Jfwm ćşvyhyfh ãc zkbp h

kczfy}fcŧkkloy gfloy jovć gobpocfczf ‗ fcjogykcć şk cfvyhlć ‗ ãc goyfgzhyfhhihzfykloy $ΚP+ vcvkphyhbfzyv $P+




8>6

jkc qocflf yfmlftonfcf şk dkpozhlhbvw, gk şk jf gflvlflf dfphzkgf, bvwgvlhyf,cfvyochlf fzg# Ãc hl joklfh yécj, wf kbpvcf gh ãc ghjyvl hygvlvk yfmlftcfvyofcjogykc wć mkf gocwkjfyhz jyfpz fmfgzoy oynhcvl ãc ãczyfnvl wćv şk cv

johy vcvl jkc ŧfwvzvyklf gf ãl gobpvc# Pf lécnć ŧfwvzvl wpfgkmkg, pykc ghyf ãkfwzf jfmkckzć mvcgŧkh, oynhcvl jfŧkcf şk o }hwgvlhykqhŧkf pyopykf, pykc ghyf ãkfwzf gocjkŧkochzć yfhlkqhyfh mvcgŧkfk# Jhgć pykc ŧfwvzvl wpfgkmkg oynhcflffmfgzohyf poz hphy ŧkcf wmfyfk wobhzkgf whv }fnfzhzk}f, pykc }hwgvlhykqhŧkfzohzf ŧkc jf wmfyh }fnfzhzk}ć# Ãcgéz, hgzk}kzhzfh vcvk oynhc fmfgzoy zyfivkfpvwć ãczozjfhvch ãc lfnćzvy ć cv cvbhk gv ŧfwvzvl wpfgkmkg ghyf o yfhlkqfhqć,gk şk gv }hwgvlhykqhŧkh ghyf o mhgf powkiklć# Ãc hchlkqh hygvlvk şk hgzvlvk yfmlftcfvyofcjogykc, nlhcjflf fcjogykcf cv wvcz gocwkjfyhzf oynhcf fmfgzohyf,jfşk flf hv hgfhwzć }hlohyf $gflf pfykmfykgf ãc yhpoyz gv dkpomkqh şk hgfhwzh

jkc vybć ãc yhpoyz gv cvglfkk wfgyfzoyk hk dkpozhlhbvwvlvk+, gk vc mfl jf–gfczyk‒ fcjogykck kczfybfjkhyk gv yol jf gobhcjć hwvpyh fmfgzoykloy mkchlk,gv jkwpoqkŧkf zfybkchlć ãc ghjyvl hygvlvk# Ãc hl zyfklfh yécj, wf kbpvcf hpyfgkqh gć wécnflf, pf lécnć ghlkzhzfh jf h mk –oikfgz hl kczfny ćykk‒$bfcŧkcfyfh dobfowzhqkfk phyhbfzykloy wćk mkqkgk şk gdkbkgk+, phyzkgkpć flãcwvşk lh yfhlkqhyfh kczfny ćykk oynhckwbvlvk, ãcjfplkckcj bhk bvlzf yolvyk ãchgfwz wfcw1 h+ wvywć jf kcmoybhyf pfczyv yfgfpzoyk $kcmoybhŧkf kckŧkhlć+5 i+}fdkgvl pfczyv bfwhnfykk doybochlk $yolvl jf ghchl pvyzćzoy+5 g+ pvyzćzoy jfyfzyokcmoybhŧkk şk j+ obonfckqhzoy hl bfjkvlvk ftzyhgflvlhy pykc jkchbkgh

lvk wpoykzć şk pykc vckgkzhzfh wh# Pykbflf zyfk mkkcj hchlkqhzf şk gv hlzfpyklfavyk, }ob mhgf johy gézf}h yfbhygk gv pyk}kyf lh vlzkbvl yol avghz jfwécnf ãc kczfnyhyf#

Pykc vckgkzhzfh şk jkchbkgh wh, wécnflf pyf}kcf hggfczvhyfh vcoy bojkmkgćyk mkqkgo"gdkbkgf ãc hcvbkzf zfykzoykk hlf oynhckwbvlvk, pyojvwf jfãcwćşk mvcgŧkochyfh ŧfwvzvykloy, goczykivkcj gdkhy şk ãc hgfwz boj lh kczfnyhyf#Hwzmfl, oykghyf ŧfwvz $oynhc+ fwzf cv cvbhk kcmoybhz gv pyk}kyf lh wzhyfhmvcgŧkochlć h zvzvyoy gfloylhlzf, gk şk kcmlvfcŧhz jf fh# Hgfhwzh fwzf o yfnvlć nfcfyhlć gćyfkh cv k wf pohzf wvwzyhnf ckgk vch jkczyf gobpocfczflf

oynhckwbvlvk# Hwfbfcfh kcmlvfcŧf nfcfyhlkqhzf hv gocwfgkcŧf gf jfpkcj, pfjf o phyzf, jf wfbckmkghŧkh şk }hlohyfh bojkmkgćykk pyojvwf ãczy"vc zfykzoykvhl oynhckwbvlvk şk, pf jf hlzć phyzf, jf wfcwkiklkzhzfh pyopykf h mkfgćyvk ŧfwvzmhŧć jf hgfh bojkmkghyf# Jf ftfbplv, gocwfgkcŧflf pyojvwf jf bojkmkghyfhchzyfbkfk }oy mk bhk pvŧkc wpfgzhgvlohwf jfgéz gflf pyojvwf jf bojkmkghyfhnlkgfbkfk, ãcwć, ãc hbiflf ghqvyk flf }oy mk bvlz bhk pyocvcŧhzf lh ck}flvlŧfwvzvlvk cfvyhl jfgéz lh ck}flvl ŧfwvzvlvk gocavcgzk}# Ãczyvgéz, pykcwfcwkiklkzhzfh mohyzf pyocvcŧhzć mhŧć jf hwfbfcfh bojkmkgćyk hlf bfjkvlvkkczfyc, wkwzfbvl cfy}ow hy pvzfh mk nyh} hmfgzhz ãc mvcgŧkochlkzhzfh wh, jfgk ãc

ãcwćşk ghphgkzhzfh jf h kczfy}fck pyobpz şk fmkgkfcz ãc gdkhy pyogfwvl




8>=

goyfgzćykk hgfloy bojkmkgćyk, o hcvbf pyozfahyf h wh mhŧć jf hgfwzfh, wvimoybh vcfk fwzobpćyk h kcmlvfcŧfloy powkikl cfnhzk}f, wf kbpvcf gvcfgfwkzhzf# Hgfwz yol yf}kcf ihykfyfk dfbhzofcgfmhlkgf, vc hcwhbilv moybhz

jkc ghpklhyf $wpfgkmkgf+ şk hcvbkzf gflvlf nlkhlf ghyf, m ćy ć h ãbpkfjkghwgdkbivyklf, –hboyzkqfhqć‒ fmfgzvl bojkmkgćykloy whcnvkcf ãczy"hzéz, ãcgéz lhck}flvl lkgdkjvlvk gfmhloyhdkjkhc flf hv, ãc gfh bhk bhyf bćwvy ć, johy }hlohyf kcmoybhŧkochlć şk cvbhk ãc bkgć bćwvy ć şk jkcgolo jf hcvbkzflkbkzf şk }hlohyf jf mhgzoy jf kcmlvfcŧć hwvpyh bfzhiolkwbvlvk ŧfwvzvlvkcfvyochl# Ãc mkcf, ãc lfnćzvy ć gv kcmlvfcŧflf yfgkpyogf jkczyf ŧfwvzvyk,ftfygkzhzf pykc kczfybfjkvl bojkmkgćykloy pyojvwf ãc wécnf jf ãcwćşkhgzk}kzhzfh loy, zyfivkf yfbhyghz gć hgfwzfh poz hmfgzh gflvlflf hzéz ãc plhcvlmvcgŧkfk loy wpfgkmkgf whv ãc gfl hl bfzhiolkwbvlvk pyopykv, géz şk ãc hbiflfplhcvyk, hgfhwzh mkkcj mvcgŧkf hzéz jf chzvy ć şk hbplohyfh bojkmkgćykk, géz şkjf nyhjvl jf wfcwkiklkzhzf h gflvlfk şk jf powkiklkzćŧklf jf ghyf fh jkwpvcfpfczyv h wf pyozfah ãc mhŧh loy# Ãc hl phzyvlfh şk vlzkbvl yécj, wf gv}kcf hpyfgkqh gć hgzk}kzhzfh jf kczfnyhyf cfvyofcjogykcć h oynhckwbvlvk gvpykcjfjovć mhqf wvggfwk}f1 h+ yfwzhiklkyfh dobfowzhqkfk şk i+ ãczyfŧkcfyfh fk ãczkbp# Jfşk gflf jovć mhqf hv hgffhşk mkchlkzhzf, jkmfyfcŧflf jkczyf flf wvczyfbhyghiklf hzéz ãc gffh gf pyk}fşzf zkpvl şk cvbćyvl moybhŧkvckloy cfvyofcjogykcf kbplkghzf, géz şk, bhk gv wfhbć, ãc pyk}kcŧh kczfcwkzćŧkk

mvcgŧkochlf h hgfwzoyh, şk, kbplkgkz, h jfwzyvgŧkkloy powkiklf $vqvykk+ şk hgowzvykloy fcfynfzkgf# Ãczy"vc phyhnyhm hczfykoy w"h m ćgvz pyfgkqhyfh gć kczfnyhyfh gocwzć, ãc vlzkbć hchlkqć, ãc gooyjochyf şk yfnlha, ãc wfcwvl gć, ãcghqvl hphykŧkfk vcfk bojkmkgćyk wfbckmkghzk}f ãc bfjkv, wkwzfbvlcfvyofcjogykc zyfivkf wć jfgkjć, ãc pykbvl yécj, jkyfgŧkh mvcgŧkochlć opzkbć pf ghyf }h mk hcnhahz oynhckwbvl şk, hikh ãc hl joklfh yécj, ck}flvl jfkczfcwkzhzf opzkbć h bfghckwbfloy kbplkghzf ãc bhzfykhlkqhyfh hgfwzfkh# Jkcvcndkvl gfloy hgvb şk hkgk jkwgvzhzf wf pohzf oiwfy}h gć, pfczyv yfwzhiklkyfhdobfowzhqkfk, pfyzvyihzć jf o bojkmkghyf wfbckmkghzk}ć jkc bfjkv $kczfyc

whv ftzfyc+, fwzf cfgfwhy ć gooyjochyfh, khy pfczyv ãczyfŧkcfyfh fk ãc coklfgocjkŧkk fwzf cfgfwhy yfnlhavl# Ãc ãbpyfavyhyfh ãc ghyf bojkmkgćyklf jkc bfjkvwf wvggfj lh kczfy}hlf wgvyzf jf zkbp şk ãc boj hlfhzoykv şk hgfhwzć wkzvhŧkf wfftzkcjf gh jvyhzć, wkwzfbvl cfvyofcjogykc şk, pykc fl ãczyfn oynhckwbvl, fwzfwvpyhwolkgkzhz ãc jkyfgŧkh vcoy yfpfzhzf ãcgfygćyk jf yfwzhiklkyf h dobfowzhqkfkm ćy ć h o pvzfh mhgf kczfnyhl, h vcoy wvggfwk}f şk gowzkwkzohyf $pykc vqvy ć şkgocwvb fcfynfzkg+ pyogfwf jf gooyjochyf lkpwkzf jf yfqvlzhzf kbfjkhzf whvjf pfywpfgzk}ć hpyopkhzć# O hwzmfl jf wkzvhŧkf nfcfyfhqć wzhyfh jf wzyfw, wzhyfgv pyocvcŧhzf fmfgzf cfnhzk}f hwvpyh ãczyfnkk wzyvgzvyk iko"pwkdo"wogko"

gvlzvyhlf h kcjk}kjvlvk vbhc# Ãczyvgéz mhqh jf yfwzhiklkyf wvy}kcf ãc vybh




8>>

hmfgzćykk dobfowzhqkfk, wpfgkmkgć hcvbkzoy gkygvbwzhcŧf hbikfczhlf $mkn# =6+şk wméy şfşzf ãc bobfczvl yfwzhiklkykk dobfowzhqkfk, wpfgkmkgć cokloy gkygvbwzhcŧf hbikfczhlf, gkygvbwzhcŧf ãc ghyf wf kcglvjf gh pyfqfcŧć

pfybhcfczć şk mhgzoyvl jf bfjkv ghyf h pyojvw hmfgzhyfh, fh ‗ mhqh jfyfwzhiklkyf ‗ zyfivkf gocwkjfyhzć gh o mhqć jf zyhcqkŧkf h wkwzfbvlvk ãczyf jovć wzćyk powkiklf# Ãcgéz, wzhyfh jf wzyfw cv fwzf hlzgf}h jfgéz gocwfgkcŧhnfcfyhlkqhzć h pyflvcnkykk fthnfyhzf h mhqfk jf zyhcqkŧkf, ghyhgzfykqhzć jfmvcgŧkochyfh hlfyzhzć, cfgooyjochzć h bfghckwbfloy kczfnyhzohyf ãc gćvzhyfhvcfk cok wzćyk wzhiklf#

Wzhyfh jf wzyfw jf}kcf hwzmfl o wzhyf jf jkwpfyhyf mvcgŧkochlć hoynhckwbvlvk ãc ghyf, zogbhk jhzoykzć jkwpfy ćykk, bfghckwbflf kczfnyhzohyfwvcz wgćphzf jf wvi goczyol, oyjkcfh wkwzfbvlvk mkkcj nyh} gobpyobkwć#

Ãcgéz wzhyfh jf wzyfw cv fwzf hlzgf}h jfgéz ftpyfwkh mkqkolonkgć h vcfkcfpfybkwf pyflvcnkyk ãc zkbp h jfqoyjkckk mvcgŧkochlf, h fczyopkfk gyfwgvzf hwkwzfbvlvk#

Mkn# =6

Mhqflf kczfny ćykk cfvyofcjogykcf

∍ P ‗ }hykhŧkh phyhbfzykloy hbikfczhlk5 M K, KK ‗ mhqf jf wzhiklkzhzf5 MY ‗ mhqh jfyfwzhiklkyf h dobfowzhqkfk5 ‗ mhgzoyvl jf bfjkv $wolkgkzhyf+ bojkmkghzşk gvhgŧkvcf pfywkwzfczć ãc zkbp

TKK# 9# Hygvl şk hgzvl yfmlft cfvyofcjogykc

Oykgf bojkmkghyf wfbckmkghzk}ć jkc bfjkvl ftzfyc whv kczfyc fwzfwfwkqhzć jf vc gébp yfgfpzoy wpfgkhlkqhz $Mkn# ==+#

Lh ck}flvl gfczykloy cfvyofcjogykck $ ghyf kcglvj şk dkpomkqh+ kcmoybh"ŧkklf pvyzhzf jf gćklf hmfyfczf wvcz wvpvwf vcoy pyogfwf jf pyflvgyhyf ihqhzf




8>4

hzéz pf mvcgŧkh jf wvbhzoy"kczfnyhzoy h mkfgćyvk goyp gflvlhy kbplkghz, géz şkpf ghphgkzhzfh cfvyockloy jf h wzhiklk ãczyf fk yflhŧkk wkchpzkgf şk coc"wkchpzkgf# Yfqvlzhzvl pyflvgy ćykk kcmoybhŧkkloy fwzf gobhcjh#

Mkn# ==

Wgdfbh hygvlvk yfmlft cfvyofcjogykcW ‗ wzkbvl jkc bfjkvl ftzfyc whv kczfyc5 Y ‗ ftzfyo" whv kczfyogfpzoy5 GCF ‗ gfczyvcfvyofcjogykc $ãc ghyf fwzf gvpykcwć şk dkpomkqh+1 NP ‗ nlhcjć fcjogykcć pfykmfykgć5F ‗ fmfgzoyvl wobhzkg whv }fnfzhzk}5 YHK ‗ yfgfpzoyvl hmfyfczhŧkfk kc}fywf ftzfyo ‗

whv kczfyogfpzohyf5 BFK ‗ bfjkvl ftzfyc kckŧkhl5

Gvb, ãcwć, nyhjvl jf gobplftkzhzf hchzobo"mvcgŧkochlć h gfczykloy fwzf jkmfykz, fl mkkcj bhtkb pfczyv gfczyvl goyzkghl $wgohy ŧh ãc zozhlkzhzfh fk+,jfjvgfb gć şk pyogfwflf jf pyflvgyhyf, gh şk yfqvlzhzflf loy, }oy h}fhck}flvyk ghlkzhzk}f jkmfykzf, yfwpfgzécj hgffhşk kfyhydkf# Bhk bvlz gdkhy, lhck}flvl jkfcgfmhlvlvk, gh gfczyv wvigoyzkghl jf gfh bhk bhyf gobplftkzhzf,wvcz flhioyhzf gobfcqk cv cvbhk jf vc ãchlz ck}fl ghlkzhzk}, gk şk jf o jvilć chzvy ć1 flfgzykgć $pozfcŧkhlf jf hgŧkvcf+ şk gdkbkgć $doybock+, gflf jovć lhzvyk mvcgŧkochlf hlf cfvyockloy mkkcj plfchy ftplohzhzf#

BFB ‗ bfjkvl ftzfyc bojkmkghz jf hgŧkvcfh fmfgzoyvlvk5 BKB ‗

bfjkvl kczfyc bojkmkghz jf hgŧkvcfh fmfgzoyvlvk5 8 ‗ ghlf hmfyfczć cfy}ohwć59 ‗ ghlf fmfyfczć cfy}ohwć gf gobhcjć jkyfgz flkifyhyfh doybocvlvk jkcnlhcjh fcjogykcć pfykmfykgć $ fwzf ghqvl bfjvlowvpyhyfchlfk+5 7 ‗ ghlffmfyfczć cfy}ohwć gf gobhcjć fmfgzoykk bvwgvlhyk wobhzkgk whv }fnfzhzk}k5: ‗ ghlf fcjogykcć $wzkbvlkcf dkpomkqhyf+5 6 ‗ ghlf fmfyfczć fcjogykcć wpyffmfgzoyk wobhzkgk whv }fnfzhzk}k5 = ‗ ghlf hmfyfczć kc}fywć cfy}ohwć jf lhfmfgzoyk wobhzkgk whv }fnfzhzk}k5 > ‗ ghlf hmfyfczć kc}fywć cfy}ohwć jf lhftzfyogfpzoyk5 4 ‗ ghlf hmfyfczć kc}fywć cfy}ohwć jf lh kczfyogfpzoyk şk}kwgfyogfpzoyk5 ; ‗ ghyf hmfyfczć kc}fywć vboyhl"doybochlć#




8>;

Ãczyf gfczykk cfvyofcjogykck şk nlhcjflf fcjogykcf pfykmfykgf wfyfhlkqfhqć lfnćzvyk gobplftf gf hwknvy ć kczfygocjkŧkochyfh loy mvcgŧkochlć#Ãc pykbvl yécj, gfczykk cfvyofcjogykck goczyolfhqć hgzk}kzhzfh bfzhiolkgć

$wkczfqh doybockloy+ h zvzvyoy nlhcjfloy fcjogykcf $kcglvwk} h phyhzkyokjfk,bfjvlowvpyhyfchlfk şk dkpomkqfk+ pykc yfnlhyfh ghlkiyvlvk }hwfloy jf wécnfghyf lf kyknć# Ãc hl joklfh yécj, goczyolfhqć flkifyhyfh doybockloy jkcg}hwkzozhlkzhzfh nlhcjfloy pfykmfykgf mkf jkyfgz, $mkn# ==, 9+ pykc gobfcqkcfy}ohwf $bfjvlowvpyhyfchlh+, mkf kcjkyfgz $:+ pykc kczfybfjkvl dkpomkqfk$wzkbvlkcf dkpomkqhyf+# Lh yécjvl loy, doybockk hwzmfl flkifyhŧk havcn gvwécnflf şk lh gfczyk $mkn# ==, ;+ pf ghyf cv cvbhk gć ãk kcmoybfhqć gv pyk}kyflh bojvl ãc ghyf nlhcjflf hv y ćwpvcw lh gobfcqk $mffj"ihge+, gk ãkkcmlvfcŧfhqć, jkyfgz whv kcjkyfgz, ãc hgzk}kzhzfh loy# Gobfcqklf cfy}ohwf şkfcjogykcf havcn lh fmfgzoyk $F+ pf gćk cfvyochlf $mkn# ==, 7+ yfwpfgzk}

whcnvkcf $mkn# ==, 6+# Pykc hgŧkvcfh loy wpfgkmkgć fmfgzoykk pyojvg bojkmkgćykãc bfjkvl ftzfyc $BFB+ şk /whv kczfyc $BKB+# Jhzć mkkcj ftkwzfcŧh cfgfwhy ć h vcvk hcvbkz nyhj jf lkifyzhzf mvcgŧkochlć h fmfgzoykloy, bojkmkghyfhpyojvwć ãc bfjkv jf hgŧkvcfh jf y ćwpvcw h hgfwzoyh pohzf mk gocmoybć gvgobhcjh pykbkzć whv pohzf wć wf hihzć jf lh hgfhwzh# Hwvpyh nyhjvlvk jfhjfg}hyf h y ćwpvcwvlvk fmfgzoykloy gfczykk cfvyofcjogykck wvcz kcmoybhŧk pfgćk hmfyfczf kc}fywf $mkn# ==, >, 4+ hzéz cfy}ohwf, pykc bkalogkyfh ftzfyo" şkkczfyogfpzoykloy $YHK+, géz şk whcnvkcf $mkn# ==, ;+ pykc hgŧkvcfh jkyfgzć hdoybockloy şk phyhbfzykloy plhwbhzkgk# Ãc ihqh hgfwzoy yfzyokcmoybhŧkk $mffj"

ihge+ gfczykk cfvyofcjogykck poz kczfy}fck goyfgzoy ãc hgzk}kzhzfh fmfgzoykloy#Wvilkckfb şk gv hgfwz pyklfa kbpoyzhcŧh mhpzvlvk gć zohzf gobpo"cfczflf hygvlvk yfmlft cfvyofcjogykc wf hmlć wvi kcmlvfcŧh vcvk bfjkv kczfycgobvc, h gćyvk wzhyf mkqkgo"gdkbkgć fwzf cv cvbhk vc yfqvlzhz, gk şk ogocjkŧkf ‗ hkgk kcmoybhŧkochlć ‗ h mvcgŧkocćykk hgfwzoyh# Hzéz gfczykk cfy}oşkşk nlhcjflf, géz şk yfgfpzoykk, gćklf jf gocjvgfyf şk fmfgzoykk }oy wvmfyk hgflhşkzkp jf kcmlvfcŧf hzvcgk gécj ãc wécnf }h mk pyfqfcz, ãc ghczkzhzf bhk bhyf whvbhk bkgć, vc hcvbkz doyboc, johy nyhjvl jf kcmlvfcŧhyf }h mk jkmfykz, flmkkcj bhk yfjvw lh ck}flvl gfczykloy cfy}oşk şk hl gćkloy kczyhcf}yhtkhlf pykcpyozfgŧkh omfykzć jf ihykfyh dfbhzofcgfmhlkgć# Ãc hgflhşk zkbp zyfivkf

gocwkjfyhzf şk kcmlvfcŧflf vckzhyf ftfygkzhzf hwvpyh gobpocfczfloy hygvlvkpykc kczfybfjkvl gocwfgkcŧfloy nfcfyhlf jfzfybkchzf jf doybock, pf lécnć gflf hlf doybockloy ãcşkşk# Wpyf ftfbplv, ghzfgolhbkcflf jfwgćyghzf jfbfjvlowvpyhyfchlć }oy ftfygkzh hzéz o kcmlvfcŧć jkyfgzć gh doybock, géz şkvch kcjkyfgzć pykc }hlohyfh nlkgfbkfk pf ghyf o wpoyfwg# Jhgć, pykc chzvyh şkbćykbfh loy, kcmlvfcŧflf bojkmkgćykloy jkc bfjkvl kczfyc wvcz vckzhyf,y ćwpvcwvyklf jhzf jf mkfghyf jkczyf gobpocfczflf hygvlvk cfvyofcjogykc wvczpyomvcj jkmfykzf, gh bfghckwb şk fmfgz loghl, jhy vckzhyf pykc gocwfgkcŧh loy vlzkbć ‗ kczfnyhyfh#




840

Jfşk ãc lkbiha gvyfcz zfybfcvl jf dobfowzhqkf fwzf vzklkqhz şk ãclfnćzvy ć gv phyhbfzykk kcjk}kjvhlk hk bfjkvlvk kczfyc, }oyikcjv"wf myfg}fczjf dobfowzhqkh ghlgkvlvk, h nlvgoqfk fzg#, ãc yfhlkzhzf dobfowzhqkh fwzf o

wzhyf gf ghyhgzfykqfhqć oynhckwbvl gh ãczyfn şk cv pćy ŧklf gobpocfczf, fhmkkcj bćwvyh ck}flvlvk yfjvw hl fczyopkfk whlf# Ãc hgfhwzć kpowzhqć dobfowzhqkh yfpyfqkczć yfqvlzhzvl mkchl hl hgzk}kzćŧkk kczfnyhzohyf h wkwzfbvlvkcfvyofcjogykc, vckg şk kcjk}kqkikl# Jfwknvy, dobfowzhqkh pohzf mk pfyzvyihzć pf jk}fywf gćk, jhy yfmhgfyfh şk ãczyfŧkcfyfh fk wf yfhlkqfhqć, ãc zohzf ghqvyklf,pykc kczfy}fcŧkh hgflvkhşk wkwzfb kczfnyhzoy cfvyofcjogykc# Jhgć pfyzvyihyfhdobfowzhqkfk pf o hcvbkzć ghlf kbplkgć ãc bhk bhyf bćwvy ć hcvbkŧkyfgfpzoyk, gfczyk şk fmfgzoyk hgfhwzh cv jć jyfpzvl lh gocwkjfyhyfhmyhnbfczhy ć h wkwzfbvlvk cfvyofcjogykc, h oynhckwbvlvk şk h dobfowzhqkfkwhlf# Pfczyv klvwzyhyfh hgfwzfk yfhlkzćŧk }ob mhgf o hchlkqć wvbhy ć h kczfny ćykk

cfvyofcjogykcf h oynhckwbvlvk ãc gocjkŧkklf pfyzvyićykk dobfowzhqkfk pfgézf}h jkczyf bvlzkplflf gćk powkiklf#

TKK# 7# Kczfnyhyfh cfvyofcjogykcć h bfjkvlvk kczfyc

Ftpykbécj o gocjkŧkf h ftkwzfcŧfk wkwzfbvlvk }kv, dobfowzhqkhbfjkvlvk kczfyc fwzf o wzhyf pf ghyf bfzhiolkwbvl gflvlhy o pyfzkcjf şk pfghyf, zogbhk yfhlkqhyfh lvk, o jkwzyvnf# Hgfhwzć goczyhjkgŧkf ãşk hyf oyknkcfhãc ghlkzhzfh jf wkwzfb jfwgdkw h oykgćyfk gflvlf şk ãc mhpzvl gć lkgdkjvlkczfywzkŧkhl, gh phyzfcfy ãc yfhlkqhyfh wgdkbivykloy, fwzf vc ivc gobvc şk

lkbkzhz ghczkzhzk}# Bkalohgflf mkqkolonkgf pykc ghyf wf hwknvy ć gocwzhcŧhmkqkgo"gdkbkgć h bfjkvlvk kczfyc $dobfowzhqkh+ wvcz yfpyfqfczhzf jfwkwzfbf jf oynhcf wpfgkhlkqhzf ãc yfhlkqhyfh wgdkbivykloy jkczyf hgfwzh şkbfjkvl ftzfyc oynhckwbvlvk, vcflf hwknvyécj kczy ćyk ãc bfjkvl kczfyc$wkwzfbvl jknfwzk} şk yfwpkyhzoy+, hlzflf ‗ kfşkyk jkc hgfwzh $wkwzfbvl ftgyfzoy şk yfwpkyhzoy+, ãczyf hgfwzfh şk gflvlflf ifcfmkgkhyf zyhcwpoyzvl mkkcj hwknvyhzjf vc hlz wkwzfb wpfgkhlkqhz ãc hgfwz wfcw $wkwzfbvl gkygvlhzoy+# Ãczyvgézck}flvl bfzhiolkwbvlvk cv fwzf gocwzhcz ãc zkbp, gk fl wf wkzvfhqć, ãcmvcgŧkf jf hcvbkŧk mhgzoyk ‗ kczfyck şk / whv ftzfyck ‗, lh oykghyf jkczyf}hloyklf gvpykcwf ãczyf o lkbkzć bkckbć $ãc gocjkŧkk ihqhlf+ şk vch bhtkbć

$ãc gocjkŧkk jf hgzk}kzhzf kczfcwć+ wf kbpvcf gv cfgfwkzhzf hjfg}hyfhghczkzhzk}"ghlkzhzk}ć h kczy ćykloy şk kfşkykloy lh hgfwzf owgklhŧkk hlfbfzhiolkwbvlvk# Pfybhcfczh hjfg}hyf fwzf hwknvyhzć jf bfghckwbflfkczfnyhzohyf cfvyofcjogykcf, mkfghyf pvyzécj hbpyfczh vcfk hcvbkzfwpfgkhlkqćyk ãc plhc mkqkg whv gdkbkg#

TKK# 7#8# Kczfnyhyfh cfvyofcjogykcć ãc plhc zfybkg

Dobfowzhqkh oynhckwbvlvk pohzf mk pfyzvyihzć şk pf ghlfh }hykhŧkkloy zfybkgf# Ghvqflf hgfwzoy }hykhŧkk poz mk ftonfcf whv fcjonfcf, khy wfcwvl loy cfnhzk} whv poqkzk}#




848

]hykhŧkklf zfybkgf cfnhzk}f whv poqkzk}f gv oyknkcf ftzfycć hcnhafhqć moybhŧkvcklf yfgfpzohyf jkwpvwf lh kczfymhŧh oynhckwb"bfjkv ftzfyc,yfpyfqfczhzć jf zfnvbfcz, bvgohwf fzg#, khy gflf gv oyknkcf kczfycć

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849

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ãc hgkqk nyhşk plhwbhzkgk $lkpocfonfcfqć+, yfwzvl lvécj ghlfh jfpoqkzfloy lkpkjkgf# Gécj, jkbpozyk}ć, pyozfkcfbkh wf yfjvgf, gobfcqklf cfvyofcjo"gykcf }oy kcjkgh zyhcwmoybhyfh ãc hbkcohgkqk $pyozfocfonfcfqć+ h vcfkhjkczyf gflflhlzf jovć wviwzhcŧf, boiklkqhzć mkf jkc plhwbć ‗ jhgć gocgfczyhŧkh fk o pfybkzf ‗, mkf jkc jfpoqkzflf zfbpoyhyf $nlkgonfcvldfphzkg+ whv pfybhcfczf $zyknlkgfykjflf hjkpohwf+# Pykc hchlonkf wf pohzfwzhiklk bfywvl pyogfwfloy şk pfczyv ghqvyklf ãc ghyf bojkmkghyfh kckŧkhlć }kqfhqć nlkgfbkh whv lkpfbkh#

Jkc gflf jf pécć hkgk yfqvlzć gć pfczyv wviwzhcŧflf oynhckgfbfcŧkcfyfh gocwzhczć h gocgfczyhŧkkloy şk yhpoyzvykloy jkczyf hgfwzfh cv

kbplkgć fgdklkiyhyfh ãczyf kczy ćyklf jknfwzk}f şk kfşkyklf yfchlf, hşh gvb wfãczébplh ãc ghqvl gfloy hcoynhckgf# Hjf}ćyhzvl şk vckgvl omfyzhcz jfwviwzhcŧć oynhckgć pfczyv bfjkvl kczfyc fwzf mkghzvl ãc ghlkzhzfh wh jf vqkcć gdkbkgć h oynhckwbvlvk# Kczfypvw gh bkalogkzoy hgzk} ãczyf gflf jovć bfjkk ‗ gfl ftzfyc, ghyf ãl hpyo}kqkocfhqć jkwgoczkcvv gv bhzfykk pykbf şk gfl kczfyc,ghyf ãk wolkgkzć goczkcvv bhzfykk mkckzf, mkghzvl fwzf oilknhz wć"şk hwknvyfyfqfy}f jf bhzfykk pykbf# Kczfnyhyfh cfvyofcjogykcć, pykc ghyf wf yfhlkqfhqć ãc zkbpvl f}olvŧkfk hgfhwzć hgoyjhyf ghczkzhzk}"ghlkzhzk}ć, h jfzfybkchz şkhphykŧkh vcoy hgzf gobpoyzhbfczhlf hlf oynhckwbvlvk ãcjyfpzhzf ãc hgflhşk

wfcw# Cvbfyohwf wpfgkk jf hckbhlf, kcjfpfcjfcz jf poqkŧkh ogvphzć ãc wghyh




8;0

f}olvzk}ć, jhy gv o oynhckqhyf wvpfykohy ć h wkwzfbvlvk cfvyofcjogykc,jfwm ćşohy ć kcwzkcgzk} hgzf gobpoyzhbfczhlf jf wzoghyf ãc ftzfykoy hhlkbfczfloy mkf jvpć o pyfhlhiklć pyflvgyhyf $hlikcf+, mkf cfpyflvgyhzf

$}f}fykŧć+# Obvl, mkkcŧć iko"pwkdo"wogko"gvlzvyhlć, jfwm ćşohy ć ãc hgfwz wfcwhgŧkvck yhŧkochlf gobplftf, ihqhzf pf gvcohşzfyf, pykc ghyf wf vybćyfşzf, pflécnć yfhlkqhyfh jf yfqfy}f hlkbfczhyf, şk o wzyvgzvyhyf h pyomklvykloy hlkbfczhyf şk h gobpoyzhbfczfloy, hwzmfl ãcgéz oynhckwbvl, ãc nfcfyhl şkmkghzvl, ãc wpfgkhl, wć mkf jfnyf}hzf ãc géz bhk bhyf bćwvy ć jf whygkchkczfygoc}fywkfk wviwzhcŧfloy oynhckgf# Zohzf hgfwzfh jvgécj, ãc mocj, lhzyhcwmoybhyfh bfjkvlvk ftzfyc ãczy"vc omfyzhcz géz bhk hpyopkhz }hloykg jfghlkzhzfh jf omfyzhcz jkyfgz jfŧkcvzć jf mkghz#

Lh hgfwz pvcgz hl jkwgvŧkfk wf kbpvcf o vlzkbć pyfgkqhyf# Dobfowzhqkhbfjkvlvk kczfyc cv cvbhk ãc plhc gdkbkg, gk ãc nfcfyhl, cv jfŧkcf vc wgop ãc

wkcf# Fh fwzf o gocjkŧkf cfgfwhy ć jfwm ćşvy ćykk bfzhiolkwbvlvk, o gfykcŧć yfglhbhzć jf gflvlf ghyf, hwzmfl, jfŧkc ghlkzhzfh jf ifcfmkgkhyk hkdobfowzhqkfk# Ãc hgfhwzć kpowzhqć gflvlflf cv poz mk nfcfyhzohyf jfdobfowzhqkf# Flf o pyfzkcj, hlzgkcf}h zyfivkf wć lf"o omfyf# Gv hzéz bhk bvlzgv géz bfzhiolkwbvl, ghyf o yfglhbć ãc boj kbpfykow, zogbhk pykc jfwm ćşv"yhyfh lvk o jkwzyvnf ãc boj cfgfwhy# Ãcgéz, lh yfwzhiklkyfh şk ãczyfŧkcfyfhdobfowzhqkfk bfjkvlvk kczfyc ãc plhc gdkbkg }kqécj wviwzhcŧflf oynhckgfŧfwvzvyklf ifcfmkgkhyf cv poz goczykivk# Wkcnvyvl nfcfyhzoy jf dobfowzhqkfoynhco"gdkbkgć fwzf mkghzvl# Jf hkgk wf chşzf gocglvqkh1 gh nfcfyhzoy jf

dobfowzhqkf, mkghzvl $dfphzogkzflf+ cv pohzf mk şk ifcfmkgkhyvl fk, gfl pvŧkc cvãc hgffhşk bćwvy ć gh yfwzvl gflvlfloy# Oy, zogbhk hgfwzh fwzf hjf}ćyvl#Wécnflf poyzhl ghyf }kcf jf lh zvivl jknfwzk} şk wghljć dfphzogkzflf cv fwzfdobfowzhqhz, gocŧkcvzvl lvk ãc pyozfkcf, lkpkjf şk nlvgkjf mlvgzvécj ãczyflkbkzf ftzyfb jf lhynk#

TKK# :# Kczfnyhyfh cfvyofcjogykcć ãc bfjkvl ftzfyc

Gflf jovć plhcvyk ‗ kczfyc şk ftzfyc ‗ cv gocwzkzvkf oikfgzk}f jkwzkcgzfhlf kczfny ćykk, gk johy mhqflf vcvk pyogfw vckzhy bfckz wć hwknvyf ck}flvlopzkb wgćqvz hl fczyopkfk wkwzfbvlvk }kv flfbfczhy ‗ gflvlh ‗ şk, pykc hgfhwzh,

h wkwzfbvlvk }kv wvpyhvckzhy ‗ oynhckwbvl# Opzkbvl fczyopkg fwzf ftpykbhzãc plhc mkqkolonkg jf dobfowzhqkf# Gocwkjfyhzć gh o gocjkŧkf h }kfŧkkdobfowzhqkh fwzf o wzhyf cfgfwhy ć wphŧkvlvk kczyhgflvlhy# Pfczyv gh fh wć wfbfcŧkcć ãc gocjkŧkklf yfhlkqćykk wgdkbivykloy jf wviwzhcŧć, fcfynkf şkkcmoybhŧkf gv bfjkvl kczkb ftzyhgflvlhy $bfjkvl kczfyc hl oynhckwbvlvk+,fwzf cfgfwhy gh şk hgfwzh jkc vybć wć mkf gocwzhcz ãc plhc mkqkgo"gdkbkg, jfgkwć wf ivgvyf jf dobfowzhqkf pyopykf# Gvb şk bfjkvl kczfyc yfhlkqfhqć wgdkbivyk gv gfl ftzfyc, bfcŧkcfyfh dobfowzhqkfk whlf jf}kcf, lh yécjvl fk,jfpfcjfczć jf gocwzhcŧh mkqkgo"gdkbkgć h phyzfcfyvlvk ftzfyc, jfgk, jf

bfcŧkcfyfh vcfk –dobfowzhqkk‒ h hbikfczvlvk# Ãc mhpz, dobfowzhqkh




8;8

bfjkvlvk kczfyc $ftzyhgflvlhy+ şk gfh h bfjkvlvk ftzfyc oynhckwbvlvk wvczcfgfwhyf cv gh wgopvyk ãc wkcf, gk gh bojhlkzćŧk jf hwknvyhyf h dobfowzhqkfkpyopykv"qkwf jkc wphŧkvl kczyhgflvlhy# Lh ck}flvl gfloy zyfk gobphyzkbfczf ‗

ftzfykoy, kczfykoy şk kczyhgflvlhy ‗ }hykhŧkklf phyhbfzykloy mkqkgo"gdkbkgk wfpfzyfg ãczyf lkbkzf }hloykgf gf wf yfwzyécn pyonyfwk} ãc hgffhşk oyjkcf, gffhgf jfcozć o gyfşzfyf ãc hgflhşk wfcw h fmkgkfcŧfk bfghckwbfloy kczfnyhzohyf#Hgfwzf bfghckwbf wvcz gobvcf ãc fwfcŧh loy vlzkbć, jhy jkmfykzf ãc moybflfjf yfhlkqhyf# Cvbhk wvi hgfwz vlzkb hwpfgz wvczfb ãcjyfpzćŧkŧk wć }oyikb jfck}flvyk jf kczfnyhyf jkmfykzf#

Yflhŧkklf oynhckwbvlvk plvykgflvlhy gv bfjkvl ftzfyc wf jfwm ćşohy ć ãczyfk plhcvyk1 bhzfykhl $wviwzhcŧć+, fcfynfzkg şk kcmoybhŧkochl# Gh vybhyf, şkkczfnyhyfh oynhckwbvlvk ãc hbikfcz }kqfhqć hgflfhşk plhcvyk, m ćy ć gh pykchgfhwzh wć wf ãcŧflfhnć gć fwzf }oyih jf fzhpf jkmfykzf gf w"hy wvggfjh ãczy"o

oyjkcf hcvbf# Yflhŧkklf ãczyf gflf zyfk plhcvyk wvcz gocgobkzfczf, khy pyf}hlfcŧh, ãc hcvbkzf bobfczf, h vcoyh whv hlzoyh jkczyf flf cv pohzfgocjvgf lh jkwavcgŧkk# Wviwzhcŧh gf pćzyvcjf jkc ftzfykoy ãc bfjkvl kczfycfwzf pvyzćzohyf, ãc hgflhşk zkbp, cv cvbhk jf fcfynkf pozfcŧkhlć lh ck}flvllfnćzvykloy gdkbkgf, gk şk jf kcmoybhŧkf, pykc }hykhŧkklf fk ghlkzhzk}"ghczkzhzk}f#Yflhŧkklf jf wgdkbi jkczyf bfjkvl ftzfyc şk bfjkvl kczfyc cv hv wgop ãc wkcf,gk flf wvcz hwfy}kzf ftglvwk} wgdkbivykloy jkczyf bfjkvl kczfyc şk wphŧkvlkczyhgflvlhy# Ãc bfjkvl ftzfyc ftkwzć, ãcwć, şk wviwzhcŧf ghyf, jfşk cv mhgoikfgzvl wgdkbivykloy gflvlhyf, pykc chzvyh loy gdkbkgć poz hggfjf ãc boj

klkgkz lh ck}flvl bfjkvlvk kczfyc şk jf hkgk ãc wphŧkvl kczyhgflvlhy, gv zohzfgocwfgkcŧflf gf jfgvyn jkc hgfhwzh# Jhgć mhŧć jf vcflf jkczyf hgfwzfh gflvlhwf pohzf hpćyh, mhŧć jf hlzflf ‗ hşh gvb wvcz wviwzhcŧflf gv jvilć wolviklkzhzf$ãc hpć şk lkpkjf+ ‗ fh fwzf zozhl }vlcfyhiklć# Zogbhk jkc hgfwz bozk}bfghckwbflf gf kczfnyfhqć oynhckwbvl ãc bfjkv hv, ãc bhyf bćwvy ć, şk vcyol pyf}fczk}, jfzfybkcécj yfhgŧkk jf f}kzhyf h vcoy hwfbfcfh kbphgzf#Pfczyv wkzvhŧkklf ãc ghyf yfhgŧkklf jf f}kzhyf cv hv mowz fmkgkfczf oynhckwbvlãc hcwhbilvl wćv şk gflvlflf jkwpvc jf bfghckwbf kczfycf jf cfvzyhlkqhyf şk/whv jf fwzobphyf h fmfgzfloy pyojvwf jf hwfbfcfh kbphgzf#

Jfşk, jvpć gvb w"h jfbocwzyhz, kczfnyhyfh fwzf vc pyogfw vckzhy,

bkalohgflf pykc ghyf wf yfhlkqfhqć şk wf bfcŧkcf dobfowzhqkh ãc gflf zyfkwphŧkk wvcz jf gobplftkzhzf jkmfykzć1 ikogdkbkgf şk ikomkqkgf ãc wphŧkvlgflvlhy, ‗ mkqkolonkgf ‗ ãc wphŧkvl ftzyhgflvlhy $bfjkvl kczfyc+ ‗ şkgobpoyzhbfczhlf ‗ ãc wphŧkvl hbikfczhl hl oynhckwbvlvk# Wvilkckfb mhpzvlgć cv fwzf }oyih jf ghzfnoykk pyogfwvhlf jkwavcgzf, gk jf ck}flvyk gyfwgécjfjf gobplftkzhzf hlf vcoy pyogfwvhlkzćŧk vckzhyf, ãc mocj jf nyhjf jkmfykzf jfwzyvgzvyhyf poyckcj jf lh gobpocfczflf wvigflvlhyf şk havcnécj pécć lhwkwzfbflf jf oynhcf gf gobpvc oynhckwbvl# Jfşk hgzvl gobpoyzhbfczhl wfyfhlkqfhqć pykc bkalohgf mkqkolonkgf, khy hgfwzfh pykc bkalohgf ikogdkbkg"

ikomkqkgf, }hlohyfh kczykcwfgć h hgfwzvkh cv pohzf mk yfjvwć lh wvbh




8;7

cv ãc gćvzhyfh dyhcfk ãc nfcfyhl, gk h vcvk hcvbkz mfl jf dyhcć, cv ãcdy ćckyfh $hlkbfczhŧkh+ m ćy ć jkwgfycćbécz, gk ãc dy ćckyfh wflfgzk}ć# Hwfbfcfhkcmoybhŧkk wzhv lh ihqh vcoy pyogfwf cfvyofcjogykcf pykc ghyf wvcz

jfzfybkchzf pyfmfykcŧflf hlkbfczhyf# Hgfhwzć lhzvy ć ghlkzhzk}ć h mkchlkzćŧkkgobpoyzhbfczvlvk hlkbfczhy pohzf mk pyk}kzć şk gh o bojhlkzhzf jf gyvŧhyf hmkghzvlvk, ãc pykbvl yécj, h zvzvyoy gflvlfloy, ãc hl joklfh yécj# Pyfmfykcŧflfhlkbfczhyf yfwkbŧkzf ãc boj oikfgzk} hwknvy ć yfwzhiklkyfh yhpoyzvykloy opzkbfjkczyf pyozfkcf, lkpkjf şk nlvgkjf lh ck}flvl bfjkvlvk kczfyc m ćy ć fmoyzvldfphzkg jf kczfygoc}fywkf h loy# Jhgć hbikfczvl fwzf wćyhg ãc omfyzf şkoynhckwbvl cv hyf jkc gf wflfgzh, hzvcgk gobpoyzhbfczvl hlkbfczhy wfyfqvbć johy lh lhzvyh ghczkzhzk}ć h mkchlkzćŧkk whlf, fgdklkiyhyfh yhpoyzvykloy jkczyf wviwzhcŧflf oynhckgf y ćbécécj ãc whygkch ftglvwk}ć h mkghzvlvk# Obvl,kcmoybhz hwvpyh vcoy hwzmfl jf yfhlkzćŧk, ãşk jkykafhqć gobpoyzhbfczvl

hlkbfczhy pf ihqf yhŧkochlf, gdkhy jhgć pykc hgfhwzh fwzf oilknhz vcfoyk wć"şkãc}kcnć hcvbkzf ãcglkchŧkk jfzfybkchzf bhk bvlz wvikfgzk} pf ihqfoynhcolfpzkgf#

TKK# :#9# Kczfnyhyfh cfvyofcjogykcć ãc plhc fcfynfzkg

Ãc zohzf hgŧkvcklf mkqkgf, gh şk ãc pyogfwflf pwkdkgf, zohzf ŧkcécj jfyhpoyzvyklf whlf gv bfjkvl ftzfyc, oynhckwbvl gdflzvkfşzf fcfynkf bfzhiolkgć wzoghzć ãc HZP# Gvb, ãcwć, hzéz vzklkqhyfh, géz şk yfmhgfyfh fcfynkfk jkcwzogvyk wvcz pyogfwf gf wf jfwm ćşohy ć ftglvwk} lh ck}flvl wphŧkvlvk

kczyhgflvlhy, ck wf phyf lonkg wć wviwgykfb kjfkk pozyk}kz gćyfkh }hykhŧkklffcfynfzkgf ãc hgfwz plhc cv cfgfwkzć hchlkqhzoyk wpfgkhlkqhŧk lh ck}flvlbfjkvlvk kczfyc# Hgfhwzh cv zyfivkf wć gocjvgć lh gocglvqkh gć }hykhŧkklfwzogvykloy fcfynfzkgf kczyhgflvlhyf cv hv şk vc fgov ftzyhgflvlhy# Vc gocwvbwpoykz jf HZP lh ck}flvl gflvlfloy jvgf lh gyfşzfyfh gocgfczyhŧkfk HJP şk hPO:

7% şk ãc bfjkvl kczfyc hl oynhckwbvlvk $ftzyhgflvlhy+# Ãcgéz, gdkhy jhgć cv ftkwzć hwfbfcfh hchlkqhzoyk kczfyck, wpfgkhlkqhŧk pfczyv wfwkqhyfh hgfwzoy pyojvşk jf jfnyhjhyf h HZP"vlvk, pyfqfcŧh loy ãc lkgdkjvl kczfywzkŧkhl cvpohzf y ćbécf m ćy ć gocwfgkcŧf, ãc pykbvl yécj lh ck}flvl cfvyockloy goyzkghlk#Hgfşzkh pohyzć pf bfbiyhch loy wkzvwvyk $yfgfpzoyk bfbiyhchyk+ lh ghyf w"hy

pvzfh lfnh wzfyfowpfgkmkg hjfcoqkcjkmowmhzvl# Gécj fmoyzvl mkqkg şk /whvkczflfgzvhl wf pyflvcnfşzf ãc zkbp whv hzkcnf o kczfcwkzhzf bhyf ãczy"vckczfy}hl wgvyz, gocgfczyhŧkh HJP gyfşzf pfwzf o hcvbkzć }hlohyf pyhn şk, ghvybhyf, wkzvwvyklf wpfgkmkgf jf pf bfbiyhch cfvyochlć ãcgfp wć mkf ogvphzfpyonyfwk} jf hgfwzh# Lfnhyfh HJP"vlvk lh bfbiyhch cfvyockloy goyzkghlkjfzfybkcć hphykŧkh wzćykk jf oiowfhlć $vcfoyk cvbkzć wfcqhŧkf+, gocwzécj ãczy"o yfjvgfyf h yfhgzk}kzćŧkk loy mhŧć jf wzkbvlk# Gh şk wfcqhŧkklf, wzhyfh jfoiowfhlć wfbchlfhqć hmfgzhyfh dobfowzhqkfk oynhckwbvlvk, ãc plhcfcfynfzkg ãc hgfwz ghq şk, kbplkgkz, cfgfwkzhzfh kbpfykohwć h yfmhgfykk

yfwvywfloy jf HZP# Gvb ãcwć, yfjvgfyfh }hloykk yhpoyzvlvk HZP /HJP w"h




8;:

pyojvw ãc hgfwz ghq gh vybhyf h mhpzvlvk gć }kzfqh jf vzklkqhyf h HZP"vlvk hjfpćşkz }kzfqh jf yfmhgfyf h lvk şk cv gh o gocwfgkcŧć h fpvkqćykk bhzfykhlf$wviwzhcŧf oynhckgf mvyckqohyf jf D+, whzkwmhgfyfh hgfwzfk cfgfwkzćŧk cv }h

yfglhbh hpoyz jf wviwzhcŧć oynhckgć jkc ftzfykoy, gk johy vc kczfy}hl jf zkbpãc ghyf wć hkić log yfmhgfyfh yhpoyzvlvk HZP /HJP# Ãc gocwfgkcŧć, wkwzfbvlcfvyofcjogykc }h kckŧkh şk ãczyfŧkcf vc gobpoyzhbfcz hjfg}hz hgfwzvk wgop1ojkdch, kcglvwk} wobcvl# Cf ny ćikb wć hjćvnćb gć, jfşk yfjvgfyfh }hloykkyhpoyzvlvk HZP /HJP fwzf kbplkghzć ãc kcwzhlhyfh wobcvlvk, fh cv fpvkqfhqć bfghckwbflf hgfwzvkh# Pykc kczfy}hlvl jf ojkdcć wf hgoyjć zkbpvl cfgfwhy pfczyv gh gflvlflf wć ãşk yfmhgć HZP"vl, zkbp ãc ghyf gocwvbvl lvk fwzf yfjvwlh bkckb#

Jhgć yfjvgfyfh yhpoyzvlvk HZP /HJP ãc wphŧkvl gflvlhy, yfmlfgzhzć şkãc wphŧkvl ftzyhgflvlhy, pohzf h}fh log ãc oykghyf qocć h oynhckwbvlvk,

jfzfybkcécj gyfşzfyfh gocgfczyhŧkfk HJP ãc zoz bfjkvl kczfyc, hphykŧkh wzćykkjf oiowfhlć fwzf lfnhzć ftglvwk} jf hgŧkvcfh HJP ‗vlvk hwvpyh cfvyockloy goyzkghlk, wgohy ŧh mkkcj wkcnvyvl gfczyv lh ck}flvl gćyvkh wvcz gocşzkfczkqhzfjkwgyfz, yfwpfgzk} jkmvq wfcqhŧkklf şk wzćyklf nfcfyhlf hlf oynhckwbvlvk#Ãczyvgéz fwzf pvŧkc pyoihiklć zyfgfyfh HJP"vlvk pykc ihykfyh dfbhzo"fcgfmhlkgć, jkc plhwbć ãc lkgdkjvl gfmhloyhdkjkhc şk, gdkhy jhgć hgfhwzh w"hy pyojvgf, fwzf nyfv jf hjbkw o jkmvqkf yhpkjć h hgfwzvkh wpyf goyzft, y ćbécfjf gocwkjfyhz gć wzhyfh jf oiowfhlć fwzf jfzfybkchzć johy, whv ãc gfh bhkbhyf bćwvy ć jf gyfşzfyfh loghlć lh ck}flvl kczfywzkŧkvlvk goyzkghl h

gocgfczyhŧkfk jf HJP, gh vybhyf h wolkgkzćykk bhk bhyk h cfvyockloy hzéz ãczkbpvl fmoyzvykloy mkqkgf, géz şk kczflfgzvhlf# Jkc hgfwzf bozk}f gocwvbvlwpoykz hl HZP"vlvk ãc hykk goyzkghlf bhk yfwzyécwf whv bhk ftzkcwf jvgf lhgyfşzfyfh hkgk h gocgfczyhŧkfk HJP"vlvk şk lh kcwzhlhyfh wzćykk jf oiowfhlć qochlć, yfwpfgzk} nfcfyhlkqhzć# Hwzmfl, jhgć wf ftfgvzć ykzbkg bhk bvlzfzyhgŧkvck lh vc fynonyhm pykc mlfgzhyfh jfnfzfloy jf lh bfbiyvl wvpfykoy,oiowfhlh gf hphyf lh vc bobfcz jhz, bhckmfwzhzć pykc wgćjfyfh hbplkzvjkckkgoczyhgŧkkloy whv gdkhy pykc opykyfh loy, kczfyfwfhqć johy qoch goyzkghlć kbplkghzć, pfymoybhcŧh goczyhgzklć h hlzoy wfnbfczf goypoyhlf cfmkkcjhmfgzhzć# Jhgć ãc yfhlkqhyfh fmoyzvlvk wvcz kbplkghzf qocf goyzkghlf bhk lhynk,

gv phyzkgkphyfh bhk bvlzoy lhcŧvyk bvwgvlhyf, hzvcgk oiowfhlh fwzfnfcfyhlkqhzć# Gć ãc hbiflf ghqvyk fwzf }oyih jf oiowfhlć goyzkghlć şk cvbvwgvlhy ć o jo}fjfşzf mhpzvl gć, ãc ghqvl jf bhk wvw, pykc hplkghyfh vcoy wzkbvlk flfgzykgk jkyfgz pf cfy}vl bozoy whv pf oynhcvl bvwgvlhy, hgzk}kzhzfhgoczyhgzklć h mlftoykloy jfnfzfloy bhk pohzf goczkcvh ãcgć vc zkbp jfwzvl jflvcn# Pykc hjbkckwzyhyfh vcoy wviwzhcŧf $ftfbplv gomfkch+, ghphiklf wć ãbpkfjkgf lfnhyfh HJP"vlvk jf wkzvwvyklf jf pf bfbiyhcflf cfvyochlf,kcwzhlhyfh wzćykk jf oiowfhlć pohzf mk hbéchzć pfczyv vc hcvbkz kczfy}hl jfzkbp# Fmfgzvl vcoy hwzmfl jf wviwzhcŧf fwzf jfpfcjfcz jf wpfgkmkgvl




8;6

bfzhiolkg kcjk}kjvhl, jf phyzkgvlhykzćŧklf cfvyochlf şk jf hcvbkzfgkygvbwzhcŧf#

Jkwpockiklkzćŧklf fcfynfzkgf hlf oynhckwbvlvk, gocgyfzkqhzf ãc wzogvyklf

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o gvhczć jf }hlohyf wvpfykohy ć gf }h pvzfh mk flkifyhzć lh cf}okf $kfşkyf+ ãcgoczyhgŧkf, wkczfqf şk zyhcwpoyzvyk zyhcwbfbiyhchyf#

Mkn# =4

Lhcŧvl pyogfwfloy fcfynfzkgf lh ck}fl gflvlhy5 gyfşzfyfh şk wgćjfyfh }hloykk yhpoyzvlvkHZP / HJP#YFWP ‗ yfwpkyhŧkf5 f ‗ gvhczćbkgyofynkgć5 F ‗ gvhczćbhgyofynkgć

Jf hkgk wf pohzf jfjvgf gć }hlohyfh yhpoyzvlvk HZP /HJP pohzf wć

wghjć hzéz pykc gyfşzfyfh vzklkqćykk $ãc ykzbvl yfmhgfykk whv bhk yhpkj+pyojvwvlvk bhgyofynkg lh kfşkyfh jkc lhcŧ, whv pykc yfjvgfyfh hpoyzvlvk jf




8;=

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TKK# :#7# Kczfnyhyfh cfvyofcjogykcć ãc plhc kcmoybhŧ kochl

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$mkn# =;+#




8;>

Mkn# =;

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8;4

Hgfhwzh jkc gfl pvŧkc jovć bozk}f# Ãc pykbvl yécj, pfczyv gć hgŧkvcfh jfy ćwpvcw }h h}fh johy o jfzfybkchyf hgzvhlć cv şk o pyf"jfzfybkchyf, ãcbfboykf cfmkkcj nćwkzf goyfwpocjfcŧflf cfgfwhyf şk, ãc hl joklfh yécj,

pfczyv gć bhtkbh gocgfczyhyf h hzfcŧkfk jvgf lh nfcfyhyfh pf wgohy ŧć h vcvkpvzfyckg moghy jf ftgkzhŧkf ghyf kcjvgf ãc avy o wzhyf jf kcdkikŧkf#Gocwfgkcŧflf jfzfybkchzf jf –gćvzhyfh‒ mfiyklć ãc bfboykf h vcoy

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8;;

TKKK# WMFYFLF KCZFNY ĉYKK MKKCũFK VBHCF

Gflf phzyv jkbfcwkvck hlf mkkcŧfk vbhcf ‗ ikolonkgć, pwkdolonkgć,

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gocfwgkcŧh vcfk hwzmfl jf pyflvgy ćyk wvcz flhioyhzf gobfcqk gf wfgocgyfzkqfhqć cv cvbhk ãc hgzf gobpoyzhbfczhlf yfgk, gk şk ãc fmfgzf jfchzvy ć pwkdo"hmfgzk}ć# Hgfwzfh jkc vybć, lh yécjvl loy, cv wvcz owkbplć –goloyhzvy ć‒ h gobpoyzhbfczfloy, gk gobpocfczflf loy kczykc"wfgk# Flf gocwzkzvkf, pf jf o phyzf, bojhlkzćŧk dfjockgf jf f}hlvhyf hhgŧkvckk, pf lécnć gflf pvy pyhtkolonkgf şk, pf jf hlzć phyzf, bkalohgfkczfykohyf jf ãczyfŧkcfyf şk jfq}olzhyf h bozk}hŧkkloy, pf lécnć gflfftzfykohyf# Ãcgéz, oykgf hgŧkvcf ãczyfpykcwć ãc wgop kczfnyhzoy $jfyfjvgfyf h fczyopkfk wkwzfbvlvk+ ãc wmfyflf ikolonkgć, wogkhlć whv

gvlzvyhlć jfŧkcf şk o gobpocfczć pwkdolonkgć"hmfgzk}ć# Ãc mhpz, ãcwćşk




900

jfq}olzhyfh jkbfcwkvckk pwkdolonkgf h mkkcŧfk vbhcf fwzf, ãc bhyfbćwvy ć, o gocwfgkcŧć h jfwm ćşvy ćykk yhpoyzvykloy jkczyf jkbfcwkvcfh whikolonkgć $jf oyknkcf kczfycć+, gf ãşk yf}fcjkgć jyfpzvl lh whzkwmhgfyfh

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Jfq}olzhyfh jkbfcwkvckk pwkdolonkgf h mkkcŧfk vbhcf, jfşk fwzfvc pyogfw vckzhy şk mlvfcz, pohzf mk ãbpćy ŧkzć ãc zyfk fzhpf ãc mvcgŧkf jf




908

pyf}hlfcŧh vcfkh whv hlzfkh jkczyf jfzfybkcćyklf whlf# Ãczy"o pykbć fzhpć fh wf jhzoyfhqć ftglvwk} yhpoyzvykloy jkczyf gfykcŧflf ikolonkgf $hlfWkcflvk jhz nfcfzkg+ şk coybflf wogko"gvlzvyhlf# Ãczyvgéz coybflf hv vc

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909

Zogbhk jkc hgfwz bozk} wvilkckhb bhk wvw gć cv fwzf powkiklć ogoyflhyf h mkfgćyfk fzhpf jf jfq}olzhyf h Fvlvk gv hcvbkzf fzhpf jf}éywzć ikolonkgć# Ftkwzć kcjk}kqk bhzvyk, gdkhy }éywzckgk ghyf hv y ćbhw

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90:

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