intro to the red umbrella background to the cuban revolution 20more%20of%20african%20&...
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Intro to the Red Umbrella
Background to the Cuban Revolution
http://www.africanafrican.com/folder14/alot%20more%20of%20african%20&%20african%20american%20history8/leaders/Cuban_Revolution.pdf
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Background
Cuba was a Spanish colony – one of the wealthiest in Latin America
• Economy based on sugar exports to US and Europe
• Spanish controlled the nation politically, economically and socially
• Poverty: Large underclass of Blacks (descendants of slaves) and poor mestizos
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Cuban Sugar Plantation
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1898 Spanish-American WarUS occupied Cuba from 1899-1902
US helped to write new Cuban Constitution modeled on US Constitution
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Huge US investments in Cuban sugar ($200 million by 1913)
This was 1/5th of all US investment in Latin America at the time
From 1902-1953 US sent soldiers several times to protect US investments
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Attempted Revolution of 1933
200,000 Cuban sugar workers led an uprising in 1933
In the chaos, a group of military leaders took control – led by Fulgencio Batista
He continued to rule behind the scenes in Cuba until 1952
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Batista
Took over in a coup in 1952
Pro-US dictator – strong ties to the US• Maintained dependence on sugar and protected US investments
Cuban elites (the wealthy) liked Batista because he favored them• Unpopular among poor Cubans – most people
This was the time that Havana was the hot spot for US tourists--night clubs, gambling….
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The Cuban Revolution
In the 1950s, Batista was driven from the country and the cities were seized by rebels. There was a lot of support for a revolution to remove Batista.
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Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro led the revolution and shortly after became Cuba’s leader.
Castro became popular for his anti-US policies because Cubans saw US as having mistreated them.
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Why did the Revolution happen?
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Sugar
The Cuban economy was based mainly on sugar
Economy rose and fell on sugar – seasonal unemployment high
Most of the sugar plantations were in the hands of foreign (US mostly) investors or wealthy upper class Cubans
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Anti-US Feelings
Anti-US resentment since the Spanish-American War.
A great deal of resentment towards US control of Cuban economyand government.
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Unstable Government
Since Independence, Cuba had no real stable government.
Power was in the hands of the elites (the wealthy).
US essentially ran Cuba 3 different times from 1900s-1930s.
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Inequity
There was large gap between rich and poor.
Rich elites were white, a small % of the population, and held most of the land.
The rest of nation was mestizos and Afro-Cuban and poor.
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Batista
He ruled Cuba from 1952-1959
Did not make life better.
Repression – mistreated citizens.
At first the U.S. supported Batista, but as conditions worsened in Cuba, US pulled support.
Eventually even the Cuban middle class turned against Batista.
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Fidel Castro
Castro defeated Batista’s forces.
In 1959 Castro began to move Cuba towards a more socialist/communist government.
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CUBA
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Fidel Castro
Castro wanted to have the government take over US and private companies and businesses.
By October of 1959 all US-owned businesses were controlled by the Cuban government.
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Castro’s Promises
Free education for everyoneHealth care for everyoneChild careHousing
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Castro’s Promises Castro also had a sense of humor, which was part of the reason why so many people initially liked him.
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Castro’s Promises For example, he promised that the government would provide free beards just like his to all men, women, and children who were loyal to the Revolution.
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People really liked this promise.
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Castro’s Promises
The hat, cigar, and fancy green uniform were bonuses promised to Cubans who were especially good.
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So, How’d This Whole Cuban Revolution Thing Work Out, Anyway?
• There were some benefits such as improved access to health care and education.
But…
• People’s freedoms were restricted.• Government jailed opponents and spied on citizens.• The economy struggled to provide jobs.• Castro’s policies led many Cubans to leave country, many for the U.S.
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A refugee Cuban family arriving in Miami in the 1960s.
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And finally, time for some cartoons.
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The car represents the Cuban economy (jobs, buying, and selling)
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What is the artist’s opinion about Castro and the Cuban Revolution?
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The main idea of this cartoon is…?
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