intro to fallacies & linguistic manipulation1

7/25/2019 Intro to Fallacies & Linguistic Manipulation1

1/24

THE FALLACIES


2/24

What is truth? It is a

mobile army ofmetaphors and

metonymies so thatwords attributing to

something coul never be

fully unfolded.

Nietszche, Human All Too Human


3/24

WHAT IS A FALLACY?

The ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, once

wrote that arguments, like men, often arepretenders.

There are indeed three classes of arguments:

Correct Arguments

Obviously Incorrect Arguments

Subtly Incorrect Arguments

Arguments

Subtly Incorrect Arguments

Subtl incorrect arguments are technicall called fallacies.

!lthough the are incorrect, the remain effecti"e in

sub#ecti"el con"incing their audience.


4/24

WHAT IS A FALLACY?

$e are going to stud three groups of fallacies, namel:

Linguistic Maniulation

!syc"ological War#are

Logical Maneuvers

Fallacies

The fallacies of linguisticmanipulation e%ploit the

connotati"e fluidit of language

in order to impress and

intimidate, to seduce and to

secure smpathies, or simpl to

mislead others.&f the fallacies under

pschological warfare target

man's sensuousness, emotions

and the subconscious, the

fallacies under logical

maneu"ers aim to fool thecogniti"e and intellectual aspect

of the human mind. (ence,

this group of fallacies re)uire

some degree of rhetorical skill

and a certain competence in

logical procedures.


5/24

WHAT IS A FALLACY?




Logical Maneuvers

Fallacies

*ost often, man is not guided

b his cogniti"e and intellectual

powers but b hissensuousness, emotions and

subconscious dri"es. The

fallacies of pschological

warfare target these dri"es and

moti"ations of man. The will

seduce and intimidate man's

sensuousness, emotions and

e"en his sub+conscious.


6/24

WHAT IS A FALLACY?




Logical Manuevers

Fallacies

Prestige argon-motional $ords

*eaning from !ssociation*isuse of !uthoritepeated !ssertion!ttitude /ittingTokenism

0ouble Talking

Poisoning the $ellationali1ing!rgumentum ad 2aculum!rgumentum ad (ominem3onfident *anner

/allac of 3omposition/allac of 0i"ision/alse 0ilemma!rgument of the 2eardThe StrawmanSlipper Slope

0i"ersion2egging the 4uestion!ppeal to &gnorance3ontradictor !ssumptionTwo $rongs *ake a ight5ifting 6ut of 3onte%t


7/24

LI$%&ISTIC MA$I!&LATIO$

The first group of fallacies that we are going to stud is theLinguistic Maniulation'

$e ha"e defined this group of fallacies as:

Linguistic Maniulation The group of fallacies thate%ploit the connotati"e fluidit

of language in order to impress

and intimidate, to seduce and to

secure smpathies, or simpl to

mislead others.

Prestige argon-motional $ords0ouble Talking

$e ha"e also mentioned that this group of fallacies

contains three tpes of fallacies.


8/24

LI$%&ISTIC MA$I!&LATIO$ () !*ESTI%E +A*%O$

argon means tec"nical an, seciali-e, language.

$hen used among e%perts and among persons of the

same field of practice, who are all familiar with the

denotations of their speciali1ed terminolog, #argon is allright and e"en helpful for the sake of precision.

2ut when maliciousl used for an audience who are not

e%perts or who belong to other fields of practice in order

to sound impressi"e and intimidating, the presence of#argon becomes )uestionable.


9/24


The patient is suffering from

circumorbital hematoma, the

prescribed treatment is a

regulated application of low-

temperature compress, and our

prognosisis highl positi"e gi"en

an ample time frame.

Wit" !restige +argon


10/24


The patient got a blackee,he needs cold compress and

his condition would disappear

after a few das.

Wit"out !restige +argon


11/24


Such a phenomenal e"ent

occurred in accordance to

the pre-designed volitions

of the supreme and divine

being.


Wit"out !restige +argon!restige +argon

intimi,ates t"e

au,ience an,obscures t"e oint'


12/24



&t is God's will.

Wit"out !restige +argon

!restige +argon

intimi,ates t"e

au,ience an,obscures t"e oint'


13/24


T"is is "o. my ,a, raye,

be#ore "e .ent to la. sc"ool)

2less us, 6h 5ord, and

these th gifts. $hich weare about to recei"e from

our bount, through 3hrist

our 5ord. !men


14/24


T"is is "o. my ,a, raye,

a#ter "e .ent to la. sc"ool)

5ord, also known as God, also known as the Supreme 2eing, this

representation petitions ou to con"e, confer, bestow, our blessings

unto this same representation including his colleagues, companions,associates, as well as to the perishable goods that this representation

including his colleagues, companions, associates are about to obtain,

from our goodness, through esus of 7a1areth, also known as

esus 3hrist, whom we alleged as our 5ord. !men.


15/24


T"is is ."at my "usban, use,

to say)

5ad, & lo"e ou with all of

m heart. & want to

spend the rest of m lifewith ou.


16/24


T"is is ."at my "usban, say

a#ter "e got "is !"'/')

/emale (omo Sapiens, this male (omo Sapiens is of the most

certain decision that the same cares, adores, worships ou with all of

his cardiac organ. This male (omo Sapiens desires to go through

the remaining span of his "ital organic e%istence with ou.


17/24

LI$%&ISTIC MA$I!&LATIO$ 0) EMOTIO$AL WO*/S

The fallac of the use of emotional words happens when

one carefull emplos words and images that are hea"with emotional connotations in order to secure the

smpathies of others.

&f ou would take a look at political

speeches, both b politicians and acti"ists,ou will see recurrent smbols such as

Inang Bayan, Tayong mga mahihirap at

ina-api, si Gat Jose Rizal, si Ninoy.

These are words and smbols that ha"ebeen in"ested with rich meanings and can

easil arouse the emotions and

smpathies of the listeners.


18/24

LI$%&ISTIC MA$I!&LATIO$ 1) /O&2LE TAL3I$%

$ords can either ha"e negati"e or positi"e connotations.

Sometimes we can hide unpleasant denotations b

emploing words with positi"e connotations.

This is the fallac of double talking, or euphemism.

This happens whene"er we carefull package our

unpleasant ideas in nice sounding words.

(ere, words are used to hide, to mask and to misleadothers.


19/24


* regime was a

Constitutional

Aut"oritarianism'

Wit" /ouble Tal4ing

& actuall mean, m

regime was/ictatorial'

Wit"out /ouble Tal4ing


20/24


The 8S is doing a

!re5emtive Stri4ein &ra).

Wit" /ouble Tal4ing

& actuall mean,the 8S is

Inva,ing&ra).



21/24


& am laying.

Wit" /ouble Tal4ing

& am gambling.



22/24



23/24


! bomb that

e%plodes in*indanao is

called

military

oeration.

2ut a bomb

thate%plodes in

*etro

*anila is

calledterrorism.


24/24

En, o# !resentation

intro to fallacies & linguistic manipulation1

Documents