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Biological Science:

An Introduction

Celeste Roderno-Desingaño

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Biology Came from the Greek words:

bios , meaning life and logos  meaning study of.

Natural science that studies

living things: their structure,functions, reproduction, lifeprocesses, and interactionswith environment.

Related to other sciences

Science that uses inductive and deductive reasoning ininvestigating problems

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Why Study Biology???

Provides basic information

about the living forms and theprocesses life undergoes.

Enhance understanding about

his environment and theinterrelationships among living

organisms with their

environment.

To improve the quality of

human life in terms of food and 

medicines.

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Bio logy

Three main fields of

Biology:

1. Botany

2. Zoology

3. Microbiology

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Are you familiar with any of the Branches of Biology?

1.  Anatomy – focuses on structure

of plants and animals2. Biochemistry – studies

chemistry of life

3. Biotechnology – deals with

application of Biology in order t

osolve everyday problems

4. Cytology – focuses on cell

structure and functions5. Ecology – deals with the

relationships between

organisms and their

environment

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6. Embryology – studies

development of organism fromfertilization to fetus stage

7. Genetics – deals with heredity

and variations

8. Histology – deals with tissues

9. Physiology – deals with the

functions of an organism’s

structure10. Morphology – deals with the

study of the gross structure of

an organism and its component

parts

Are you familiar with any of the Branches of Biology?

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Are you familiar with any of the Branches of Biology?

11. Nutrition – deals with the

procurement of raw materialsby the organism for energy

12. Paleontology – study of

fossils

13. Pathology – studies the

nature of disease and its

causes, processes,

development and

consequences

14. Taxonomy – studies the

systematic naming and

classification of plants andanimals.

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Are you familiar with any of the Sub-branches of Biology?

27. Parasitology – parasites,

their hosts and therelationship between them

28. Primatology – primates

29. Virology - viruses

16. Bacteriology - bacteria

17. Entomology - insects18. Ethology – animal

behavior

19. Helminthology - worms

20. Herpetology – amphibian and reptiles

21. Ichthyology - fishes

22. Malacology - mollusks

23. Mammalogy – mammals

24. Mycology – fungi

25. Ornithology – birds

26. Phycology – algae

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

ARISTOTLE

He made tremendous

contributions in the field of

zoology that served as basis

for the foundations of other

fields of biology

ANDREAS VERSALIUS

 Among the first to dissect

cadavers and accurately

depict human anatomy on

his book “The Structure of

the Human Body” 

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

WILLIAM HARVEY

First to describe accurately

the systemic circulation and

properties of blood being

pumped around the body by

the heart

ROBERT HOOKE

The first one who coined the

term cells:

His works and contributions

in biology were written in his

book Micrographia in 1665.

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Built several microscopesthat magnified over 200

times, with clearer and

brighter images and describe

different kinds of

microorganisms like the

detailed description of

bacteria

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

The Father of Taxonomy

Classification of organisms

using the Binomial Systemof Nomenclature

S O C S C

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVECOMTE DE BUFFON

Published 35 volumes of his

Histoire naturelle during hislifetime

ERASMUS DARWIN

Formulated one of the first formal

theories on evolution in

Zoonomia, or The laws of

Organic Life.

JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK Contributed much in Botany with

his book, “Flore Francaise” and

published series of books on

invertebrate zoology and

paleontology

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEGEORGES CUVIER

Established the fact of the

extinction of past life forms andcontributed in zoology and

paleontology research

CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN

Proposed the scientific theory of

Evolution based on natural

selection in his book, “On the

Origin of Species” 

GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL

The Father of Genetics

Showed that inheritance of traits

follows particular laws

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVELOUIS PASTEUR

He determined that the germs or

microorganisms could be killed by

heating liquid to 55 degrees Celsius orhigher for short periods of time

(pasteurization).

Created the science of immunology,

showing that certain diseases could be

prevented by vaccination

ERNST HAECKEL

Coined the term phylogeny, phylum and

ecology

THOMAS HUNT MORGAN

Demonstrated that genes are carried on

chromosomes and are the mechanical

basis of heredity which formed the basisof modern science of genetics.

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEJAMES DEWEY WATSON,

ROSALIND FRANKLIN,

FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON

CRICK

Discovered the molecular

structure of nucleic acids and its

significance for informationtransfer in living material

HEINRICH HERMANN ROBERT

KOCH Founder of Bacteriology

He used the pure-culture

technique in identifying several

microorganisms causing

diseases.

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE IN NATUREECOSYSTEM 

COMMUNITY 

POPULATION 

SPECIES 

ORGAN SYSTEM 

ORGAN 

TISSUE 

CELL 

MOLECULE 

ATOM 

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Characteristics of Life1. Movement/Locomotion

The organism is able to move from one place to

another or even move in its place.

2. Reproduction

The organism is able to perpetuate life and

produce offspring of their own kind either

sexually or asexually

3. Growth

The organism is able to increase in size,

diameter and length4. Nutrition and Metabolism

The organism is able to utilize the raw materials

converting it to energy needed for growth

Catabolism – complex to simple  Anabolism – simple to complex

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Characteristics of Life5. Homeostatic Responses/Irritability

The organism is able to react to certain stimuli and adjust tochanges or situation in the environment in order to maintain its

steady state condition.

6. Mutation 

 All living organisms have the capacity to change its genetic

composition as a result of change in the environment or evolution.

7. Life span

Life span of organism is controlled by genetic composition and

external environment

8. Biological Organization  Atoms, Molecules, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System

9. Form and Shape

Form and shape of organism also depend on the genetic

composition and some factors in the environment.