Interwar Period

Aim: Compare and contrast the Chinese, Mexican and Russian

Revolutions.

Inter-War Period 1919-1939

1) Great Depression in Industrialized Countries•(1920-WWII in nation-states that lost WWI)•(1930-WWII in nation-states that won WWI)

2) Nationalist and Independence Movements

a)China (Kuomintang rule vs Communists)

b)India (Gandhi, Indian National Congress and non-violence)

c)Latin America (Mexican Revolution and the continuation of caudillos and juntas)

d)Middle East (Mandates and the discovery of oil leads to continuing imperialism)

e)Southeast Asia (continuation of imperialism leads to Nationalistic revolts most famously in Vietnam)

3

Post-War Europe

• Instability

• Spread of Fascism

Map of Europe after World War I, 1919–1926

Europe in 1919Europe in 1919

5

New Nations: Europe• Ireland

– Michael Collins– Northern Ireland

• Division of Austria-Hungary1. Austria2. Hungary3. Czechoslovakia4. Yugoslavia5. Other portions

went to Romania, Poland and Italy Sinn Fein members in British Parliament, 1918

Totalitarianism – total control over lives by a government

• Communism – extreme left wing

• Economic and social equality is primary goal – more than family

• USSR, China, movements in Central and Western Europe

• Fascism – extreme right wing

• Nation-State is the primary goal – more than family

• Italy, Germany, Spain

7

Rise of Extremism:Japan and Russia

Japan – military dictatorship• Moved to expand

its empire• Extend its

influence to mainland China (Manchuria)

• Rise of militaristic extremists

Russia – Communist dictatorship • Joseph Stalin• Modernization• Repression Joseph Stalin meets Chairman Mao

Fascism

9

Rise of Extremism: Italy

• Fascist Party

• Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini addresses followers in Colosseum

Benito Mussolini – causes of his popularity - “The trains run

on time”1- Italian government corrupt

2 - WWI snub – Versailles Treaty

Little territorial gain

3 - Gaps in wealth between North+

South of country

4 - 1922 – Fascist party

Overthrow with March on Rome and puts in dictatorial powers and eliminates rivals

5 – New efficient government popular

March on Rome [1922] – Fascists come to power

when Italian government can solve virtually none of the

problems – corruption, inflation, etc.

March on Rome [1922] – Fascists come to power

when Italian government can solve virtually none of the

problems – corruption, inflation, etc.

Fascist Youth – propagandist support for Mussolini

Fascist Youth – propagandist support for Mussolini

13

Rise of Extremism: Germany

• Dissatisfaction with Weimar government

• Hyperinflation• Resentment over

terms of the Versailles Treaty

• National Socialists (Nazis) – take power in 1932

• Adolf Hitler – “Mein Kampf”

Adolf Hitler (x over his head) as a World War I corporal

German Military CostsDeaths – 1,773,000 soldiers

Wounded – 4,216,058 soldiers

Missing / Prisoners – 1,152,800 soldiers

Maimed German WW I Veteran

German Military CostsDeaths – 1,773,000 soldiers

Wounded – 4,216,058 soldiers

Missing / Prisoners – 1,152,800 soldiers

Maimed German WW I Veteran

The GermanMark -

INFLATION

The GermanMark -

INFLATION

The German MarkThe German Mark

The German Government: 1919-1920

The German Government: 1919-1920

The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923Nazi Party attempt to overthrow Weimar

Republic

The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923Nazi Party attempt to overthrow Weimar

Republic

The Dawes Plan (1924)The Dawes Plan (1924)

Mein Kampf [My Struggle] – basis for Nazi philosophy – includes Racist Supremacy

language

Mein Kampf [My Struggle] – basis for Nazi philosophy – includes Racist Supremacy

language

Weimar Germany: Political Representation

[1920-1933]

Weimar Germany: Political Representation

[1920-1933]

Political Parties in the Reichstag

May 1924

Dec. 1924

May1928

Sep.1930

July1932

Nov.1932

Mar.1933

Communist Party (KPD)

62 45 54 77 89 100 81

Social Democratic Party (SDP)

100 131 153 143 133 121 120

Catholic Centre Party (BVP)

81 88 78 87 97 90 93

Nationalist Party (DNVP)

95 103 73 41 37 52 52

Nazi Party (NSDAP)

32 14 12 107 230 196 288

Other Parties

102 112 121 122 22 35 23

German Election Results in 1933

German Election Results in 1933

German Unemployment: 1929-1938

German Unemployment: 1929-1938

Interwar Period

League of Nations MembersLeague of Nations Members

Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]

Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]

U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

The Maginot Line

The Maginot Line

Locarno Pact: 1925Locarno Pact: 1925

GustaveStresemann(Ger.)

GustaveStresemann(Ger.)Aristide

Briand(Fr.)

AristideBriand

(Fr.)

Austin Chamberlain (Br.)Austin Chamberlain (Br.)

Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.

Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.

Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928

15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.

Problem no way of enforcement.

15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.

Problem no way of enforcement.

Kellogg Briand Pact – Isolationist ideology rules

• January 1929: American president Calvin Coolidge signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war, in a session staged for the news reel cameras in the White House.

• (Left to right) President Coolidge, Secretary of State Frank Billings Kellogg, Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, and Secretary of State Davis.

• The pact was signed in Paris on 27th August 1928 and later ratified in Washington on 15th July 1929. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images)

Causes of the Great Depression

1) Costs of WWI – contraction of European economies and destruction of property and loss of lives

a) Hits “losers” of WWI first – 1920s Germany in severe depression during Weimar Republic

b) Takes time to spread and hurt “winners” of WWI (Great Britain and USA by 1929)

Causes of Great Depression (part 2)

• 2) Unchecked investment but little production to match it – 1920s saw huge expansion in stock market (400% increase in stock market from 1925-1929) – “Roaring 20s”

• A) “Black Tuesday” – October 24th 1929 – gains of previous 4 years wiped out in just weeks

• B) Caused by crisis in confidence and inflated stock price

Causes of Great Depression (part 3)

• 3) Large discrepancy in wealth distribution between Upper and Lower Classes

• A) not “real” prosperity, reduces consumer demand for goods which hurts the economy, large amount of “credit” available – then taken away by Federal Reserve policy in response to downturn

• B) protectionist policies in many countries ensue• C) Tax policy helps “Rich” and others pay for it

The Roaring Twenties – In WWI winning countries like USA

The Great Depression [1929-1941]

The Great Depression [1929-1941]

Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932

Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932

The “New Napoleons?” – USSR Stalin, Italy Mussolini, Germany Hitler, and Spain

Franco

The “New Napoleons?” – USSR Stalin, Italy Mussolini, Germany Hitler, and Spain

Franco

Cubist Movement

Settler Societies

Zaibatsu

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Emiliano Zapata

Soldaderas

Victoriano Huerta

Alvaro Obregon

Lazaro Cardenas

Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco

Cristeros

Party of the Industrialized Revolution (Mexico)

Alexander Keresky

Bolsheviks

Russian Civil War

Leon Trotsky

New Economic Policy

Supreme Soviet

Joseph Stalin

Sun Yet-sen

Yuan Shikai

May Fourth Movement

Li Dazhao

Mao Zedong

Guomindang

Whampoa Military Academy

Chiang Kai-shek

Long March