INTERNET OF THINGS

B.Tech IIIrd – Seminar Report (COT-317)

BY

SANJIT KUMAR

Roll No. – 1130186

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KURUKSHETRA -136119, HARYANA (INDIA)

July-Dec, 2015

ABSTRACT

As a result of decades of research and industrial efforts in the domain of information and communications technologies (ICT), people are today equipped with fast-speed, (almost) any-time and any-place solutions that allow them to be connected with each other, and to interact with and through the rich world of Internet-enabled applications and services. The next step aims to facilitate the interconnection of the applications and services of the virtual world of the Internet with the physical world of things, allowing us to better sense and control our environment. This is generally referred to as the Internet-of-Things (IoT).

This report tries to bring clarity by describing the most important terms like what is internet of things, Technologies used in it ,its advantages and disadvantages , major challenges , market trends and future applications.

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction ………………………………………… 11.1 What Is Internet1.2 Uses Of Internet

1.2.1 Education1.2.2 Business1.2.3 Communication1.2.4 Entertainment1.2.5 Medical1.2.6 Research

2. Internet Of Things (IoT) …………………………... 32.1 History2.2 Definition2.3 What Is Thing

3. Enabling Technologies ……………………………… 43.1 RFID3.2 IPv63.3 Cloud Computing3.4 Nano Technology3.5 Wireless Sensors Network3.6 Location and Biometric Technologies

4. Applications ………………………………………… 94.1 Google Glasses4.2 Smart Watches4.3 Philip Hue Smart Bulb4.4 Driverless Cars4.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV)

5. Some Scenarios ………………………………………. 146. Advantages …………………………………………… 14

6.1 Fast Communication6.2 Automation and Control6.3 Information Sahring6.4 Time and Money Saving6.5 Efficiency

7. Disadvantages ……………………………………….. 167.1 Privacy Concerns7.2 Security7.3 Loss of Jobs

8. Challenges …………………………………………. 178.1 Data Privacy8.2 Internet Availability8.3 Battery Life8.4 Security8.5 Environmental Issues

9. Market Trend ………………………………………. 189.1 Hype Cycle For Emerging Technologies9.2 Top IoT Companies9.3 Top Cities Having Most IoT Companies

10. IoT Future Applications ……………………………. 24

Conclusion

References

INTRODUCTION

What Is Internet

A means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers. When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer programs. The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers.

More than 190 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. Around 40% of the world population has an internet connection today. In 1995, it was less than 1%. The number of internet users has increased tenfold from 1999 to 2013. The largest number of Internet users by country is China. China has 21.97% of total internet users in the world followed by United States (9.58%) and India (8.33%). India has seen a manifold increase in internet users in the last couple of years, India is rapidly becoming a digital nation. According to internetlivestats.com, India has the highest yearly growth rate and currently has the third largest number of internet users globally. Internet users in India are 19% of total population whereas in China are 47% of their population.

Uses Of Internet

Internet is today one of the most important part of our daily life. There are large numbers of things that can be done using the internet and so it is very important. You can say that with the progress in the internet we are progressing in every sphere of life as it not only makes our tasks easier but also saves a lot of time. Today internet is used for different purposes depending upon the requirement. Here are best uses of the internet.

Education

Education is one of the best things that the internet can provide. There are a number of books, reference books, online help centres, expert’s views and other study oriented material on the internet that can make the learning process very easier as well as a fun learning experience. There are lots and lots of websites which are related to different topic. You can visit them and can gain endless amount of knowledge that you wish to have. With the use of internet for education, you are non-longer dependent on some other person to come and teach you. There are various number of tutorials available over the internet using which you can learn so many thing very easily. There can’t be any excellent use of the internet other than education as it is the key to achieve everything in life.

Business

Within the field of business, the Internet has opened up a broad range of uses, from world wide advertising, the undertaking of transactions and making payments to Internet banking, etc. Business communications also benefit through e-mail, direct access to companies via websites, chat based customer service facilities and online conferencing.

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Communication

Now people can not only chat but can also do the video conferencing. It has become extremely easy to contact the loved ones who are in some other part of the world. Communication is the most important gift that the internet has given to the common man. Email, social networking sites are some of the prime example of it. This is one such gift of the internet which is cherished by everyone and has made our life easier to much extent.

Entertainment

The Internet has had a profound impact on entertainment, particularly since individuals have been able to gain access to it on the computers within their own homes, and more recently on portable devices such as mobile phones and iPods. It has provided entertainment creators with another avenue to explore, not just in still image and text but interactively with sound, motion and the live updating of content. Games, Music, Movie, Radio are main source of entertainment.

Medical/Health

Medical is a very large field and the internet is very necessary for this field, or in other words we can say, the medical field is incomplete without internet because internet is necessary to search the new articles and new techniques for this filed.Internet is used to search the new information and daily updates for medical and medical changes. It is use to analysis about the disease and to find out the solution of the different kind of diseases, because now a days internet have a huge collection of the related material, people just start the browser and open the search engines like Google and yahoo to find out the articles and solution of the diseases. More it has a huge collection of the medical software's which are easily downloaded from the websites. More over it is used to send and receive the medical emails and the reports to other countries, suppose if some one want to send his report in the UK then he have very easy solution internet, he will just scan the copy of the report and within the seconds his report will reach at the desire point.

Research

In order to do research you need to go through hundreds of books as well as the references and that was one of the most difficult jobs to do earlier. Since the internet came into life, everything is available just a click away. You just have to search for the concerned topic and you will get hundreds of references that may be beneficial for your research. And since internet is here to make your research public, you can then benefit a large amount of people from the research work that you have done. Research is one such thing which has got lots of benefit from this evolution of internet. Research process has now got wings and has gained the most due to the internet.

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INTERNET OF THINGS

The term “Internet of Things” was coined by British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton in 1999.

Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that

goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols,

domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart

objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced

applications like a Smart Grid, and expanding to the areas such as Smart city

The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID

Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications. Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

was seen  as a prerequisite for the Internet of Things in the early days. If all objects and people

in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them.

Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such technologies as near

field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking.

Definitions

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes a future where everyday physical objects will be connected to the Internet and be able to identify themselves to other device.

The Internet of Things (IoT sometimes Internet of Everything) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable objects to exchange data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices based on the infrastructure of International Telecommunication Union's Global Standards Initiative.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

Internet of Things refers to the concept that the Internet is no longer just a global network for people to communicate with one another using computers, but it is also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with the world around them.

What Is “Thing”

A “thing” , in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an  IP address and provided with the ability to transfer data over a network.

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ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is of particular importance to IOT as one of the first industrial realisations of IOT is in the use of RFID technology to track and monitor goods in the logistics and supply chain sector. RFID frequency bands range from 125 kHz (low frequency/LF) up to 5.8 Ghz/super high frequency (SHF) and the tags have at least three basic components:

- The chip holds information about the object to which it is attached and transfers the data to reader wirelessly via an air interface.

- The antenna allows transmission of the information to/from a reader.

- The packaging encases chip and antenna, and allows the attaching of the tag to an object for identification.

Fig 3.1 RFID Communication

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Fig3.2 RFID chip used in Humans

Addressability(IPv6):

P (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format ofpackets and the addressing scheme for computers to communicate over a network. There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 and a new version called IPv6. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol. IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for some time.

The IPv4 address pool is effectively exhausted, according to industry accepted indicators. The final allocations under the existing framework have now been made, triggering the processes for the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to assign the final five IPv4/8 blocks, one to each of the five regional registries. With the exhaustion of the IANA pool of IPv4 addresses, no further IPv4 addresses can be issued to the regional registries that provide addresses to organisations.

IPv4, as you may know, uses a 32-bit system, giving it about 4.29 billion possible addresses for devices; in reality, when you take into account reserved and private spaces and other overheads, that figure can be no more than about 3.7 billion public addresses. Meanwhile, IPv6 uses 128 bits, which opens up a maximum of 340 undecillion or 3.4x1038 addresses (that's 340 with 36 zeros after it), although really only about 42 undecillion are useful allowing the Internet to continue to grow and innovate.

IPv6 is the next Internet addressing protocol that is used to replace IPv4. Given the huge number of connected devices (50 billion), IPv6 can potentially be used to address all these devices (and systems), eliminating the need of network address translation (NAT) . These features provide seamless integration of physical objects into the Internet world.

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  An IPv4 address is in the format of 4 sets of decimal numbers separated by dots. The decimal number in each and every set is in the range 0 to 255. Each and every set is called octet. So, there are 4 octets in an ip addressSo it is 8x4=32 bit address.

IPv6 ip address is typically written in hexadecimal separated by colon. A colon separates 16 bit.

Examples:

IPv4 - 94.23.154.254

IPv6-

Uncompressed 2002:4559:1FE2:0000:0000:0000:4559:1FE2

Compressed 2002:4559:1FE2::4559:1FE2

Cloud Computing

Iot is the about the devices that connected to the internet to performs the processes and service that support our basics needs, economics, health and environment. Hence, cloud computing acts as a front end to access Internet of Things. Cloud computing now is more popular service that comes with more characteristics and advantages. Actually, cloud computing is based on the user performs the computer tasks using services delivered entirely through the Internet. Nowadays, we can see that the Internet of things gives hopes for human life activity. If a worker needs to finish their report to submit to Manager, suddenly she/he runs out of memory space on computer. There is no problem if the computer is connected to the Internet. She/he can use cloud computing service to finish theirs works because the data is controlled by the server. Another example is if your phone had a problem and you need to format your mobile phone. You can use google apps “Picassa “to store your picture to the Internet. So you can load the picture from Internet through those applications anytime.

The cloud computing are tightly coupled in the Internet of thing . The growth of the Internet of Thing (IoT) and the rapid development of technologies create a widespread connection of “thing”. This will lead to the production of large amounts of data, which needs to be stores, processed and accessed. Cloud computing as a paradigm for big data storage and analytics. While the Internet of Thing is exciting on its own that the real innovation will come from combining it with cloud computing . The combination of cloud computing and IoT can enable sensing services and powerful processing of sensing data stream. For example, the sensing data to be stored allowed by cloud computing and it used intelligently for smart monitoring and actuation with the smart device.

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NanoTech (IoNT)

The interconnectivity of nano-scale devices with accessible Internet and communication networks is described as Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). The IoNT is embedded with nanotechnology (a technology which is deployed in desired devices within the nanotechnology radius), which helps in seamless transmission and communication of data within a given range of operations. This vision and model has been greatly evolving with respect to the number and types of things that are being connected, and in the technologies for collecting, processing, and sharing. This research report provides details of the current trends and future growth projected in the global internet of Nano things market by 2020.

The number of connected devices is expected to increase at a rapid pace in the coming years. This is expected to drive further growth in the network size and complexity for real-time traffic handling, as most of these are smart devices having multiple features.To enable interaction among these devices, communication is required between real world physical elements; adopting the Internet of Nano things (IoNT) will facilitate communication over Internet for these devices.

IoNT describes how the Internet will get bigger as nanosensors and nanotechnology are connected to physical things such as physical assets or consumer devices that are connected to the Internet for collecting, processing and sharing of data with the end-users. It also explores some of the key applications for IoNT communication including healthcare, transportation and logistics, defense and aerospace, media and entertainment, manufacturing, energy and utilities, retail, and others services.

The Internet of Nano things (IoNT) market infrastructure allows different combinations of several nanotechnologies and objects. In the IoNT infrastructure, the networks are scaled down to numerous technologies from nanoscale that requires being customary with the networking concept. The IoNT communication’s prospects and challenges are based on the bandwidth and the area of operation in which they are placed. Such technologies reduce the existing pressure on the communication infrastructure and increase the pace of communication at the speed of light. IoNT also focuses on the expansion of storage capacity at lower costs which will result in local accessibility of most of the information required by people or things/objects. This can be coupled with improved processing capabilities and always-on connectivity, increasing the role of terminals in communication.

WSN(Wireless Sensor Networks)

The use of wireless sensor networks is one of the enablers of IoT. Wireless sensor networks don’t require cabling and therefore, allow easy installation in existing infrastructure. However, the challenge in wireless networks lies in powering the sensors and the radio used for communication.

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Batteries have finite energy, and can lead to to high maintenance costs in order to replace them. A possible alternative is to use the energy available in the immediate surroundings of the wireless network. In this way it is possible to power the network for long periods of time without maintenance.

The wide wireless sensor network application field can be divided into three main categories : Monitoring space, monitoring objects and monitoring interactions between objects and space.

Fig 3.3 Connectivity using WSN

M2M

Machine to machine (M2M) is a broad label that can be used to describe any technology that enables networked devices to exchange information and perform actions without the manual assistance of humans.

M2M communication is often used for remote monitoring. In product restocking, for example, a vending machine can message the distributor when a particular item is running low. M2M communication is an important aspect of warehouse management, remote control, robotics, traffic control, logistic services, supply chain management, fleet management and telemedicine.  It forms the basis for a concept known as the Internet of Things (IoT). 

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Biometric Technology

Biometrics enables technology to recognize people and other living things, rather than inanimate objects. Connected everyday objects could recognize authorized users by means of fingerprint, voice print, iris scan or other biometric technology.

Location Technologies

Location technology helps people and machines find things and determines their physical whereabouts. Sensors play a role, but that approach does not satisfy practical needs for geolocation resulting in the rise of wireless approaches including GPS and cellular towers. Radar, lidar and sonar can detect relative location of things, depending on their electromagnetic, optical and acoustic properties. Some things transmit their own radio, light and/or sound in order to disclose their whereabouts to people and machines. In the automatic identification of tagged products in order to quickly look up information or initiate a specific action, using bar codes for linking real-world objects to virtual information has a number of drawbacks when compared to an RFID-enabled feature with corresponding mobile RFID readers, such as Near Field Communication (NFC)-enabled mobile phones. Near Field Communication is a short-range wireless connectivity standard that enables communication between devices when they are brought within a few centimetres of each other through magnetic induction.

APPLICATIONS

Google Glass

Google's project program for developing a line of hands-free, head-mounted intelligent devices that can be worn by users as "wearable computing" eyewear. The first product release from Project Glass.

Google Glasses look like a pair of eyeglasses, but the lens of the glasses are an interactive, smartphone-like display, with natural language voice command support as well as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity. Google Glass is powered by the Android mobile operating system and compatibility with both Android-powered mobile devicesand Apple iOS-powered devices is expected.

7 functions of google glass-

Take picture , record video , get directions ,send message, phone call, google hangout , google search .

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Fig 4.1 Google Glass

Apple iWatch

Apple Watch is a smartwatch developed by Apple Inc. It incorporates fitness tracking and health-oriented capabilities as well as integration with iOS and other Apple products and services. The device is available in three variants: Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch, and Apple Watch Edition. The Watch is distinguished by different combinations of cases and first or third party interchangeable bands. Apple Watch relies on a wirelessly connected iPhone (5 or above) to perform many of its default functions (e.g. calling and texting). It is compatible with the iPhone 5 or later models running iOS 8.2 or later, through the use of Bluetooth orWi-Fi. 

As far as features, the Apple iWatch can make calls, check caller ID and access visual voicemail, access stock and weather updates, provide fitness capabilities via pedometer and health monitoring sensors, offer map coordinates and directions, and more.

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Fig 4.2 Apple Smart Watch

Philips Hue Smart Blubs

Have you thought about mood lighting of your smartphones and tablets as per your convenience? Well Philips Hue smart bulbs are offering such feature that will enable to you to control and adjust the brightness of bulb on a tap. Your tab generates kinetic energy that it takes to follow your command, you can also program the bulb to dim at dark and so on. The Bridge API are the primary tool to control the lights, it allocates a unique URL to every light in the system and make these lights follow your commands. Philips has taken a big step forward in enlightening smart homes.

Fig 4.3 Smart Blubs

Driverless Cars

An autonomous car, also known as a driverless car, self-driving car and robotic car, is

an autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the main transportation capabilities of a traditional

car. As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without

human input. Robotic cars exist mainly as prototypes and demonstration systems. As of 2014,

the only self-driving vehicles that are commercially available are open-air shuttles for

pedestrian zones that operate at 12.5 miles per hour (20.1 km/h).

Autonomous vehicles sense their surroundings with such techniques as radar, lidar, GPS,

and computer vision. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify

appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage. By definition,

autonomous vehicles are capable of updating their maps based on sensory input, allowing the

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vehicles to keep track of their position even when conditions change or when they enter

uncharted environments.

Fig 4.4 Driverless Car

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Drone)

The UAV is an acronym for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, which is an aircraft with no pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems. UAVs are currently used for a number of missions, including reconnaissance and attack roles. For the purposes of this article, and to distinguish UAVs from missiles, a UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine.

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Fig 4.5 AMAZON delivering items using UAV

Polo Tech Shirt

Internet of Things technology is not limited to industries like automotive, robotics, homes etc. Its revolution can be seen even on clothing industry. Ralph Lauren has proved itself to be a leader in its respective company and have launched a technologically advanced Polo Tech Shirt specially made for athletes. This Tech Shirt can sense athlete’s heart rate, energy output to the cloud, movement intensity to enhance athlete’s performance. Overall it is a full all-in-one body fitness tracker.

 Kwikset Kevo Smart LockYou often forget your keys and face trouble to open doors? Well if you face such problem then Kwikset Kivo have come up with an interesting solution to this. Kwikset Kevo have designed such locks that don’t need keys, all you need is your smartphone to unlock them. These locks are available on operating software’s like Apple iOS and Android v5.0. The keys of lock are also unique in themselves as to unlock the door you just need to touch your keys and door will be unlocked. The technology used by Kevo is simple bluetooth technology. Well this problem is faced by everyone in this world, so this is an interesting step taken forward to lighter our weight while leaving home.

Fig 4.6 Kwikset Kevo Smart Lock

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SCENARIOS   :

Imagine a scenario when:

1. Your fridge can identify that you have run out of milk; it contacts the supermarket and

orders the quantity you usually need, and also informs you by sending a message on

your phone!

2. Your alarm rings at 6:30 am; you wake up and switch it off. As soon as you switch off

your alarm, it conveys to the geyser to heat water at a temperature you prefer and also

the coffee maker starts brewing coffee!

3. You are on your way while returning home from work and you use an app on your

mobile to switch on the lights, the AC in your home, and tune the TV to your favorite

channel so that your house is ready to welcome you before you even open your door!

4. What would really make a refrigerator “smart” would be if it could read tags and alert

owners when their food is about to reach their expiry date, for example. Or perhaps it

could refer to an online calendar and make orders on a regular basis for certain items to

be delivered.

ADVANTAGES OF IOT

Fast Communication: IoT encourages the communication between devices, also

famously known as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Because of this, the physical

devices are able to stay connected and hence the total transparency is available with lesser

inefficiencies and greater quality.

Automation And Control: Due to physical objects getting connected and controlled

digitally and centrally with wireless infrastructure, there is a large amount of automation and

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control in the workings. Without human intervention, the machines are able to communicate

with each other leading to faster and timely output.

Information Sharing: The IoT allows you to automate and control the tasks that are done

on a daily basis, avoiding human intervention. Machine-to-machine communication helps to

maintain transparency in the processes. It also leads to uniformity in the tasks. It can also

maintain the quality of service. We can also take necessary action in case of emergencies.

Monitoring: The second most obvious advantage of IoT is monitoring. Knowing the exact

quantity of supplies or the air quality in your home, can further provide more information that

could not have previously been collected easily. For instance, knowing that you are low on

milk or printer ink could save you another trip to the store in the near future. Furthermore,

monitoring the expiration of products can and will improve safety.

Money And Time Saving: The biggest advantage of IoT is saving money. If the price of

the tagging and monitoring equipment is less than the amount of money saved, then the

Internet of Things will be very widely adopted. IoT fundamentally proves to be very helpful to

people in their daily routines by making the appliances communicate to each other in an

effective manner thereby saving and conserving energy and cost. Allowing the data to be

communicated and shared between devices and then translating it into our required way, it

makes our systems efficient. Automation of daily tasks leads to better monitoring of devices.

Efficiency: The machine-to-machine interaction provides better efficiency, hence; accurate

results can be obtained fast. This results in saving valuable time. Instead of repeating the same

tasks every day, it enables people to do other creative jobs.

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DISADVANTAGES

Privacy:  With all of this IoT data being transmitted, the risk of losing privacy increases. For instance, how well encrypted will the data be kept and transmitted with? Do you want your neighbors or employers to know what medications that you are taking or your financial situation?

Safety/Security:  Imagine if a notorious hacker changes your prescription. Or if a store automatically ships you an equivalent product that you are allergic to, or a flavor that you do not like, or a product that is already expired. As a result, safety is ultimately in the hands of the consumer to verify any and all automation.

Loss Of Jobs: Finally the connecting of more and more devices to the Internet will result in

the loss of jobs.  The automation of IoT “will have a devastating impact on the employment

prospects of less-educated workers” (Schumpeter, 2010).  We already are witnessing jobs

being lost to automated machines, such as the checkout line in supermarkets and even

ATM’s.  These disadvantages can be largely devastating to society as a whole, as well as

individuals and consumers. 

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CHALLENGES FOR IOT

As you gear up for launching sensor based services, there are still some practical challenges you may encounter like - Device management, Device diversity and interoperability, Integration of data from multiple sources Flexibility and evolution of applications. Some major challenges are listed below.

Data Privacy: A good bit of data collected from devices will be sensitive personal data that must be protected from unauthorized access and used only for the specific purpose for which the user has allowed that data to be collected. Users have to be provided with necessary tools that enable them to define the policies for sharing their personal data with authorized persons and applications.

Availability Of Internet World Wide: The success of IoT is entirely dependent on the availability of the internet, everywhere. However, over 50% of the world’s population still do not have access to the internet.

Battery Life:  It is estimated that there will be twenty-four billion connected devices by the year 2020. Currently, connected devices, such as Pebble and Galaxy Gear, run on batteries, which have limited shelf life. Given current energy availability, powering these devices will be impossible. Prolonged battery life that sources energy from unconventional power sources is a must for future development for the Internet of Things. For example, Kansas State University researchers have already developed an energy-harvesting radio that draws power from a board made of solar cells from low-end calculators. Similarly, UK firm Perpetuum makes a device that captures vibrations and converts it into energy.

Security: Security too, is paramount in industrial Internet applications. These applications can be built on tens of thousands of sensor nodes, increasing your threat surface area by orders of magnitude. And bad data injected into your system has the potential to be as damaging as data extracted from your systems via data breach.

"As massive networks of systems come online, these systems need to communicate with each other and with the enterprise, often over vast distances," the report says. "Both the systems and the communications need to be secure, or millions of dollars' worth of assets are put at risk. One of the most prevalent examples of the need for security is the smart grid, which is on the leading edge of the IIoT. As information on the grid becomes more accessible, so does the damage a security breach can inflict."

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Environmental Issues: It may be beneficial to have the environment surrounded by millions of sensors, but we must face the reality that the life spans of electronic devices are too short. They must be replaced at regular intervals in order for the complete system to stay active all the time. But where can we dump the old electronic devices?

A report predicts that by 2020, e-waste in South Africa and China from old computers will

have jumped by 200–400% from 2007 levels and by 500% in India.Wireless Sensor Networks

(WSN) contain hazardous and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land

filled or incinerated. Printed circuit boards contain primarily plastic and copper, and have small

amounts of chromium, lead solder, nickel, and zinc.

IOT MARKET:

The global Internet of Things market will grow to $1.7 trillion in 2020 from $655.8 billion in 2014, research firm IDC says, as more devices come online and a bevy of platforms and services grow up around them.

The firm predicts that the number of “IoT endpoints,” connected devices such as cars, refrigerators and everything in between, will grow from 10.3 billion in 2014 to more than 29.5 billion in 2020.

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Fig9.1 IoT Connected Devices Per Person

Hype cycle for emerging technologies:

The Hype Cycle is a branded graphical presentation developed and used by IT research and advisory firm Gartner for representing the maturity, adoption and social application of specific technologies

Each Hype Cycle drills down into the five key phases of a technology's life cycle.

Technology Trigger: A potential technology breakthrough kicks things off. Early proof-of-concept stories and media interest trigger significant publicity. Often no usable products exist and commercial viability is unproven.

Peak of Inflated Expectations: Early publicity produces a number of success stories — often accompanied by scores of failures. Some companies take action; many do not.

Trough of Disillusionment: Interest wanes as experiments and implementations fail to deliver. Producers of the technology shake out or fail. Investments continue only if the surviving providers improve their products to the satisfaction of early adopters.

Slope of Enlightenment: More instances of how the technology can benefit the enterprise start to crystallize and become more widely understood. Second- and third-generation products appear from technology providers. More enterprises fund pilots; conservative companies remain cautious.

Plateau of Productivity: Mainstream adoption starts to take off. Criteria for assessing provider viability are more clearly defined. The technology's broad market applicability and relevance are clearly paying off.

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Fig 9.2 Hype Cycle in 2013

Fig 9.3 Hype Cycle in 2014

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Top Iot Companies:

According to latest web-analytics ranking there is a head-to-head race going on between 5 companies: Intel, Microsoft, Cisco, Google, and IBM.

The basis for the ranking is the database of 1700+ Internet of Things companies. We rank these firms in four categories:

How often people search for the companies on Google in conjunction with IoT How often companies get mentioned in tweets on Twitter in conjunction with IoT How often newspapers and blogs mention the companies in conjunction with IoT How many company employees carry the tag “Internet of Things” on Linkedin

The highest scoring company in each aspect receives a rating of 100%, with all other Internet of Things companies receiving a lower percentage in linear relation to the actual frequency

Table 1 :Top Companies in IoT market in Q1 of 2015

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Table 2 :Top Companies in IoT market in Q2 of 2015

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Top Cities Having Most Iot Companies:

 Top 15 emerging Internet of Things cities (based on company headquarter location) are the following:

The San Francisco (Silicon Valley) bay area is the technology motor of the world. And it will continue to do so as the Internet of Things industry matures. Today, the area counts already more than 300 headquarters of companies that are active in the Internet of Things.

Known as the “Silicon Valley of India”, Bangalore is producing a number of startups in the field of the Internet of Things. Many of these provide IoT platform capabilities such as Altiux or ConnectM. The most well-known company, perhaps, is Wipro – the large multi-billion IT solution integrator.

Table 3: Top 15 Internet of Things cities in World

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FUTURE APPLICATIONS:

Smart Cities:

Smart Parking, Structural health, Noise Urban Maps, Smartphone Detection, Traffic Congestion, Smart Lighting, Waste Management, Smart Roads

Smart Environment:

Forest Fire Detection, Air Pollution, Snow Level Monitoring, Landslide and Avalanche Prevention, Earthquake Early Detection

Smart Water:

Chemical leakage detection in rivers, Pollution levels in the sea, River Floods

Smart Metering:

Smart Grid, Photovoltaic Installations

Logistics:

Item Location, Quality of Shipment Conditions, Storage Incompatibility Detection

Retail:

Intelligent Shopping Applications, Smart Product Management, NFC Payment

Smart Agriculture:

Green Houses, Compost, new technologies

Smart Farming:

Animal Tracking, Toxic Gas Levels

eHealth :

Medical Fridges, Sportsmen Care, Ultraviolet Radiation

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Internet of Things is closer to being implemented than the average person would think. Most of the necessary technological advances needed for it have already been made, and some manufacturers and agencies have already begun implementing a small-scale version of it. The main reasons why it has not truly been implemented is the impact it will have on the legal, ethical, security and social fields. Workers could potentially abuse it, hackers could potentially access it, corporations may not want to share their data, and individual people may not like the complete absence of privacy. For these reasons, the Internet of Things may very well be pushed back longer than it truly needs to be.

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REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/

http://iot-analytics.com/

http://www.internetlivestats.com/

http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2819918

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