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INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY
Integration of VRE in Small Island Developing States:
Context & Power system operation and expansion
Francisco Gafaro Flinders Island, 01 December 2016
About IRENA
» Established in 2011
» An intergovernmental
organization
» Promotes the widespread
adoption and sustainable use of
all forms of renewable energy
worldwide
» Supports countries in their
transition to a sustainable
energy future
150 Members
26 States in Accession IRENA work is driven by member country
demand
Small Island Developing
States -SIDS
3
57 (SIDS), 38 UN members in 3 geographical zones
Over 60 million people,
Around 90 TWh electricity consumption per year (only in UN members)
Around 29 GW of installed generation (only in UN members)
• To date, SIDS represent 40 of the 100
parties to the Paris agreement
• Contribution to the total global
greenhouse gas emissions is reduced
but impact is high
• Significant sources of GHG emission
come from the electricity, transport and
waste
• SIDS have recognized the importance
of addressing climate change both
from a mitigation (regardless of
contribution) and adaptation
perspective
Climate Change agenda and
RE Targets
Ambitious RE targets in
SIDS
Different types of power systems
different approach for transformation
Large SIDS systems, up to GW scale (Caribbean, Fiji,
PNG), similar to interconnected systems
Existing planning and operational procedures
gradually adapted
Smaller systems, outer islands, remote communities.
Single hybrid project may be sufficient
Medium size systems, most major islands in the
Pacific, East Caribbean, Indic Ocean, gradual but
faster integration, very challenging, more and new
stakeholders, new unexpected technical issues may
arise
The transformation of the
power sector
IRENAs engagement with SIDS at all levels trough: Capacity building, Direct technical
assistance, Project development support tools, ADFD Project Facility, Sustainable
Energy Market place, facilitation of strategic partnerships
Located in South Pacific Ocean
Population: 200,000
75 % lives on main island Upolu
Annual electricity demand c.a. 115
GWh
Peak demand c.a. 24 MW
PPAs with 3 IPPs for ca. 11 MW PV
under implementation since 2015
3 MW PV system property of utility
EPC
6 MW additional hydro by 2017
Further expansion alternatives
projects in time horizon 2022 based
on wind + pumped storage and
biomass
Grid Study Case Upolu,
Samoa
8
8
FIAGA F/S
L/M TAF
4 MW
8 MW
5 MW
30
MW DIESEL
2.9 MW
Load
3.5 MW 4
MW
TANU
33 kV
22 kV
Upolu 2014
Hydro
Map Data ©2015 Google
FIAGA F/S
L/M TAF
5 MW
8.5 MW
5.7 MW
6.7 MW
Load
3.5 MW
TANU
33 kV
22 kV
Upolu 2017
Hydro
5 MW
30
MW DIESEL
4 MW
7 MW
Map Data ©2015 Google
9
Expected situation 2017
29.8 29.8 29.8 29.8
8.5 10.1 12.8 13.7
2.9
11.4
13.7 13.7
0.5
0.5
0.5 0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2014 2015 2016 2017
To
tal
Po
wer
Ins
tall
ed
(M
W)
Diesel [MW] Hydro [MW] PV [MW] Wind [MW]
Generation type
Existing
system
2014
With
new PV
via PPA
2017
Diesel (MW) 4 x 5.8 4 x 5.8
Hydro (MW) 7.5 14
Wind (MW) 0.55 0.55
PV (MW) 2.85 13.65
Battery storage
(MW)
- 4
Battery storage
(MWh useable)
- 2
Installed VRE 2015
Installed VRE 2017
Very high penetration levels can
be expected
10
Grid Modelling Study for
Upolu – Scenarios 2017 &
2022
11
Grid Modelling Study for
Upolu
Model validation
12
1086420 [s]
52
50
48
46
44
42
Fiaga #1: Frequency [Hz] - Min Demand and PV max in 2015
Fiaga #1: Frequency [Hz] - Min Demand and PV max in 2016
Fiaga #1: Frequency [Hz] - Min Demand and PV max in 2017
Trip of diesel unit
PV Disconnection
Load disconnection
Trip of diesel generation
Example of identified technical
issues
Performance criteria not fulfilled: Loss of a diesel unit leads to system collapse in case of low demand and high PV generation Main root causes are UFLS settings (too slow) and instantaneous disconnection of PV @47,5 Hz
13
Identified solutions Base Case 2017
Two sets of measures were identified to solve technical issues:
Alternative 1: Based on operational measures and grid support
functions to be provided by new PV systems (grid connection
requirements)
+ Less investment and less complexity
- Higher level of curtailment required
Alternative 2: Based on system enhancements and investments in
new infrastructure, operational measures and grid connection
requirements for new PV systems
+ Maximum flexibility allowing minimum curtailment
- New investments required
Identified solutions Alternative 2
14
• )
Infrastructure and system
enhancement
Operational
measures
Grid support
functions from
new PV systems
Voltage control
capabilities with power
factor range of ±0,95
Under-Voltage-Ride-
Through (UVRT)
capability
Reduction of the output
power in case of
overfrequency P(f)
Modification of UFLS
scheme settings
Allocation of frequency
regulation reserves
according to expected
variability of PV and
wind using diesel,
hydro and battery
storage
Limit the amount of
power exported by the
feeders
Installation of a Battery Energy
Storage System (BESS) for the
provision of spinning reserves.
Minimum capacity 4 MW / 2 MWh
The BESS shall perform primary and
secondary frequency control
Installation of a reactive power
compensation (5.5 MVA) to replace
the reactive power provided by the
diesel plant
Implement an automatic and
centralized system to perform the unit
commitment and generation dispatch
Dispatchable units (hydro and
batteries) and PV/Wind plants should
be controllable from dispatch center
System Operation -
Weekend
System Operation -
Weekday
System Operation -
Weekday
Lessons learned
18
The transformation of the power system in small to medium size islands is
rapidly happening and quick action is required
There is an enormous variety in the characteristics of SIDS. Each island is a
unique case. Particularities define approach required for planning and
implementation
Challenges at different levels, technical-economic-politic can not be isolated
Coordination of support activities among engaged stakeholders and developing
partners is crucial
Capacity building is crucial, the industry is changing and new dynamics must be
understood
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www.irena.org/Publications
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