International Organization for Migration

Human Trafficking and Statistics:

The State of the Art

Heikki Mattila, Research and Publications Division

IOM Geneva, Switzerland

Irregular Migration Data

Sources:Sources:Border ApprehensionsBorder ApprehensionsTraffickingTraffickingRegularisations and AmnestiesRegularisations and AmnestiesReturns and DeportationsReturns and Deportations

Irregular Migration Data

Net Immigration (EU & Efta 2003): 1 MillionNet Immigration (EU & Efta 2003): 1 Million Illegal Inflows to EU 15 (2001): 808,300Illegal Inflows to EU 15 (2001): 808,300 Regularizations:Regularizations:

EU – 15 EU – 15 1995 – 2002: 2,5 Million1995 – 2002: 2,5 Million

1973 - 1973 - : < 4 Million: < 4 Million

Border Apprehensions

Long Term Trend in CEE, 1999 - 2003Long Term Trend in CEE, 1999 - 2003

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Czeck Republic*

Hungary

Cyprus

Turkey

Slovakia

Border Apprehensions

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

German Border Apprehensions (1990-2002)

Regularizations in OECD Countries

Global Estimates

U.S. State Department, Trafficking in Persons Report U.S. State Department, Trafficking in Persons Report

2004: 600,000 – 800,000 men, women and children trafficked 2004: 600,000 – 800,000 men, women and children trafficked

yearly yearly

European Commission 2001: 120,000 people trafficked into European Commission 2001: 120,000 people trafficked into

EU each yearEU each year

Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe

(OSCE) 2000: 200,000 women and children trafficked to OSCE (OSCE) 2000: 200,000 women and children trafficked to OSCE

countries each yearcountries each year

ILO 2002: 1.2 million children trafficked worldwideILO 2002: 1.2 million children trafficked worldwide

Definition

““Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.

  Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;”slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;”

Issues & Areas

Poverty Poverty

UnemploymentUnemployment

GovernanceGovernance

Gender EqualityGender Equality

CrimeCrime

MigrationMigration

SecuritySecurity

GlobalizationGlobalization

Labour MarketsLabour Markets

Human RightsHuman Rights

HealthHealth

Types of Data

Indicators – Numbers of victimsIndicators – Numbers of victims

Routes; Profiles & Modi Operandi of Routes; Profiles & Modi Operandi of

traffickerstraffickers

Profiles of victimsProfiles of victims

Current Data Collection

Authorities: Social, Police, Immigration, Authorities: Social, Police, Immigration, Judiciary Judiciary

Administrative data on assisted victimsAdministrative data on assisted victims

NGOs & IGOs: Assisted casesNGOs & IGOs: Assisted cases

Research: SamplesResearch: Samples

Obstacles

Clandestine PhenomenonClandestine Phenomenon Access to victims difficultAccess to victims difficult Reluctance of victims to reportReluctance of victims to report Many players – fragmentary datasetsMany players – fragmentary datasets Difficult to distinguish in practice from smuggling, other Difficult to distinguish in practice from smuggling, other

exploitation, other prostitutionexploitation, other prostitution TaboosTaboos No capacity nor tasking to collect dataNo capacity nor tasking to collect data Comparability: Differing Divisions of LabourComparability: Differing Divisions of Labour Comparability: No systematic exchange of information Comparability: No systematic exchange of information

between agencies & countriesbetween agencies & countries

UNODC Database

Sources: Statistics, Research, NGOs, MediaSources: Statistics, Research, NGOs, Media 500 Sources, 4,500 500 Sources, 4,500 ““casescases”” Type of Trafficking; Countries; Profiles of Victims and Type of Trafficking; Countries; Profiles of Victims and

Offenders; Prosecution StatisticsOffenders; Prosecution Statistics Country of Origin: Ukraine, Russia, Nigeria, Albania, Country of Origin: Ukraine, Russia, Nigeria, Albania,

RomaniaRomania Country of Destination; US, EU, Japan; Asia CEEC, AfricaCountry of Destination; US, EU, Japan; Asia CEEC, Africa Victims: 83% women, 4% men, 48% childrenVictims: 83% women, 4% men, 48% children Type of Exploitation: 92% sexual exploitationType of Exploitation: 92% sexual exploitation

21% forced labour21% forced labour

IOM Database

Results as of July 2004Results as of July 2004 2791 victims2791 victims 35 nationalities35 nationalities 7 top nationalities: Mol,Rom,Ukr,Bel,Bul,DomRep,Rus7 top nationalities: Mol,Rom,Ukr,Bel,Bul,DomRep,Rus Age: 13% under 18 years/ 72% under 24/ 90% under 30Age: 13% under 18 years/ 72% under 24/ 90% under 30 50% worked50% worked 45% earned less than $50/month45% earned less than $50/month 57% earned less than $100/month57% earned less than $100/month 10% are married, 17% divorced or separated, 61% single10% are married, 17% divorced or separated, 61% single Single mothers: Mold: 26.50%, Ukr.: 32.3%, Dom.Rep.: Single mothers: Mold: 26.50%, Ukr.: 32.3%, Dom.Rep.:

72.90%72.90% 46% of all known recruiters are females46% of all known recruiters are females

Better analysis of existing data Better analysis of existing data

Better identification of indicatorsBetter identification of indicators

Assistance & capacity building for more systematic data Assistance & capacity building for more systematic data

collectioncollection

Guidelines for harmonizationGuidelines for harmonization

National coordinatorsNational coordinators

Regional coordinationRegional coordination

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