international journal of scientific research in research paper . multidisciplinary ... · 2019. 11....

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International Journal of Scientific Research in _______________________________ Research Paper . Multidisciplinary Studies E-ISSN: 2454-9312

Vol.5, Issue.10, pp.33-38, October (2019) P-ISSN: 2454-6143

Geomorphological Analysis of Landforms of Upper Cauvery Karnataka

India

Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez1*, M Inayathulla

2

1,2

Dept. of Civil Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

*Corresponding Author: [email protected] Tel.: +919060506390

Available online at: www.isroset.org

Received: 29/Sept/2019, Accepted: 16/Oct/2019, Online: 31/Oct/2019

Abstract: Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. The

Study Area lies between 750 29’ 19” E and 76

0 37’ 40” E longitude and 11

0 55’ 54” N and 13

0 23’ 12.8” N latitude. The study

area covers an area of 10874.65 km2, having maximum length of 143.73 km. Drainage density is 1.43 km/km

2 hence area is of

coarse texture. The length of overlandflow is less than 0.4 indicating more runoff less infiltration. The study of hypsometric

properties of watershed using hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve retrieved in that, HI value is 0.57 and hence

watershed falls under the Mature Stage. Circularity ratio is 0.26 which shows that the drainage area is less circular.

Keywords: DEM, Drainage Density, GIS, Hypsometry, Stream Frequency, Stream Length.

I. INTRODUCTION

The Cauvery river enters Tamil Nadu at Hognekal of

Dharmapuri district from the west and takes a southern

course from Mettur and again takes south-eastern course at

Erode and then flows to Bay of Bengal flowing through

Trichirapalli, Thanjavur and Cuddalore districts. The study

area forms part of Cauvery basin, which lies on left banks of

Cauvery river. Lakshmantirtha river is a major tributary to

river Cauvery and has its originates in Brahmagiri Devasi

Hills of Western Ghats in southern Kodagu district and

flows through a distance of about 130 km. It enters the

Mysore district near Chikkahejjur, south west of Konana

Hosahalli in Hunsur taluk and flows through Hangodu,

Hunsur and Kattemalavadi before its confluence with

Cauvery on the right side at Sagarkatte in Krishnarajanagar

taluk.

Watershed is a natural hydrological entity from which runoff

resulting from precipitation flows past a single point into

large stream, river, lake or ocean. Morphometric analysis

provides quantitative description of the basin geometry to

understand initial slope or inequalities in the rock hardness,

structural controls, recent diastrophism, geological and

geomorphic history of drainage basin (Strahler, 1964).

Morphometric analysis requires measurement of linear

features, gradient of channel network and contributing

ground slopes of the drainage basin. . A major emphasis in

geomorphology over the past several decades has been on

the development of quantitative physiographic methods to

describe the evolution and behavior of surface drainage

networks (Horton, 1945). The influence of drainage

morphometry is very significant in understanding the

landform processes, soil physical properties and erosional

characteristics. The hypsometric analysis can be used as a

morphometric parameter, i.e. hypsometric integral, to

deduce its relationship with the area of watersheds.

Statistical analysis of these parameters has been carried out

by classifying them into different classes based on the

natural breaks method. This brings out strong relationships

for hypsometric integral classes and area classes with the

number of watersheds in respective classes and the total area

occupied by respective hypsometric and area classes.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area

The study area geographically lies between 750 29’ 19” E

and 760 37’ 40” E longitude and 11

0 55’ 54” N and 13

0

23’ 12.8” N latitude, as shown in Fig 1, the study area has an

area of 10874.65 Sq km. The maximum length and width of

the study area is approximately equal to 143.73 km and

96.75 km respectively. The maximum and minimum

elevation of the basin is 1867 m and 714 m above MSL,

respectively. The study area covers five district of Karnataka

state i.e., Chikmangalur, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya and

Mysore as shown in Fig 2. The maximum average annual

rainfall in the catchment is 1072.66 mm has been recorded in

the year 2005 and minimum average annual rainfall of

524.58 mm in 1998. June, July and August are the months

with heavy rainfall and rainfall in July was the heavies

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Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 5(10), Oct 2019


Fig 1 Location Map of Study Area

Fig 2 Districts in study area

Table 1: Distribution of district area

Sl

No

District Name Area

(sq_km)

Percentage

area

1 Chikmangalur 761.12 7.00

2 Hassan 4476.15 41.16

3 Kodagu 2559.4 23.54

4 Mandya 1006.56 9.26

5 Mysore 2071.42 19.05

Total Area 10874.65 100%

2.2 Methodology

2.2.1 Morphometric analysis DEM data is used to calculate the flow direction a staple for

determining many important hydrologic parameters stream

network is determined by using Arc GIS tools. Quantitative

morphometric analysis was carried out for watershed for

linear aspects, areal aspects and relief aspects. The analysis

was carried out using Arc GIS.

Fig 3 DEM Map

Fig 4 Flow Direction



Fig 5 Stream Order

2.2.2 Hypsometric Analysis The curve shows how much area lies above and below

marked elevation intervals. The areas used are therefore

those of horizontal slices of the topography at any given

level. This method produces a cumulative curve, any point

on which expresses the total area (reduced to horizontal

projection) lying above that plane [4].

The curve can also be shown in non-dimensional or

standardized form by scaling elevation and area by the

maximum values. The non-dimensional hypsometric curve

provides a hydrologist or a geo-morphologist with a way to

assess the similarity of watersheds.

A hypsometric curve is a histogram or cumulative

distribution function of elevations in a geographical area.

Differences in hypsometric curves between landscapes arise

because the geomorphic processes that shape the landscape

may be different.

Hypsometric curve is developed and maintained in a steady

state as relief slowly diminishes. The monadnock phase with

abnormally low hypsometric integral, when it does occur,

can be regarded as transitory, because removal of the

monadnock will result in restoration of the curve to the

equilibrium form. From inspection of many natural

hypsometric curves and the corresponding maps, A N

Strahler estimates that transition from the inequilibrium

(youthful) stage to the equilibrium (mature) stage

corresponds roughly to a hypsometric integral of 60%, but

that where monadnocks become conspicuous features the

integrals drop below 35%.The hypsometric integral was

estimated using the elevation-releif ratio method proposed

by Pike and Wison (1971).

The relationship is expressed as

Where,

Emean = mean elevation of the watershed

Emin = minimum elevation within the watershed

Emax = maximum elevation within the watershed.

Fig 6 Elevation Map

Fig 7 Drainage Map

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_cumulative_distribution_functionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_cumulative_distribution_functionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology



III. RESULTS

3.1 Morphometric analysis

Quantitative Morphometric analysis were carried out for watershed. The results of Morphometric characteristics are presented

in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 2 Morphometric Parameters

Sl No Watershed Parameters Units Values

1 Watershed Area Sq.Km 10874.65

2 Perimeter of the Watershed Km 717.76

3 Watershed Stream Highest Order No. 8

4 Maximum Length of watershed Km 143.73

5 Maximum width of Watershed Km 96.75

6 Cumulative Stream Segment Km 15939.00

7 Cumulative Stream Length Km 15566.55

8 Drainage Density Km /Sq.km 1.43

9 Constant of Channel Maintenance Sq.Km/Km 0.70

10 Stream Frequency No/Sq.Km 1.47

11 Bifurcation Ratio 3.98

12 Length Ratio 2.13

13 Form Factor 0.53

14 Shape Factor 1.90

15 Circularity Ratio 0.26

16 Elongation Ratio 0.82

17 Compactness Coefficient 1.94

18 Total Watershed Relief m 1123

19 Relief Ratio 0.0078

20 Relative Relief 0.0016

21 Ruggedness Number 0.0016

22 Texture Ratio 17.49

Table 3 Morphometric Characteristics

Stream order No. Of streams

Total length of

streams (km)

Cumulative length

(km)

Mean stream

length (km)

Bifurcation

ratio (km) Length ratio

1 12557 8020.617 8020.617 0.639

2 2648 3946.756 11967.373 1.490 4.742 2.333

3 561 1801.898 13769.271 3.212 4.720 2.155

4 132 914.479 14683.750 6.928 4.250 2.157

5 31 333.676 15017.426 10.764 4.258 1.554

6 7 324.379 15341.805 46.340 4.429 4.305

7 2 207.446 15549.251 103.723 3.500 2.238

8 1 17.300 15566.551 17.300 2.000 0.167

3.2 Hypsometric analysis

Table 4 Calculations of Percentage Hypsometric curve

Sl No

Elevation

(m)

Area

(sq.km)

Altitude

(m)

Elevation

difference e/E

cumulative

area

(Sq.km)

a/A

1 714 0.000 1837.00 1123.00 1.000 0.000 0.000

2 714-750 94.492 1800.00 1086.00 0.967 94.492 0.009

3 750-800 802.933 1750.00 1036.00 0.923 897.426 0.083

4 800-850 1998.343 1700.00 986.00 0.878 2895.769 0.266

5 850-900 2517.978 1650.00 936.00 0.833 5413.747 0.498

6 900-950 2371.564 1600.00 886.00 0.789 7785.310 0.716

7 950-1000 1572.583 1550.00 836.00 0.744 9357.894 0.861

8 1000-1050 681.033 1500.00 786.00 0.700 10038.927 0.923



9 1050-1100 326.892 1450.00 736.00 0.655 10365.819 0.953

10 1100-1150 196.987 1400.00 686.00 0.611 10562.806 0.971

11 1150-1200 122.348 1350.00 636.00 0.566 10685.153 0.983

12 1200-1250 74.248 1300.00 586.00 0.522 10759.401 0.989

13 1250-1300 47.615 1250.00 536.00 0.477 10807.016 0.994

14 1300-1350 25.698 1200.00 486.00 0.433 10832.714 0.996

15 1350-1400 16.019 1150.00 436.00 0.388 10848.733 0.998

16 1400-1450 13.735 1100.00 386.00 0.344 10862.468 0.999

17 1450-1500 5.742 1050.00 336.00 0.299 10868.210 0.999

18 1500-1550 3.025 1000.00 286.00 0.255 10871.235 1.000

19 1550-1600 1.801 950.00 236.00 0.210 10873.036 1.000

20 1600-1650 0.877 900.00 186.00 0.166 10873.913 1.000

21 1650-1700 0.501 850.00 136.00 0.121 10874.414 1.000

22 1700-1750 0.199 800.00 86.00 0.077 10874.613 1.000

23 1750-1800 0.081 750.00 36.00 0.032 10874.694 1.000

24 1800-1837 0.018 714.00 0.00 0.000 10874.711 1.000

The study of hypsometric properties of the present area

using hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve

retrieved in that, HI value is 0.57 and hence the sub basin

falls under the mature stage.

Fig 6 Hypsometric Curve

Fig 7:Stream Order vs No of Streams

Fig 8 : Stream Order vs Mean stream length

IV. CONCLUSIONS

The length of overland flow in present study is less than 0.4.

Hence, the Watersheds selected for study have smaller flow

paths associated with less infiltration and high runoff. The

drainage density reflects the land use, affects the infiltration

and watershed response time between precipitation and

discharge. The drainage density of the area is 1.43 km/km2

indicating that the area is coarse texture. The shape ratio

shows the Study area is less elongated to oval shape. Stream

frequency is Low. The bifurcation ratio is a dimensional

property and it ranges between 3 and 5 for watersheds in

which the geologic structures do not distort the drainage

pattern. The values of relief is 1123 m indicates that the

watershed has enough slope for the runoff to occur from the

remote point of the watershed to mouth. Circularity ratio is

0.26 which indicates the area under consideration is in the

mature stage. The higher relative relief indicates that it is

composed of resistant rock patches and lower relief ratio

indicates less resistant patches of rocks. The study of

hypsometric properties of Subbasin using hypsometric

integral (HI) and hypsometric curve retrieved in that, HI

value is 0.57 and hence Area falls under the Mature Stage.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

-0.500 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500

e/E

a/A

Hypsometric curve



REFERENCES

[1] A1 Saud M.Morphometric Analysis of Wadi Aurnah Drainage

System Western Arabian Peninsula.(2009)

[2] Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, Chalapathi K and M Inayathulla. "

Analysis of Landforms of a Mini Watershed of Manvi Taluk,

Raichur District Karnataka" International Journal of Innovative

Research in Technology Volume 6 Issue 4 September 2019 Page

105-109

[3] Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, and M .Inayathulla. "Morphometry,

Hypsometry Analysis and Runoff Estimation of Aam Talab

Watershed Raichur, Karnataka" International Journal Of Advance

Research And Innovative Ideas In Education Volume 5 Issue 3 2019

Page 1713-1727

[4] Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, M Inayathulla, "Rainfall Analysis

for Modelling of IDF Curves for Bangalore Rural, Karnataka",

International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary

Studies , Vol.5, Issue.8, pp.114-132, 2019

[5] Schumn,S.A.(1956).Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in

Badland, at Perth Amboy, NewJersey. Geological Society of

America, Bulletin.67:597-646.

Authors Profile

Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez Is a life

member of Indian Water Resources Society,

ASCE Born in Gangavathi, Obtained his

BE in Civil Engineering in the year 2009-

2013 from UVCE, Banagalore and M.E

with specialization in Water Resources

Engineering during 2013-2015 from UVCE, Bangalore

University and Pursuing Ph.D from Bangalore University.

And has 3 years of teaching experience. Till date, has

presented and published several technical papers in many

National and International seminars, Journals and

conferences.

Dr M Inayathulla Is a life member of

Environmental and Water Resources

Engineering (EWRI), ASCE, WWI,

ASTEE, ASFPM. Born in Karnataka,

Obtained his BE in Civil Engineering in the

year 1987-1991 from UBDT, Davanagere and M.E with specialization on Water Resources

Engineering during 1992-1994 from UVCE, Bangalore

University and got Doctorate from Bangalore University 5.

Presently working as Professor at UVCE, Bangalore

University, India. And has more than 25 years of teaching

experience. Till date, has presented and published several

technical papers in many National and International

seminars and conferences.

international journal of scientific research in research paper . multidisciplinary ... · 2019. 11....

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