international journal of radio frequency design vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of

Radio Frequency Design

IJRFDJan – Jun 2016

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Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Pradesh, India

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India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

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Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present

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International Journal of Radio Frequency Design focuses on Radio frequency oscillators, Transmitters and

transmission lines, Radio frequency connectors, Antennas, Receivers and tuners, Amplifiers, Modulators,

demodulators and detectors, Radio frequency filters, Radio frequency shielding and ground plane, Digital

radio, Radio frequency module, Wireless alarm systems, Industrial remote controls, Smart sensor

applications, Wireless home automation systems, GPS & GLONASS Modules

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Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Bandwidth Enhancement of Multiband Microstrip Patch Antennas for C-Band Applications K.C.B. Rao, M. Ravi Kishore 1

2. The Use of Three Dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain Method for Multiband Antenna Analysis Meriem Harbadji, Amel Boufrioua 12

3. A Brief Introduction to the 5G Communication and Millmeter Wave AntennaNitin Kathuria, Shruti Vashisht 17

4. Improvement in Stability of RF Power Amplifier in X-band Frequencies Using Ga-As MESFETPramod Sharma, Upendra Kumar Gupta, Ravi Prakash Dwivedi 22

5. Design and Analysis of RMPA for Exposure System at GSM Band Using Inverted E Shape SlotRahul Dev Mishra, Pramod Kumar Singhal 29

6. Embedding RFID in TeethRahul Saraf 35

7. Prediction and Analysis of Electromagnetic Interference in Radio Frequency Propagation for Transmitter – Receiver Pair Using LabVIEWM. S. Sai Krishna Bhargav, K. Chandra Bhushana Rao, B. Venkata Ramana, P. Siva Kumar 39

Contents

IJRFD (2016) 1-11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Radio Frequency Design

Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Bandwidth Enhancement of Multiband Microstrip Patch

Antennas for C-Band Applications

K.C.B. Rao1*

, M. Ravi Kishore2

1Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, University College of engineering, JNTUK,

Vizianagaram, AP, India 2Department of Electronics & Communicaton Engineering, Sri Sivani college of Engineering, Chilakapalem,

Srikakulam, AP, India

Abstract

Microstrip antennas are utilized in numerous applications in the ground of communication

systems to Biomedical system, because of numerous attractive properties such as light

weight, low production cost, low profile, reproducibility, reliability, conformability and

integration with solid state devices. Scientists are considering the operative approaches for

real utilization of bandwidth of microstrip patch antenna. This paper presents the

Enhancement methods of Bandwidth in Multiband microstrip patch antennas used for

multiple applications of C-band. The enhancement of Bandwidth in T-shaped Duel band and

E-shaped Triple band is observed by introducing metallic thin slots in both patch and ground

plane with specified dimensions. The edge feeding method is used to achieve better

impedance matching and FR4epoxy having dielectric constant 4.4 with optimum values of

substrate heights are used. The design, analysis and comparison is done with respect to

different parameters like VSWR, Gain, Peak directivity, Return losses, Radiation efficiency,

FBR etc,. These antennas are simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)

version 13.0 software.

Keywords: bandwidth, C-band, dual band, edge-fed, HFSS software 13.0, triple band, slotted

ground

INTRODUCTION

Recently, the microwave communication

systems and applications have been driven

toward the enhancement and effective

utilization of available bandwidth.

Multiband microstrip antennas offer a

variety of useful microwave band civilian

and military applications. These antennas

have drawn a great amount of attention,

due to their light weight, low profile, ease

of fabrication and conformability. The

significant nature of single antenna-

multiple applications made these antennas

more popular especially in C-Band. These

C-band microstrip antennas are suffering

by narrow bandwidth and low gain with

lower efficiency.[1-3]

In this paper, a Dual band and triple band

microstrip patch antennas have been

designed, simulated and analyzed by

introducing an array of thin parallel slots

with equal spacing in ground plane as well

as in patch. The simulation has been done

using Finite Element Method based tool,

HFSS (High Frequency Structure

Simulator) software version 13.0.

The typical multiband antennas are

constructed with substrate of FR4epoxy

material as substrate and fed with Edge-

IJRFD (2016) 12-16 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12

International Journal of Radio Frequency Design Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

The Use of Three Dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain

Method for Multiband Antenna Analysis

Meriem Harbadji, Amel Boufrioua* Electronics Department, Technological Sciences Faculty, University of Mentouri brothers Constantine,

Constantine, Algeria

Abstract

This paper presents an effective design of multiband patch antenna. The proposed antenna

can be designed for dual band, triple band and multiband applications by using U-shaped

form for the patch. The results in terms of return loss are given. It is observed that various

antenna parameters are obtained as a function of frequency for different value of slot length

and width; also it is found that the separation of the upper and the lower resonances is

controllable with these dimensions. Moreover the dual or multiple resonances can be

achieved by the choice of specific substrate and by varying the different U shaped

parameters, which gives the antenna the property of dual and multiband operation to be used

for several applications. Our results were studied with the aid of FDTD numerical analysis.

The microstrip line is used to excite this new antenna.

Keywords: dual frequency, FDTD method, multiband, patch antenna

INTRODUCTION

The fast advance in wireless

communications requires the improvement

of lightweight, low profile, flush-mounted

and single- feed antennas. Likewise, it is

profoundly attractive to incorporate a few

RF modules for various frequencies into

one piece of equipment. Henceforth, multi-

band antennas that can be utilized at the

same time as a part of various models have

been in the center purposes of numerous

research projects.[1-2]

Microstrip antennas

are progressively being utilized for such

applications in view of its position of

safety and light weight favorable

circumstances. In any case, microstrip

patch antenna is restricted by its natural

narrow bandwidth. In this way, this issue

has been tended to by specialists and

numerous designs have been proposed for

bandwidth enhancement.[3-8]

Different

methods for creating multiband Microstrip

patch antennas have been presented, such

as adding SRR elements in substrate to

reduce the size of the patch

antenna.[9]

There is a tradeoff between

number of operating bands and antenna

size. Reconfigurable antennas shows to a

late development in antenna design that

progressions from traditional altered

structure, fixed-function antennas to

modifiable structures that can be adjusted

to fit the prerequisites of a time varying

system.

Advances in microwave semiconductor

technologies enabled the use of compact,

ultra-high quality RF and microwave

switches in novel aspects of antenna

design. Several microstrip antennas

configuration based on different

geometries have been reported in recent

years.[1-11]

Recently various modified

antenna have been developed for

IJRFD (2016) 17–21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 17


www.journalspub.com

A Brief Introduction to the 5G Communication and Millmeter

Wave Antenna

Nitin Kathuria1*

, Shruti Vashisht2

1ECE, ITS Engg College, G. Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

2ECE Department, Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad, India

Abstract

The rapidly increasing number of mobile devices, voluminous data, and higher data rate are

pushing to rethink the current generation of the cellular mobile communication. The next or

fifth generation (5G) cellular networks are expected to meet high-end requirements. The 5G

networks are broadly characterized by three unique features: ubiquitous connectivity,

extremely low latency, and very high-speed data transfer. The 5G networks would provide

novel architectures and technologies beyond state-of-the-art architectures and technologies.

In this paper, we identify challenges in 5G networks, new technologies for 5G networks.

Keywords: beam forming, MM-waves for 5G, multi-antenna systems, massive MIMO, 5G

technologies and architectures

INTRODUCTION

The 5G network of tomorrow is coming to

mobile broadband, and will generate new

network operating models. While avant-

garde 5G will open doors for Machine to

machine communications, enable the

internet of things, the future where all our

online-enabled objects will quietly pass on

data to our tech overlord of choice.

Facilitating the use of mobile networks by

connected or autonomous cars, remotely

controlled industrial robots, telehealth

systems, and smart city infrastructure are

also all expected to figure large in 5G

thinking. Knowing that 5G is a major

change for operators with a legacy

mindset, the development community is

trying to deliver the maximum utility and

longevity.[1,2]

"5G" is something of a misnomer: the

standard doesn't exist yet. Technical

organizations, universities and public

bodies are working on the process in order

to roll out 5G by 2020. So far, three main

criteria for the 5G standard have been

established:

1. It should be capable of delivering a

1 Gbps downlink to start with and

multi-gigabits in future.

2. Latency must be brought under one

millisecond.

3. It should be more energy efficient than

its predecessors.[2,3]

5G TECHNOLOGY

Every new mobile standard brings with it

calls from operators for more spectrum.

5G is no exception. If mobile operators

want to deliver more and more capacity,

they're going to need more and more

wireless spectrum to do it. And, with every

generation of mobile tech, spectrum needs

to be identified. "Spectrum is and will

remain a major challenge for the success

and early rollout of 5G. Therefore, 5G is a

lot about optimizing the use of spectrum.

But clearly, allocating more spectrum to



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Improvement in Stability of RF Power Amplifier in X-band

Frequencies Using Ga-As MESFET

Pramod Sharma*, Upendra Kumar Gupta, Ravi Prakash Dwivedi

Department of Electrical Engineering, BSA College of Engineering, Mathura, India

Abstract

This paper concern with the design and simulation of various techniques used to design a RF

power amplifier: real frequency technique (RFT), combining technique and S-parameter

analysis. In this paper we have to use S-Parameter analysis within X-band frequencies 8-

12 GHz, and this analysis of S-Parameters is proven by advanced designed system tool

(ADS). By optimizing the DC-biasing circuit and using proper values of passive components,

dielectric constant we achieved better performance, which has better stability and improved

magnitude of S21.

Keywords: maximum gain, S-parameter, stability

INTRODUCTION Ga-As field effect transistors are attractive

devices for MICpurposes in X-band

frequencies because of low power

requirements, high efficiency and good

stability.Ga-As MESFET’S designed for

control applications have improved

switching performance compared to FET’s

designed for low-noise or high-power

amplifiers.

Ga-As MESFET’S are becoming

recognized as viable RF control devices

for applications such as switching and

phase shifting, particularly in microwave

monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC)

implementations.

Passive MESFET two-state control

components have low bias power

consumption ( -10 pW dependent upon

Schottky gate leakage) and fast switching

times (-1 ns dependent upon the gate bias

circuit RC time constant and the driver

circuitry).[1]

Moreover, multi octave bandwidth

capability can be achieved since the dc

bias terminal (gate) and the RF terminals

(source and drain) are easily isolated

resistively (with an ion-implanted resistor)

without significant dc or RF power

dissipation.

The inherent disadvantages of Ga-As

MESFET’S in passive control applications

compared to conventional Si p-i-n diodes

are twofold: 1) lower switching cutoff

frequency figure of merit and 2) lower

power-handling capability.

This paper describes an approximate

switching figure of merit for broad-band

(baseband or near-baseband to 10 or

20 GHz) control applications, presents an

approximate analysis of the CW power-

handling limitations of FET control

components, and provides data on a

variety of FET’s evaluated for control

applications (both discrete epitaxial and

ion-implanted monolithic devices).

Finally, we present some differences



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Design and Analysis of RMPA for Exposure System at GSM

Band Using Inverted E Shape Slot

Rahul Dev Mishra*, Pramod Kumar Singhal

Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India

Abstract This paper demonstrates the design of RMPA at 900 MHz. Reflection coefficient of designed

antenna is at 882 MHz but this is not exact frequency. So by using inverted E shape slots

there is shift in frequency and we get reflection coefficient exact at 900 MHz. The surface

current flowing patterns are shown and parameters like gain, VSWR, directivity also

calculated.

Keywords: computer simulation technology-microwave studio, exposure system, gain

(IEEE), inverted E shape, perfect electric conductor

INTRODUCTION

Antenna[1,2]

is a basic device for

transmission as well reception. A chamber

of wood or plexiglass is known as

exposure system.[3,4]

In the exposure

system mounting of two antennas of same

frequency takes place. So in this proposed

work RMPA[5,6]

at 900 MHz is designed

using CST-MWS[7]

software. The

reflection coefficient obtained is at 882

MHz. That means loss in frequency is 18

MHz which is a drawback. So to overcome

loss in frequency an inverted E shape

slot[8]

technique is proposed. By applying

slot technique the exact 900 MHz

frequency is obtained. The current flowing

patterns are also shown and important

parameters like VSWR, Gain, directivity

calculated with graph of particulars.

ANTENNA DESIGN

The antenna we are designing[9]

here is for

the application in GSM band. The model

designed here is cavity based model. For

the dominant mode TM010 formulae are

given below. In the dominant mode[10]

maximum energy propagates so this mode

is preferred. But before designing the

given below specifications should be taken

into consideration. Specifications are listed

in Table 1.

Table 1. Design Specifications for

Rectangular Patch.

S. no. Parameters Value

1. Frequency (f) 900 MHz

2. Substrate FR4

3. Dielectric Constant (𝟄r) 4.3

4. Loss Tangent (𝜹) 0.025

5. Substrate Height (h) 1.6 mm

6. Conductor Thickness (t) 0.038 mm

1. The formula for width is

W= 1

2𝑓𝑟 µ0𝜖0

2

∈𝑟+1=

𝜐0

2𝑓𝑟

2

∈𝑟+1 (1)

2. Effective dielectric constant of the

RMPA calculated using Equation 2

𝟄reff = ∈𝑟+1

2+∈𝑟−1

2[1 + 12

ℎ

𝑊]-0.5

(2)



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Embedding RFID in Teeth

Rahul Saraf* Essel Vidyut Vitaran, Pvt. Ltd., Sagar, India

Abstract

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on

storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponder. An

RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or

person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip-based RFID tags contain

silicon chip and antennas. Passive tags need no interior power source, while active tags need

a power source. Passive RFID tags have no inner power supply. Different passive RFID tags,

active RFID tags have their own interior power source which is used to power any ICs that

make the outgoing signal. Transponders are the heart of the system with a silicon chip.

Readers consist of an antenna. A typical reader contains an antenna to transmit information

to the tag as well as receive it from the tag. In either situation, a host system is needed to

collect the data to convert into useful information for the end-user. Our paper deals with

storing the information in teeth. Teeth are strongest and longest-lived parts of the body,

which is the best place to store information. RFID chip is embedded into teeth to show

detailed personal information. Our project is reliable one and can be implemented for years.

*Corresponding Author


INTRODUCTION

RFID Defination

Radio frequency identification (RFID) and

sensor networks are both wireless skills

that deliver boundless future abilities. It is

an involuntary identification technique,

trusting on keeping and remotely

retrieving data using devices called RFID

tags or Transponders. An RFID tag is an

thing that can be involved to or combined

into a creation, animal, or person for the

perseverance of identification using radio

waves. Chip-based RFID tags comprise

silicon chip and antennas.[1]

RFID System

RFID is a system with the following

components:

Transponder (or Tag)

Reader/writer (interrogator)

Antenna

Host computer

IJRF (2016) 39–53 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 39


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Prediction and Analysis of Electromagnetic Interference in Radio

Frequency Propagation for Transmitter – Receiver Pair Using

LabVIEW

M. S. Sai Krishna Bhargav1, K. Chandra Bhushana Rao

1*, B. Venkata Ramana

2, P. Siva

Kumar2

1Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, JNTUK-UCEV, Vizianagaram, India

2SAMEER–E3, Visakhapatnam, India

Abstract Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the most severe problem that we are facing in the

present day scenario in Radio Frequency (RF) propagation. This is due to placement of

multiple antennas around us without proper considerations. The electromagnetic interference

corrupts the received data and interprets the erroneous data which is the major drawback in

the communication systems. This paper describes about prediction and analysis of

interference issues likely to exist in transmitter-to-receiver pair. The LabVIEW software

application is developed for prediction of interference issue, and if exists, predictions are

formulated for amplitude culling and frequency culling-bandwidth and frequency corrections.

Keywords: amplitude culling, bandwidth correction, electromagnetic interference (EMI),

electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), frequency culling, frequency correction, radio

frequency (RF) propagation

INTRODUCTION

Prediction of Electromagnetic Interference

in pair of antenna system from

transmitting side as well as at receiving

side is one of the important tasks for

efficient transmission and reception of the

data. This paper describes the procedure to

predict the electromagnetic interference by

using a prediction algorithm[1]

and was

implemented using LabVIEW software.

For the prediction, some basic parameters

of the transmitting and receiving antenna

and medium are to be considered.

PREDICTION OF EMI

A prediction model is required to

determine whether the signals present at

the susceptible equipment create

interference, i.e., a set of concepts, defined

by mathematical formulas or procedures,

by means of which the prediction is made.

Many types of such interference prediction

models may be found in the literature,

each oriented toward different aspects of

prediction, e.g., models for predicting

antenna to antenna interference, cable

coupling interference, case radiation

interference, etc.

The characterizations of the source,

transmission effects, and victim's

susceptibility must be determined. These

characterizations serve as the input

functions to the prediction model. In

general, the characterization, o r modeling,

of these effects is a formidable task. The

characteristics of transmitters, receivers

and antennas, for example, must be

modeled for a large number of equipments.



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