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Review Article CODEN: IJPRNK IMPACT FACTOR: 4.278 ISSN: 2277-8713 Chandraker SK, IJPRBS, 2014; Volume 3(4): 657-670 IJPRBS

Available Online at www.ijprbs.com 657

ABRUS PRECATORIUS L. - AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT: A REVIEW

CHANDRAKER SK1, SHARMA N2

1. Department Of Biotechnology, Govt. Pt. J. L. N. Art and Science Post Graduate College Bemetara, Chhattisgarh. Pin no. – 491335 2. Department Of Botany, Govt. Pt. J. L. N. Art and Science Post Graduate College Bemetara, Chhattisgarh. Pin no. – 491335

Accepted Date: 11/08/2014; Published Date: 27/08/2014

Abstract: Abrus precatorius L. is a plant that originates from Southeast Asia and now can be

found in subtropical areas of the world and commonly known as Crab’s eye. This is a

medicinally important plant species belonging to the Fabaceae – Pea family. This plant species

has been found to display a wide variety of biochemical activities. A Number of Constituents

have been reported From A. precatorius L. leaves, root and seeds. This review gives a Crab’s

eye view mainly on the pharmacognostic characteristics, phytochemistry and pharmacological

actions of the plant.

Keywords: Abrus precatorius L, Medicinal Plant, Fabaceae

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Corresponding Author: MR. CHANDRAKER SK

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Chandraker SK, Sharma N; IJPRBS, 2014; Volume 3(4): 657-670



INTRODUCTION

Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number

of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources 1. A. precatorius L. (Fabaceae) is a

climbing shrub, widely distributed in most districts of Tamil Nadu in hedges and among bushes

on open lands2-4. There exists a plethora of knowledge, information and benefits of herbal

drugs in our ancient literature of Ayurvedic (Traditional Indian Medicine), Siddha, Unani and

Chinese medicine. According to the World Health Organization, 2003 about 80% of the

population of developing countries being unable to afford pharmaceutical drugs rely on

traditional medicines, mainly plant based, to sustain their primary health care needs5. Herbal

medicines are in great demand in the developed as well as developing countries for primary

healthcare because of their wide biological and medicinal activities, higher safety margins and

lesser costs6, 7.

History

The Greek word abrus means delicate and refers to the leaflets. Precatorius is Latin for "one

who prays" and alludes to the use of the seeds for rosaries.

General Description

Crab’s eye, also known as jumbie or gunchi bean and licorice plant in English, peronías and ojos

de cangrejo in Spanish, and guen léglise in French8-9, is a slender woody vine that climbs shrubs

and low trees. Its older stems are dark gray and the younger ones are green and very fine. The

alternate, pinnately compound leaves are 5 to 10 cm long and have five to 20 pairs of leaflets.

The racemes have tight clusters of white to purple flowers8-9. The most notable thing about this

species is the 6-mm, spherical red and black seeds. Crab’s eye produces a tap and lateral root

system with abundant fine roots. The larger roots are dark reddish brown. The lateral roots

produce white nodules.

Range

Crab’s eye is possibly native of India10 or of Guinea in Africa11, but today has naturalized

throughout most of the tropics10.

PLANT PROFILES

Table 1: Scientific classification of A. precatoriu L. 14

Kingdom

: Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Super division : Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Plantae&display=31

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Tracheobionta&display=31

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Spermatophyta&display=31

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Magnoliophyta&display=31



Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Subclass : Rosidae Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae – Pea family Genus : Abrus Adans. – abrus Species : A. precatorius. – rosarypea

Common name according to different countries 12

Rosary pea (Egypt), Crab's eye (Nepal), Jequerity (Philippines), Precatory bean (USA), Saga

(Indonesia), Gunchi (Pakistan), Rati gedi (Nepal), Weglis (Indonesia).

Fig 1: -Wide spread in most tropical and sub Fig 2: -A. precatoriu L. - Seeds

Tropical areas of India *as marked in blue Boundary in the Map

Table 2: Common names of A. precatoriu L. in india 13

A. precatorius L.

Arabic Ainuddeek

Bengali Gunja,Guñjika, Kuncha, Rosary Plant, Sága

Gujarati Ratti

Hindi Crab’s eye, Gunchi, Gunja, Kunch, Masha, Patahika

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Magnoliopsida&display=31

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Rosidae&display=31

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Fabales&display=31

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Fabaceae&display=31

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=ABRUS&display=31

http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=ABPR3&display=31



Kannada Gunja, Gulagunji

Konkani Manjoti Ladybird Beads, Lele Damu Fijian - Malay , Akar Saga

Malayalam Kunni

Marathi Gunja,Madhuyashti, Rati

Marwari Chirmi

Oriya Kaincha

Persian Chashm Kharoos Surkh

Prakrit Ratia Samoan - Matamoso

Sanskrit Gunjaa, Kakachinchi, Madhuyashtika, Raktika, Rati Singhalese Mienie

Mienie, Olindawel Sundanese - Saga Leutik

Tamil Kundu Mani

Telugu Gunja, Guriginja Thai – Kuntumani Tongan – Licorice Vine, Love Bean,

Love Pea, Lucky Beans, Matamoho

Urdu Khakshi, Qirat, Surkh

Species 12

Abrus aureus (Madagascar), Abrus baladensis (Somalia), Abrus bottae (Arabia Saudită) (Yemen),

Abrus canescens (Africa), Abrus diversifoliatus (Madagascar), Abrus fruticulosus (India), Abrus

gawenensis (Somalia), Abrus laevigatus (Africa de Sud), Abrus longibracteatus (Laos Vietnam),

Abrus madagascariensis (Madagascar), Abrus parvifolius (Madagascar), Abrus pulchellus

(Africa), Abrus sambiranensis (Madagascar), Abrus schimperi (Africa), Abrus somalensis(

Somalia), Abrus wittei (Zair).

Traditional uses

In the Ayurvedic medicine leaves of A. precatorius are laxative, expectorant and aphrodisiac

medicines. Seeds are said to be purgative, emetic, tonic, antiphlogistic, aphrodisiac and

antiopthalmic. For the indigenous people they are potent phytomedicines, many of them in

mixtures with other plants. Their toxicity is underestimated. They are even sold via internet

(Tan-Hord Exports List of herbs). In some countries of Asia beans are used as weights and

jewellery is made from them by drilling. In Tanzania traditional healers claim the competence in

the treatment of epilepsy. A. precatorius can be found between 60 plants commonly used

against this illness15. In Zimbabwe extracts of 58 plants popularly known to be effective against

schistosomiasis were tested in vitro against excysted cysticercoids. Extracts of stem and root of



A. precatorius were under the ten most effective samples16,17. In the Indian Central Drug

Research Institute in Lucknow discussions about an antifertility program are going on. One of

the plants with priority is A. precatorius because of its “estrogenicityî”, nor because of its lectins 18. In Germany necklaces from India were sold in the seventies, but soon warnings were

propagated because of toxicity of the components. Investigations resulted that they were made

with A. precatorius beans and warnings were propagated 19. In Christian countries the beans

are used for wreaths of roses (precatory beans), for necklaces and for ornamentals together

with other flowers in garlands. In China the herb of A. precatorius is used as a folk-medicine for

the treatment of bronchitis, laryngitis and hepatitis. Because of their platelet inhibiting activity

abruquinones are supposed to be the active substances20.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

Table 3: A Number of Constituents have been reported From A. precatorius L.

Sr.

No.

Plant part Phytoconstituents

1. Leaves Leaves of this plant also contain - Abrine, trigonelline21, abruslactone A,

hemiphloin22, abrusoside A23, abrusoside B, abrusoside C, abrusoside D24,

arabinose, galactose, xylose25[32], choline, hypaphorine, precatorine26,

glycyrrhizin27, montanyl alcohol28, inositol, D monomethyl ether, pinitol29.

2. Root Root of this plant also contain - Abrol, abrasine, precasine and precol30,31.

Protein - abraline, abricin, abrusgenic-acid, abrusgenic-acid-methyl-ester,

abruslactone, abrussic-acid, anthocyanins, calcium, campesterol,

cycloartenol, delphinidin, gallic-acid, trigonelline, hypaphorine21, 26, choline,

n, n dimethyl-tryptophan, n, ndimethyl- tryptophan-metho-cation-methyl-

ester, p coumaroylgalloyl glucodelphinidin, pectin, pentosans, phosphorus,

delphinidin, gallic-acid, picatorine, polygalacturonic-acids, precatorine26,

polysaccharide32, isoflavonoids and quinones-abruquinones a, b, c, d, e, f 33,

o, g, abruslactone a, abrusgenic acid-methanol-solvate34, 35, arabinose,

galactose, xylose22 are present in the root. Triterpenoids and saponins34,

glycyrrhizin27 and oleanolic acid are found in the root and abrusosides a, b, c,

d23, 24.

3. Seed Seed of this plant also contain poisonous and contain principle compound –

abrine21, abrin A, abrin B36, abrin C37, abrin l, abrin ll, abrin lll, abrus agglutinin

APA-l, Abrus agglutinin APA-ll38, abrus-saponins I and II, abrisapogenol, β-

amyrin, arachidyl alcohol, brassicasterol, decan-1-ol, docos-13-enoic acid,

docosan-1-ol, docosane, N, dodecan-1-ol, dotriacontane, N, eicos-11-enoic



acid, eicosane, N, elaidic alcohol, heneicosan-1-ol, lignoceric acid,

heneicosane, N, heptacosan-1-ol, heptadecan-1-ol, hexacosane, N,

Hexacosan-1-ol, hexadec-9-enoic acid, hexadecane, N, hexadecan-1-ol,

nonacosane, N, nonadecan-1-ol, octacosan-1-ol, octacosane, N, octadeca-

9,12-dienoic acid, octadecane, n, octanoic acid, pentacosan-1-ol,

pentacosane, N, pentatriacontane, N, pentadecan-1-ol28, 39, squalene, abricin,

abridin40, abrulin41, cycloartenol, campesterol, cholesterol and â-sitosterol

have all been found in the seeds. Alkaloids and nitrogen compounds- methyl

ester of N, N-dimethyltryptophan metho cation (I) and precatorine (II),

hypaphorine, trigonelline21, choline21, flavonoids and triterpenoids, steroids,

saponins, flavones, flavonol glycosides, reducing sugars, phenolic compounds

glycosides42-45. Lectin46-48, flavonoids, anthocyanins-abrectorin,

dimethoxycentaureidin-7-0-rutinoside, precatorins I, II21, abrectorin,

centaureidin, demethoxy 7-O-beta-drutinoside, luteolin, orientin, iso,

orientin49, C-glucosylscutelarein 6, 7-dimethylether (abrusin) 50.

Amino acids - serine, Abrusin, Abrusin-2’-0-apioside, hederagenin,

Kaikasaponin III, sophoradiol, sophoradiol-22-0-acetate, tryptophan51,

trimethyl52, alanine53, amyrin, alpha, ursolic acid54, valine52,53, and methyl

ester. They contain poisonous protein, a fat-splitting enzyme, aglucoside

abrussic acid, haemagglutinin, albuminous substance named abrin55 and a

quantity of ureas56.

Ions - calcim, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorous, Manganese,

zinc, iron, copper, cellulose and muscilase57.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

1. Antibacterial Activity

Seven bacterial strains has been isolated from the soil named Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B, Klebsiela

pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial activity of different parts of A.

precatorius like roots, seeds and leaves were studied against all above mentioned bacterial

strains. Root extract of A. precatorius was found to be active against the Gram positive

organism Staphylococcus aureus. Root extracts possess good antibacterial potential

particularly against Staphylococcus aureus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the

Petroleum ether extract against Staphlococcus aureus was found to be 0.44 mg/ml (440 μg/ml)

and of Methanolic extract was found to be 0.40 mg/ml (400 μg/ml) against same. It was



considered that if the extracts displayed an MIC less than 100 μg/ml, the antimicrobial activity

was good; from 100 to 500 μg/ml the antimicrobial activity was moderate; from 500 to 1000

μg/ml the antimicrobial activity was weak; over 1000 μg/ml the extract was considered

inactive58. Thus, the antimicrobial activity of the root extract is moderate59.

2. Anti-diabetic activity

The anti-diabetic effect of chloroform–methanol extract of A. precatorius seed (50mg/kg) was

studied in alloxan diabetic rabbits. The percentage reduction of blood glucose was found after

treatment with chloroform – methanol extract at different intervals which shows that the

chloroform – methanol extract of A. precatorius seed has anti-diabetic properties having

Trigoneline similar to that of chlopropamide60, 61. Different observation was found in another

study on rat model after treated with Ethanol/water (1:1) extract of the aerial parts of A.

precatorius at a dose of 250 mg/kg which was shown to reduce only 30% blood sugar level62.

3. Anti-oxidant activity

An ethanol seed extract of A. precatorius was evaluated using in-vitro method to determine

anti oxidant activity. Total phenolic compound in ethanol seeds extract of A. precatorius was

found to be 95 mg/g of extract calculated as gallic acid equivalent (r2=0.9976) and total

flavonoids compound was found to be 21 mg/g of extract calculated as rutin equivalent

(r2=0.9985). A. precatorius seeds ethanol extract possess potent antioxidant activity in different

enzymes levels when compared with reference compound butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 63.

4. Anticancer activity

In Preliminiary phytochemical screening of PEEAP (petroleum ether extract of A. precatorius

Linn) phytoconstituents like Flavonoids, Alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins,

triterpenoids were detected. Oral administration of PEEAP increased the mean survival time of

EAC (Ehrlich Ascitis Carcinoma) bearing mice. In the EAC control group the mean survival time

was 18.16 ± 0.4773, while it increased to 20.5±0.6009 (250mg/kg), 20.33±0.4944 (500mg/kg)

and 21.166±0.6009 (1000mg/kg) respectively in PEEAP treated groups. The group treated with

standard 5-FU (20mg/kg) showed 24.5±0.4282 for the same. The percentage increase in

survivals, it was found to be 11.01%, 11.94%, 16.51% respectively as compared to control

group. The EAC bearing mice treated with the PEEAP showed excellent increase in life span

when compared to control. Treatment with PEEAP at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg

reduced the body weight10, 11, PCV12, 13 and viable tumour cell count as compared to that of

EAC control group and increased the haemoglobin content and RBC count towards normal

level. Administration of PEEAP at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg in EAC bearing mice

reduced the WBC count as compared with the control. Treatment with PEEAP at different doses

changed these altered parameters towards normal levels64.



5. Anti-inflammatory activity

The anti-inflammatory activity of A. precatorius L. extract was investigated on inflammation

induced by croton oil on rat ear model. Extract of A. precatorius when co applied with croton oil

to the rat ear produced a reduction in the inflammatory response were observed after 6 hrs

compared with croton oil alone. The extract produced 2% reduction of the inflammatory

response in croton oil alone group. This finding explains the usefulness of the leaves of this

plant in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions by traditional healers65. Another

study was also reported in the same model using isolated active constituents triterpenoid,

saponins and their acetates derivatives. Reduction in inflammation was observed in different

test compounds but the acetates showed greater inhibition at both 300 μg and 600 μg than the

parent compounds. Acetates derivatives of parent compounds were more effective at 600 μg

concentration among all test treated group 66.

6. Anti-depressant activity

The anti depressant activity was shown after treatment with ethanol (70%) extract of fresh root

of A. precatorius on mice of both sexes at variable dosage levels67.

7. Neuromuscular blocking activity

Ethanol (95%) extract of dried leaves of A. precatorius L. were administered at a concentration

of 0.5µg/ml and it showed blocking action on phrenic nerve-diaphragm68.

8. Antiepileptic activity

In a cross-sectional study performed in Temeke District (Dares Salaam, Tanzania) it was proved

that A. precatorius leaves showed anti epileptic activity when boiled with water and it is given

orally as three table spoonfuls in twice daily dosage regimen for the treatment of epilepsy69.

9. Antiviral activity

Ethanol/water (1:1) extract of the aerial parts at a concentration of 50 mcg/ml in cell culture

was inactive on Ranikhet virus and Vaccinia virus reported by researcher and similar results

was found using cell culture method by administered water and methanol extracts of dried

seeds of this plant were inactive against virus-HLTV-170.

10. Anti-yeast activity

Dried seeds at a concentration of 1.0% on agar plate were active on Cryptococcus neoformans71

and opposite findings were observed using ethanol/water (1:1) extract of the aerial parts

(25.0mcg/ml) on agar plate was inactive on Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans72.



11. Anti-malarial activity

An isoflavanquinone, abruquinone, was isolated from the extract of aerial parts and exhibited

anti-malarial activity73. Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity in the assessment of

antimalarial activity was evaluated and A. precatorius extract presented an IC 50 value below 20

g/ml74.

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