international journal of noni researchg. surendiran et al. antifungal activity of m. citrifolia and...

InternationalJournal of

Noni Research

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InternationalJournal ofNoni Research

International Journal of Noni Research, is a half-yearly publication of

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Volume 1 Number 2 February 2006

CONTENTS

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Floral characters ofMorinda citrifolia in Bay IslandsD.R. Singh, R.P. Medhi, S. Manju, Prasanta Kumar Sikdar

Antifungal activity of Morinda citrifolia andMorinda pubescensG. Surendiran, N. Mathivanan

Effect of sea weed Ascophyllum nodosum extract (Biozyme)along with conventional treatments on seed germinationof Morinda citrifoliaG. Muthu, K. Mathan, R. Karthikeyan

Morphological and compositional studies of Morinda citrifoliagrown in Andaman and Nicobar IslandsD.R.Singh, R.P. Medhi, S. Manju, Alvira D’Souza

Micropropagation of Morinda citrifoliaS. Antony Selvaraj, L. Manju Kamath and J. Subramani.

Seed germination studies on Morinda citrifoliaD.R.Singh, R.P. Medhi, S. Manju, Alvira D’Souza

InternationalJournal ofNoni Research

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Floral characters ofMorinda citrifolia in Bay Islands

Authors’ affiliation :

D.R.SinghR.P. MedhiS. ManjuPrasanta Kumar SikdarDivision of Horticulture andForestry, Central AgriculturalResearch InstitutePort Blair - 744 101Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia.

Abstract : Morinda citrifolia commonly known as Noni belongs to thefamily Rubiaceae. It is a large evergreen shrub or small tree of 6 mor more in height and 13 cm or more in stem diameter. It is animportant fruit tree, which is generally found throughout the coastalregion and also found along the fences and roadside in Andaman andNicobar islands. Studies on the floral characters of M. citrifolia wereconducted in the Department of Horticulture and Forestry of CentralAgricultural Research Institute, Port Blair during 2004-05. The flowerswere pedicellate, five lobed and grouped in globose heads. The plantwas 44.5 cm height with six to eight number of side shoots. Numberof flowers were 15-20 on one bud and flower tubes were about 6 mmlong. Bud initiation occurred one month after transplanting. Inflorescencetook 180 days from date of seed germination while flowering durationwas 5-7 days.

Keywords : bud initiation, floral studies, Morinda citrifolia

D. R. SinghR. P. MedhiS. ManjuPrasanta Kumar Sikdar

Correspondence to :

D.R.SinghDivision of Horticulture andForestry, Central AgriculturalResearch InstitutePort Blair - 744 101Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia.Tel. : 91-9434264404E-mail : [email protected]@[email protected]@rediffmail.com

Introduction

Morinda citrifolia is a small evergreen shrub or tree, usually less than 10 feet

height and occasionally rising to 20 feet (Nelson, 2002). The conspicuous largedark green shiny leaves are generally paired. Leaves are deep veined, short-

stemmed, 8 inches or longer. Inflorescence is globose head about 2.5 cm longbearing small white flowers (Wagner et al., 1999). The flower heads grow to

become mature fruit, 3 to 4 inches in diameter. The surface is divided into somewhat warty polygonal pitted cells (Cambie and Ash, 1994). The Noni fruit is

initially green in colour, turns yellow and the ripened fruits have unpleasant,insipid, foul or fetid odour (Francis, 2003). The interesting fact is that the tribes

i.e. Nicobari are known to consume this fruit raw with salt as well as cooked asvegetable (Singh et al., 2005). One of Noni’s special interests is its specialized

seeds. Although they cannot travel long distances at sea, they do possess a woodywatertight airsac that enables them to float between closely spaced islands. Noni

seeds can survive over a year in salt water and still germinate. This present studywas conducted to assess the floral characters of M. citrifolia in Andaman and

Nicobar islands. The whole plant is known to be of commercial importance.

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 1

Materials and Methods

The studies were undertaken at the experimental fields of Department of Horitculture

and Forestry, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair during 2004-05.Seedlings of almost equal size and vigour were raised and transplanted in the

month of July at a spacing of 4x4 m. The experiment was laid out in a randomizedblock design with five replications. The cultural and plant protection measures

were adopted as and when necessary. For phenological and floral studies, aminimum of twenty plants were selected randomly and observed for plant height,

number of leaves, number of branches, days taken to bud formation, buddevelopment, number of flowers, size of flower, number of seeds per fruit and

seed weight (Table 1).

Table 1. General means for phenological traits in Morinda citrifolia

Phenological traits Mean

Plant height (cm) 44.50Number of side shoots 6-8

Number of flowers per branch 27-35Petal size (cm) 1.0

Flower Stalk length (cm) 0.8Anther size (cm) 0.9

Main shoot length (cm) 42.50Side shoot length (cm) 24.38

Days taken to bud formation 30-45Days taken to flower anthesis 15-20

Flower duration (days) 5-7 daysMaturity of fruits (days) 20

Number of seeds per fruit 130-160Seed weight (g) 0.03-0.034

Results and Discussion

The plants were growing to a height of 44.5 cm with 6-8 side shoots. Leaves were

alternately arranged, 3 per node, long petiolate, oblong, leaf apex is pointed,surface of the leaves smooth and glossy. Petioles stout, stipules connate or distinct.

Position of inflorescence was terminal and globose. The side shoot was 24.38 cmlong and the rooting is extensive having lateral root and a deep taproot.

Flowers were complete, actinomorphic, pentamerous, white coloured, single form

in globose heads, about an inch long and bearing many small white flowers. Thisare in conformity with the findings of Nelson, 2002. Flowers perfect, with petal size

of 1 cm found in globose heads, peduncles long; calyx 5 truncated rim and greenin color, corolla white, 5-lobed with greenish white tube, stamens 5, scarcely

D.R. Singh et al. Floral characters in Morinda citrifolia

2 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

exerted, style long. The number of flowers per branch was 27-35 and flower

duration up to 5-7 days and it took 20-25 days for bud to flower development.

Maximum number of flowers (85-90 flowers/plant) and 12-14 fruits per branch

were observed in plants grown even in wasteland. The flower heads grow tobecome fruit of 3 to 4 inches in diameter. The fruit, which is green in colour when

tender and during maturity it turns to creamy yellow, fleshy, fetid. Fruits are softwhen ripe, skin surface tubercled with pedicel 0.77 cm. Technically the fruit is

known as syncarp. Seeds are brown in colour and are conical to oblong in shape,adherence to flakes is moderate; seeds have distinct air chamber and can retain

viability for months if left in water.

References

Cambie, R.C. and Ash, J. 1994. Fijian Medicinal Plants. CSIRO, Australia.

Francis, J.K. 2003. Noni, Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae.U.S. URL : http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/morinda%20citrifolia.pdf. Department of Agri-

culture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical forestry, Rio PiedrasPuerto Rico.

Nelson, S.C. 2002. Noni cultivation in Hawaii. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR–Cooperative

Extension Service, PD–19 Morinda citrifolia L., 12.

Singh, D.R., Rai, R.B. and Singh, B. 2005. The Great Morinda –A potentialunderutilized fruit for tsunami affected areas in Bay Islands. UTS Voice, Port Blair.

April 16- 30, pp.21.

Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.H. and Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of Flowering plants ofHawaii (Revised Edition); University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

D.R. Singh et al. Floral characters in Morinda citrifolia

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 3

Introduction

Morinda citrifolia, popularly known as Noni is an important medicinal plant, being

used for many countries for its neutraceutical and therapeutic properties. The leaves,seeds, bark, fruit and roots of Noni have been used in various topical remedies in South

Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia (Wang et al., 2002; Fygh-Berman, 2003). It isreported to have antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory

and immune enhancing effects (McClatchy, 2002; Wang et al., 2002; Mathivanan et al.,2005).

Morinda is commonly present in many parts of the world especially in coastal regions

as a wild tree. There are 80 species of Morinda reported till date (Johansson, 1994;McClatchy, 2002). Of these, M. citrifolia and M. pubescens are well known for its

medicinal properties. The potential of M. citrifolia was extensively studied in USA andother western countries but not much work has been done on M. pubescens, which is

present abundantly in many parts of India. To our knowledge, scientific report on theuse of these plants as botanical fungicide to control pathogenic fungi is very limited.

Thus the present study was initiated to evaluate the antifungal potential of these plants.

Material and Methods

Preparation of plant extracts of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens

Fruits of M. pubescens and M. citrifolia (Fig.1) were collected from Tamil Nadu andKerala, respectively. They were washed with tap water and rinsed with distilled water

Antifungal activity of Morinda citrifolia andMorinda pubescens

G. SurendiranE. SagadevanN. Mathivanan


G. SurendiranE. SagadevanN. MathivananCentre for Advanced Studies inBotany, University of MadrasGuindy CampusChennai – 600 025India

Correspondence to :

N. MathivananCentre for Advanced Studies inBotany, University of MadrasGuindy CampusChennai – 600 025IndiaTel. : 91-98402 53789E-mail :[email protected]@[email protected]

Keywords : antifungal acitivity, M. citrifolia, M. pubescens, minimum inhibitoryconcentration

Abstract : The genus Morinda is gaining importance in recent days due to itsexcellent nuetraceutical and therapeutic potentials. In this present study theantifungal activity of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens has been studied againstplant pathogens. The chloroform fruit extract of both the species remarkablyinhibited the mycelial growth of all the plant pathogenic fungi on solid mediumas compared to control. The fruit extract of M. pubescens completely (100%)inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Bipolaris oryzae.

4 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Fig. 1. Fruits of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens

M. citrifolia M. pubescens

G. Surendiran et al. Antifungal activity of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens

and air dried for 1 h. The fruits were ground to powder using pestle and mortar andextracted with chloroform (2:1; w/v) and kept over night in shaken condition. These

extracts were filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper and dried in vacuum andused for further studies.

Effect of fruit extract of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens on growthof plant pathogens

The poison plate technique was used to investigate the antifungal activity of M. citrifoliaand M. pubescens against plant pathogens. About 0.5% concentration of the fruit

extracts were prepared and mixed separately with potato dextrose agar medium andpoured aseptically in sterilized Petriplates. Medium with chloroform served as control.

About 5 mm discs were cut out from 5 days old culture of the test pathogens (Bipolarisoryzae, Fusarium udum, Curvularia lunata, Phytophthora infestans, Rhizoctonia,solani and Macrophomina phaseolina) and placed in the center of each plate. After5 days of incubation, the mycelial growth was measured and the per cent growth

inhibition was calculated using the following formula.

Mycelial growth in control – Mycelial growth in treatmentInhibition (%) = ———————————–––––––——————X 100

Mycelial growth in control

Effect of chloroform fruit extracts of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens ongrowth of plant pathogens in liquid medium

Calculated amounts of chloroform fruit extracts of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens inacetone was added to 50 ml of potato dextrose broth (PDB) in 250 ml flasks to get0.5% concentration. Mycelial disc (5 mm) of each test pathogen was inoculated into

the PDB-fruit extract mixture and incubated on a rotary shaker at 100 rpm for 5 daysat 28 ± 2°C. PDB with acetone served as control. The cultures were harvested, filtered

through Whatman No.1 filter paper and the fresh and dry mycelial weights of thepathogens were measured.

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 5

R. solaniLeft : ControlRight : Treated with Noni fruit extract

B. oryzaeLeft : ControlRight : Treated with Noni fruit extract

Fig. 3. Antifungal activity of chloroform fruit extract against plant pathogens


Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

The MIC for plant pathogens was determined by the broth dilution assay using PDB

chloroform fruit extracts at the concentrations of 10–1000 mg/ml. The pathogenswere inoculated separately and the flasks were incubated at 28 ± 2°C under shaken

condition. The mycelial fresh and dry weights of the plant pathogens were estimatedafter 5 days. Based on the growth, the MIC for each pathogen was determined.


The chloroform fruit extract of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens remarkably inhibited

the mycelial growth of all the plant pathogenic fungi on solid medium as compared tocontrol. The fruit extract of M. pubescens completely (100%) inhibited the growth of

R. solani and B. oryzae and the fruit extract of M. citrifolia showed complete inhibitionof R. solani whereas the inhibition ranged from 45% to 85% in rest of the fungal

pathogens (Figs. 2 & 3).

Fig. 2. Antifungal activity of fruit extracts against plant pathogens

6 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)


Similar result was observed in liquid medium in which the chloroform fruit extracts of

M. citrifolia and M. pubescens effectively reduced the mycelial fresh and dry weights ofall the test fungal pathogens. The mycelial growth of R. solani was completely (100%)

inhibited as against 26-87% and 53-84%, respectively fresh and dry weights in rest ofthe fungal pathogens. The activity of the fruit extract of M. citrifolia was more pronounced

to compare to the activity of M. pubescens (Tables 1 & 2).

Table 1. Mycelial fresh weight of plant pathogens

Pathogen Mycelial fresh weight (g)

Control M. citrifolia % reduction M. pubescens %compared reductionto control compared

to control

B. oryzae 12.70 2.93 77 0 100

F. udum 9.3 2.28 76 3.98 57

C. lunata 8.3 1.91 77 1.07 87P. infestans 8.7 2.40 73 2.15 75

R. solani 11.9 0 100 0 100M. phaseolina 12.24 2.20 82 9.24 26

Table 2. Mycelial dry weight of plant pathogens

Pathogen Mycelial fresh weight (g)

Control M. citrifolia % reduction M. pubescens %compared reductionto control compared

to control

B. oryzae 0.6 0.12 80 0 100

F. udum 0.53 0.13 75 0.25 53

C. lunata 0.50 0.23 54 0.23 76

P. infestans 0.50 0.08 84 0.26 76

R. solani 0.35 0 100 0 100

M. phaseolina 0.60 0.11 82 0.33 54

The presence of many bioactive compounds such as acubin, L-asperoluside and alizarinin the fruit of M. citrifolia has already been established with antibacterial activity (Wang

et al., 2002). However, publication on the antifungal activity of Morinda spp. is verylimited and hence this report assumes significance as it revealed that the fruit extracts

effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of many fungal pathogens.

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 7


It has already been established that chloroform is an effective solvent to extract

antimicrobial compounds such as terpenoids and flavonoids from plant materials(Ayafor et al., 1994; Cowan, 1999; Perrett et al., 1995). Therefore, the antimicrobial

activity demonstrated in the present findings indirectly revealed the possible presenceof such antimicrobial compounds in the fruits of M. citrifolia and M. pubescens in

high concentrations. The MICs of chloroform fruit extract against human and plantpathogens as determined by the broth dilution method are presented in Table 3. The

MICs of plant pathogens ranged between 150 and 700 µg/ml. This revealed that eventhe crude extract of M. citrifolia was active against plant pathogens at low concentration

of 150 µg/ml. The MIC values are relatively high for M. pubescens against fungalpathogens and this could be due to presence of less quantity of active compounds in

the diluted extract (Kelmanson et al., 2000). The present study revealed that thechloroform fruit extracts µg/ml were effective in inhibiting the plant pathogens. This

finding provides the basic knowledge that these fruit extracts may be exploited asbotanical fungicide in agriculture to control plant diseases in an eco friendly manner.

Table 3. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Morinda fruit extractsagainst plant pathogens

Pathogen M. citrifolia M. pubescens

MIC (mg/ml)

B. oryzae 150 300

F. oxysporum 300 700

C. lunata 300 350

P. infestans 200 650

R. solani 350 600

M. phaseolina 300 600

Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. N. Anand, Director, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University ofMadras for laboratory facilities. The financial support of Indian Noni Research

Foundation, Chennai is gratefully acknowledged.

References

Ayafor, J.E., Tchuendem., H.K, Nyasse, B. 1994. Novel bioactive diterpenoids fromAframomum aulacocarpos. Journal of Natural Products 57: 917-923.

Cowan, M.M. 1999. Plant Products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews

12: 564-582.

8 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)


Fugh-Berman, A. 2003. The five Minute Herbal and Dietary Supplement Consult.

Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 236-237.

Johansson, J.T. 1994. The genus Morinda (Morindae, Rubiodeae, Rubiaceae) in NewCaledonia: Taxonomy and phylogeny. Opera Botanica 122: 1-67.

Kelmanson, J.E., Jager, A.K., van Staden, J. 2000. Zulu medicinal plants with antibacterial

activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69: 241-246.

Mathivanan, N., Surendiran, G., Srinivasan, K., Sagadevan, E. and Malarvizhi, K. 2005.Review on the current scenario of Noni research: Taxonomy, distribution, chemistry,

and medicinal and therapeutic values of Morinda citrifolia. Intl. J. Noni Res. 1: 1 – 9.

McClatchey, W.C. 2002. Diversity of Growth Forms and Uses in the Morinda citrifolia L.Complex : From: Proceedings of the 2002 Hawaii Noni Conference, S.C. Nelson (ed.),

University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources;pp. 5 - 10.

McClatchey, W.C. 2002. From Polynesian Healers toHealth Food Stores: Changing

Ethnopharmacology of Morinda citrifolia. Journal of Integrative Cancer Therapy1: 110-120.

Perrett, S., Whitfield, P.J., Sanderson, L., Bartlett, A. 1995. The plant molluscicide Millettiathonningii (Leguminosae) as tropical antischistosomal agent. Journal ofEthnopharmacology 47: 49-54.

Wang, M.Y., West, B.J., Jensen, C.J., Nowicki, D., Su C., Palu, A.K., Anderson, G. 2002.Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A literature review and recent advances in Noni research.

Acta Pharmacologia Sinica 23: 1127-41.

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 9

Introduction

Noni, Morinda citrifolia Linn. and is also known as Indian Mulberry, is one of the

important fruit plants of Rubiaceae family. The genus Morinda consists of more than80 species (Johanssen, 1994). Noni seeds have dormancy due to hard seed coat

(water repellant) thus limiting or delaying the germination. Therefore Noni seeds needatleast 43 days to germinate (Mathivanan et al. 2005) but its germination can be

reduced to a month by using heat or chemical scarification. Recently, a sea weed(Ascophyllum nodosom) extract named Biozyme was found to have potential to

increase the seed germination. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effectof hot water and sulphuric acid and the sea weed extract treatment either alone or in

combination on the seed germination of Morinda citrifolia.


The experiment was conducted at Centre for Organic Indian Noni (COIN). Seeds wereobtained form local farmers at Mangalore in Karnataka, India.

Seeds were sown in polybags filled with soil media containing red soil, sand and

vermicompost in the ratio of 1:1:1. Uniform size (20 X 15 cm) poly bags were used witha capacity of 1.5 kg of soil media. One hundred seeds were used for each treatment.

Effect of sea weed Ascophyllum nodosumextract (Biozyme) along with conventionaltreatments on seed germination ofMorinda citrifolia


G. MuthuK. MathanCentre for Organic Indian NoniSalavakkam x RoadKancheepuram DistrictTamilNadu - 603 107India

G. MuthuK. Mathan

Correspondence to :

G. MuthuCentre for Organic Indian NoniSalavakkam x RoadKancheepuram DistrictTamilNadu - 603 107IndiaTel. : 91-4112-209458E-mail :[email protected]@powerbiss.com

Keywords : Ascophyllum nodosum, hot water, Morinda citrifolia, sulphuric acid,

germination

Abstract : An experiment was conducted to study the effect of sea weed extract,Ascophyllum nodosum along with the conventional treatments on seedgermination of Morinda citrifolia. The seeds were treated with hot water at 40oCand 50oC for 24 h and sulphuric acid at 50% concentration for 5 min separatelyand also in combination with sea weed extract. The results clearly showed thatthe hot water at 40oC combined with Biozyme and the treatment with sulphuricacid 50% for 5 min combined with Biozyme were able to break the dormancy aswell as gave better health and vigour to the germinated seedlings.

10 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Sulphuric acid treatment was carried out to find suitable concentration and duration of

soaking on seed germination. Sulphuric acid 50% concentration for a period of 5 minwas used. The effect of hot water on seed germination was carried out at two different

temperatures (40oC & 50oC) for a period of 24 h. The above treatments were thencombined with biozyme also.

Depending upon the type of sprayer used, Biozyme seed plus @ of 2.5 ml/kg of seedwas diluted with water for 10 to 20 times and sprayed as a fine mist before showing and

mixed thoroughly for complete coverage.

A completely Randomized Block design (CRBD) with three replications was used andthe dependent variables were measured at 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after sowing. The

details of treatments are given below.

T1 – Hot water treatment (40oC) for 24 h

T2 – Hot water treatment (50oC) for 24 h

T3 – Hot water treatment (40oC) for 24 h + Biozyme seed treatment

T4 – Hot water treatment (50oC) for 24 h + Biozyme seed treatment

T5 – Sulphuric acid treatment at 50% concentration for 5 min

T6 – Sulphuric acid treatment at 50% concentration for 5 min + Biozyme seed treatment

T7 – Biozyme seed treatment alone

T8 – Control.

The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and where there were significant

differences among treatments, mean separation was done using the Duncan’s MultipleRange Test (Steel and Tonic, 1980).


Treating M. citrifolia seeds with various methods of treatment showed no significant

difference up to 21 days after sowing. In control plot, only 4.33 % germination wasobserved even after 28 days. Whereas, Biozyme alone treated sample exhibited 6.66%

seed germination. It may be due to the stimulation by sea weed (Ascophyllum nodosum)extract on seeds by providing additional nutritional support. The major component

present in the extract are cytokinin, auxin precursors, enzymes, hydrolysed proteinand betains. These compounds are naturally present in the plants in small amounts

and play an important role in over all development of plant in all stages. On 28th day, hotwater treatment at 40oC for 24 h along with Biozyme treated seeds showed high

germination percentage (21.33 %) followed by hot water treatment at 50oC for 24 h(Table 1). Other samples revealed lower germination percentage. It may be due to

dormancy nature of the seeds. Dormancy is a condition where seed will not germinateeven when the environmental conditions (water, temperature and aeration) are

permissive for germination (Hartmann, 2002).

Muthu et al. Sea weed extract on seed germination in Noni

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 11

At 35 and 42 days, the results were more or less similar in all the treatments. The

treatment T3 showed highest germination percentage of 46.33% followed by T6(43.66%). However hot water treatment showed higher germination percentage followed

by sulphuric acid treatment and it is similar to the finding of Ponnaiyan et al, (2005).It may be due to the breakage of seed dormancy due to induction. Seed dormancy

prevents immediate germination but also regulate the time, condition and place forgermination to occur (Alwater, 1980 and Baskin, 1998).

Result of this study revealed that hot water treatment (40oC) and concentrated sulphuricacid when combined with Biozyme treatment enhanced the germination of Noni seeds

and there by revealed that the dormancy in M. citrifolia seed is physical dormancy(seed coat dormancy) so that germination can be induced by any method that can

soften or scarify the seed coat. This implies that hot water and concentrated sulphuricacid treated seeds in combination with Biozyme promote more seed germination

percentage. Moreover, seedling health and growth of the seedling were better ascompared to other treated plots. It may be due to the nutritional supplement by the sea

weed extract (Biozyme) during the growth period.

From this result it can be concluded that two different treatments, hot water treatment at40oC for 24 h combined with Biozyme and sulphuric acid treatment (50%) for 5 min

combined with Biozyme broke the seed dormancy and gave good health and vigour inthe germinating seedlings of M. citrifolia.

Table 1. Effect of sea weed extract (Biozyme) along with conventionaltreatments on seed germination of M. citrifolia

Treatment Per cent seed germination21 DAS 28 DAS 35 DAS 42 DAS

T1 2.00 b 15.66 b 40.66 c 57.00 c

T2 0.00 d 11.33 cd 26.33 f 43.33 f

T3 5.00 a 21.33 a 46.33 a 63.66 a

T4 1.33 bc 13.33 bc 29.66 e 47.00 e

T5 0.00 d 6.66 e 38.66 d 54.00 d

T6 0.66 cd 9.66 d 43.66 b 60.33 b

T7 5.00 d 6.66 e 20.66 g 32.33 g

T8 0.00 d 4.33 e 15.33 h 21.66 h

CD (0.5 %) 0.99 2.57 1.90 2.99

DAS – Days after sowing

Mean in column with similar letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of probablity

according to Duncan Multiple Range test.


12 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

References

Alwater, B.P. 1980. Germination, dormancy and morphology of seeds of herbaceous

ornamental plants Seed. Sci. Technol. 8: 525-573.

Baskin, C. and Baskin, J.M. 1998. Seeds, ecology biogeography and evaluation ofdormancy and germination. Academic Press, New York, 267 p.

Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, I.T. and Genere, R.L. 2002. Plant propagation:

Principles and Practices, Seventh Practice Hall Inc. USA. 362 p

Johanssen, J.T. 1994. The genus Morinda (Morindae), Rabiodeae, (Rubiaceae) in

New caledonia, Taxonomy and phylogeny, Opera Boatanica. 122: 1-67.

Mathivanan, N., Surendiran, G., Srinivasan, K., Sagadevan, E. and Malarvizhi, K. 2005.Review on the current scenario of Noni research: Taxonomy, distribution, chemistry,

medicinal and therapeutic valuves of Morinda citrifolia. Intl. J. Noni Res. 1: 1-9.

Ponnaiyan, C and Vezhavendan, S. 2005. The effect of hot water and sulphuric acidtreatment on seed germination of Morinda citrifolia L. Intl. J. Noni Res. 1(1) : 37.

Steel, R. and Torie, J. 1980. Prnciples and procedures of statistics. Mc Graw – Hill, New

York 144 p.


Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 13

Morphological and compositional studiesof Morinda citrifolia grown in Andamanand Nicobar Islands

Introduction

Morinda citrifolia commonly known as Noni is one of the important plantspresent abundantly is Andaman and Nicrobar Islands. Locally it is known as

lorang, burma phal, pongee phal, suraogi, etc. by the tribals of these islands(Singh et al. 2005a,b). It is widely found throughout the coastal region in

close proximity to shorelines and also along the fences and roadside. Nonigrows even in infertile, acidic and alkaline soils and also in the dry and wet

areas. Morinda is gaining more importance because of its outstanding salinetolerance. After the tsunami disaster, only the Morinda is surviving in the

affected lands with seawater. It is a small semi spreading evergreen tree orshrub with a medium foliage density that grows about 3-10 m height at

maturity (Fig. 1) and bears fruit year round the year (Nelson, 2001). Theplant sometimes supports itself on other plants as a liana. Noni has variation

in leaf and fruit size (Fig. 2), its morphology, palatability, odor of ripe fruitand number of seeds/fruit (Francis, 2003). With this background, the present

study has been taken up to investigate the morphological and chemicalproperties of Noni.


D.R. SinghR.P. MedhiS. ManjuAlvira D’SouzaDivision of Horticulture andForestry, Central AgriculturalResearch InstitutePort Blair - 744 101Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia.

D.R.SinghR.P. MedhiS. ManjuAlvira D’Souza

Correspondence to :

D.R. SinghDivision of Horticulture andForestry, Central AgriculturalResearch InstitutePort Blair - 744 101Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia.Tel. : 91-9434264404E-mail : [email protected]@[email protected][email protected]

Keywords : Morinda citrifolia, physico-chemical properties

Abstract : The paper deals with evaluation of morphological andcomposition studies of Morinda citrifolia of South Andaman group ofIslands. The fruits collected from different locations were analysed forits physico-chemical properties and nutrient content. The fruit contain150 neutraceuticals, which is used in traditional medicine. The wholeplant is known to be of commercial importance. The interesting factis that the tribes i.e. Nicobari tribes of these Islands are known toconsume this fruit raw with salt as well cooked as vegetable (Singh etal., 2005a&b). The fruit contains about 150-200 seeds/fruit. The plantis gaining popularity among the farmers and people due to its goodmarket value, and it is gaining more significant importance because itis tolerant to salinity.

14 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

D.R. Singh et al. Morphological and compositional studies of M. citrifolia

Fig. 1. Mother tree laden with fruits ofMorinda citrifolia

Fig. 2. Matured and ripenedfruits of Morinda citrifolia


The experimental survey was conducted during the fruiting season in theSouth Andaman group of Islands. A random sample of 5 fruits per location

was collected at the proper stage and analysed morphologically as well ascompositionally for various physico-chemical properties. Fruit volume was

measured by water displacement method and specific gravity was determinedby dividing the fruit weight with the volume of fruit. Fruit juice was extracted

by crushing the fruit pieces and straining the pulp through muslin cloth.Moisture content was determined by drying the fruit sample in an oven at

60ºC to a constant weight. The TSS of the fruit juice were recorded with handrefractometer. The total acidity of the fruit pulp was estimated by titrating the

known volume of pulp with N/10 NaOH using phenolphthalein as indicator.The pH of juice was recorded with pH meter. The ascorbic acid content

(vitamin C) of the juice was determined by using 2,6 dichlorophenolindophenol dye (Ranganna, 1986). Major and micronutrients content and

the analysis was done for in the leaf, mature fruit and the ripe fruit wereanalysed by standard laboratory techniques.

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 15


The results pertaining to the physical characteristics of the fruit are presented

in Table 1. Fruits from all the locations were conical in shape. Among thedifferent locations, the weight of fruits was maximum (165.54 g) is Haddo

area whereas it was minimum (124.54g) in Coop.Bank. The increase inweight of the fruits from Haddo would be attributed to the good growth and

development of the plants.

Table 1. Physical characteristics of Morinda from different locations

Location Shape Wt.of fruit (g) Wt.of seed (g)

Garacharma Conical shape 136.43 0.028Memio -do- 132.40 0.031

Coop.Bank -do- 124.54 0.020Haddo -do- 165.54 0.030

Bahai -do- 156.68 0.030

A significant difference was observed in the physico chemical characteristics

of Morinda collected from various locations (Table 2).

Table 2. Physico-chemical parameters of Morinda from differentlocations

Location Length Diameter Sp. TSS Acidity (%) pH Ascorbic(cm) gravity (g) (º Brix) acid

(mg/100 g)

Garacharma 8.23 4.20 27.34 6.10 0.14 3.73 128.27

Memio 8.60 5.10 23.91 5.50 0.13 3.09 131.00Coop.Bank 9.70 4.85 32.95 5.60 0.18 2.82 132.22

Haddo 9.90 4.40 29.00 5.30 0.12 3.71 130.91Bahai 8.93 4.47 25.13 4.80 0.13 3.70 127.25

The average fruit weight was recorded maximum (165.54 g) in Haddo andminimum (124.54g) in Coop.Bank. The length of the fruit was observed

highest (9.90 cm) in Haddo and lowest (8.23 cm) in Coop. Bank. Similarlythe diameter of the fruits was maximum (5.1 cm) in Memio and minimum

(4.20 cm) in Garacharma. The specific gravity (wt./vol.) was observedmaximum in Haddo and minimum in Memio. The TSS was highest (6.1ºBrix)

in Garacharma. There was a significant difference in the weight of pulp andseed, the highest per cent weight of seed (0.031g) was recorded from Memio

and lowest (0.028 g) in Garacharma. The pH of juice was found to be 3.71in Haddo and lowest pH of 3.09 was recorded in Memio fruits. The acidity

of 0.12 per cent was recorded in fruits of Haddo and 0.18 per cent in


16 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Coop.Bank. The ascorbic acid contents were significantly different and were

recorded highest (127.25 mg/100g) in Haddo and lowest (132.22 mg/100g)in Bahai (Table 2).

In the case of nutritional studies, in leaf the calcium content was found tobe 0.55 per cent, potassium was 0.12 per cent and magnesium was 0.06 per

cent. The micronutrients like manganese and copper were 4.47 ppm and2.23 ppm respectively. The fruit contains 0.0004-3.49 per cent of calcium,

0.00048 - 0.12 per cent of potassium and 0.02 per cent magnesium. Themicronutrient content of fruit in dry weight basis was 0.48 - 4.75 ppm of

manganese, 11.89 – 27.44 ppm of copper and 10.66 – 42.44 ppm of ironrespectively (Table 3).

Table 3. Nutrient studies in leaf and fruit sample of Morinda citrifolia

Sample Potassium Calcium Magnesium Manganese Copper Iron% % % ppm ppm ppm

Leaf 0.12 0.55 0.06 4.47 2.23 Trace

Fruit 0.00048-0.12 0.0004-3.49 0.02 0.48-4.75 11.89-27.44 10.66-42.44

References

Francis, J.K. 2003. Noni, Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae. U.S. URL: http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/morinda%20citrifolia.pdf. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical forestry, RioPiedras Puerto Rico.

Nelson, Scot C. 2001. Noni cultivation in Hawaii. CTAHR, Fruits and Nuts,

March 2001, F & N - 4.

Nelson, Scot C. 2005. Morinda citrifolia. Species profiles for Pacific IslandAgroforestry. Version 1.2 http://agroforestry.net/tti/Morinda(noni).pdf (link

active May 23 2005).

Ranganna, S. 1986. Manual of analysis of fruit and vegetable product. Tata.Mc. GrawHill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

Singh, D.R., Rai R.B, Medhi R.P. and Singh, B. 2005. The Great Morinda –

a potential underutilized fruit for Tsunami affected areas in Bay Islands. UTS’sVoice, Port Blair. April 16-30 pp - 21.

Singh, D.R., Rai, R.B. and Singh, B. 2005. The Great Morinda – A potentialunderutilized fruits in Bay Islands. The Daily Telegrams, Port Blair, April 24,

pp.2.


Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 17

Introduction

Morinda citrifolia commercially known as Noni, grows widely through out pacific andis one of the most significant sources of traditional medicines among pacific island

societies (.M.Clatchey, W.2002; Nelson, S.C.2001). The botanical name for the genuswas derived from two Latin words Morus, mulberry and indicus, Indian, in reference

to the similarity of the fruit of Noni to that of true mulberry (Morus alba). The plantbelongs to the family Rubiaceae (Morton, J.1992).

Noni is relatively easy to propagate from seeds, stem or root cuttings and air layering.The preferred methods of propagation are by seeds and by cuttings made from stem

verticals (Nelson, S.C.2001). Till date, not much work on Invitro propagation by usingTissue culture techniques were carried out in this plant. Preliminary studies on Invitro

propagations of Morinda citrifolia was attempted at our centre for the past six months.Both the nodal explants and rhizogenic calli have given shoot(s) in both the WP and

MS media with the combination of Cytokinin and Auxin.


Plant Material :

The seeds brought from the Western Ghats, India were sown in the gardens of HealthIndia Laboratories, Sholinganallur. Two leaf stage plants were brought to Tissue Culture

S. Antony SelvarajL. Manju KamathJ. Subramani


S. Antony SelvarajL. Manju Kamath andJ. SubramaniIndian Noni Research FoundationNo. 20 Bharath Nagar AnnexMedavakkam Road, SholinganallurChennai- 600 119, India

Micropropagation ofMorinda citrifolia

Correspondence to :

S.Antony SelvarajL. Manju Kamath andJ. SubramaniIndian Noni Research FoundationNo. 20 Bharath Nagar AnnexMedavakkam Road SholinganallurChennai- 600 119, IndiaTel. : 91-44-2450 1509E-mail :[email protected]@powerbiss.com

Keywords : Morinda sp, Nodal explant, multiple shoots, Rhizogenic calli

Abstract : The varying effect of Cytokinin and Auxin combinations on Morindacitrifolia for effective Invitro induction of shoots from nodal explants were studiedby using both WP and MS basal media. BAP alone with 2-mg/ liter concentrationfound effective in both the basal media to initiate axillary shoot induction. FurtherBAP along with 1 mg / liter Kinetin combination gave 4- 5 multiple shoots froma single node with in a period of 2 weeks. Further by using leaf explants calluswas induced. Actively growing yellowish callus was induced by using 2 mg / liter2, 4-D. further the initiated calli were Subcultured in MS basal containing 0.5mg / liter NAA to produce Rhizogenic calli with lots of roots at periphery. Thesecalli mass with roots in BAP and IBA media combination, became Organogenicand resulted in producing shoot(s).

18 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Laboratory and used for explant collection, Apical regions and Nodal explants were

used. The leaves were used for callus initiation.

Sterilization Details :

a) Nodal explant -The nodal explant were collected from 6-8 months old seedlingsand these seedlings were sourced from Center for Organic Indian Noni (COIN), Leaving

the basal single node, top 3 nodes were taken for tissue culture purpose (Fig 2), byleaving the basal single nodes in the mother plant without any further damage due to

the removal of upper axillary bud, the axillary region sprout very efficiently by producingtwo axillary sprouts in –vivo by day 8-10 on wards (Fig 3).

b) Procedure -Top 3 nodes were taken washed with sterile water and kept in 1:2

(sodium hypochlorite: sterile water) with constant stirring for 30 minutes. The explantswere washed 3-4 times with sterile water then treated with 0.1% mercuric chloride for

5 minutes and rinsed with sterile water before inoculation.

c) Leaf explant -The above sterilization treatment was given for leaf explant also toinitiate callus.

Media details :

Following basal media with various combinations of Cytokinin and Auxin were tried in

our Invitro studies refer Table 1 & 2.

S.Antony et al. Micropropagation of M. citrifolia

Fig.3

Fig.2

Fig.1

Fig. 3. Sprouting of new axillary buds.

Fig. 1. Mother Plant (Morinda citrifolia). Fig. 2. Mother plant after explant collection.

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 19

Table 1. For Nodal Explants

BA KN IBA

MS 2.0 - -4.0 - -

1.0 0.75 -2.0 0.25 -

1.0 0.25 -WP 2.0 - -

4.0 - -2.0 1.0 -

2.0 2.02.0 0.5 -

Table-2. For Leaf Explants

2,4-D NAA IAA IBA BA KN

MS 2.0 - - - - -- 0.5 - - - -

- - - 4.0 1.0 -- - - 4.0 3.0 1.0

- - - 1.0 4.0 -WP 2.0 - - - -

- - 0.5 - - -- - - - 2..5 1.0

- - 0.1 - 2.0 -- 1.0 1.0 - 3.0 -


Fig. 4. Axillary buds sprouting In-vitro Fig. 5. Further growth of axillary buds

Fig. 6. Further multiplication In-vitro Fig. 7. Multiple Shoot formation

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.4

20 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Result & Discussion

Nodal Explants :

Shoot Initiation:

MS and WP media with 2 mg BA, 4 mg BA were used for initiation of shoots . (Fig. 4 &

Fig. 5)

Multiple shoots :

WP media with 2 mg BA and 1 mg Kinetin, 2 mg BA and 2 mg IBA resulted in sproutingof 2 to 3 shoots (BA, KN combination), 4 to 5 shoots (BA, IBA combination) after 1st

subculture with in 45 days. (Fig. 6 & Fig. 7)

Leaf Explants :

Callus initiation :

2 mg 2,4-D in both MS and WP media were found to be ideal for callus initiation(Fig. 8 & Fig. 9), when leaf explants were inoculated in MS and WP media in 0.5 NAA the

resulting callus was Rhizogenic in nature.

Callus regeneration :

(a) Callus from MS/WP media were further Subcultured on media (MS/WP) containing1 mg BA, 4 mg IBA that resulted in formation of single shoot in 45 days. (Fig. 10)


Fig. 8. Formation of callus Fig. 9. Mass of callus

Fig. 10. Callus regeneration Fig. 11. Multiple shoots from callus

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 21

Fig.11

Fig.8

Fig.10

Fig.9

(b) Callus initiated in 2,4-D media were transferred to WP media with

1) 2.5 mg BA and 1 mg Kinetin

2) 2 mg BA and 0.1 mg IAA.In both the above media 4-5 single shoots were produced per bottle. (Fig. 11)

Summary

The above preliminary studies clearly indicates that irrespective of the basal media

used (either MS or WP), it is the hormonal combination are very vital for the Invitroresponse. BAP alone for shoot initiation, Kinetin along with BA for multiple shoot

formation. Calli with roots produce shoot(s) in BAP with IBA medium. Furtherexperiments are in progress to finalize the basal medium with the hormonal combination

for mass multiplication from nodal explants of Morinda citrifolia.

The ideas of this whole study is to standardize the viable commercial protocol for massmultiplication of ELITE CLONES of Morinda citrifolia in future for our corporate

farming.

Reference

McClatchey, W. 2002. From Polynesian Healers to health food stores: Changingperspectives of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae) Integrative Cancer Therapies 1(2):

110 – 120.

Nelson, S.C. 2001. Noni Cultivation in Hawaii, University of Hawali CTAHR – Co –Operative Extension Service PD-19.

McCormack, G. 1998. Noni – A miracle medicine? Cook Island Natural Heritage Project.

Morton, J. 1992. The ocean-going noni, or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifoliaRubiaceae) and some of its ‘colorful’ relatives. Economic Botany 46: 241 – 256.


22 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Seed germination studies onMorinda citrifolia

Abstract : An experiment was conducted to study the effect of hotwater, sulphuric acid (H

2So

4), hulling and Trichoderma on seed germi-

nation of Morinda citrifolia. The seeds were soaked in hot water at40ºC for a period of 2 h. In the case of sulphuric acid treatment seedswere treated with sulphuric acid (1%) for a period of 5 min. Theseeds were hulled with a hammer in order to break open the embryoin case of hulling and seeds were mixed with Trichoderma powderbefore sowing. The results revealed that hulling of the seeds and thetreatment with sulphuric acid at a concentration of 1% for 5 min wereable to overcome the seed dormancy.

Keywords : Morinda citrifolia, hot water, Trichoderma, sulphuric acid,

germination percentage, hulling.

Introduction

Morinda citrifolia commonly known as Noni can tolerate extreme range ofenvironmental conditions and grows even in infertile, acidic and alkaline

soils. It can be found naturally in disturbed forests, dry to mesic forests, aliengrasslands, open areas near the shoreline, pastures and coconut plantations,

littoral forest, fallow areas and in waste lands (Cambie and Ash, 1994).Locally this plant is known as lorang, burma phal, pongee phal, suraogi, etc.

by the tribals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Singh et al., 2005a, b).

It grows in a wide range of soils and environment. It has the ability toregenerate from shoots or root suckers rather than seed producing small

thickets or groves. Noni is relatively easy to propagate from seeds, stem orroot cuttings (Hartmann et al., 2002). It is having specialized seeds that

enables it to germinate (Wagner et al., 1999). Noni seeds are reddish brown,oblong-triangular and having a conspicuous air chamber, which makes them

buoyant and hydrophobic. The durable, water-repellant, fibrous seed coat isvery tough and relatively thick, and covered with layers (Ponnaiyan and

Vezhavendan, 2005). The Noni seeds have a problem of seed dormancy thuslimiting its commercial cultivation (Ponnaiyan and Vezhavendan 2005; Cambie

and Ash 1994). Hence untreated seeds need several months to a year for


D.R.SinghR.P. MedhiS. ManjuAlvira D’SouzaDivision of Horticulture andForestry, Central AgriculturalResearch InstitutePort Blair - 744 101Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia.

D.R.SinghR.P. MedhiS. ManjuAlvira D’Souza

Correspondence to :

D.R.SinghDivision of Horticulture andForestry, Central AgriculturalResearch InstitutePort Blair - 744 101Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia.Tel. : 91-9434264404E-mail : [email protected]@[email protected][email protected]

Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 23

germination but their germination can be reduced to a month using heat or

chemical scarification. Pre-sowing chemical treatments (Pandey et al., 2000)have generally been used to enhance seed germination and to increase

seedling vigour (Hsiao, 1979). M. citrifolia is gaining popularity among thefarmers and local communities due to its market value and tolerant to salinity

and brackish water (Singh et al., 2005b). Therefore the present experimentwas undertaken for assessing the germination percentage of M. citrifoliausing pre-sowing treatments.


The present investigations were carried out in the Horticultural Field, CentralAgricultural Research Institute, Port Blair during 2005-06. Ripened fruits i.e.,

when the colour changes to white, were harvested for seed production(Nelson, 2002). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design

using air-dried seeds, which was subjected to various pre-treatments asdetailed below. Seed germination and seedling height was determined.

T1- Hot water treatment (40ºC) for 2 h

T2- H

2So

4 at 1% concentration for 5 min

T3- Hulling (Hammering)

T4- Trichoderma (2g/Kg) of Seeds

T5- Control

Seeds were sown in polybags filled with soil media containing soil, sand and

compost in the ratio of 1:1:1. The seeds were dipped in the hot water (40ºC)for 24 h and then tested for seed germination. Seeds were soaked in

sulphuric acid (1%) for 5 min and then rinsed several times with clean water.Another set of seeds were mixed with Trichoderma powder and sown in soil

mixed with Trichoderma powder. In the case of hulling, seed coat is brokenwith the help of hammer so as to allow water and air to get contact with the

embryo.

The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean separation

was done using LSD (Latin Square Design).


Germination of Morinda seeds under different treatments was varied markedly

but almost all the treatments showed better response than control. Studiesrevealed that hulling of the seed coat or scarification of the tough seed coat

can shorten the time required for germination and thereby increase theoverall germination percentage.

D.R. Singh et al. Seed germination studies on M. citrifolia

24 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Germination time for scarified Noni seeds was 20-120 days depending upon

temperature, environment and variety/genotype (Nelson, 2002). The maximumgermination (56%) was recorded in the case of seeds hulled before sowing

and minimum germination was recorded in control (25%). Seed germinationwas 44% in H

2So

4 (1%) followed by 36% in Trichoderma and 28% in hot

water treated seeds (Table. 1).

Table 1. Seed germination in Morinda citrifolia using pre-sowing chemical treatments under nursery condition

No. of days Mean VigourTreatment taken for first germination Index (VI)

seed germination (%)

Control 20 25 237.75

Hot water 18 28 293.72

H2So

4 (1%) 17 44 467.28

Hulling 15 56 633.92

Trichoderma 16 36 354.24

LSD

F 22.45 167.41

CD(0.05) 1.99 3.20

The difference in treated seeds might be due to altered physiology of embryos

and liberating enzymes, so that developmental processes occur more rapidlyafter sowing (Kattimani et al., 1999).

The above treatments were stimulatory to overall seedling growth. The

maximum plant height (24.92 cm) was obtained with hulling treatmentfollowed by H

2So

4 (23.37 cm), hot water (23.25 cm) and Trichoderma

(21.5 cm). The least height of 21.15 cm was obtained with untreated seeds(Table 2). Similar trends were observed in the case of stem girth and number

of leaves (Table 3).

The highest dry matter production was recorded in hulling treatment as itsignificantly improved the seed germination etc., than other treatments. The

increased fresh and dry weight of seedlings may be due to the enhanced rootand shoot lengths (Table 4). Thus the increase in root and shoot lengths,

number of leaves have lead to the overall assimilation as well as redistributionof photosynthates within the plant and resulted in higher fresh and dry

weights of seedling and increased dry matter production (Choudhari andChakrawar, 1982).


Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 25

Table 2. Effect of pre-sowing chemical treatments on plant heightof M. citrifolia under nursery condition after germination.

I) Plant height

Treatment Plant height (cm)

30 60 90 120 240

Control 2.66 4.46 7.46 11.8 21.15

Hot water 2.58 4.00 7.82 14.8 23.25

H2So

4(1%) 2.54 4.30 7.9 15.0 23.37

Hulling 2.76 4.66 8.08 16.2 24.92

Trichoderma 2.74 4.00 7.58 13.4 21.5

LSD

F NS 2.99 2.45 7.84 6.67

CD (0.05) NS 0.54 0.51 1.96 2.21

Table 3. Effect of pre-sowing chemical treatments on stem girthof M. citrifolia under nursery condition after germination

Treatment Stem girth (cm)

30 60 90 120 240

Control 0.08 0.24 0.18 0.20 0.32

Hot water 0.09 0.22 0.18 0.20 0.35

H2So

4(1%) 0.09 0.26 0.18 0.20 0.35

Hulling 0.10 0.32 0.20 0.20 0.37

Trichoderma 0.08 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.37

LSD

F 5.23 0.85 0.54 NS 0.35

CD(0.05) 0.01 0.13 0.05 NS NS

Noni seeds require hot and wet conditions for optimum germination. As theseeds can tolerate temperature of 100ºF (38ºC) or even higher, warmer

places are more suitable for germination (Hartmann et al., 2002).

The present study suggested that hulling, hot water and sulphuric acidtreatments were economical and easily applicable in developing mass planting

materials over the costly plant growth regulators and associated technicalities.


26 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Table 4. Effect of pre-sowing chemical treatments on number ofleaves of M. citrifolia under nursery condition after germination

Treatment No. of Leaves at 30 days interval

after germination30 60 90 120 240

Control 2.0 4.0 9.6 11.0 12.4

Hot water 2.2 4.4 9.2 11.6 12.6

H2So

4(1%) 1.8 4.6 8.2 11.8 12.6

Hulling 2.2 4.8 9.8 12.0 12.6

Trichoderma 1.6 4.0 9.8 12.0 12.4

LSD

F 0.66 1.64 2.81 3.44 0.23

CD(0.05) 1.05 0.91 1.18 0.68 NS

Table 5. Effect of presowing chemical treatments on seedling growth ofMorinda citrifolia under nursery condition after 24 weeks of sowing

Treatment Root Root Above Below Above Belowlength diameter ground ground ground ground(cm) (cm) fresh fresh dry dry

weight weight weight weight(g) (g) (g) (g)

Control 7.3 0.30 6.17 1.98 2.15 0.68

Hot water 7.5 0.40 8.25 3.25 2.28 0.80

H2So

4 (1%) 7.48 0.30 7.49 2.17 2.10 0.75

Hulling 8.20 0.40 10.39 4.62 4.23 0.96

Trichoderma 8.03 0.40 9.25 4.13 3.98 0.87

References

Abdul-Baki, A. and Anderson, J.D.1973. Vigour determination in soyabean

seed by multiple criteria. Crop Sci. 630-633.

Ayodele, V.I., 1997. Substrates for production of ornamentals in Nigeria.Proceedings of Fifteenth Hort. Conference, Ago-Iwoye. Ogun State, Nigeria.

Cambie, R.C. and Ash, J., 1994. Fijian Medicinal Plants.CSIRO, Australia.

Chaudhari, B.K, and Chakrawar, V.R. 1981. Effect of seed treatment with

certain growth regulators on the shoot and root development of Kazzilime (C.aurantifolia) J.Maha. Agric. Univ. 6(1): 19-21.


Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2) 27

Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, I.T. and Genere,R.L., 2002. Plant

propagation:Principles and Practices, Seventh Practice Hall Inc. USA.362p.

Hsiao, I.A., 1979. The effect of sodium hypochlorite and gibberellic acid on

seed dormancy and germination of wild oats (Arena fatua). Can.J.Bot. 57:1729-1739.

Kattimani, K.N., Reddy, Y.N. and Rao, R.B., 1999. Effect of pre-soaking seed

treatment on germination, seedling emergence, seedling vigour and root yieldof Ashwaganda (Withania somnifera Daunal.). Seed Sci.Technol. 27: 483-

488.

Nelson, S.C. 2002. Noni cultivation in Hawaii. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR–Cooperative Extension Service, PD–19 Morinda citrifolia L.12.

Pandey, H., Nandi, S.K., Nadeem, M. and Palni, L.M.S. 2000. Chemical

stimulation of seed germination in Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. AndA.balfourii Stapf.:Important Himalayan species of medicinal value. SeedSci.Technol. 39-48.

Ponnaiyan, P. and Vezhavendan,S. 2005. Growth Regulators and nicking ongermination. Intl. J. Noni Res.1(1): 37

Singh,H.K., Sharkar, S. and Makhija, M. 1979. A study of citrus seed

germination as affected by some chemicals. Haryana J.Hort. Sci. 8 (3/4):194-95.

Singh, D.R., Rai, R.B. and Singh, B. 2005a. The Great Morinda – A potential

underutilized fruits in Bay Islands. The Daily Telegrams, Port Blair. April 24,pp-2.

Singh, D.R., Rai, R.B. and Singh, B. 2005b. The Great Morinda – A potential

underutilized fruit for tsunami affected areas in Bay Islands. UTS Voice, PortBlair. April 16-30, pp-21.

Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.H. and Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of Flowering

plants of Hawaii (Revised Edition); University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.


28 Intl. J. Noni Res. 2006, 1(2)

Owned and Published by P.I. Peter from 85, First Main Road, Gandhi Nagar, Adyar, Chennai - 600 020. andprinted by him at Reliance Printers No. 9, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai - 600 020. Editor : P.I. Peter

RNI TC No. TNENG 04409 / 19.01.05 R Dis No. : 2381/04

With the mission of educating the people, the Indian Noni Research Foundation, a non-

profit organisation dedicates itself to love and care for Morinda citrifolia., through

research and development. Learning from the wisdom of the simple people, INRF aims at

working with everyone to conserve and improve Noni towards sustainable human and

ecological health. It will share the Noni’s past glory, ethnobotany, history, science, benefits

and its multiple uses with all. The INRF also serves as a facilitatory body for all Noni

farmers, industries and consumers to establish a sustainable Noni economy network. The

INRF collectively represents the interests of all people in the Noni research and industry.

It is an independent body and committed to exclusive Noni research and development. The

INRF website, journals and news letters are established to provide a non-biased forum

for the researchers, consumers and industries to publicise their research findings and

experiences with Morinda species.

INRF believes that this synergistic effort of scientists and people of ‘Noni Solidarity’ would

empower millions of ordinary masses to find their dignity and economic freedom, more

naturally. This will lead to the realization of our vision “Healthy people, Healthy nation”

in India and rest of the world.

Our Programmes Focus on

Conserving the Morinda species in India and rest of the world from its degradation.

Organising “Noni Biodiversity Action Network” (NBAN) to save endangered (Red

listed) Morinda species in the above regions.

Developing Bioinformatics database on Morinda species existing in India and rest

of the world and record all Indigenous Technical Knowledge about it.

Supporting the research and development programmes on discovering the multiple

potential of Morinda species in fields like pharmaceutical, nutraceutical,

cosmetology, dye, agriculture, etc.

Sharing the cutting edge action-programmes and research findings with researchers,

farmers, consumers, food industry leaders, health - drug industry leaders, students

and masses.

Connecting the Morinda species researchers in India and rest of the world.

Promoting the Indian Noni for health regenerative systems and processes through

clinical studies & biotechnological research.

Developing “Noni Villages” for Noni based socio-economic development of people

at the grass-root level.

Monitoring and encouraging quality Morinda products in the Market.

Regenerating the glory of Indian Noni

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORSAIMS AND SCOPEInternational Journal of Noni Research(IJNR) publishes original research andreview articles on all aspects on Noni(Morinda citrifolia) and other species ofMorinda. All submissions will be reviewedby the editorial board and members. Thejournal covers: diversity, cultivation,phytochemistry and clinical research, etc.related to Noni.Three categories of paper will be consideredfor publication in IJNR.1) Reviews2) Full-length papers3) Short communications.SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPT (HARDCOPY)Authors are advised to submit theirmanuscripts along with a cover letter to theEditor, International Journal of NoniResearch, 87, First Main Road, GandhiNagar, Adyar, Chennai – 600 020.E-MAIL SUBMISSIONAuthors are encouraged to submit theirmanuscripts via e-mail as attachment file tothe Editor’s ID:_______________ (Acover letter to be sent with the manuscript).PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTTwo typed copies of manuscripts using MSWord should be submitted. They should betyped on one side of the paper only, double-spaced with 1.2” margins in all the sides.All pages should be numbered.All the accepted articles will be subjectedto editorial revision. A singed statement fromall the authors should be accompanied withthe manuscript saying that(1) the content of the article has not beenpublished in whole or in part elsewhere(2) the article is not currently beingconsidered for publication elsewhere(3) all necessary ethical safeguards havebeen met regarding patient and animalexperimentation, etc.FULL-LENGTH PAPERSThere is no page restriction on overall lengthof article. It should be divided into1) Abstract (100- 200 words) followed byup to six keywords2) Introduction3) Materials and Methods4) Results5) Discussion6) Acknowledgements7) ReferencesResults and Discussion may be combined.Title page should be prepared in a separatesheet, which should provide the title ofpaper, name(s) of the author(s), name(s)

and address of the institution(s) where thework has been carried out and details ofthe corresponding author with telephoneand fax numbers and e-mail ID.SHORT COMMUNICATIONSIt should be up to 10 double-spacedmanuscript pages with a short summary of50 words. Short communications shouldnot be divided in to different headings.However, headings can be used forAcknowledgements and References. Figuresand Tables should be restricted to amaximum of 2 each. All other style shouldbe as for Full-length papers.FIGURES AND TABLESFigures, figure legends and tables shouldbe typed on a separate sheet and numberedconsecutively in Arabic numerals.Photographs should be sharp with glossyprints. Micrographs, etc. should include abar marker to provide an internal measureof scale or magnification should bementioned in each microscopicphotograph.REFERENCESReferences in the text should be cited asfollowsSingle author: Surendiran (2004) or(Surendiran, 2004)Two authors: Surendiran and Mathivanan(2005) or (Surendiran and Mathivanan,2005)Three or more authors: Mathivanan etal. (2006) or (Mathivanan et al., 2006)Where two or more than two references arequoted consecutively in the text,chronological order should be followed. Ifthe references are within a year, alphabeticalmust be followed. Where references aremade to papers by the same author(s) inthe same year, it should be followed by a, b,c, etc.References must be listed alphabetically bythe name of the authors at the end of themanuscript. The following style must befollowed to cite the referencesJournal articlesAbbott, I.A. 1985. The geographic originof the plants most commonly used formedicine by Hawaiians. Journal ofEthnopharmacology 14: 213–22.Surendiran, G. and Mathivanan, N. 2006.Antifungal activity of Morinda citrifolia andMorinda pubescens. International Journalof Noni Research 2: 18-23.Mathivanan, N., Surendiran, G., Srinivasan,K., Sagadevan, E. and Malarvizhi, K. 2005.Review on the current scenario of Noniresearch: Taxonomy, distribution, chemistry,

and medicinal and therapeutic values ofMorinda citrifolia. International Journalof Noni Research 1: 1 – 9.Books or monographsLalithakumari, D. 2000. Fungal Protoplast:A Biotechnological Tool. Oxford & IBHPublishing Co., Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi. 184p.Single author volumesMathivanan, N. 2004. Current scenario ofthe biocontrol potential of Trichodermafor the management of plant diseases. In:Emerging Trends in Mycology, PlantPathology and Microbial Biotechnology(Eds. Bagyanarayana, G., Bhadraiah, B. andKunwar, I.K.), BS Publications, Hyderabad,India. pp. 364-382.Multi-authors volumesMathivanan, N., Bharati N. Bhat, Prabavathy,V.R., Srinivasan, K. and Chelliah, S. (2003).Trichiderma viride: Lab to land for themanagement of root diseases in differentcrops. In: Innovative Methods andTechniques for Integrated Pest andDisease Management (Eds. Mathivanan,N., Prabavathy, V.R. and Gomathinayagam,S.), Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany,University of Madras, Chennai, India. pp.52-58.Thesis / DissertationSurendiran, G. 2004. Antimicrobialand Wound Healing Activity ofMorinda tinctoria. M. Sc. Thesis,University of Madras, Chennai, India.PROOFSProof will be sent to the correspondingauthor for checking and making essentialcorrections. At this stage, no extensivegeneral revision or alteration will beallowed. Proof should be corrected andreturned to the editor within 5 days ofreceipt.OFFPRINTSCorresponding author will receive the PDFformat of the article by e-mail free of charge.A copy of the journal will be sent by post tothe corresponding author after publication.PAGE CHARGESNo page charge for publishing the paper inthe International Journal of Noni Research.COPYRIGHTIndian Noni Research Foundation isholding the copyright of all the papers thatare published in the International Journalof Noni Research. Authors may use thematerial elsewhere after publication andauthors are themselves responsible forobtaining permission to reproducecopyright material from other sources.

international journal of noni researchg. surendiran et al. antifungal activity of m. citrifolia and...

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