morinda citrifolia

March 30, 2014

BY MR. ANANT SATYAM NIGAM

Morinda Citrifolia

March 30, 2014 at 12:31pm

Plant Chemicals The fruit of Indian mulberry contains a number of phytochemicals, including lignans, oligo- and polysaccharides, flavonoids, iridoids, fatty acids, scopoletin, catechin, beta-sitosterol, damnacanthal, and alkaloids.

Uses & Benefits of Indian Mulberry

Indian mulberry is used for treating a number of ailments, such as joint pains, immune problems, pain relief, cellular regeneration, and more.

Its fruit contains a number of enzymes (proteins) and alkaloids that are believed to play a pivotal role in promoting good health.

Some recent studies conducted on Indian mulberry have suggested that it is capable of inhibiting the formation and growth of cancer cells. It activates the immune system of the body and has shown promise in helping combat leukemia, which is induced by retrovirus infection.

Some preliminary researches have suggested that the herb may possess an ability to take back the cancerous cells to a non-cancerous state.

The fruits from the plant are edible and consumed orally in some places. However, they don’t have a nice taste or smell. The fruits are eaten as famine foods, thought they are a staple food of choice, in raw or cooked form, in places such as Samoa and Fiji.

The bark of Indian mulberry plant produces a reddish-purple and brown colored dye, which is used in making batik. The tree is extensively grown for the purpose of obtaining dye in Java.

In Hawaii, a yellowish dye was extracted from the roots of the plant, which was used to dye cloth.

Various parts Indian mulberry are used for medicinal purposes, such as containing fever, and also as a tonic. Eye problems, skin wounds, gum and throat problems, respiratory problems, constipation, stomach pains and post delivery pains are treated using its leaves, flowers, fruit and bark.

Heated leaves of the plant are applied to the chest, in order to relieve coughs, nausea and colic.

The juice of the leaves from Indian mulberry is brought in use to treat asthma in Philippines.

The fruit of Indian mulberry is consumed for remedying lumbago, asthma and dysentery in India and China.

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Great Morinda Morinda citrifolia Indian Mulberry, Mengkudu (Malay), Nonu/Nono (Pacific Islands), Noni (Hawaii)

The plant grows well on sandy or rocky shores. Apart from saline conditions, the plant also can withstand drought and grows in secondary soils. Thus the plant can be seen in clearings, volcanic terrain, lava-strewn coasts and on limestone outcrops.

Uses as food: The fruits are edible, but don't have a nice taste or smell. In fact, some people consider the ripe fruits to smell like vomit!

Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park

Main features: Grows 5-9 m tall.

Leaves: Large, simple, dark green, shiny, deeply veined.

Flowers: Small, white, growing from a fleshy structure. Blooms and fruits year round.

Fruits: Oval, medium 4-7cm, at first green, turning light yellow or white when ripe. Has many seeds.

Status in Singapore:?

World distribution: Native to Southeast Asia but spread to India and the Pacific Islands.Classification: Family Combretaceae.

Nevertheless, the fruits were eaten as a famine food, and in some Pacific islands, are even a staple food of choice (Raratonga, Samoa, Fiji), where they were eaten raw or cooked. Elsewhere, the fruit is eaten raw with salt (Indochina, Australian Aborigines); or cooked as a curry. The fruits may also be fed to pig livestock. The young leaves can also be eaten as a vegetable and contain protein (4-6%). Seeds may be roasted and eaten.

Other uses: The bark of the Great Morinda produces a reddish purple and brown dye used in making batik and the tree was widely grown for this purpose in Java. In Hawaii, a yellowish dye was also extracted from the roots and also used to dye cloth. The tree was also purposely planted to provide support for pepper vines and shade tree for coffee bushes. Also as a wind-break in Surinam.

Traditional medicinal uses: Various parts are used to contain fever and as a tonic (Chinese, Japan, Hawaii); leaves, flowers, fruit, bark to treat eye problems, skin wounds and abscesses, gum and throat problems, respiratory ailments, constipation, fever (Pacific Islands, Hawaii); to treat stomach pains and after delivery (Marshall Islands). Heated leaves applied to the chest relieve coughs, nausea, colic (Malaysia); juice of the leaves is taken for arthritis (Philippines). The fruit is taken for lumbago, asthma and dysentery (Indochina); pounded unripe fruit is mixed with salt and applied to cuts and broken bones; ripe fruit is used to draw out pus from an infected boil (Hawaii); juices of over-ripe fruits are taken to regulate menstrual flow, ease urinary

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problems (Malay); fruits used to make a shampoo (Malay, Hawaii) and to treat head lice (Hawaii). Other exotic diseases treated with the plant include diabetes (widespread) and venereal diseases.

Role in the habitat: Like other mangrove and shore plants, the Great Morinda helps to stabilise the shore and provide shade under which other less hardy plants can establish themselves. Their fruits appear to attract the Weaver Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina), which also often make their remarkable nests out of the living leaves of the plant. In residence, these ants may protect the plant from insect predators.

Cancer preventive effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni).

Abstract

Morinda citrifolia (Noni) has been extensively used in folk medicine by Polynesians for over 2,000 years. It has been reported to have broad therapeutic effects, including anticancer activity, in both clinical practice and laboratory animal models. The mechanism for these effects remains unknown. The hypothesis that Morinda citrifolia possesses a cancer preventive effect at the initiation stage of carcinogenesis was studied. Our preliminary data indicated that 10% Tahitian Noni Liquid Dietary Supplement or Tahitian Noni Juice (TNJ), made from Morinda citrifolia fruit by Morinda Inc, in drinking water for one week was able to prevent DMBA-DNA adduct formation. The levels of DMBA-DNA adducts were reduced by 30% in the heart, 41% in the lung, 42% in the liver, and 80% in the kidney of female SD rats. Even more dramatic results were obtained in male C57 BL-6 mice: 10% TNJ was able to reduce DMBA-DNA adduct formation by 60% in the heart, 50% in the lung, 70% in the liver, and 90% in the kidney. In order to explore the mechanism of this preventive effect, the antioxidant activity of TNJ was examined in vitro by lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) and tetrazolium nitroblue (TNB) assays. In the LPO assay, LPO oxidizes leucomethylene blue to methylene blue in the presence of hemoglobin. The resultant blue color was quantified at 660 nm spectrophotometrically. In the TNB assay, superoxide anion radicals (SAR) reduce TNB into formazan blue that was also measured by absorption at 602 nm. TNJ showed a dose-dependent inhibition of both LPO and SAR in our system. The antioxidant activity of TNJ was compared to the effects of vitamin C, grape seed powder (GSP), and pycnogenol (PYC) at the daily dose per serving level recommended by U.S.RDAs or manufacturers. The results suggest that prevention of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and the antioxidant activity of TNJ may contribute to the cancer preventive effect of Morinda citrifolia.

Morinda citrifolia also called noni, nonu or kura, great morinda or Indian mulberry, is a member of the Rubiaceae juss family and grows extensively throughout the South Pacific region as an important medicinal plant. Noni is a genus of about 80 species, mostly of tropical origin. The traditional uses of noni plants vary from one country to the other in the South Pacific region. The juice extracted from the fruit is regarded as having a range of medicinal properties and most people in the Pacific Island countries drink it. The juice is high in vitamin C and there is a high demand for it as an alternative medicine for a host of illnesses in the South Pacific region and worldwide.

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The fruit of noni is shaped as a potato with pineapple like spots, which change from green to white as it ripens. It is the most used part of the plant but every other part of it (seeds, roots, flowers, bark and leaves) can be used medicinally.

During processing and extraction of juice from ripe noni fruits, a large amount of waste is generated which continues to be discarded. It has been observed that in either the wet or dry state when noni juice extract waste (NJEW) is offered on a cafeteria basis to livestock they often reject it (Ken Newton, Personal communication 2002). NJEW is composed of the pericarp, the pulp and seeds and after juice extraction it retains a dark color. It is the most important byproduct that results from the juice extraction process.

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Park) is an energy food rich in starch and sugar content, but has very low protein content. The pulp is a valuable source of carbohydrate and fibre in human and livestock nutrition. Whole fruit (pulp/peels); pulp and peels separately are used in livestock nutrition (Udo 1981; Aregheore and Susumu 2003) as an energy source.

The proximate analysis of dry NJEW from our laboratory shows that it has a crude protein content of 12.6 %, but a high content of fibre. The high fibre content therefore suggest that it would be a more beneficial feed resource for ruminant livestock because of their rumen physiological adaptation to the use of feeds that are high in fibre. To utilize fibrous crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts in the rations of small ruminants, they have to be subjected to at least a minimum processing like chopping/grinding.

Dry and milled NJEW smells and tastes like coffee. Information on the chemical composition and feeding value of NJEW in the nutrition of livestock is non-available. The objective of this study therefore was to evaluate the chemical composition of NJEW and to establish its potential use in complete diets of growing goats.

Material and methods

Feedstuffs, processing and preparation of complete diets

The feedstuffs used for the experimental diets were noni juice extract waste, banana peels, whole breadfruit, brewers' grains, urea (46 % N), salt and mineral/vitamin premix. Noni juice extract waste was collected from the CCK factory (Apia, Samoa) in the dry form. Banana peels were collected fresh from a banana chips processing factory (Le Angelotte, Apia, Samoa). These were sun-dried until they turned brown and crispy to touch. Whole breadfruit were manually sliced into chips of about 1 cm thickness and oven-dried at 70°C for 24 h. Brewers' grains were collected wet from a local brewery, spread on an open concrete floor and turned regularly until they were dry and designated as dried brewer's grains (DBG).

Noni juice extract waste, banana peels and whole breadfruit chips were ground separately in a stainless steel mill through 1-mm screen into flour. The ground products were designated as banana peels flour (BPF) and whole breadfruit flour (WBFF). The products were processed in the above manner to facilitate mixing with other feedstuffs and ingredients, used in the formulation of the complete diets (Table 1).

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Table 1. Chemical composition of feedstuffs used in complete diets*

Nutrients, %

NJEW

DBG

BPF

WBFF

Dry matter

90.4

88.3

92.6

92.0

Analysis on DM basis

Crude protein

12.6

23.5

7.9

4.1

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Ether extract

1.1

5.6

2.3

5.0

Ash

8.8

6.2

12.3

4.8

Neutral detergent fibre

60.9

41.4

48.0

12.8

Acid detergent fibre

43.1

26.5

37.9

8.4

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Acid detergent lignin

19.0

9.0

12.3

2.6

Hemicellulose

17.8

14.7

10.1

4.4

Cellulose

24.1

17.5

25.6

5.8

Non structural carbohydrates

16.7

23.3

29.5

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73.3

Organic matter

91.2

94.4

87.7

95.2

Gross energy, MJ/kg

15.4

17.3

14.6

13.6

* mean of three determinations NJEW, Noni juice extract waste; DBG, Dried brewers' grains, BPF, Banana peels flour; WBFF, Whole breadfruit flour

The processed feedstuff with urea (46 % N), salt and mineral/vitamin premix were formulated into three isonitrogenous complete diets by adjusting the level of urea added. The diets used were as follows:

Control: Basal diet (no NJEW)

25NJE: Basal +25% NJEW

35NJE: Basal + 35% NJEW. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric (Table 2).

Table 2. Percentage composition of experimental diets

CONTROL

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25NJEW

35NJEW

Noni juice Extract waste (NJEW)

-

25.0

35.0

Brewers' dried grains

45.0

33.0

23.0

Whole breadfruit flour

43.2

30.0

30.0

Banana peel flour

9.0

8.5

8.2

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Urea (46 % N)

0.8

1.5

1.8

Mineral-vitamin mix*

1.5

1.5

1.5

Salt (NaCl)

0.5

0.5

0.5

Total

100.0

100.0

100.0

*Summit multi-mineral salt/vitamin: Summit multi-mineral salt (Auckland, New Zealand) The mineral/vitamin block contained salt (NaCl), 120 g/kg calcium, 60 g/kg phosphorus, 60 mg/kg manganese, 150 mg/kg copper, 1.5 mg/kg colbalt, 7.5 mg/kg iodine, 600 mg/kg manganese, 750 m/kg iron, 600 mg/kg zinc, 1.5 mg/kg selenium; Vit. A, D and E with copra meal and molasses added

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Animals, experimental design, management and feeding

Six growing Anglo-Nubian x Fiji local goats (3 males and 3 females) between 7 and 9 m of age, with initial average body weight of 11.8±0.6 kg were randomly divided into three groups balanced for body weight and age in a double 3 x 3 Latin square design experiment with three periods, each of 36 days, consisting a 10-day adaptation period, and 21 and 5 days for data and faecal collection.

The goats were housed under a common roof in pens with concrete floors covered with wood shavings for bedding. The goats were drenched with Levicare (Ancare, Auckland, New Zealand) and litter material was changed periodically.

In this experiment, forage was not introduced because one of the major objectives was to examine the effects of using crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts for goats. It was assumed that the fibre content of the diets would be adequate for rumen function. The complete diets were offered in such a way that daily refusals represented about 10 to 20 % in excess of the previous day's intake. Before any feed was offered, the residue was collected and weighed. The goats had free access to fresh clean water. Body weights were determined on the first three days of each experimental period and the last day of the third period. Body weight change was calculated by difference between mean body weights at the beginning and end of each period.

Digestibility study

At the end of the growth trial, the goats were used for metabolic studies using the total faecal collection method. The bucks were fitted with harness bags. The female goats were housed in cages the floor of which was covered with a very fine wire netting that allowed only urine to pass through. A dustpan and brush were used to collect the faeces. Total faecal output for each goat was weighed and a 25 % sample was removed for dry matter determination. Faeces collected over the period were oven dried at 70°C for 36 h. Daily samples of faeces and feed refusals were bulked separately for each goat and milled (Christy and Norris; Process Engineers, Chelmsford, UK) to pass through 1.77 mm sieve and stored in air tight bottles until required for chemical analyses. Feeds offered and refusals were analysed for proximate composition.

Analytical Methods

The AOAC (1995) procedure was used for nutrient content of diets. Dry matter (DM) was determined by drying at constant weight at 70°C for 24 h in a forced-air oven, ash by incineration at 600°C for 2 h, protein by the micro-Kjeldahl procedure (N x 6.25) (Procedure ID Number 954.02). Fibre fractions, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were determined by the procedures of Van Soest et al (1991). The NDF was assayed with sodium sulfite, without alpha amylase and was expressed with residual ash. The gross energy (MJ/kg) value of feedstuffs, diets, forage and faecal samples were determined using a bomb calorimeter (Adiabatic bomb, Parr Instrument Co. Molin, IL, USA) with thermochemical benzoic acid as standard. All analysis were completed in triplicate

Statistical analysis

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The design was a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square where each of the three diets was given to each of three goats in three periods, in each of the two replicates, according to the following sequence:

Replicate 1

Replicate 2

Period

Goat 1

Goat 2

Goat 3

Goat 4

Goat 5

Goat 6

1

35NUE

CONTROL

25NUE

35NUE

CONTROL

25NUE

2

CONTROL

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25NUE

35NUE

CONTROL

25NUE

35NUE

3

25NUE

35NUE

CONTROL

25NUE

35NUE

CONTROL

The response data were analyzed using ANOVA procedures (Steel and Torrie 1980). Sources of variation were: goats, period, treatment and residual error. Where significant differences were observed, treatment means were compared with the Bonferroni t-test.

Results and discussion

The NDF, ADF, ADL and cellulose increased and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) fraction decreased with increase in the level of NJEW in the diet (Table 3). The NSC fraction represents the carbohydrates that are soluble in neutral detergents and can be estimated as 100 minus [protein, NDF corrected for protein, lipids and ash in the feed] (Sniffen et al 1992).

Table 3. Chemical composition of experimental diets

Control

25NJE

35NJE

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Dry matter, %

87.2

87.5

89.8

On DM basis (%)

Crude protein

13.0

13.0

13.0

Ether extract

2.1

1.9

1.7

Ash

6.0

6.1

6.9


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34.3

46.0

49.0


21.2

32.4

34.4

Acid detergent lignin

10.5

11.0

12.4

Hemicellulose

13.1

13.6

14.6

Cellulose

14.7

21.4

22.0

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Non-structural carbohydrate

44.9

33.0

29.4

Organic matter

94.0

93.9

93.1

Gross energy (MJ/kg, DM)

16.0

16.1

16.5

There was a progressive decrease in DM intake and live weight gain, and in the apparent digestibility of all nutrients, with increase in the levels of NJEW (Table 4).

Table 4. Dry matter intake, average daily gain daily protein, digestible energy and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients of goats*

Parameters

Diets**

Control

25NJE

35NJE

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SEM

Daily dry matter intake, g/day

343a

292ab

171b

21

Live weight change, g/day

69

55

48

Daily protein (N x 6.25) intake, g/kgW0.75

8.5

7.8

7.1

0.6

Digestible energy, MJ/ kg DM/day

11.4

10.9

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10.1

0.7

Metabolizablee energy intake, DE x 0.82) (KJ/kg 0.75/d

719

659

588

Apparent digestibility, %:

Dry matter

66.2a

63.5ab

60.1b

2.5

Crude protein

64.7a

57.8ab

55.6b

3.9


69.4

65.6

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63.9

2.3


70.3a

64.8b

63.5b

2.9

Organic matter

69.1a

66.6ab

63.1b

2.5

Energy

71.0

68.0

65.1

2.4

* Mean of six goats ab Means in the same row without common letter are different at P

The unusual taste of NJEW may be one factor leading to decrease in DMI, since it has been reported that when offered to livestock on a cafeteria basis it is always rejected (Ken Newton,

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Personal communication 2002). Xeronine is a major substance present in noni, however, it has it appears to have no detrimental effect on the animal (Heinicke 2004). The implications from the digestibility data are that all the nutrients in NJEW are of low availability to rumen micro-organisms. If the data for DM and crude protein digestibility are extrapolated to diets with 100% NJEW, the coefficients for DM and crude protein in the NJEW would be only 50 and 39% respectively. Thus the unusual taste and low degradability of essential nutrients may be the factors limiting the use of NJEW in ruminant diets.

In view of the large quantities of NJEW available from Noni juice factories in the Island countries in the South Pacific region, more research is needed to identify the factors limiting its utilization by ruminants, and the potential for increasing its nutritive value by chemical or physical treatment.

Morinda Citrifolia - Noni Juice: Is it a cure all or just a healthy drink?

Over the last decade, a growing number of people have become interested in the medicinal uses of noni juice, made from the fruit of the Indian mulberry ( Morinda citrifolia ) of the South Pacific Islands of Tahiti, and more recently from Hawaii. Morinda citrifolia has been used in folk remedies by Polynesians for over 2000 years, and is reported to have a broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, antihelmin, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and immune enhancing effects. But does modern scientific research support these claims?

Morinda Citrifolia - Noni - 500 mg Club Natural Morinda Citrifolia Noni grows extensively throughout the South Pacific, and was at one time the most widely used medicinal plant in the region. This evergreen shrub grows especially well in the rich volcanic ash of Hawaii. Some of the beneficial constituents of Noni include various terpene compounds, caproic and caprylic acids, vitamin C and alkaloids. However, Noni is most famous for the presence of an alkoloid proxeronine, which is believed to be a precursor to xeronine.

Supplement Facts Noni 300 mg (Morinda citrifolia) (fruit) Freeze Dried Hawaiian

Suggested Use: As an herbal dietary supplement, take one morinda capsule 1 or 2 times daily.

Morinda Citrifolia Noni chemistry Morinda citrifolia has been documented to contain a mixture of anthraquinones, organic acids, xeronine, several vitamins (such as beta-carotene, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine), some minerals, iron and calcium. The potassium content of Morinda citrifolia is similar to that in tomato juice and orange juice.

Morinda Citrifolia supplement uses - benefit of juice or extract What is the benefit of Morinda citrifolia juice or supplement products, anyway. Claims have been made that juice or extract improves the immune system, ultimately healing dozens of conditions

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ranging from addictions to varicose veins and yeast rash. What does the scientific research say about the benefit of Morinda citrifolia juice and extract supplement?

Morinda Citrifolia and cholesterol Reductions in total cholesterol and triglycerides have been seen in smokers who drank a product containing juice from the fruit of the Morinda citrifolia tree every day for a month. The study was funded by the manufacturer of the product, sold as Tahitian Noni Juice. Researcher Mian-Ying Wang, MD, says she first became interested in studying Morinda citrifolia juice in 1999 after becoming convinced that it helped reduce her pain from a wrist fracture. Morinda Citrifolia and diabetes In Java, Morinda citrifolia has been part of the treatment for diabetes. Most of the folk uses for diabetes involve chewing the leaves or a combination of the plant and leaves. Chewing mulberry leaves releases and activates large amounts of mucilage or insoluble dietary fiber. The fiber may slow the absorption of simple sugars from the gut. The effect in most patients would be a slight reduction in the peak glucose level following a meal. Infections Infections are the most common applications of Morinda species. The extract from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia (not the fruit that renders noni juice) displayed a moderate suppression of Ascaris lumbricoides (intestinal nematodes) growth in the test tube. However, Morinda citrifolia juice has not been shown to improve infections once symptoms have manifested, although there are anecdotal reports of patients feeling better from mild infections after using noni. Decoctions of the leaves or roots of related mulberry species may have some suppressive effect on parasitic infections.

Pain Pain, painful inflammation and swellings are the second most common usage of Morinda species. Studies in mice have demonstrated that extracts from the root of Morinda citrifolia (again, not rendered from the fruit) have some pain relieving and sedative activity.

Side Effects of Morinda Citrifolia In some regions of the world Morinda citrifolia and other mulberry species are used as a laxative. Predictably, some patients using higher concentrations of Morinda citrifolia juice may experience some diarrhea. Although the risk of long-term adverse reactions is not currently known, it should be very low, because of the long history of mulberry species as a food in wide geographic regions. Patients with diabetes would be wise to find out the amount of sugars used to sweeten the particular product they wish to use. There have been two reported cases in the medical literature regarding liver damage due to excessive morinda citrifolia juice consumption. As with any herb, it is best to use low amounts. I prefer using small amounts of different herbs as opposed to a large amount of a single herb.

Morinda Citrifolia dosage Suggested Morinda citrifolia dose is three capsules per day, taken with a few ounces of water, half an hour before a meal. All three capsules may be taken at once or in divided doses. Three capsules are equivalent to about two tablespoons

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of liquid Morinda citrifolia juice. A concentrated form of the juice is also available. Morinda citrifolia is often mixed with other fruit juices because of its unpleasant taste.

Conclusion At this point, there is no firm scientific data to support the use of Morinda citrifolia juice as a substitute for any standard medical treatment. Patients who are looking for additional help in treating mild infections, cancer or chronic pain could try Morinda citrifolia, realizing that the benefits are not predictable. Perhaps future research will give us additional clues to the potential therapeutic benefits of using Morinda citrifolia juice or extracts. In the meantime, due to its content of various nutrients, Morinda citrifolia juice is a healthy drink to consume as part of an overall balanced diet, as long as you drink no more than one ounce every other day.

Morinda Citrifolia Research Update Antitumour potential of a polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on sarcoma 180 ascites tumour in mice. Phytother Res. 2003 Dec;17(10):1158-64. An immunomodulatory polysaccharide-rich substance (Noni-ppt) from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia has been found to possess both prophylactic and therapeutic potentials against the immunomodulator sensitive Sarcoma 180 tumour system. The antitumour activity of Morinda citrifolia produced a cure rate of 25%-45% in allogeneic mice and its activity was completely abolished by the concomitant administration of specific inhibitors of macrophages (2-chloroadenosine), T cells (cyclosporine) or natural killer (NK) cells (anti-asialo GM1 antibody). Morinda citrifolia showed synergistic or additive beneficial effects when combined with a broad spectrum of chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, adriamycin, mitomycin-C, bleomycin, etoposide, 5- fl uorouracil, vincristine or camptothecin. It was not beneficial when combined with paclitaxel, cytosine arabinoside, or immunosuppressive anticancer drugs such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate or 6-thioguanine. Morinda citrifolia also demonstrated beneficial effects when combined with the Th1 cytokine, interferon gamma, but its activity was abolished when combined with Th2 cytokines, interleukin-4 or interleukin-10, thereby suggesting that Morinda citrifolia induces a Th1 dominant immune status in vivo. The combination of Morinda citrifolia with imexon, a synthetic immunomodulator, also demonstrated beneficial effects, but not when combined with the MVE-2 copolymer, a high molecular weight immunomodulator. Morinda citrifolia was also not effective when combined with interleukin-2 or interleukin-12.

Inhibition of angiogenic initiation and disruption of newly established human vascular networks by juice from Morinda citrifolia. Angiogenesis. 2003;6(2):143-9. The juice of the fruit from the Morinda citrifolia plant has been used for centuries as a medicinal agent. We tested the effects of Morinda citrifolia juice in a three-dimensional fibrin clot matrix model using human placental vein and human breast tumor explants as sources for angiogenic vessel development. Morinda citrifolia in concentrations of 5% (vol/vol) or greater was highly effective in inhibiting the initiation of new vessel sprouts from placental vein explants, compared with initiation in control explants in media supplemented with an equivalent amount of saline. These concentrations of Morinda citrifolia were also effective in reducing the growth rate and proliferation of newly developing capillary sprouts. When used at a concentration of 10% in growth media, Morinda citrifolia was able to induce

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vessel degeneration and apoptosis in wells with established capillary networks within a few days of its application. We also found that 10% Morinda citrifolia juice in media was an effective inhibitor of capillary initiation in explants from human breast tumors. In tumor explants which did show capillary sprouting, the vessels rapidly degenerated (2-3 days) in those exposed to media supplemented with 10% Morinda citrifolia.

Anti-tumor potential of a polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on sarcoma 180 ascites tumour in mice. Phytother Res. 2003 Dec;17(10):1158-64. An immunomodulatory polysaccharide-rich substance (Noni-ppt) from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia has been found to possess both prophylactic and therapeutic potentials against the immunomodulator sensitive Sarcoma 180 tumour system. The antitumour activity of Noni-ppt produced a cure rate of 25%-45% in allogeneic mice and its activity was completely abolished by the concomitant administration of specific inhibitors of macrophages (2-chloroadenosine), T cells (cyclosporine) or natural killer (NK) cells (anti-asialo GM1 antibody). Noni-ppt showed synergistic or additive beneficial effects when combined with a broad spectrum of chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, adriamycin, mitomycin-C, bleomycin, etoposide, 5- fl uorouracil, vincristine or camptothecin. It was not beneficial when combined with paclitaxel, cytosine arabinoside, or immunosuppressive anticancer drugs such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate or 6-thioguanine. Noni-ppt also demonstrated beneficial effects when combined with the Th1 cytokine, interferon gamma, but its activity was abolished when combined with Th2 cytokines, interleukin-4 or interleukin-10, thereby suggesting that Noni-ppt induces a Th1 dominant immune status in vivo.

Cancer preventive effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni). Wang MY, Su C. Department of Pathology, UIC College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois 61107, USA. Morinda citrifolia Noni has been extensively used in folk medicine by Polynesians for over 2,000 years. It has been reported to have broad therapeutic effects, including anticancer activity, in both clinical practice and laboratory animal models. The hypothesis that Morinda citrifolia possesses a cancer preventive effect at the initiation stage of carcinogenesis was studied. Our preliminary data indicated that 10% Tahitian Noni Liquid Dietary Supplement or Tahitian Noni Juice, made from Morinda citrifolia fruit by Morinda Inc, in drinking water for one week was able to prevent DMBA-DNA adduct formation. The antioxidant activity of Morinda citrifolia was compared to the effects of vitamin C, grape seed powder, and pycnogenol at the daily dose per serving level recommended by U.S. RDAs or manufacturers. The results suggest that prevention of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and the antioxidant activity of Morinda citrifoliamay contribute to the cancer preventive effect of Morinda citrifolia.

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