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,- This paper not to ,be ci ted '''i thout prior reference -to thc nuthors
InternationaJ-Council for thc'Exploration of the Sen
C oHo1979/ L: 15Diological Oceanography Committee
Production Studios in Anteguera Day: a,comparison uith oceanic waters
by
F 0' Real and J~ G'g Braun
Instituto Espaiiol de Oceßnograi'inLaboratorio Oceano~fai'ico de Canarias,Avda o Jose Antonio, 3Santa Cruz de Tenerife'o Islas Canarias'o'
• Summary
As' a-, complement to the studies carried out in Canary ,mters, a:separate private invcstigation lyas carried, out in a~coastal zone, situating al fixed station in thc center of a: small bay (Day of Antequera)~oThis investigation, lvhich includes the majorit)r of facts normally usedin productivity invcstigations, began on the 9 th of Deeember 1974 andfinished on the 15 th of Harch 1976 0 Comparing the values of Antequerawith those simultaneously obtained from oeeanie liaters we can say that
_no definite barrier exists betwecn both ecosystems o naYing observedgreater assimilation numbers,in tbe bay than in the open sea, we areled to believe that in the bay a:greater force of nutrients exists,whieh support a1relatiyely greater prod~ctivity~
Resume: '.
•Comme. complcment aux etudes de productivit6 primnire deyeloppce's
dans les eaux canariennes, on a, effeetue une etude particuliere dansune zone cotiere o Pour cel~ nous avons situe una station fixe au centred'une petite baie (Baie d'Ante9uera)0 Cette etude qui comprend la.plupartdes donnees normalement utilisees dans les rceherches de produetivit6 adebut6 l~ 9 dccembre 1974 et conclut le 15 mars 1976 0 En comparant les,valeurs d'Antequera avec les obtenues sinnltancment dans les; caux oceaniques on peut dire qu1il n'existe pas une barriere franche entre lesdeux eeosystemes. Ayant observe des valeurs plus hautes d'assimilationdans la-baie, cela nous fait penser qu'il existe dans la meme une plusgrande dynamique des nutrients, ce qui, relativement, supporte une plushaute productivite.
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Introduetion
First studies LInde in ,..aters rouml the Cal1a1'Y Isln11l1s ,~'ith respeetto finding out the basic parm;'letc1's, their relation to plankton prol1uetiv1ty levels und thc l1cterminution of tbe CanaT')" marine eeoß~',stem ingeneral, havc sho',-n us, up to nm", tImt an oli[iotrophie situntion cxists,,1th a small quanti ty of nut1'ients in the euphotie ZOlle and lou plnnl\:tonproduetion (exeept du1'ing thc spring blooe) cven as elose to thc shore astl..'o mi1es, (De Leon and Brmm, 1973; Braun, 1971t, 1978 a and b; Braun amIDe Leon, 197h; Braun, Eseanez and De Le6n, 1976; Braun and Real, 1978;neal, De An:ms· and Braun, 197 8 ) 0
,. Bccause of thc proximity to the const of these oligotrophie condi tions,,,'e are dcdicating a, special progrnmne of stlHIy in linters of a bay, l.ryint;i 0 find a disminution of this situntion and also to ohserve ,,'hether thereexist any l1ifferenees bet,,'een oeeanic ,mters und those very near to theshorc, such as tllose be10nging to a bench o
To elnlJ'oratc this progrmmne '''e arc faeed ,.. i th hw main problems. 1)'rhe inexi stence of a shc1f maJ\:es i t praetiea11y iI:1possi1)l~ to obtain aelear barrier bet,..een oeeanie ,..nters and eoastnl \mters o 2) nonnd thcis10no. of Tenerife there are not any places that offer small shelteredbays , ..here ",c ,vould be able to curry out our plans'o TImvever, \\'e decidedon the Antcquera beaeho At this point there is u large eountainous pro-j ection tO\t'ards the North , ..hich protects i t qui te ":ell, and i t is to befound on apart of the island tImt possesses a· small arca of shelf, cspe-
• ;ial1y tm-:ards thc NoE., l:hich is t.he c1irect.ion the Canary Current CO::lCS
.L rom"A permanent station ,ms pluccd in thc center of the bay of coordinates:
282 31,,6'1, und 162 8'1? at a dopth of 15 mcters ''ihich i5 thc normal depthof t.hc lHl~·, registcring a stuuS from thc 9 th Deccmber, 1971i to 15 th Narch,1976., ·(Fie., 1) 0
Naterinl and Hethods
Uater ,ms extracted for analysis in 8 1itre Niskin bottles at 1.11rccdept11s: 0, 5 and 10 meters o Tlle parameters studied and the r:Jcthods uscd"'cre as fol10\ ...s: ternperature (reversing thermor:lCtcrs); sulini ty (neckrnansa1inomcter); oxygcn ('linkIel' method); phospIw.tcs (Nurphy amI Rilc)', 19()2);11i1.rates ('{ood, Anastrong and Riclmrds, 1967); nitri tos (BendscImeiderand Robinson, 1952); silicates (Hullin and Hiley, 1955); rtrnmonium (I~oroleff, 1969); chlorophyll (SConjuNEscO, 1966); primarJr prouuctivity (51.ecrJUllli Nielscn, 1952) and zooplankton.,
Incubations of C-llt ' ...cre carried out in~, for approximately 2 - 3.11our5 at about middayo
Results and Discussion
Ternpcrature vnlues are, generally speaking similar ,1'1thin the oolur.mof v:ater, ,dth a sligbt disminution (allmys less tImn a dcgree) in deep"'atcr (Fig" ,,)'0 The greatest contrast ean be notcd in Oetober, ,..ith thcnppearanee in Deecmber, 1975 of an occasional 1.cmperature inversion,possibly duc to a: drop in tcrnperature of surfnce ,mter. At tImt time thc\\leather eonditions ,..ere: adequate for the formation 01 the nfore mentionedinversion'"
In the rnentioned Fig. 2, , ...e have represented the seasonal variationof average valües oi temperature in thc.column of tbc first 10 meters,
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-3-
und conparing i t 'vi th average yallleS oi thc first 10 meters simultaneotlslyin occanic ,vat.ers (5 Ini.les to t.lle East of San Anures), similar values eanbc obscn·ed o The details for 'the oecanic station have bcen published moreextensively aa: a~ separate pieee oi 'vork (Drmm, 1978 a) 0
The values of salini.ty at Alltequera and their cornparison 'vi th tImt oioeean salinity are in Fig o 30 Th~general impression is oi similarity,although the' yalues, in occanic 'vaters are slightly superioro '
Thc fCl{ yalues olJtained for oxygcn are giyen in Figo h o EspecialIyhigh valucg; ,dlI be noticed, nlmost nbmys obtaining oversaturation o
Thc phosphates prescnt cxpected Iow vnIucs 0 From lillucteetablcquantities to maximums in spring oi 0.10 pg-at P-PO!.!lo The C01.'l]H:1risonwitll oecanie va1ues cn.n bc observed in Figo h anu tllere exists anex.traordinary similarity in tbc fluctuations, including annual yarintions olIibIler yalucs can be obscrved dllring the spring amI autnnm. 'rhe infom~
tion gatherell, from Antequera gives tl' yalue in disolveu phosphate 1,,6 tinessuperior to those from thc oceano
In Fig o 5 nitrate concentrations are givcn togcthcr \\'i th an nverageva1ue eomparison of oeean waters o The resu1ts were 1 08 tilJCS superioi tothosc of occanic 1\ntcrs'o
For nitrites (Fig'o 5) the 1m\' yalues obtained are typicn1 oi suriace'inters and comparnblc to occan ,mters o
'{i th respect to silicates (Fig'o 6) higher coneelltrations at Ant.cquerathan at hit;ll sea have boen observed, probably duc to the ljreat proximityoi earth massg All coastal vulues triple oeemi yalues'o
In ammonium, thc Antequera spceifications (FiC;o 6) are similar tothose at high sen., Ah:ays inferior by 1 ug-at N-NII /1.
The chlorophyll ya1nes (figo 7) of 'the beach at Antequera are consistently higher, although in a smalIer proportion tlmn the vulues in thcopen sea'Q Novertheless in springtiI:lc, exnctl)~ the opposie happens: Thccoastal yalues are ',,"eak comparcd "'ith the oeeanie ones 0 In general thechlorophyll found in coastal ,mtcrs ,ms 1;..25 times, greater than tlle valucstakcn in the open sen...
Analogously to ,\hat happened 'iith thc chlorophyll, the average val uesof primary productiYity at Antequera are nbm)~s highcr than in oecanic'vaters, exeept· in springtirnc when the productivity in the seu. i5 a littlehigher than that of the beach, (Fig o 8) 0 '\hen ,ve intcgrate t11e information"'0; find tImt tbe production at Antequerij is double tIm.t of the oeeanicwnterso Tberesu1ts expressed in mg C/m-~dny are given in Table I ~itb
an average amuInl content of 159 mg C/m2o day'0
As. for the zooplanl~tonic biornass (Fig o 9) '''hen ,m; compare the valucsat Antcguera ,vi th those of the oceanic station, the former are ah;nyslligller tbetween 1 0 35 and 1 065 times; greater)'" Nevertheless it is~ surprising that on t11e: bench in April, the spring-time peao.k cantt be dctected oIt is possäble that, at this time oi the )'ear, the zooplaru::ton has beentakcn in by the follo\'dng trophic level, ,\1ththe biomass fallinG backinto its steady-statc onee ngain.,
The biomass of thc_zooplankton at -bntcquera has an average yalue C)
of 2 ~38 mg dry ,wight/m':> or 1 0 19 mg C/ro':>" This ":ould mean 17" 85 mg C/m-'i.'It has. bccn noticed that the zooplanl::ton in the Canary Island ,mters
hus a. normal filtering rate of about 15 ml/anima1'odny (Braun, 19711)"Stmlies carried out to find thc eontent of carbon in the' particu1ateorganic material in these ,:atcrs give figures some\\hat superior to 100 mgC/m':> (Braun, 1978 aj neal, De Armas and Brmm, 1978; Dc Armas, 1979).,Supposing tImt this partieulatc orgnnie enrhon is thc basic ava.ilablefoou for thc zooplankton it is possiblc 1.0 obtain for the total of thecOIn...nunity a.verng.c in~estions Rf about 13 rng C/m2 "day. The average primaryproduetivity bcing 159 mg C/m~oday, the ZOOplullliton at Antequera controlsonly 8 % of the primaIj~ prouuction, \~'hich permits a, 92 % sinking oi thesame, ,,,hich serves: as; basic alimentation for the bentonie s:ystem o On thc
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I , "
S
5
ßi - 1'1, tcd ncd nÜ ion; 5 .rn
tl " n d, 1 C )1' C, t .l s, i t 1 1 e lJ ti c cl i Iht the :r 10p]; \ - ün:ciCl. 55 C01 tlols 1 0 ~ of C 1 rouuctitn, ut for t üs it is 55<
: io l'l,nsj Cl' t c :t'OOpJ,l ,n . j ~h is to e fu nd in t le first 500J t. s e Jth (J)r< t 19 8 b). J ace' r anee ,,"th e coefficicnts 0 0 8for tf 'rtl tion' 1d 03 for Lru' t tle ai y roduct'on of zoo -to't .nt Iuc'a is st"lllat d at 3 mg C/m2
0 ayoFor oee c, . r5 and eonsi er"ng the i lass of t 1e zoopl -t n
i' IC fir t 500 Letres , the zoo a -tonic pro uetion ,-as stimated toJe 73 J g C/m2
0 d~ (Bra t 19 8 ; ut onsi ering tle oeeanie zoop aD toof 1 Je first 15 metres , 'ie ,\'ou1d 0 tain a dail pro uction of some 2 gC/n2 ('[' _ , ,. ie is somenT at in ri rot !at 0 tain d 0 t 1e eac at. (.
•
Cone usions
e In the face of the resu1 ts ShOl\Jl. we ma r sum up as fo110'l"s:1) That in the zone stu ied no precise barrier e~'een oeeanic and
coustal ~ ters exists a1though in some of the parame ers re pons~o forthc production of lankt n ~ slight 'ncrcas t in co sta1 raters, eau benoted
2) Tha. in pi' of t is, t he ssirri tion numb rs ihe coast aregenerall r ig er t < those in the open ocean, "Thich in turn sho s agreater force of nutrients -hieh ma r 1.1 relat.ed to terrestrial contri utions or to the bot Dm oi t c ay
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•
Ta"') le
() 19 '1
1'1 ' 1975
t")- ') 19/5
6-1 -1975
):2-1:2-197)
15-3 1976
o P -1,.<1 r pr l llC i T' t in Antequera Ba r
1 S
84
19~
~66
I
L
Hean a u 159
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, a t.e
-)~-1971I 6 00 2,1(;
• J.:.. '1-19/5 30 7 5,()6
~5-6=1975 11:.50 f) -6
6-1 -1975 4,,05 ~"OO
12- 2-1975 5 .. 12 1,,05
15-3-1976 4 .. 00 2 .. 14
_lcan yalne Z 78
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Spatia1 distributionarbon in surface eoastalon the Canary Curren :
•
cferen~cs
Bel c lUcic er, K o nd R.J 0 Robinson o 1952. A new' spectrop otometriemct od for tlC et 1. jnation of nitrite in sea water o J" aro ResoI :87-93"
Dral1n, J .G o 1974 0 E tlldio relimina so re el grado de f 'ltracion deI700pla {ton cn '<.ßC'-s canarias:o Bo. Inst o Espo Oeeanogr o o. l780
Brau , Jo~o 1978 a o Pro uetion S~dies in Cana Is an waters o 1 0 H~drograp 1)', utri .11.5 al primary pro uetion" leE 0 C'nt 1C ~ < 1a r CUi. r t: U ie11ing aud Li ring Resources 0
Era ,JoG o 1978 b o r 0 nction Studies in ana Is1an waters o 1 0 ~oo-
pI -ton 10l~Ll tiCll o CE 0 S' I osium on the Cana r Curr nt: U 1'c11' g8 ... d Li "i.nb eso rees" ,'0 0 6 0
.urau , J oGo ud "0 De 1 ("'0 1-,7h 0 Tar: [.ciOlles en 1a roe ucci on ri-I a_ ia en (:juns V' 1 (rio r ric ... 1 ~s 0 Bo o I1ISt 0 Espo Oeeanogr 0 ."0 0 17f:
Br~n, JoG o , JoE o Esc( ez and AoR. De Le'n o 1976 0 Obse "aeiones ~Ii
ruic s y biologicas en el ~{ de Af . ca entre ca 0 Ju •.- eabo G lir(Cb Ipona CI -ff; _I' OR 'Jl1E DE S_ A\ED. "J l' C T ro 1973 Bol Inst o
Esp 0 ccanogr.~· 0 0 209
BldlTI, "Go all F o ...<.ca 0 1978 0 A OTll a ison hetfcc'l annopla ton andnet 1.' op1aru.ton in C llLrV I sland ,'aters CES S Ti,posium on theCan, I . Curr nt: l! \'e11ing and Li 'ing Resourec5 0 '0 0. ,630
De Armas, JoD o 1979 Co'· 08ic1on y distr'bl cion de a I ~teria orga1licaen sus ensian ell a~u:ls deI arc.1ipiel<.go canario Tesi l1a l' aeultedde Ci ncias o Tniyersillad .c La. LagUl1c: 0 72 po
De Lean, AgR o and J G Brauno 19730 Cic10 nual e l~ pr duccion pri-rnaria y su rela i6n con los nutrieptes cn aguas canarias Bol o I st G
Fsp. 0 'p<no~r TO 1&-0I~oro eff, r" 1969 G Direet Determination of Am onü:. in .~c.tural ,~. ters
as Iu( opleno1 B.ue ICES C }fo 1969/C:9
lullin, J B o and JoP Ri ey" 19550 The eo10rimetric determination ofsi1ic te ,'it.l sp eial reference to sea and natural ,'aters Anal oChi Acta 12:162-1750
lurph," J and J P" i le,- 9 1962" A modified single solution methodfor t e deterreination of phosphate in natural waters Anal Chim"Acta o 27~31-360
Real, F o J D De Armas and JgG Braun 1978of eh orophy11 ~ and particu1ate organie'aters oi Ca 1ary Is an" lCES- .'1IlpC'si m
Up ·e11ing and Li-in nesourees No. ~~"
SCOR/ .TESCO 1966 Deter~ination of photos.nthetic pigments in sea,·:ater" Nonographs on oeeanograp lic methodolo o 0 Pub 1 Unesco o
Steemann Tielsen E 1952 Use of radiaetire earbon (C 14) for measuringorg nie production in the sea" J o Cons Int E4p10r fer g 18:117-140
''I'"ood tED , F gAoJ·o Armstrollg and F Ag Richards 1967 Determination ofnitrate in sea ,-ater b) cadmium-copper reduetion to nitrite" J larBi01 Ass U K 47:23-31
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