international conference i of facts and on renewable energy
TRANSCRIPT
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE:
INTEGRATION OF FACTS AND NON
CONVENTIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY
by PhD. César Angeles-Camacho [email protected]
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México
Instituto de Ingeniería
México
Colegio de Ingenieros de Chile, Santiago de Chile, June 2012
Areas of Expertise/Research
Power Electronic Equipment Principles and its
Applications in Electric Power Systems, Generation,
Transmission and Distribution
Wind Generation – Impact on the Power Networks,
Transmission and Distribution System
Modelling and Simulation of Large-scale Power Systems
with FACTS Equipment
Integration of FACTS and Non conventional Renewable
Energy
Contents
Why Power Electronics?
Wind Generation
What is FACTS?
Grid Integration technical problems
My Areas of Expertise/Research
Wind generation integration study case: Facts role
Conclusions
Other renewable energies
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
The field is one of growing importance: it is estimated that, over half
the electrical energy generated is processed by power electronics
before its final consumption, a proportion that is likely to reach 90%
during the next decades
Power electronics deals with the processing of electrical energy
Power electronics involves the interaction of three elements: copper,
which conducts electric current; iron, which conducts magnetic flux;
and, in prime position, silicon,
Why Power Electronics?
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Power Electronic
Benefits
To convert electrical energy from one form to another, facilitating
its regulation and control
To achieve high conversion efficiency and therefore low loss
Intelligent use of power electronics will allow consumption of
electricity to be reduced
To minimize the mass of power converters and the equipment
(such as motors) that they drive.
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
The FACTS concept is based on the incorporation of power
electronic devices and methods into the high-voltage side of the
network, to make it electronically controllable.
The new reality of making the power network electronically
controllable, has began to alter the thinking and procedures that go
into the planning and operation of transmission and distribution
networks in the world
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
View of High Power LDT Valve
Groups Tian-Guang (1.8 GW,
ETT) and Guizhou-Guangdong
(3 GW, LTT)
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Phase Shifter
Shunt compensation shunt
Phase Angle (rad)
Act
ive
Pow
er (
p.u
.)
1
2
without compensation
0 2 p p p + s 2 p
With 50% serie compensate
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
A
B
C
–64.40
–61.25
–61.48
–11.70
–10.82
– 9.94
+10.06
+10.91
+11.76
–7.06
–7.91
–8.76
+ 5.49
+ 8.08
+10.74
+47.72
+38.38
+44.35
–85.57
–77.58
–81.31
+1.60
–3.94
+0.70
–41.11
–36.77
–39.17
+16.61
+19.21
+21.84
–18.30
–19.18
–20.06
3 –j 149.97
3 –j 138.83
3 –j 142.79
22.10 +j 49.32
27.29 +j 34.44
32.58 +j 45.05
30 +j 15
30 +j 15
30 +j 15
+26.11
+21.77
+24.17
a) base case
A
B
C
–20.95
–17.64
–17.96
–11.76
–10.93
–10.08
+10.09
+10.95
+11.75
–7.09
–7.95
–8.75
+ 5.53
+ 8.12
+10.74
+47.70
+38.38
+44.35
–85.56
–77.58
–81.31
+45.93
+40.56
+45.11
–83.84
–79.49
–81.89
+16.68
+19.29
+21.88
–18.24
–19.07
–19.92
3 –j 106.51
3 –j 95.22
3 –j 99.27
22.21 +j 93.63
27.41 +j 78.94
32.62 +j 89.46
30 +j 15
30 +j 15
30 +j 15
–17.46
–21.81
–19.41
–j 86.30
–j 86.30
–j 86.30
b) STATCOM
A
B
C
–43.34
–44.42
–42.28
–25.00
–25.00
–25.00
+23.36
+25.06
+26.75
–20.36
–22.06
–23.75
+18.82
+22.23
+25.74
+46.34
+37.71
+42.17
–84.15
–74.86
–79.07
–19.67
–20.86
–18.64
–20.00
–20.00
–20.00
+3.13
+4.79
+6.56
–5.00
–5.00
–5.00
3 –j 127.49
3 –j 119.28
3 –j 121.35
21.95 +j 26.67
27.02 +j 14.85
32.30 +j 23.53
30 +j 15
30 +j 15
30 +j 15
+5.00
+5.00
+5.00
SSSC
c) SSSC
A
B
C
–2.50
–3.50
–1.40
–25.02
–25.02
–25.02
+23.39
+25.07
+26.72
–20.39
–22.07
–23.72
+18.85
+22.23
+25.71
+46.33
+35.73
+42.17
–84.14
–74.88
–79.07
–19.59
–19.59
–19.59
–20.47
–20.47
–20.47
+5.00
+5.00
+5.00
–4.98
–4.98
–4.98
3 –j 86.64
3 –j 78.38
3 –j 80.47
23.85 +j 26.74
27.23 +j 16.14
30.71 +j 22.58
30 +j 15
30 +j 15
30 +j 15
–35.47
–35.47
–35.47
d) HVDC-VSC link
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Benefits
Increase the capacity of existing transmission networks
Increase the transmission system reliability and availability
Enhancement in the quality of the electric energy delivered to
customers
Increase dynamic and transient grid stability
Bajo impacto ambiental.
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
STATCOM
UPFC
TCSC
400 kV
Hydro
Nuclear
Coal 15 kV
SVC
Modern Power
Systems
HVDC
Asynchronous
Interconnections
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
These developments may also affect the way energy
transactions are conducted, since high-speed control of the
path of the energy flow is now feasible.
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
A reverse power flow will take place if,
for instance, the generator directly
supplying load generates power in
excess
Interconnected high-voltage
transmission network
Power
Flows
Generators
Generator
Transformers
Bulk Supply
Transformers
Red de
distribución L1 L2 L3 L4
Distributed Renewable Generation
The generation connected to the
low-voltage is termed dispersed,
distributed or embedded;
IG
Embeded Generation
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Modern distribution systems
Fuel Cell
VSC
Industrial
Loads
Other
Loads
11 kv
Substation
Substation
415 V
Load
240 V
Load
127 V
Load
132 kv
33 kv Wind Farm
D-STATCOM
LAWEA 13 Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Wind Generation
Embedded generation plants requires a power electronic systems that
is capable of adjusting the generator frequency and voltage to the grid.
Generator
controller
Pitch
controller
Grid side
controller
Synchronous or induction
generator
IGBT PWM
converters
AC DC AC
Resultant Vector
181 deg - 27%
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST EAST
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
WIND SPEED
(m/s)
>= 23.0
20.0 - 23.0
17.0 - 20.0
14.0 - 17.0
11.0 - 14.0
8.0 - 11.0
5.0 - 8.0
2.0 - 5.0
0.5 - 2.0
Calms: 5.41%
With variable-speed operation
it is possible, in principle to
increase the energy captured
by the aerodynamics rotor by
maintaining the optimum power
coefficient over a wide range of
wind speeds.
This requires an ancillary
mechanism that decouples the
speed of the rotor from the
frequency of the network, such
as a power electronic system
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Grid Integration technical
problems
Transient Stability
Voltage Control
Frequency control
Short Circuit Currents
Power Quality Issues
Reactive power
Inertia
Weak damping
Brief interruptions
Long lines
Power Factor
Modern turbine can help
Brief interruptions
Trip generator under 48 hz
Regulate Power-Frequency
Modern turbine can help
Brief interruptions
Necessity to impose level of
ICC in high penetration
To impose limits, P≤ P(ICC )5%
in PCC, Harmonic, Flicker,
unbalance, etc...
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Wind generation integration
study case: Facts role
Models to understand the dynamic interaction between the wind farms
and the electric systems
Investors and companies execute the necessary preliminary studies.
One of the tools more used in the electric systems planning and design
is the analysis of power flows
A variant of this tool is the analysis of Dynamic Power Flows
The power generated by the wind farm will be able to be foreseen
knowing the wind measurements and the kind of turbine to use
The analysis will allow valuate the effects of the plant proposed over the
network to be incorporate . Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
gearbox
Gearbox
Grid
t
v
gearbox
gearbox
Frecuency
converter
Grid
Capacitor
bank
Grid
Capacitor
bank
Grid
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
GSIP/
GSRB/
GIRB
SCIG = Squirrel cage induction generator
WRIG = Wound rotor induction generator
PMSG = Permanent magnet synchronous generator
WRSG = Wound rotor synchronous generator
SCIG
WRIG
SCIG
Transformer
Transformer
variable
resistance
with
converter
Typical configurations of
wind turbines
Wind generation integration
study case: Facts role
Figure shows the test network used in the study with two particular
solutions, (a) with zero wind power and (b) with maximum wind power (30
MW).
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Wind generation integration
study case: Facts role
Nodal voltages of five-node network for zero and maximum wind power
generation
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Wind generation integration
study case: Facts role
Nodal voltages profile of five-node network with wind power generation
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Wind generation integration
study case: Facts role
Nodal voltages profile of five-node network with wind power generation
and STATCOM at lake bus
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Wind generation integration
study case: Facts role
Active power transmitted by the transmission lines of the system.
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Wind generation integration
study case: Facts role
Without compensation Compensated
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Wind generation integration
study case: Facts role
Without compensation Compensated
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic means electricity from light.
The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy -
the most abundant energy source on the planet - directly into
electricity.
Photovoltaic systems use daylight to power ordinary electrical
equipment, e.g., household appliances, computers and lighting.
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
The inverter in the Photovoltaic System
It represents a highly complex link between the solar
modules and the utility transmission grid. It is therefore
expected to fulfill a series of highly demanding tasks.
Their converts DC,
generated in the solar
modules, into AC.
Synchronized with the
supply voltage, this AC is
then either fed into the
circuit of your home or
into the utility
transmission grid.
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
System Location: Shingle Springs, CA
System Type: Ground Mounted, Grid-Tied
System Size: 7.5 kilowatts
PV Array Racking: Unirac TLL
PV Modules: (60) BP Solar BP3150B
Inverters: (3) SMA America SWR2500U-SBD
Photovoltaic System
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Fuel Cells
A fuel cell converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen
directly to produce water, electricity, and heat.
They are therefore inherently clean and efficient and are uniquely able
to address the issues of environmental degradation and energy security.
They are also safe, quiet and very reliable.
Fuelled with pure hydrogen, they produce zero emissions of carbon
dioxide, oxides of nitrogen or any other pollutant.
Even if fuelled with fossil fuels as a source of hydrogen, noxious
emissions are orders of magnitude below those for conventional
equipment. Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Fuel Cells – Power Electronics
As wind and photovoltaic power generation, fuel cell require power
electronic devices to be incorporated to the grid.
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Transmission lines power flows with
varying FC active power injection.
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Today there is an increasing demand for planning the connection of
renewable generation in details seen from the perspective of the electricity
grid.
CONCLUSIONS
A large-scale penetration of renewables requires improvements in the
infrastructure of the transmission network, both within a national electrical
system and in the interconnections between countries, to balance variable
power output and demand across regions and to transmit the renewable
energy generated by NCRE power stations.
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Before Europe´s grid can handle the planned RE,
34 HVCA interconnections will need to be upgraded
17 HVDC interconnections will need to be built or upgraded
And up to 11 new long-distance HVDC supergrid connections
will be necessary
CONCLUSIONS
Is there a risk of low voltage gradients due to changes of the
renewable resource?
how would a black out of a wind farm affect the stability of the
grid?
Can the wind farm run through a 3-phase-fault on the grid?
These are typical questions that have to be considered by the system
operator before commissioning a power plant using renewable energies.
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
Load flow analyses and dynamic studies have to be made in advance
to analyse how the decentralized power production from renewable
energies would affect the load flow conditions in the grids.
Questions ?
Integration of FACTS and Non
conventional Renewable Energy
PhD César Angeles-Camacho, MIET & MIEEE
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Instituto de Ingeniería
Edif. Bernardo Quintana
Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria
CP 04510, México, D.F. Tel. +52 (55) 5623-3600 Ext. 8810
email: [email protected]
The new player need de grids or they
won´t survive
FACTS technology is a reality and will play a key role to facilitate the incorporation of Non Conventional Renewable energy to
power systems