international codes and standards issues impacting use of
TRANSCRIPT
Seminar 48
International Codes and Standards
Issues Impacting use of A2L
Refrigerants in Unitary Heat Pumps
And Air-Conditioning Equipment
Availability of Refrigerants
for Heat Pumps in Europe
Dr.-Ing. Rainer Jakobs IZW e.V.
[email protected] +49 6163 5717
Learning Objectives • Objective 1 Identify the latest proposed changes to
applicable safety standards related to 2L refrigerants and describe their potential impact on system design and application for safe use
• Objective 2 Describe new technology or technologies that may be required when applying A2L refrigerants to unitary HVAC equipment
• Objective 3 Summarize future research underway and planned related to implementing 2L slightly flammable refrigerants
• Objective 4 Understand the refrigerant situation in Europe for heat pump applications with a special view on 2L refrigerants
ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to ASHRAE Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/ASHRAE for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be
an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Agenda
• Introduction
• Heat pump refrigerants
• Requirements on refrigerants
• Challenges
• Selection for the future
• Conclusion
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Industrial
Commercial
District cooling and heating
Residential
Future: Heating of electric cars and cooling the batteries
Future: Smart grids Smart cities
Introduction
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446 037
509 794
589 118
804 457
734 282
800 388 808 591
750 436 769 879
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
700 000
800 000
900 000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
+14% +16% +37% -9% 9% +1% -7% +3%
EU 11 EU 12 EU 14 EU 14 EU 19 EU 21 EU 21 EU 21 EU 21
EU HP Market development
2005 - 2013
Source: ehpa
units
Introduction
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EU HP sales in Europe
2005-2013 by energy source
units Trend: Air source
Source: ehpa
Introduction
7
11 253
21 594
13 840
28 518 29 323 31 588
50 917
63 502
82 393
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Domestic hot water
heat pumps
Trend: hot water
Source: ehpa
units
Introduction
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Residential HPs Refrigerants
Use of aero-geo- + hydrothermal
renewable energy sources
Space Heating + Cooling
Tumble dryer
Domestic Hot Water
Refrigerator Freezer
R-410A R-134a
R-410A
R-407C R-404A
R-600a
R-134a
R-134a – R-410A
HP refrigerants
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Commercial Industrial
R-134a R-410A R-744
R-717
R-134a
HP refrigerants
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Requirements
• Physical properties
• Thermo dynamical properties
• Chemical properties
• Physiological properties
• Economic requirements
• Ecological properties
The use of a substance as a refrigerant depends on its properties. You will never find the requirements on an ideal refrigerant all at once with one fluid. You always have had to make compromises and you have to choose the most suitable fluid appropriate to a certain application.
Requirements on refrigerants
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• High volumetric cooling-heating capacity
• Moderate pressure levels
• No or low temperature glide
• Low global warming potential (GWP)
• Low toxicity, not flammable / explosive
• Good material compatibility
The “Ideal“ Refrigerant
• High (thermodynamic) energy efficiency / COP
– High enthalpy of evaporation / low mass flow
– High critical temperature
– Low vapor density in relation to pressure level Low temperature loss with pressure drop
– Favorable heat transfer coefficients
TEWI
Direct emission 5-15%
Indirect emissions 85-95%
Requirements on refrigerants
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EU legislation on refrigerants
in the international context
Source: EPEE
Challenges
Regulation (EU) No 517/2014
on Fluorinated Gases
applies from 1 January 2015
Challenges
See also Seminar 30 F-gas in Europe
Baseline for the phase down is
the Ø 2009-2012 in Europe
100% 100%
93%
63% 45%
31% 24% 21%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120% B
asel
ine
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09
-20
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HFC Phase down steps (CO2eqTonnes : Qty x GWP)
The GWP limits for new equipment -overview 2020/2022: GWP 2500 / 150 Hermetically sealed systems (Refrigerators + Freezers) 2020: GWP 2500 Stationary refrigeration equipment 2022: GWP 150 / 1500 Large commercial refrigeration systems 2020: GWP 150 Movable room a/c appliances 2025: GWP 750 Small split a/c systems
Challenges
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Refrigerants options more flammable
mo
re t
oxic
… only 8 elements are really suitable for refrigerant molecules
Selection
Periodic Table
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Refrigerant Options
• Elements for refrigerant molecules
– Chlorine, Bromine: ozone depletion
– Iodine: non stable
– remaining: Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Sulfur
Selection of elements is limited
noble gases
halons
Selection
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• Effect of molecule size on normal boiling point:
small molecule large molecule
R32 R134a R1336 …
low temperature applications:
=> small molecule required
=> less number of options
Refrigerant Options
NBP -51,7 °C -26 °C 33,4 °C
Selection
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Refrigerants
Methane (CH4)
Base: Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10
C
H or F, Cl, Br
CF4
R14
CF3Cl
R13 CH3Cl
CHCl3
CH2Cl2
CH4
CFCl3
R11
CF2Cl2 R12
CHF3
R23
CH2F2
R32
CH3F
CH2FCl CHF2Cl
R22
CHFCl2
15 variants
Methane CH4: 15 variants Ethane C2H6: 28 variants Propane C3H8: 45 variants Butane C4H10: 66 variants
Atmospheric lifetime is high
Cl
H F
toxic
flammable
154 substances
CCl4
Selection
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R-410A -> R-32 R-407C -> R-32
Methane CH4
Selection
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R-404A -> R-143a R-125 R-134a
R-407C -> R-125 R-134a
R-410A -> R-125
Ethane C2H6
Selection
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Refrigerants
R-134a
HFO 1234yf A2L
HFO 1234ze A2L
R-407C R-404A
R-290 A3
R-600a A3
R-744
R-717 B2L
R-410A
R-1270 A3
R-507
R...
R-32 A2L
Selection
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Refrigerants for HPs
R-134a
HFO 1234yf A2L
HFO 1234ze A2L
R-407C R-404A
R-290 A3
R-600a A3
R-744
R-717 B2L
R-410A
R-1270 A3
R-507
HFO… Mixtures
R-32 A2L
Selection Selection for HPs
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Refrigerants for HPs
R-134a
R-134a
HFO 1234yf A2L
HFO 1234ze A2L
HFO-1336mzz(Z)
…..
R-407C R-404A
R-290 A3
R-600a A3
R-744
R-717 B2L
R-410A
R-1270 A3
R-507
HFO… blends
Selection Selection for HPs
R-32 A2L
Conclusions • Very few substances are left for an use as refrigerant
There is no refrigerant which can successfully cope all applications
• Not only GWP but other impacts on safety, environment, economy, energy efficiency should be considered when choosing refrigerants
• Evaluate not GWP as single figure, but the total GHG emissions - TEWI or LCCP assessment are needed
• Follow the Refrigerant Strategy: Careful selection for every single application, minimize refrigerant charge, use hermetic sealed systems, establish standards for installation, maintenance, recovery guideline for leak prevention, reduce energy consumption, …
• A2L refrigerants are part of the solutions; first A-A -heat pumps/air- conditioners are in serial production with R-32 in Europe
• Middle and long term change to low GWP refrigerants
• Installers need training for working with A2L refrigerants
• Concentrate on the improvement of the current heat pumps application and replace fossil fuel boilers -> there you can reduce the most emissions
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Thank you for your kind attention
Heat pump mission is
low or no emission
Sources:
Chillventa 2014 Congressing and Technical Programme
Symposium: European Heat Pump Summit 2013
IEA- International Energy Agency, The Heat Pump Programme HPP
11th IEA HP Conference Montreal, May 2014
EPEE: European Partnership for Energy and Environment
ehpa: european heat pump association 6 th + 7th European Heat Pump Forum 2013 + 2014 Brussels - Berlin
Information Centre on Heat pumps and refrigeration IZW e.V.
