international aquafeed - july | august 2015 full edition

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Advanced lessons in economics
VOLUME 18 ISSUE 4 - JULY | AUGUST 2015
WA 2015 Jeju review
Email: [email protected]
Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Dr Albert Tacon (USA) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
Editorial team Olivia Holden
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
CONTENTSVolume 18 / Issue 4 / July-August 2015 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2015 / All rights reserved
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,
the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of
information published. ©Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale
Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
7 THE AQUACULTURISTS
54 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
FEATURES 16 Aquaculture takes centre stage at
Monaco Blue Initiative 2015 6TH Edition
20 India - aqua feeds and feeding trends
24 Advanced lessons in economics
30 Aquaculture in Ghana - Alternative feed sources
32 Aquaculture in Ghana - Commercial floating feeds for pond culture of tilapia in Ghana
36 Lecithin as a rich energy source with nutritional performance
38 Aquaculture industry - a profile of Dr Eckel GmbH
John Cooksey and Mario Stael at WAS 2015 on Jeju Island, Korea (top), while Sylvia Earle answers media questions about her lm ‘Mission Blue’ at Monaco Blue Initiative in Mocaco (bottom left)
8/20/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2015 FULL EDITION
Meet the Aquafeed team at upcoming international events
I am now entering my 30th year in academia and quite a milestone to say the least. With many Masters and
PhD completions completed in Plymouth, perhaps it
is indeed a time of reflection and a chance to build on
new opportunities and challenges that may present them-
selves in the future. When many may consider retirement,
I trust that I will get a chance to forge new avenues for the
development of aquaculture and, in particular, the aquafeed
industry and the nutritional sciences that are so important
for the prospect of a sustainable and affordable basis for fish
production, welfare and health of stock. As a consequence,
I have just recently taken up a new appointment at Harper
Adams University in West Central England to spearhead anew initiative to create a new English Aquaculture Centre
for teaching and research. I will keep you all posted, but
it’s going to be a busy time again before I take up angling
for good!
I have seen so many changes in the fish farming industry over the last three decades and a major shift in the type of supporting research and technologies being applied, many have made vast differences to the efficiency and performance of fish and shrimp with significant improvements in survival
throughout the various stages of production. There have been
great strides in the formulation of more refined diets based on better data obtained from comprehensive digestibility trials for more precise diet balance with protein, amino acids and energy availability characterised for numerous feed ingredients for different species of fish. Also more attention has been
given to the incorporation of alternative feed ingredients that continues to contribute greatly to feeds with a vast array of commodities and materials at our disposal on a global basis.
There is a constant stream of scientific research evaluating all manner of natural proteins, energy rich nutrients derived from traditional sources or from novel ingredients and especially micro-organisms like algae, yeasts and bacteria that are now becoming topical areas for consideration in a variety of aquafeeds. This has also been associated with a plethora of interest in their functional properties and potential health benefits in aquaculture. Although there is excellent research evidence for corroborating the efficacy of many of these feed
additives and supplements in a variety of species of fish, we must always caution against great claims of ‘wonder effects’ without proper scientific scrutiny. Hence, the role of the expert reviewer in peer-reviewed journals that provide the academic rigour to underpinning research in fish nutrition.
Another area of progress in the last 10 years has been the use of new containment systems for fish based on advances in aquaculture engineering with the wider use of closed recirculation systems. These new concepts pose more challenges for generating superior diets for fish to minimise their impact on water quality whilst presenting the correct nutritional balance for fish growth and production as well as promoting fish quality and good marketability of the product in terms of
taste and texture. Similarly, the construction of deep-water offshore plat-
forms for submersible sea cages for marine fish cultivation has advanced. These systems will require a rethinking of the feed strategies and feed quality issues for specific marine fish species in such locations ranging from temperate to tropical climates. I expect great strides in the future expansion of mariculture using such technologies and we must address the needs of the industry in this direction.
One concern is the practicality of research directives at
Creoso - welcome
Seeds of love Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry, university of Athens, Greece
I t is summer. It is this blessed time of the year when all of us can afford some more time to be spent with our beloved ones doing things that may look
not productive, but they really are. Every summer, I spend lots of time both by and
in the sea, sailing, fishing, and swimming. But this summer is different. My boys are old enough now
to go snorkelling and spear fishing. You may wonder why I bother you with all these trivial things. They may look trivial but they are quite promising in this sense: teaching young kids to love fishing can be a
fundamental step towards teaching them sustainable fishing, aquaculture and nutritional value of fish.
When a young child catches his or her food, they have a really good chance to get familiar with the food we eat, how different fish taste and which ones match better her or his palate prefers. Then, the issues of how fish are grown, what food they eat and why eating fish is good for human health can be introduced and discussed. We need two things here:
to be able to go fishing and some dedicated time by the parent. The second element is more crucial.
But the issues that are emerging from these discus-
sions are diverse and rather interesting.First, the issue of nutritional value was raised. When I was asked by my boys how much fish we need
to eat, I gave an (automatic) answer of about two portions per week but this is not the case . However, still today, there are clear nutritional guidelines on how many grams of fish we need to eat, and also what type of fish! Let’s stick to two portions per week when talking to our kids.
Another issue that was brought up is what fish eat. Here, fascinating things can be discussed, about the food chain management, the impact of anthropo- genic pollution on fish quality (i.e. have a look at the
Minamata case in Japan, and how fish there poisoned humans and vice versa https://www1.umn.edu/ships/ ethics/minamata.htm) and how we can make sustainable the production of fish feeds and hence fish.
Finally, another issue than could be explained to kids is the one of climate change and its impact on fish populations. By linking the melting of ice to the
temperature of sea and the domination of some fish species over others, we could sow some seeds of curiosity to the young ones and these seeds should help them in their future investigations.
Enjoy the sea and the sea discussions!
[email protected] @yanzabet
present with much emphasis (due to research funding pressure) on the so-called ‘-omics’. Whilst such terms as ‘genom- ics, metabolomics and proteomics’ that form the basis of a molecular basis to our fundamental understanding of fish nutri-
tion has an important place in our arsenal of research tools,
we must not lose sight that fish farmers and feed companies require good practical information that allows the application of knowledge at a fundamental and applied level that is easy
to put into effect. The quest by scientists for the ‘highest impact’ scientific
paper may not translate comfortably to the practising fish farmer who at the end of the day is more tuned to fish growth performance and feed conversion than the ‘gene expression’ for a specific nutrient or trait. Scientists can often lose themselves in their own world and become ignorant of
the demands of society for translational research leading to real benefits.
We would be failing in our mission if we only focused on a narrow path of scientific disciplines or self-interest in a par-
ticular area of fish nutrition without seeing the ‘bigger picture’. To our detriment we increasingly see this now in the appoint- ments of ‘fish nutritionists’ in academic posts who seem to fail to appreciate the wider context of applied fish nutrition and feed technology. The science of fish nutrition should be embedded with a sound grasp of core animal nutrition as well.
Moving on! In this late summer issue we have a number of interesting features including our focus on tilapia production in India as our special fish species topic.
India is a dynamic player in the global arena and we also review its range of commodities, raw materials and development in the aquafeed sector in an Asian context.
With President Obama recently saying that Africa is on the move, it is opportune to focus on Ghana’s activities with its growing aquaculture industry and strong support of tilapia for both domestic consumption and export.
We also report on the 6th Monaco Blue Initiative which was held in the Monaco Yacht Club in late June held by HSH Prince Albert II and his Monaco foundation. Its theme focused on ‘Feeding and fueling the world through sustainable aquacul-
ture’. Our publisher Roger Gilbert and writer Roy Palmer were initiated to participate in two of the four panels held and their report is in this issue.
Our team travelled to Germany in June to report on the production of feed additives from the Dr Eckel factory in Niederzissen, which is just south of Bonn to the west of the Rhein River. They were most impressed with the production facilities and the work being done of fish nutrition.
We also report on a lesson in ‘advanced economics’ for the aquaculture and fisheries sector with much to learn indeed. I hope that our masters in the funding agencies and our minis-
ters of finance in Europe are listening and making sure of the information for investment and development.
Please enjoy our full range of other news items, focus group reports and blogs as we cover the broader range of
international aquafeed topics of interest as usual.
July-August 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3
NEWS
Th e A q u a c u l t u r e Stewardsh ip Counci l (ASC) is developing a
Responsible Feed Standard to tackle the impor tant feed issue which has created continued
tension with many groups – the
standard will be new and globally applicable.
As with all standards, an important stage in the development is the Public Comment per iod. The Public Comment period enables anyone who feels they have something to contribute to use
the period to provide their view on its provisions. All comments have to be considered in detail by the relevant Committee and,
if necessary, further drafting is
undertaken. Individual feedback is generally not be given by the Committee on the comments provided. It certainly helps the whole process even if you totally agree with the standard being developed.
In this case, seafood species that need feed in order to complete
their growing cycle have come
under undue criticism. Feed is an
essential element in any farming but fish farming seems to be under pressure more than any other industry in regard to feeds. For many species, feed is also a major contributor to the overall environmental impact of aquacul-
ture because the production of some of the key ingredients used in making feed itself creates environmental pressures that need to be addressed.
Michiel Fransen, Standards and Certification Coordinator for ASC says, “the Standard will set out
the requirements for the aquaculture feed industry to operate on a more environmentally sound and socially responsible basis. The
project will introduce consistency
into the way in which the aquaculture feed industry has been asked to address sustainability and social responsibility issues concerning feed.”
He added, “the Steer ing Committee, Technical Working Groups and Secretary have now approved the initial draft of the ASC Responsible Feed Standard
to be open for public consultation
from June 30th until September 11th, 2015. The ASC Responsible Feed Project follows the ISEAL Guidelines for Setting Social and Environmental Standards v6.0. An important part of the standard setting process are
two public consultation periods. During these public consultation periods all stakeholders (industry and non-industry) can provide feedback on the draft versions of
the standard.” The Steering Committee of the
ASC Responsible Feed Standard welcomes feedback on this initial draft standard from all relevant stakeholders. The consulta-
tion documents are available at
the ASC webs ite: (http:/ /www.
ascaqua.org/index.cfm?act=tekst. item&iid=311&iids=313&lng=1). In addition, four outreach events are being organised to present
the standard and receive public feedback. These events will be held in as follows:
Registration is important for catering purposes so please refer
to ASC website for instructions
on this point.
Interest in the responsible use of aquafeeds is broader than managing the impacts of feed use in the farming system alone (e.g. controlling pollution from exces- sive use) and extends to ques-
tions about the environmental and
social impact created by the production systems used to produce
the various ingredients. A wide variety of plant, animal
and other Ingredients are currently used in formulated feeds with the dominant categories being various plant derived products (e.g. soy, wheat, rice, corn), fishmeal and oil and meat by-products. In addition to these main ingredient categories there
are smaller quantities of additives used such as additional nutrients, pharmaceuticals and probiotics, amongst others.
The raw material production creates both environmental and social issues, at both the raw material production and processing points of the supply chain. These can include habitat loss, over-harvesting, loss of threatened species, pollu-
tion and exploitation of workers, amongst others. The purpose of
this Standard is to provide a means to reduce the environmental and social impact created by the production of raw materials used for aquaculture feed significantly.
The ASC Responsible Feed Standard will eventually replace
the feed ingredient requirements within individual, species-specific ASC Farm Standards. ASC certified farms will eventually need to use ASC certified feed in order to
be certifiable.
(lunch is included)
Bangkok
Workshop Ho Chi Minh City 5 August 2015 10:00 – 15:00
(lunch is included)
Dist.1, HCMC
(lunch is included)
District, Guangzhou
(lunch is included)
PRESIDENTE SUITES SANTIAGO
Santiago
Aller gold trials show excellent feed conversation rate results
In trials carried out on an independent Danish fish farm under general production conditions,
Aller Gold showed excellent results. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be between 0.68 -
0.80 for fish up to 180 gr.The ongoing trials were initiated by Aller Aqua to document
that Aller Gold is performing at a constant high level at all times, and we are glad to say that we
were not disappointed. FCR was consistently low and started below 0.7 for 50 gr fish.
During recent years a continuous improvement in the recipe has been carried out to enhance
feed performance and compet-itiveness. Aller Aqua Research is constantly testing and choosing the best performing raw materials of
the highest quality to ensure first- class feeds to our customers.
When you feed with Aller Gold you get:
• the optimum mix of raw materials to support the best possible FCR, growth and health of your trout
• a thoroughly researched and tested feed at a competitive price
• a seasonally optimised feedfor optimum effect at no extra cost (ALLER GOLD is included in our Temperature Adapted Feeds concept for both the Spring Edition and
the Winter Edition) Hans Erik Bylling, CEO of Aller
Aqua explains: “Aller Gold is one of our
finest products for trout and it is a product that I am proud of selling to our customers. I receive a lot of positive feedback on both technical quality and per-
formance. Our R&D department,led by Dr Hanno Slawski, contin- uously works hard at getting the best results that we can pass on
to our customers, and I can see all the hard work paying off.”
4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2015
EWS
graduate students, carry out peer-review of scientific
publications, host foreign scientists and pay a visit to
the Research and Development personnel of different public and private institutions and research facilities
in different parts of the world. During my numerous interactions
with all these people, I am given the chance to review the results of
exciting research projects. I enjoy discussing results, what they mean,
how they are making the field of aquaculture nutrition evolve, etc.
Strangely enough however, now I am finding that most of my atten-
tion and time is devoted to verification of reliability of the results
and to troubleshooting of problems. I am slowly but surely becoming
highly skeptical right from the start!
As a PhD student at the University of Guelph a couple decades ago,
I studied under the mentorship of Dr C. Young Cho, a colourful “no
non-sense” scientist who has taught me much about the process ofscience and research. Dr Cho retired 15 years ago and I am often
reminiscing about the things he used to tell the young grad student
I was. He always had many vivid and compelling real life stories or
fables to share.
When discussing research results, he once told me:
“Someone has 10 fish and this person cuts each fish in half and
throws them in a cooking pot. The person should therefore have 10
heads and 10 tails in his pot. Now, the person counts the fish and he
is finding 11 heads and 9 tails. He may only be off by 10 percent but
there is something fundamentally wrong going on!”
That was Dr Cho’s whimsical way of telling me that results, whether
from a chemical analysis or from a research trial, should be logical
and that biological or analytical variability is sometimes a nice excuse
for work relatively poorly done.
To illustrate with an example: In recent months, I had the chance
of reviewing the results from a number of digestibility trials carried
out by my own research group or by some collaborators or during
peer-review of scientific manuscripts for journals. Up to a few years
ago, I have not realised all that could go wrong with estimating the
apparent digestibility of nutrients of diets and feed ingredients! And
no, I am not talking about the methods used for collecting the fecal
material! The fish nutrition community has been discussing the issue
of fecal collection method for years and yet sometimes overlooks
basic issues.
When carrying out a digestibility trial, a digestion indicator (e.g.
chromic oxide, yttrium oxide) is generally carefully incorporated in
the experimental diets at a pre-determined, concentration (e.g. 0.5
percent, 100 ppm). However, for a good 30 percent of the digest-
ibility results (sample analysis) that I am reviewing each year, the concentration of the digestion indicator of the experimental diets
measured (or reported by the lab) for the experimental diets does not
concur with the levels that were incorporated in the diet. How can
this be?
In digestibility trials like in most other nutrition trials, the experi-
mental diets are combination of different ingredients included a
pre-determined level and that are blended to form a homogenous mix.
Consequently, nutrient content of a diet sample should reflect the
weighted average of the said nutrient concentration of the different
ingredients used. Again, it is surprisingly common to see chemical
analysis values for experimental diets that are not reflection of the
weighted average of the nutrient composition of the ingredients!
Every nutritionist knows that (gross) energy is a property of nutrients.
Consequently, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of gross
energy (GE) should be the weighted average of the ADCs of crude
protein, lipids and carbohydrate of the feed. In several digestibility
studies I have reviewed in recent years, the ADC of GE is not a
reflection of the weighted average of ADC of protein, lipids and
carbohydrate.
Where is the problem? Does it lies in the (careless) preparation
of experimental diets or in poor reliability of the chemical analy-
ses carried out? The latter is generally the most probable reason.
Mathematical or calculation errors are also not that uncommon.
I have learned from Dr Cho that one has to be skeptical about his own
results and that every researcher is responsible for ensuring that the
results are logical. This doesn’t mean that one has to be omniscient or
know from the start what results to expect in all cases. However, there are a number of aspects that needs to add up. The process by which
someone determines whether different elements add up can actually
be an effective method for verifying the quality and reliability of
research endeavours.
Agree or disagree? Let me know! [email protected]
Ten heads and ten tails: Dr Young Cho’s parables about making sure results are adding up
by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel
AQUACULTURE
Number crunching – Norway
94.5 - the total percentage of all aquaculture production in Norway in 2014 that was Salmon
5.1 - the percentage of all aquaculture that is the species of
rainbow trout in 2014
(NOK) in 2014
production in 2014
83,000 - the total length of Norwegian coastline, including
fjords and islands
production amount in 2009
(Sources (6-7): FAO - http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/NOR/en/)
a couple decades ago, I studied under the
mentorship of Dr C. Young Cho, a colourful “no
non-sense” scientist who has taught me much
about the process of science and research"
NEWS
to Scottish salmon industry
The Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre has kicked off a £4 million
applied research project to upscale the use of farmed wrasse in commercial salmon farms.
The new project, now rolling
out on Scotland’s West Coast, has the potential to increase productivity on salmon farms and reduce the use of medicines in
the industr y. With the pro ject agreement in place, the project
team can set about taking vali- dated lab research through to full application in the commercial environment.
The deployment of farmed wrasse to control sea lice on
farms could lead to the creation of new jobs in rural communi-
ties, not just in salmon production , but in wrasse production and management. Wrasse can co-habit with salmon in the same pens and can be used as ‘cleaner fish’ to remove sea lice from the salmon.
The Scott ish Aquaculture Innovat ion Centre (SAIC) has awarded grant funding of £831,530 to this cleaner fish project. The grant has leveraged contributions worth £3.01 million from Marine Harvest (Scotland),
Scottish Sea Farms, BioMar, and the University of Stirling.
Atlantic salmon is the UK’s largest food export, with a retail value of over £1bn. With demand for Scottish salmon increasing in traditional markets
such as the US and France, and emerging export markets such as China, the Scottish Government has set increased production
targets for 2020. Progress on the use of cleaner fish such as wrasse and lumpfish to control sea lice on fish farms will support the industry’s work to raise produc-
tion. Cohabitation of salmon with
cleaner fish, especially wrasse,
has been shown to significantly reduce the sea lice challenge
to salmon – an issue that has hampered growth in the industry. It can also help to reduce the usage of licensed anti-lice medicines on farms.
The previous use of wrasse in fish farms has largely involved
the collection of wild wrasse, a solution which is not sustainable. However, the culture of wrasse is in its infancy in the UK, and production challenges have limited
the deployment of farmed wrasse. This project brings together aca-
demics leading wrasse research in the UK with major salmon producers to solve the bottle- necks limiting productivity, and to improve the quality and delousing efficacy of farmed wrasse.
Building on proof of concept established in previous research,
the SAIC pro ject wi ll extend current knowledge through to
upscaling of hatchery technologies; optimisation of cleaner fish welfare in salmon cages; and pro-
totyping in the commercial environment.
Project outcomes will include commercial protocols, research
tools and a new knowledge of the biology of the ballan wrasse. This will permit production of a handbook that individual farmers in Scotland – including SMEs - can
use as a beginning-to-end guide on the breeding and husbandry of farmed wrasse.
Heather Jones, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre, said:
“The Scott ish Aquaculture Innovation Centre’s role is to bring industry and academia together
to help grow the industr y sus- tainably through innovation. This project exactly fits that bill; sea lice control heads SAIC’s list of Priority Innovation Areas. Our grant funding has galvanised an industry-academic collaboration
that not only leverages substan- tial investment, but will feed into Scottish economic growth.”
Steve Bracken, Bus iness Support Manager at Marine Harvest (Scotland) Ltd, added: “The deployment of wrasse as a means to control sea lice should increase the availability of farm sites, reduce medication costs and
increase production efficiency. All parts of the industry – from large companies such as ourselves, to SMEs - will see benefits from this, and the already-excellent repu-
tation of Scottish salmon will be enhanced.”
And the academic lead on the proj ec t team , Profes so r Hervé Migaud, Professor in Fish Physiology and Director of Research at Inst itute of
Aquaculture, University of Stirling, commented:
“The Scott ish Aquaculture Innovation Centre’s support and funding will enable us to extend
this project from proof of concept to the commercial environment. The impact of the research will be considerable in both scientific and economic terms. In addition, PhD and Masters students at
the Institute of Aquaculture have the opportunity to gain research expertise in one of the aquaculture industry’s most pressing issues.”
First woman of the month award for Latin America
A quacul ture wi thout Frontiers is very pleased
t o an nou n ce t ha t Veronica Esquivel Medina from Mazatlán, Mexico is our Woman of the Month for July. This is the first such award presented to anyone in Latin America.
A current leader for all women who are working in the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Mexico, Veronica is an example of hard work, honesty and collaboration. She is always involved in young
professionals’ career develop-ment and everyone seeks her out for her advice .
Veronica has always fought for the rights of women in Mexican policies and has led several fish-
eries and aquaculture women’s groups in Mexico. Veronica has always been very supportive of aquaculture and has actively played a major role in Mexico's strategic planning for more than
a decade. Recently she was partof the team that coordinated the National Development Plan of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Mexico, where she made sure
that gender issues were always
addressed. Since the elaboration of this plan Mexican aquaculture has improved 32 percent.
According to Antonio Garza de Yta, Director General of Planning, Programming and Evaluation at CONAPESCA and President
LACC, World Aquaculture Society, “Veronica is a silent warrior who needs to be honoured. It has been an enormous pleasure to collabo- rate with her in recent years and
there is no doubt whatsoever that Veronica is a role model to any person who has contact with her. She is a synonym of profes- sionalism and hard work.”
Alleviating poverty and malnutrition is a major issue in Mexico and
as a means of supporting the poorpopulation, the federal government has invested around US$150 million through CONAPESCA to support more than 36,000 families in 145 municipalities in 22 of the 32
states of Mexico. In Mexico the role of women
in the rural environment and the development of aquaculture is of utmost importance. Aquaculture production models are at three levels, namely extensive, semi-inten-
sive, and intensive with rural integration, varying according to climate and activities integrated with land and animal husbandry.
Veronica is currently collab- orating in the Department of Planning and International Affairs for CONAPESCA and has worked tirelessly for the organ- isation in areas such as adminis-
tration, management, governance and strategic planning. Veronica
has shown willingness for trans-ferring knowledge and technology and developing within the sector an increasing capability and capacity to ensure the issues of gender are well covered.
EWS
A wF Director, John Forster, pointed out a recent US Aid Newsletter which highlighted the importance of aquaculture and
women in assisting with the global issues of poverty and hunger.
Interestingly the example mentioned was in Nepal, a country currently suffering the enormous effects of a recent earthquake, Nepal was a country where AwF had helped establish aquaculture – see project reports 2008-2012. I particularly recall Ram Bhujel (AIT and AwF Volunteer) saying at the
AwF Session during a WAS-APC Conference in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, how important AwF had been in his birthplace (Nepal) in showing that aquaculture was possible and also empowering women to engage.
As the US aid newsletter states, “In rural Nepal, widespread poverty is compounded by the lack of access to high-quality, nutritious foods.” According
to a recent report from the Nepal Demographic Health Survey, 41 percent of children under the age of five are chronically malnourished, and anemia is a significant problem, afflicting 47 percent of
children and 36 percent of women.One approach to mitigate the occurrence of anemia and to improve the overall health of rural Nepalese is to supplement their diets with vitamin- rich protein sources, such as fish. Researchers from Nepal’s Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) recognised the potential of aquaculture to help address this widespread nutritional deficit, and
their recent effort in Nepal successfully established more than 70 family-run fishponds, all managed by women. In the first year of operation, the ponds produced over 500 kg of fish for household consumption.
Looking back at AwF Project reports I read that an aquaculture awareness program was organised,
this involved gathering a group of women and using computers from a higher secondary school in
the village. A program produced on CD that was based on the “Women in Aquaculture Project” in Chitwan was shown, followed by questions and answers. Even at that stage organisers were report- ing that a lot of women had shown their interest.
From that report I read, “Altogether 52 families applied and showed interest in culturing fish on
their land which was almost double the number
the project team had expected. Full technical sup-port (training, field visit and fry supply) was offered to all of them, and a partial financial support was extended to all of them dividing them into two categories i.e. very poor and poor; with more support to the former.”
According to US Aid, ‘Researchers intend to train more women in effective aquaculture techniques by establishing women’s groups to educate rural Nepalese on fish farming practices and the nutritional benefits associated with household fish production.
The nutritional aspect was also highlighted by WorldFish Senior Nutrition Advisor, Dr Shakuntala Thilsted in her plenary speech at WA2015 in Jeju ‘How can Aquaculture Contribute to the Diets of
the Poor’. Dr Thilsted highlighted that the characteristics
of a healthy diet for the poor included natural foods which are locally produced; culturally accept- able (taste, texture, colour, flavour, etc); af fordable; high in nutritional quality; safe and available year round.
Fish and other aquatic foods are rich in several essential micronutrients especially Vitamin A (animal sourced foods have the only preformed source); retinol, fish also has Vitamin A2 – dehy- droretinol); Vitamin B12 (animal sourced foods are the only dietary source); Riboflavin, Vitamin D (animal sourced foods are the only dietary source); Vitamin E, Available Iron (animal sourced foods are
the only dietary source of haem iron) and available zinc, calcium and phosphorous.
Shakuntala indicated the diversity of species had an effect on a healthy diet and called upon
the aquaculture industry to ensure the spread of species in fish, other aquatic animals and plants to ensure we all benefited. This way we would meet
the preferences of more people, enabling various forms of preparation for different meals and snacks suitable for all sorts of occasions. It would increase the frequency and quantity of consump-
tion, increase seasonal variety, and increase the
likelihood of covering multiple nutritional needs. One of the challenges of bringing new practices
to rural women in Nepal, or for that matter in many countries, is that more than half of them are illiterate and cannot be reached through traditional methods such as distributing written materials.
AwF are supporters of the concept of empowering rural women to grow and consume fish from
their own backyards, and are working on a number of project concepts. It is by giving the women the means to combat the daunting threats of anemia and malnutrition in their households. Better access
to more diverse food sources means that familieshave the chance to increase their resilience and food security in some of the world’s most remote corners.
http://feedthefuture.gov/article/aquaculture
-helps-women-nepal-improve-household-nutrition
Italians annoyed over the size of
clams they can have with their
spaghetti
The EU has been criticised recently
for imposing a minimum size for fishing clams in the Mediterranean. Italian press reports that these rules limit the ability to enjoy the tradi-
tional dish of spaghetti with clams. bit.ly/1VOBIWt
Growing number of ASC accred-
ited auditors
The number of auditors trained to assess farms against the ASC standards is steadily increasing. Following
training workshops held last monthin Bangkok on ASC's shrimp and tilapia standards, a fur ther 12 auditors are now ready to carry out audits on farms seeking ASC certification. bit.ly/1Dbd1O9
Skretting: Marketing manager
Application deadline 24 August
keting in markets outside Europe and the salmon segment. bit.ly/1IMQxFz
Feedback on ASC's operational
review published
The feedback from the public consultation of ASC's pangasius, tilapia and salmon standards is now available on the ASC website. bit.ly/1KBYCdq
A regular look inside
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NEWS
Most of the feed and food safety assurance systems are focussed on prevention of contamination of feed and food materials with undesirable substances or microbiological
agents. A cer tification scheme has three main components: the normative references, the assurance and corrective action tools, and the rules of certification.
The normative references determine what is considered as a safe product for consumption, or what is sustainable or responsible related
to environment or society. The rules of cer tification are about the cer-
tification process of companies applying for a cer tificate against the involved certification scheme, which the certification bodies have to apply and comply with.
The assurance and corrective action tools are the instruments and procedures, which the company obtaining a certificate have to apply in
the daily business operations. The assurance tools are focused on preventive actions and measurements in order to avoid the occurrence of contamination.
A starting point for the control of potential risk is the application of prerequisite programs in order to create a basic level of control. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach is impor-
tant to identify in advance the remaining r isks in the process and oper-
ations and to determine appropriate control measures, as well as amonitoring plan.
The purchased/supplied ingredients could be a risk. For feed or food safety, a full control of the supply chain is a relevant option, which is followed in the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance certification. Application
Facts about 2013-2014 At this moment GMP+ International is preparing an evalua-
tion of the EWS notifications of 2013 and 2014. In general the figures show that there have been more notifications in 2013 and
2014 than the years before. This increase in the number of notifications was related to mycotoxins. It is also good to realise that sometimes more than one EWS message has been related to the same case.
Most of the reported issues are controlled in an early stage. Only a limited number were related to a more or less serious feed safety emergency. In 2013 this was aflatoxin in maize and in 2014 this was furazolidon in in soymix. Because of these two safety issues, the requirements to notify have become str icter.
Before 2015, GMP+ FSA certified companies were only obliged to notify contamination levels above maximum permitted level, in case the situation was not fully under control of the involved
company and could affect other companies too. End 2014,we introduced the obligation to notify every exceeding of the maximum permitted level of an undesirable substance to GMP+ International as well as the certification body. This notification as well as informing the customers is considered so crucial for the effectiveness of the control of a safety incident, that non-compli- ance is classified as a critical non-conformity with withdrawal of
the GMP+ FSA certificate as a consequence. GMP+ International always tries to find out the source and
cause of contamination, because that could be relevant for the risk assessments and could contribute to avoid occurrence in
the future. The GMP+ FSA cer tified companies observe these EWS messages as worthwhile, because it increases their alertness
regarding specific risks. It adds also value in comparison of the Rapid Alerts System
Feed & Food (RASFF) of the European Union, due to more details and quick publication. The most important causes of contamina-
tion (figure 2) are natural exposure and genesis during processing. Process aids can also be a source, which need to be considered in
the risk assessments.
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Aquaculturists www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
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Figure 1: Number of EWS notications in 2011 – 2014 We realised that additional reasons are valuable to notify in any case of exceeding the maximum permitted level, also if other companies are not involved. Firstly, it is relevant to learn about the cause and source of contamination. That can be taken into account in risk assessments. Secondly, a complete overview enables to communicate about the effectiveness of feed safety assurance (risk communication) in daily practise.
Added value of Early Warning
System (EWS)
EWS
of a quality management system makes it possible to ensure control measures and monitoring plan in the daily operations in a consistent
way. Besides the preventive measures, also corrective actions need a
company to apply in the event of the occurrence of a contamination of a certain consignment. In that case, it is about traceability; recall procedures, and early warning. The aim of these measurements is to reduce
the distribution of contaminated lot(s) of feed or food material in the market or withdraw it in order to limit the negative impact on feed safety in the production chain as much as possible.
Within the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance (FSA) certification, the Early Warning System (EWS) is essential to reduce the impact of a contam-
ination and operates as follows. It is not alone a matter of the primary involved company, but also of other companies. If a cer-
tified company determines a level of undesirable substance(s) exceeding the maximum permitted level, it is obliged – besides
taking the appropriate control and corrective measurements and informing its customers – to notify GMP+ International as well as the involved certification body and the competent official authority if applicable.
This notification has a relevant reason. GMP+ International
assesses each EWS notification and decides, together with involved participants, if and which measures are necessary
to prevent or limit damage in subsequent chains. These may include measures taken by GMP+ International.
The primary focus of the company is to inform involved sup- pliers and customers, blocking contaminated batches, investigate
the cause of contamination and take corrective measures. The primary focus of GMP+ International is to alert the other
GMP+ FSA participants about the occurrence of a concrete contamination event in the market, if the contaminated lots are
delivered by supply chain partner(s), or the contaminated lots are or can be delivered to other companies in the market.
In that case, GMP+ International informs all other GMP+ FSA participants about the involved product (generic name), the kind of undesirable substance(s), the detected level(s), and the country of origin. The company involved will not be published. When other GMP+ FSA participants are also buying or dealing with the reported product from the mentioned origin, they can take the right control measures, like sampling and analysing or asking guarantees of his supplier. The primary focus of the certification body is to monitor the application of the appropriate actions and measurements by the involved feed company.
Figure 2: Cause of contamination of EWS notications, 2013 – 2104 My nal conclusion is that EWS is a worthwhile measurement in addition to all kind of preventive actions. It contributes to reduce the spread out of contaminated material in the market and therefore, it contributes to reduce the size of a feed safety emergency. Damage control is a shared responsibility and this also applies to feed safety.
NEWS
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C roNoMar d.o.o. is a Norwegian-owned innovation company
in Croatia, founded with the aim of identifying and realising new business opportunities in order to establish partner-
ships between Norwegian and Croatian companies within the marine/ maritime sector and related industries.
The company’s CEO, Norwegian Malvin Villabø, says: “Our mission is to make connections between such companies as well as to assist
them in establishing and carr ying out real operational partnerships from an early stage through to commercialisation with focus on creating and promoting new business activities (including identifying potential relevant business partners in Croatia, providing QA both for partners and products/ services, providing supervision activities, etc.)”
“Furthermore, CroNoMar is managing an innovating incubator in the Mar itime Innovation Centre in Šibenik – iNavis. As an integrated innovation network, CroNoMar is assisting start-up companies and existing companies through consulting, courses and networking” says Mr Villabø.
Cronomar has recently founded a subsidiary company Marin Globe d.o.o., which is a trading company with an operational purchaser role between Croatian manufacturers and customers outside Croatia with focus on price, quality and availability of aftersales services. The company is providing services such as purchasing of mar ine equipment in a global market for global clients.
The participation of CroNoMar at the international aquacul-
ture technology exhibition Aqua Nor in August 2015 in Trondheim,Norway, is part of an economic mission from Croatia and has been co-financed by the Croatian Ministry of Entrepreneurship and Crafts Entrepreneurial Impulse Programme.
The objective of this economic mission is to present the potential of Croatia and Croatian companies as well as Croatian products and services at the international market, to exchange business informa-
tion, connect with future par tners, establish new contacts and realise partnerships.
As part of its participation at Aqua Nor 2015, CroNoMar will hold a presentation on 'The potential of the marine/maritime sector in Croatia', which will be held on 20th August from 1030-1230 in meeting room eight. The presentation will be given in English by Mr
Malvin Villabø, CEO of CroNoMar d.o.o, Croatia. Attendance is free of charge.
In addition to CroNoMar, there will be also three other Croatian companies taking part in AquaNor 2015.
Mr Malvin Villabø, Director, CroNoMar
A ll im a g e s co u rt e sy o fC
ro N o M a ra
EATURE
Kenya Government and FAO launch
Blue Growth Initiative in Kenya
The launch was held in Mombasa, Kenya, led by the acting Cabinet Secretary
for Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Mr Adan Mohamed and
FAO Representative in Kenya Dr Luca Alinovi. In attendance was county leadership from Kilifi, Kwale, Mombasa and TanaRiver counties.
In his opening remarks, Mr Mohamed noted that sustainability of fish supply in our waters requires concerted attention.
“Improvements targeted across the var ious aspects of fisheries management, as well as regula-
tory barriers, difficulty in accessing funding, fragmented research and development, and poor access to markets need to be addressed. Particular attention may be given
to empowering the small/r ural or artisanal fishermen and fish farmers who contribute consistently to the seafood supply chain, but do not have the capacity to optimise their farming or fish catch.” he noted.
The inland aquaculture sector continues to grow, but maricul-
ture is lagging behind. While most of the current aquaculture production is based in freshwater fish farming, there exists a lot of potential in mariculture (aquaculture in coastal and marine environments) on the extensive Kenya coast.
‘We can sustainability develop mariculture through improving
the governance and manage-
ment of the aquatic eco-sys-
tems, conser vation of biodiver- sity and habitats and most impor-
tantly, empower vulnerable communities engaged in small-scale production to act as resource
users and stewards’ noted Dr Alinovi.
Implementing BGI through the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture (EAA) in Kenya
The EAA is best implemented within a national aquaculture policy with a regulatory frame- work that promotes the growth of a healthy and competitive
aquaculture sector while providing protections from threats such as disease spread, pollu-
tion and environmental degrada- tion.
Mr Mohamed reiterated Kenya’s commitment to developing fisheries in Kenya. “I wish to stress
that my ministry is committed to making the fisheries sector one of the key pillars of economic growth in Kenya” he said.
“It is therefore my strong belief that the modest initi ati ve my ministry is starting with FAO and other developing partners
through these projects today will culminate in opportunities for major investments, additional livelihoods for the coastal communities and overall well-being for
the Kenyan people as envisaged in Kenya’s development Blue Print Vision 2030”.
In col laboration with the
Government of Kenya, FAO has
developed two projects worth a total of US$1 million from the BGI, namely ‘In Support of Food Security and Nutrition, Poverty Alleviation and Healthy Oceans’ and ‘In support of implemen-
tat ion of mar icu lture in Kenya within an ecosystems approach’.
Both projects aim to increase knowledge of water basin to coral reef ecosystem services supporting food, nutrition and livelihood security so as to guide and improve investment in sus-
tainable coastal mariculture. This includes a better integration
of the sector into other activities in the coastal zones so as to increase understanding in con- serving and improving coastal ecosystem services.
Elaborating the Ecosystem Approach to
AquacultureThe BGI is designed around capture fisheries, sustainable aquaculture, livelihoods and food systems, and economic growth from aquat ic ecosystem services. It is also bringing support and more attention to enhance the implementation of
the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries and Aquaculture (EAF/EAA).
The launch is to be followed
by a five-day training workshop on implementing the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture (EAA). The EAA strives to balance diverse societal objectives, by
taking account of the knowledge and uncertainties of biotic, abiotic and human compo-
nents of ecosystems including their interactions, flows and pro- cesses and applying an integrated approach within ecologically and operationally meaningful bound- aries.
The general objective of the workshop is to inform and train
managers, developers, farmers and other relevant stakeholders on the EAA and how to develop EAA management plans for mariculture areas in Kenya that incor- porate other users of the coastal zones.
The workshop will produce better-informed stakeholders on
the EAA and its potent ial for aquaculture management at local and national level, and improved understanding of aquaculture for stakeholders outside the agricul-
tural sector. It is expected that one or more draft management plans for piloting in selected aquaculture management areas and recommendations for the national aquaculture strategy in the context of EAA will be
realised.
"I wish to stress that my ministry is committed
to making the fisheries sector one of the key pillars of economic growth in Kenya"
FEATURE
Y ara is invest ing US$
263 million in Sluiskil ,Netherlands to increase granulation capacity enabling i nc reased p roduct ion o f granular urea with sulphur, and nitrates.
In 2011, Yara completed the construction of a new world scale urea solution plant in Sluiskil which partly feeds an old prilling unit producing 400,000
tons of urea annually. With this investment, the prilling unit will be replaced by a new urea gran-
ulator also designed for pro-duction of urea with sulphur, a product that is sold with a premium to regular urea. The new granulator will have an annual capacity of 660,000 tons
of urea with sulphur. In parallel with increasing urea production, Sluiskil will reduce UAN (Urea/ Ammonium Nitrate fertiliser) production by around 230,000
tons per annum, freeing up nitric acid capacity enabling 130,000
tons per annum of additiona l
CAN (Calcium AmmoniumNitrate) production. “In Europe and gradually also in
other regions of the world, agricultural soils are lacking sulphur, which is an essential plant
nutrient. With this investment we are able to serve a growing demand, helping farmers improve both yield and crop quality while contributing to improved nitrogen efficiency,” says Torgeir Kvidal, president and chief exec- utive officer of Yara International
ASA.The new plant will be based on technology deve loped by Yara. Construction will start in 2015, with completion expected in second half 2017.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/international-aquafeed-july-august-2015-full-edition 14/6812 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2015
Aquaculture feeds have moved away from their dependence on fishmeal
as the main protein source and now rely mainly on plant protein
sources. How then will this affect mycotoxin exposure in aquatic animals?
With fishmeal and fish oil becoming increasingly expensive,
the inclusion of terrestrial plant- based proteins in commercial aquaculture feeds has gained widespread acceptance. Even feeds for carnivorous species are now formulated to contain more than 50-70 percent of plant-derived matter.
A common problem that arises from the use of plant ingredients is
the presence of mycotoxins - toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi which frequently contaminate agricultural commodities.
Mycotoxins are mainly produced under warm and moist conditions typical of the tropical and subtropical countries where most aquaculture is practiced. Temperature resistant, mycotoxins are not destroyed by the heat and pressure of pelleting and extrusion.
Crop contamination over 25 percent
T h e C o u n c i l f o r Agricultural Sciences and Technology (CAST) in 2003 estimated that 25 percent of the world's crop produc-
tion was contaminated with mycotoxins.
Over the past 10 years of the Biomin Mycotoxin Survey, the evaluation of almost 33,000 samples from around the world revealed
that more than th ree quarters of these samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin and 43 percent of all samples were
co-contaminated with twoor more toxins. While in terrestrial animals
the toxic effects of mycotoxins have been wide ly studied, the effects in aquatic
species have not yet been fully elu- cidated.
However, several studies have reported the detrimental effects of mycotoxins at low levels.
For example, Pangasius fed diets contaminated with 60 parts per billion (ppb) aflatoxin suffer affects on their growth and increased liver damage. A different study, also with Pangasius, showed that at levels of 50ppb the fishes' resistance to challenge by the bacterium Edwardsiela ictaluri is reduced. Another study on yellow catfish with AFB1 levels above 250ppb showed increased feed conversion rate (FCR) and
reduced weight gain. In shrimp, levels as low as 20ppb have been found to reduce weight gain.
Diets contaminated with 100ppb Zearalenone (ZEN) reduced weight and increased FCR in white shrimp, while survival was affected with ZEN
levels above 1000ppb. Deoxynivalenol, one of the most
common mycotoxins, is highly toxic to rainbow trout: reduction of feed efficiency and growth occurs at levels of 1ppm. Salmon feed contaminated with 3.6 parts per million (ppm) caused a 20 percent reduction in feed intake and an 18
percent increase in FCR. Long-term exposure effects of
fumonisin B1 (FB1) reported in carp showed that exposure to 0.5 and 5.0mg per kg body weight is not lethal to young carp, but can produce adverse physiological effects with kidney and liver being
the key target organs for FB1 action.
Aquafeed samples
Survey 2014, the main ingredients intended for the aquacul-
ture industry including corn, corn DDGS, soybean meal, wheat, wheat bran and rice bran were evaluated. The five most common mycotoxins
found worldwide—aflatoxins (Afla), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA)— were analysed in all of the samples (see Table 1).
In addition, a specific survey which included 41 aquafeed samples (fish/ shrimp) from the Asian region was
included. More than three-quarters of the
aquafeed samples were co-contaminated with two mycotoxins or more and 93 percent of samples contained at least one myco-
toxin. The highest incidence was observed for DON at 68 percent, followed by ZEN and Afla at 59 percent each. The average Afla concentration was 49ppb, a level that poses a health risk to aqua species.
One aquafeed sample contained FUM at 7534ppb.
Corn samples contained the highest average and maximum con- centrations of Afla, ZEN, DON and FUM among all samples. As expected, DON and FUM were the most frequently found mycotoxins
in corn with a prevalence of 72 percent each, followed by ZEN at 55 percent.
The highest Afla, DON and FUM prevalence was observed in corn DDGS. The highest average level and maximum concentra-
tion of OTA was determined in soybean meal samples at 24ppb and 141ppb respec-
tively. DON is the most common mycotoxin found in wheat samples with an incidence of 56 percent. The highest average T-2 level was detected in wheat samples
at 100ppb. The highest incidence of DON among all samples was determined in wheat bran samples. The highest prevalence of Afla (40 percent) was determined in rice bran.
Mycotoxin analyses in this survey clearly indicate that constant monitoring of mycotoxins is important. An effective mycotoxin risk
management program isessential in order to protect animals from the negative impacts of mycotoxins on
the ir hea lth and performance.
Table 1: Detailed results of mycotoxin occurrence by commodity
Aa ZEN DON T-2 FUM OTA
Aqua
Feed
% of contaminated samples 59% 59% 68% - 51% 57%
Average of positives (ppb) 49 71 162 - 637 2
Maximum (ppb) 221 306 413 - 7,534 5
Corn Number of samples tested 1010 1557 1834 766 970 879
% of contaminated samples 22% 55% 72% 16% 72% 5%
Average of positives (ppb) 49 443 2,651 74 2,974 3
Maximum (ppb) 1,352 16,495 29,600 852 154,000 41
Corn
DDGS
Number of samples tested 59 61 58 42 59 55
Average of positives (ppb) 13 250 834 28 1,808 4
Maximum (ppb) 196 3,600 5,941 80 27,665 22
Soybean Meal
Average of positives (ppb) 3 17 278 12 117 24
Maximum (ppb) 10 101 1,166 13 746 141
Wheat Number of samples tested 160 339 523 147 148 166
Maximum (ppb) 87 2,115 28,864 1,300 2,935 10
Wheat
Bran
Maximum (ppb) 3 1,491 3,806 10 4,333 18 Rice
Bran
Average of positives (ppb) 5 43 24 - 85 4
Maximum (ppb) 11 200 25 - 282 18
Biomin mycotoxin survey:
S outh East Asia and Vietnam in par-
ticular has received a boost to its aquaculture development with the opening
of a refurbished and revitalized fish-research facility at Nong Lam University, in the Thu Duc District of Saigon. Called the Biomin Aquaculture Centre for Applied Nutrition (ACAN) the centre will share the laboratories on site with two other companies.
The Erber Group, which is the holding company for Biomin, Sanphar and Romer Labs, has acquired and refurbished the facilities
that were previously operated in par tnership with the university by Novus until 2014. Joining three companies interests together
has meant the facility will play a vital role in not only aquaculture in Vietnam, but for aquaculture research throughout the whole region as well as for land-based livestock produc-
tion. The aquatic facilities, which will carry out
more than 14 trials, specific to the Asia region, over the next 12 months, has four fully equipped laboratories as well as a major
recirculation system with an extensive waterquality control capability. Biomin’s ACAN centre was opened on June
29, 2015 following a half-day seminar in the city followed by a traditional fanfare and cele- bration at the centre itself.
Located on the campus of Nong Lam University, in the Thu Duc District on the out- skirts of the city, the centre offers full laboratory services plus up to five independent reticulation tank systems for trail work on a variety of fish and shrimp species.
The laboratories at the centre are equipped to carryout DNA and RNA extraction along with full PCR evaluations in addition to normal feed and
food testing. The centre even has an extruder for preparing short-run rations
The centre is to be jointly operated by Biomin and Sanphar – as its Animal Health Research Centre – and Romer Labs; all companies within the Erber Group.
Working closely with Nong Lam University, the three companies have shown their clear
intention to support Vietnam’sagriculture and aquaculture development.
Opening day seminar On the day of the opening,
each of the participating companies hosted a half-day seminar at Hotel Caravelle in downtown Saigon to explain the role the new laboratory and test centre will play for both Vietnam and the region.
New laboratory and fish research
facilities opens in Vietnam
EWS
Six speakers in the Biomin session, presented a range of the trial work now being conducted with a highlight being phytogenics;
the screening of natural spices and herbs for their biologically active compounds, especially
their antioxidant, antiv iral and antimicrobia l effects.
Oregano and Rosemary perform highest in all three categories out of 10 spices and herbs currently under evaluation. However, besides Oregano oil, for its strong antimicrobial effect and antioxidative efficacy, Anis oil is being used for its appetising and antifungal effect, Citrus oil which enhances palatability and antimicrobial activity, all to be combined within a matrix- encapsulation which outperforms other fax/ wax-coated prebiotics, Dr Pedro Encarnacao of
Biomin in Singapore told attendees. Phytogenics can also play a significant role
in stabilising extruded feeds. For example, matrix encapsulation of active ingredients maintains a 94 percent residual concentration compared to 82 percent from non-encapsula-
tion extruded feeds. Other topics presented included: multi-
mycotoxin analsyis; the benefits of using AquaStar for its ability to reshape the micro- biota in the grow out stage for Nile tilapia; mycotoxins in aquaculture and bioremedi-
ation, the reduction of organic waste fromfeces, feed and dead algae in ponds and the elimination of toxic substances/gases and bad odour delivered by Goncalo Santos Biomin’s research and development manager for aquaculture based in Europe.
Two final presentations were on Nong Lam University and its work in aquaculture and a review of Romer Labs activities by Yong Wee Liau managing director of Romer Labs Singapore.
Partner companies Nong Lam University not only collaborates
with Biomin, but also collaborates with other private corporations including Alltech, Virbac, Schering Plough, Schweizer Biotech, Nutriway, Novus and Aquativ.
However, the Erber Group has a strong, shared collaboration which augers well for
the future. Besides Biomin, Founded in 1992, Sanphar Animal Health was acquired by the Erber Group in July 2007. The development of innovative solutions allows Sanphar to offer
the veterinary market products and services that meet individual needs for better results in animal husbandry and animal welfare.
Romer Labs was founded in 1982 in the USA and acquired by Erber AG of Austria in 1999 and then established three business
units in the USA, Austria and Singapore in2002 before opening a sales office in Brazil in 2007, a Chinese sales office in 2009 and a UK office in 2010. It offers all the test and analytical equipment for food allergens, mycotoxins and food pathogens.
NEWS
T he last edition of the Monaco Blue Initiative (MBI) in Chile in 2014 ques-
tioned the status and feedback from aquaculture in America, towards a
sustainable approach to its development. The 2015 edition held in Monaco at
the Monaco Royal Yacht Club, on June 25-26 2015, pursued these discussions with experts and decision-makers worldwide on
the theme: Feeding and fueling the world through sustainable aquaculture.
Whilst it is acknowledged that seafood is now a source of food and income for one quarter of the world’s population there is always pressure on the industry from the conservation NGOs.
Today, fisheries catch remains stable but the production of aquaculture continues to rise.
World production of seafood from aquaculture has more than doubled in 12 years,
from 32 million to 67 million tonnes in2012. With no stopping the global population increases there is continuous pressure being applied to ensure sustainable food production.
The MBI program covered the subjects of: Aquaculture to feed the world?; New fron-
tiers for aquaculture; The struggle between quantity and quality – the path to sustainable aquaculture and MPAs and Blue Carbon - Towards Ocean & Climate.
The program was aiming to get the delegates to consider the implications of the ocean becoming an area for large-scale cultivation in terms of environmental protection, regulation and collaboration.
Indeed, these new challenges once again highlight the importance of involving scientists, industrialists, NGOs, etc, to the establishment of a sustainable production system and make
the best rather than the most of these new resources.
The day started with H.E.M. Bernard Fautrier, Plenipotentiary Minister and CEO of the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation and Robert Calcagno, CEO of
the Oceanographic Institute, Prince Albert I of Monaco Foundation, introducing the program.
Moderated by François Simard (Polar andMarine Program, International Union for the Conservation of Nature) the first session included panelists Roy Palmer (Association of International Seafood Professionals); Doris Soto (FAO - FIRA); Fabio Massa (GFCM)
the discussion focused on the fact that aquaculture is happening, is the fastest growing primary industry and that the demand for fish products has increased vastly in the last few years.
Noting that more than one billion people in developing countries depend on fish to survive and 16.5 percent of global protein consumption is from fish with that likely to improve in the future.
In order to get an understanding about the difference between the East and the West in respect of aquaculture Mr Palmer quoted Elisabeth Mann Borgese (1918-2002), founder of the International Oceans Institute.
This highlights, he said, the importance of the industry to the Asian countries and the failure of the West to come to grips with production.
"That aquaculture has a philosophical base in the East and a scientific base in the West has far-reaching implications.
"In the East, it is culture, it is life: culture to improve life by providing food and employ- ment. It is embedded in the social and economic infrastructure. All that science can and must do is to make this culture more effective.
"In the West, aquaculture is science and
technology, embodied in industry and provid-ing profits: money. It has no social infrastructure. In this, the West has much to learn from the East." - Elizabeth Mann Borgese (1918- 2002), Seafarm, The Story of Aquaculture, 1980
Aquaculture takes centre stage at
MONACO BLUE INITIATIVE 2015 6TH EDITION
EATURE
We must understand that aquaculture is already bigger than
any other land based farming, so it is important to work with it
through a shared stewardship, rather than campaign against it
Insufficient thought to governance The importance of food security and nutri-
tion was seemingly lost in North America, EU and Australia with consistent demand on developing countries to supply the majority of seafood for those countries.
In fact many countries have not givensufficient thought to governance and really understood the difference between wild fishing and aquaculture. This is a failure which clearly is holding many countries back from getting involved in aquaculture.
Getting an understanding that the majority of aquaculture was not about feeding ‘fish-to- fish,’ was an important issue and was empha- sised by Mr Palmer highlighting that world production of Tilapia was now 4,500,000
tonnes per annum which was the equivalent of 143kg every second of every day.
He pointed out that Tilapia is one of the oldest species aquacultured yet, as mature as it is, as a freshwater white flesh species it is still very much in its infancy on its genetic potential in comparison to Salmon and all terrestrial proteins.
The question will be how much the industry will move forward once such knowledge has been obtained bearing in mind the vol- umes that are already being harvested. Surely,
this will be ‘chicken’ of the 2050’s, if not earlier, he asked
Key element in food security and nutrition
Fish and plants grown in water are a key element in food security and nutrition and need to be linked more to their contribution
to reducing hunger and malnutrition and to supporting livelihoods.
The bio-availability of fish protein is approximately five-to-15 percent higher than
that from land plant sources. Fish contain several amino acids essential for human health, especially lysine and methionine. The lipid composition of fish is unique, having long- chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with many
actual and potential benefits for adult healthand child development. Adding to this aquaculture for the poor is
such a compelling story that must not be con- fused with the important but actually smaller activity of farming fish like Salmon.
Size is not everything It was stated that small fish are more
important in poorer countries for their nutrients/micro-nutrients. Size is not everything when it comes to fish.
In fact small fish consumed whole with
bones are massive for vitamins D, A + B, minerals (calcium, phosphorous, iodine, zinc, iron and selenium.
There was an interchange with the audience with the panelists about feed and feeding ‘fish-to-fish’ and it was highlighted that carnivorous fish are not carnivorous in captiv- ity but also in the wild where such fish have a 10:1 feed ratio where as in aquaculture this was vastly improved.
Additionally, it was mentioned that fish, carnivorous or otherwise, in the world have
limited chance of survival which is greatlyenhanced through aquaculture techniques.
Plastic a major challenge for oceans
A suggestion was that there could be even
greater attention paid to stopping pollution from land entering the oceans and plastic was highlighted. Noting that some 3.5 million pieces of new plastic enter the world’s oceans daily and that six million tonnes of rubbish every year is dumped into the world’s oceans of which 80 percent is plastic, with an estimated 46,000 pieces of plastic per square mile of ocean, we should all make a conscious effort to change our ways!
Put effort into creating more renewable
bio-degradable packaging (especially use ofalgae) and promoting their use instead of the toxic, non-biodegradable plastics that are currently in use.
Aquaculture needs good, clean quality water – it is land that pollutes the oceans not
the other way around! The future is a shared stewardship but
all of us must understand that aquaculture is already bigger than any other land based farming so it is important to work with it, rather
than campaign against it. It was mentioned that ‘escapes’ are often
used as a deterrent about aquaculture but it seems to be forgotten by those that use that issue against aquaculture that one of the great
things about aquaculture is the opportunity for stock enhancement for various species around the world.
Enhancing stocks for the wild using the example of 40 percent of Alaskan ‘wild’ salmon actually coming from the aquacul-
ture hatcheries and Rainbow Trout being grown by various government hatcheries in Australia and then released specifically for
recreational fishermen – many of whom arepaying a licence fee for the privilege to fish the ‘escaped’ fish.
In fact the breeding of endangered species and ensuring the future of all species is one of the major advantages of aquaculture. This
FEATURE
The juxtaposition of the yacht harbour in Monaco, with its multi-million dollar vessels, and a wide-ranging debate on how the oceans and
aquaculture might contribute to feeding a growing world population, was not lost on the 120 delegates attending the 6th the Monaco Blue Initiative (MBI) in Monaco in late June. However, the reality is that the wealthy must do more to
assist those who are food deprived and the MBI, with a keen eye on sustainability and conservation and under the guidance of HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco and his
foundation, is taking up that challenge and recognising aquaculture’s vital role
along with genetic improvements - as with all animals - by taking the best and improving product quality and fish performance is actually where the future of the world’s food is more likely to come from.
Reducing poverty, improving health and increasing sustainability at the community as well as at a national level needs attention from capacity building. A need to build capacity from within, a systems approach based on world’s best practice.
Progress may well be assisted by new technologies but it is really an innovation in a systems approach which engages the farmer directly which will have the most effect.
The need to promote healthy diets from sustainable food systems is essential.
Ending poverty and hunger is not possible unless we place agri-food systems near the top of the priority list where research is the backbone but development and transparency the keys to success.
Microalgae to energy The second panel moderated by Pierre Erwes, B.I.C.A with
panellists: Roger Gilbert publisher of International Aquafeed at Perendale Publishers; Marc Metian at IAEA; Raphaela Le Gouvello of SterMor; Roberto Cesari from the European Commission and Ricardo Haroun from the Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria aimed to discuss issues from microalgae to energy production to medicinal derivatives, and new and excit ing uses of aquaculture which are coming to light in the modern age of scientific discovery and technology.
In respect of key developments for feed Mr Gilbert stated that much time, effort and research was going into limiting the amount of fishmeal and fish oil needed for feed production and concepts utilising insects, worms, algae, hemp, soybeans, and other protein sources we well advanced.
Identifying food insecurity and where to focus our food production focus, including fish farming, in Africa and Asia was an important element. There’s a relationship - a benchmark if you will - between the
production of scientifically-formulated compound feed and the foodsecurity (or insecurity) of a country, he told his audience. That figure was 133.5kg of compound feed per head of population – which fed all livestock including aquaculture.
Many countries had not yet sorted out their governance arrange- ments for offshore farming, but in countries like Panama companies like Open Blue Cobia were farming.
Their farm is located in the Costa Arriba region of Panama with the site located over the horizon in Panama’s Atlantic Ocean, more than seven miles offshore in the deep, blue waters of the Caribbean Sea. Who would have thought we would be growing a species like Cobia and doing that far offshore?
There is much we can expect from aquaculture in future - in terms
of food, products and energy. The enormous opportunity of marine ingredients is slowly awaken-
ing yet it already stated the global market for the Blue Economy is over US$176 billion – this includes biotechnology, bio-plastic, bio-energy, marine cosmetics and nutraceuticals.
We are only scratching the surface of what can be achieved with renewable and sustainable products from the oceans/waters of the world.
Wind farms in the ocean, which are ‘no go’ zones and pushing fishing away from those areas, could be used for grow-outs and therefore not wasting the space, water or heat.
Aquaculture can work arm-in-arm with energy. Anything in the
water can work with aquaculture - not wasting space or energy.
Increase in demand for aquaculture The third panel was moderated by Oystein Lie of MarLife and the
panel consisted: John White of the Aquaculture Stewardship Council; Giuseppe Di Carlo, WWF Mediterranean; Olivier Fourcadet, ESSEC
Business School and Tiago Pitta e Cunha a senior advisor for Marine and Maritime Policy to the President of Portugal.
The discussions were focused about the increase in demand for aquaculture and the issue of not sacrificing quality for quantity.
WWF and ASC dominated discussions about standards highlighting that farmers needed to meet the standards and pay the costs in order to engage in global business, but failed to discuss issues relating to the subsistence farmers that relate to many poor countries and how trade barriers may be created with standards.
Mr White said that ASC had a vision regarding systems and pro-cesses needing to be in place to aspire all farmers to become certified. Mr Fourcadet expressed a view that consumer associations needed
to be closer engaged, however, there was some discussion away from the panel that few consumers are actually members of such associations.
It was discussed that in the EU young people were interested in what they eat but that they had limited time to make choices in their busy lives and there has been poor education on seafood, both fisheries and aquaculture.
The panel expressed a view that people were prepared to pay more for quality and environmental sustainability.
Conservation and protected areas The last session was moderated by Sebastien Troeng of
Conservation International and consisted a panel of: Dan Laffoley, World Commission on Protected Areas & International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Christophe LeFebvre from the French Marine Protected Areas Agency and Alasdair Harris of Blue Venture).
This session started with a speech from Tony Burke, Member of Parliament in Australia. Mr Burke was the former Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities and during his time he had created the largest MPA in the world only to see it thrown out when his political party lost the last election.
Clearly many in the audience were disappointed with the news of
the demise of the MPA activity but likely few of them are Australian tax payers or fishers/aquaculture farmers so would not be aware of the costs such activities have cost the Australian public.
Mr Burke said that the good news was that the ocean is the greatest sink, but, alas, the bad news was also that the ocean was the greatest sink!
Created upon the initiative of HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco, the Monaco Blue Initiative (MBI) is a platform for thought and unites International actors (scientic, economic, political and associative) sharing a common commitment for the sustainable management and the preservation of the oceans. It is co-organized by the Oceanographic Institute,
Foundation Albert I, Prince of Monaco and thePrince Albert II of Monaco Foundation.
EATURE
In words that only a politician could utter, he said he was determined to get the MPA model back in Australia and that ‘science must never be the whole story in environmental decisions.’
Blue carbon The panel discussed Blue Carbon as an interesting answer to some
of the questions of using marine resources towards climate, testing the true resilience of marine ecosystems, and improving our under-
standing of the link between ocean and climate.
There were concerns with the onset of the COP21 in Paris at the end of 2015, on how to prepare for a better
tomorrow in harmony with the oce

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