march | april 2013 - international aquafeed magazine
TRANSCRIPT
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Transforming aquaculture
production using
oxygenation systems
Nutritional benefits of
processed animal proteins – in European aquafeeds
Towards aquafeeds with
increased food security
Bioenergetics – application in aquaculture nutrition
Volume 16 I s sue 2 2013 - mARCH | APR I l
INCORPORAT ING
f Ish fARmING TeChNOlOGy
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An internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed
industry - incorPorAting fish fArming technologyCONTENTS
AQUA
I n t e r n a t I o n a l
FEED
Volume 16 / Issue 2 / March-April 2013 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2013 / All rights reserved
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept
no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013
Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Aqua News
4 Alltechfeedsurveyfindssignificantgrowthinaquaculture
5 Newglobalpartnershiptopromoteaquacultureinfightinghunger
6 AQUACULTUREUPDATES
7 IFFOintroducesnewlogo
8 FriendoftheSeacertificationforCloudyBayClams
9 Activesalmonfarmmapshowssmallfootprint
9 Alltechconductstrialsintoalgaeapplications
Features
14 NutritionalbenefitsofusingProcessedAnimalProteins(PAPs)inEuropeanaquafeeds
18 Bioenergetics-applicationinaquaculturenutrition
22 Towardsaquafeedswithincreasedfoodsecurity
26 Escapesprimarilycausedbyequipmentfailure
28 Theroleofbioremediationinwaterqualitymanagement
34 Themultifunctionaldietarypropertiesofspirulinaanditsuseinaquaculture
38 Effectofdietaryinclusionofseaweedsonintestinalproteolytic
activityofjuvenileseabream,Sparus aurata
42 Challengesfacingtheaquaculturefeedindustry
45 Aquafeedproduction worldwide
Regular items
5 THEAQUACULTURISTS
32 PHOTOSHOOT50 EXPERTTOPIC-COBIA
56 INDUSTRYEVENTS
VIVRussia
WorldAquaculture2014
Aquaculture2013
60 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS
62 THEAQUAFEEDINTERVIEW
64 INDUSTRYFACES
www.perendale.co.uk
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Editor
ProfessorSimonDavies
Email: [email protected]
Associate Editors
AliceNeal
Email: [email protected]
ProfessorKrishenRana
Email: [email protected]
DrYuYu
Email: [email protected]
Editorial Advisory Panel
•Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)
•ProfessorAntónioGouveia(Portugal)
•ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)
•ColinMair(UK)
•DrDanielMerrifield(UK)
•DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)
•DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)
•DrKimJauncey(UK)•EricDeMuylder(Belgium)
•DrPedroEncarnação(Singapore)
•DrMohammadRHasan(Italy)
Circulation & Events Manager
TutiTan
Email: [email protected]
Design & Page Layout
JamesTaylor
Email: [email protected]
International Marketing Team (UK Office)
DarrenParris
Email: [email protected]
LeeBastin
Email: [email protected]
TomBlacker
Email: [email protected]
Latin American Office
IvànMarquetti
Email: [email protected]
PabloPorceldePeraltaEmail: [email protected]
India Office
RajKapoor
Email: [email protected]
China Office
NancyYung
Email: [email protected]
More information:
International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
2013 has started with several meetings and workshops and a busy schedule for me
as both editor and academic. I have just returned for Brussels where I spoke at the
Nutra-ingredients meeting that largely focused on human gastro-intestinal health but
attracted a large gathering of scientists from major European companies and government
agencies concerned with probiotics, prebiotics and legislation
of feed additives and supplements. My contribution on fish
and the role of probiotics was well received by the medical
fraternity as we were able to learn so much from each other
in terms of research directions and the functionality of novel
dietary ingredients in humans and animal systems.
MyfollowingvisittoScotlandenabledmetovisitBioMar’simpressivefeedplantfacilitiesinGrangemouthwheremylatestPhDstudent,DanielLeemingisnowstartinginanewpositioninR&D.Thedrinkswereonhimofcourse!
InthisissuethatIdedicatetoDrJohnEHalverwhopassedawaylastyear,Iincludeanarticleintributetothisgreatscientistwhowasso
distinguishedinthesubjectoffishnutritionforover50years.Inthisissuewefeaturecobiaasourguestfishspecies.Anamazingfishwithuniqueattributesandacapacityforproductionthatshouldintheoryrevolutionisemarinefishfarming.Itspotentialhasnotbeenfullyrealised todate,butactiveresearchtowardsproducinghealthyhatcheryraisedjuvenilesforon-growingwillallowitsexpansion.Itsversatilityshouldseethisfishbeingsuccessfullyfarmedinmanyregionsinthenearfuture.IfirstencounteredcobiadirectlyonaBritishtradevisittoSalvador,Brazilin2008andwasfascinatedbyitsrapidgrowthcharacteristicsandexcellenttastequalities.
WereportontheuseofoxygenanditsvitalroleinintensivefishproductionusingthelatesttechnologyanddeliveryandcontrolsystemsbytheLindeGases.
WearealwaysinterestedinthescopeforrawmaterialinclusioninfeedsandwehavebeenheavilyinvolvedinPlymouthwithstrategicresearchtooptimizetheuseofanimalby-productsfromcategory3sourcesforuseinaquafeeds.Onthistheme,EricDeMuylderexaminesthepotentialofprocessedanimalproteins(PAPs)fromaEuropeanperspectivepriortotheirre-introductioninaquafeedsinEuropeinJuly.
Fish bioenergetics is fundamental toefficient feed formulations since energy isa core requirement inmaintenanceandgrowthoffishanditsmodeofintake,lossesdrivetheneedforprotein,aminoacidsandothernutrients.The‘plane’ofnutritionandfeedintakeallrelatetoenergydensityinfeeds.IngridLupatschdescribes theapplicationofbioenergeticswith examplestakenfrom her elaborateresearch workonmarinefishsuchasseabream.
Wealsolookatthemultifunctionaldietarypropertiesofspirulina,theroleofbioremediationinwaterqualitymanagementbyGoncaloASantosofBiominandthehealthbenefitsofoliveoilandolivepomaceinfishfeeds.
Togetherwithallourmainnewsandregularfeatures,wehavequiteaspectrumoftopicscovered.Enjoy!
Professor Simon Davies
CROESO - Welcome
New team member joins IAFInternationalAquafeedispleasedtoannounceanewadditiontotheteam.DrYuYujoinsusasanassociateeditorandwillworkonourChineseeditions.
DrYuYubeganhisacademiccareerattheNationalChung-HsingUniversity,Taichung,TaiwanwherehegainedhisundergraduatedegreeinAnimalHusbandryin1968.Hemoved toMichigan,USAforhispostgraduatestudies,completingaPhDinDairySciencein1974.
Aftergraduation,heworkedattheUniversityofGuelph,CanadaasaresearchassociateandthenasdirectorofresearchanddevelopmentattheUnitedCo-operativesofOntario.
In1992,DrYuYumovedtoKongKongtotakeuptheroleofAsiaregionaldirector, technicalservices,atRalstonPurinaInternationalbeforemovingtotheNationalRenderersAssociationin1996.
AtpresentheisthedirectorofEastBrightConsultinginHongKongandtheUSA.WearelooingforwardtoDrYuYulendinghisexpertiseinanimalnutritionandfeedformula- tiontothemagazine.
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I t was with much sadness thatIlearnedofthepassingbeforeChristmas 2012 of Dr John
Halver,therecognised‘fatheroffishnutrition’atthegreatageof 90 years. He was a won-derfulfriendandcolleaguewho
hadgivenmeinvaluableadviceand support over many yearsasIembarkedonmycareeratPlymouth.Hewasatrulyremark-ablepersonandhighlyacclaimedworld-classscientist.
Ifirstmethimin1985atafishnutritionworkshopinBrighton,England.HewalkedovertomeontothefamousBrightonpierandaskedmeifIhadunderstood the morning talks, giving me hischaracteristicmischievousglintof
the eye as he quizzed my bio-chemistryknowledge.Iseemed to pass his test and my secondPhD examination was thank-fullyapprovedonthespot!ThiswasHalver,thetrueprofessorand mentor who I was privi-legedtomeetandhavefrequentexchangeswithoverthenext30years.
Itwasin1989attheToba,JapanfishNutritionSymposiumthathe
calledmeintohishotelroomwhereIhadsupperwithJohnandhiswifeJanethatIsawhiskindnessandloveforscienceatfirsthand.Ireallygottoknowhimwellafterthatvisit.Hewasaman
o f s up re m eintel lect ande n dl e ss w i ta n d h a da c a pa c i tyf or k now l-edge acrossso many dis-
c ip l ines bute s p e c i a l l yn u t r i t i o n a lbiochemistryand his spe-c i al i st a r eaof fish nutri- tion.
I n d e e d havingservedw i t h d i s - t i n c t i o n i n
the SecondWor l d Wa r(receivingtwobronzemedalsand a purple
heart)hewasaskedbytheUSgovernmenttoembarkondevel-opingfeedsandsettingnutritionalstandardsforfarmedfishleading to research on mycotoxins and the famous Halver test diet todeterminevitaminandaminoacidrequirementsoffish.JohnHalverspentmuchofthe1980sand90sworkingonvitaminCandanti-oxidantssuchasvitaminEandseleniumandwasinstrumentalinprovidingaplatformforfuturescientiststoinvestigatethemanyareasoffishnutrition.HisfirstandsecondeditionsofHalvers’FishNutritionisaclassictextforalltimeandanexcellentrefer-enceworkinthissubjectfoundinsomanyuniversitylibrariesand
institutionsinvolvedinaquacul- turescience.My personal signedcopywillneverleavemystudywherethegreatmanwrote‘Bestwishes,JohnHalver-havefun!!’ThiswastypicallyHalver,sciencemustbefunaswellashardwork. John wasneveramiss atall the
major prestigious conferencesandsymposiaworldwide.Hewasfamousforhisquestioningofpre-sentersandthedetailedcross-
examinationoftheirtalkstohelpstimulate their further under-standingofthecomplexitiesoffish metabolism. It was alwaysdonewithfinesseandpoliteness.IwouldmeethimalloverEurope,
Asia,USAandhispaceandsharp-nessofmindwasincredibletowitness.
In Brazi l , itwas Halver whofoundthatperfectlittlerestau-rantservingthelocalfishandhischemistryskillsweremostappli-cableinservingthewineatits
best.IndeedoneofhishobbieswastomakehisownMerlotathisranchhomeinWashingtonState. He enjoyed life to thefullandlovedthecompanyofyoungerscientistsandstudentswhosharedhispassion.
ItwasonSeptember10,2001 thatIhostedJohnandJaneHalveratmyhomeinPlymouthandwedinedthateveningatalocalres- taurant.Thatdaywe hadtakena
tour by boat of the Royal NavybaseandsomeguestUSNavywarshipswereinport.Iwillneverforgettheprideinhimseeinghisnation’smilitaryrepresenta- tion and we discussed in depthouralliancesandlonghistoryofUS-UK friendship.We walkedontheseafront,theiconichoeandIactedasthetourguideshowingthefamouslandmarksofPlymouth,andtherichhistoryof this maritimecity and the legacyofSirFrancisDrake.Hewasfas-cinatedbyitall,absorbingeverydetail.
Tragically the next day onSeptember 11 news of theWorldTradeCenterandotherattackswereannouncedastheHalvers’arrivedinIrelandasastopoverfortheirjourneyback totheUnitedStates. Theworldchangedforever, and travelling thecornersoftheglobebecame
evenmoreofachallengeafter thosefatefulevents.
Inearly2009,attheAquacultureAmericavenueinSeattle,JohnHalverwasinhiselementashegreetedmeandmyPhDstudents tohis owncity bythe ocean.Hemetusattheairportfullofenergyanddroveusalltoourhotels.Mycolleague Dr DanielMerrifieldandIweredinnerguestsattheHalvers’ home in Seatt le and
weenjoyedhisendlessstoriesandreminisceofhislongdistin-guishedacademiccareeraswe tucked into the wild salmon hehadcaughtwithhishomemadewine. As Emeritus Professor
at the School of F isher ies in the Uni ver si ty of Washington ,wetouredhislaboratoriesandmodestoffice.Hewasstillamanofbooksandpapers.
Knowingmyinterestinaircraft,he drove usto Puget SoundandtheBoeingplantwherewe
hadamarvellousdaytogetherseeing the wonders of tech-nology.Itwasduringthisvenue thatHalverwasasbusyasusualpart icipating in the NationalResearchCouncilmeetingstoupdatethenutritionalrequire-mentsoffishforthefinalNRC;2011document.
I l as t m et J oh n i n Po r t o,P o r t u ga l a t t he 2 01 0Aquaculture Europemeeting
whereweenjoyedthesunshineandhospitalityofthisfinecityanditsgatheringofexpertsinaquaculture.JohnHalverhadmanynewideasandwaspar-
ticularly interested in thenutr i- tional bioche mist r y of ag einginhumans.WhenIaskedhimwhyhesaidcharmingly,“Simon,when you reach my age i t ’snaturaltowanttoknowhowandwhyweageandwhatwecandoaboutit?”
His a ttent ion was focusedon l ipid membrane funct ionandtheroleoflongchainfattyacidsandtheimplicationoffishoil.Hewasactivelyengagedinseveralpatentsforcancertreat-mentandworkingcloselywithinstitutions in Hungary wherehewasalsoamemberoftheHungarianNationalAcademyofSciences. John died peaceful ly at home
inSeattleonOctober24,2012andhehadbeenworkingtotheendonmanuscriptsandscien- tific reports. I am so thankful tohaveknownhimasafriendandspeak for hundreds who havebenefittedfromhiscompanyandguidanceinallwalksoflife.
We wil l serve h im wel l torememberhisplaceinthehistoryofthescienceoffishnutritionandfeedingandcontinueinourquest
forknowledgebasedonrigorousresearchunderpinnedbygoodsenseandhumour. As the one and only, John Halver
would say, “work hard, but have
fun!”
Atributetothe'fatheroffishnutrition'ProfessorJohnEHalver
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AstudybyMarineInstituteandNUIGGalway,Irelandhasconcludedthatsea
licedonotplayasignificantroleinsalmonmortality.Theresearch,whichhasbeenpublishedinthe Journal of Fish Diseases,involved
morethan350,000fish,releasedintoeightdifferentriversin28separateexperimentsoveranineyearperiod.
In this long-term study, onegroup of salmon smolts were
treatedwith a commercialagentwhichprotectsthemagainstsealiceinfestationforeightweeksaftergoingtosea.Thereturnratesofcontrolorunprotectedmirrorgroupsoffishwerecomparedwiththe‘protected’fishtoseeif
they suffered any additional sealiceinducedmortalityfollowingreleaseintothesea.
T he r es ea rc h h as b ee nwelcomedbytheIrishFarmers’A s s o ci a t io n A q u a c ul t u re
Executive,RichieFlynn.Flynnsaid,“Thefactthatthepaperconfirms thatsealice“isaminorandirreg-ularcomponentofmarinemor- tality inthestocksstudiedand isunlikelytobeasignificantfactorinfluencingconservationstatusof
salmonstocks”ishugelyimpor- tant in focusing attentionon therealthreatstowildfish.”
F ly nn a r gu es t ha t m or eresearchshouldbedoneinto ju veni le wi ld sa lm on de at hs .
“ Ene r gy a nd t i me m us t b espentontryingtounderstandand,ifpossible,dosomethingabout lessening the factorswhich cause 95-96 percentofwildjuvenilesalmontodiewhentheytraveltoseatofeed.
Revis i ting a l l the impacts ofwildsalmondeaths(includingangling)onthe4-5percentof thoseluckyenoughtoreturntoourriverseachyearshouldbeafactorinthis,”hesaid.
Theworldisproducing959milliontonsoffeedandhasincreaseditsproduc-
tion byat least 4 percent in thelastyear,accordingtothe2013Global FeedTonnage SurveyreleasedbyAlltech.Thecompany
assessed the compound feedproductionof134countriesinDecember.2012throughinfor-mationobtainedinpartnershipwithlocalfeedassociationsandAlltech’s sales team, who visitmore than 26,000 feed millsannually.
“ Th e 2 01 3 p ub li -cation of the annualyear-endassessmentbyAlltechisbeingreleased
asanindustryoutlookresource for the newcalendaryearandwillhopeful ly a l low gov-ernments,non-govern-mental organisationsandthegreaterpublic to appreciate the value that the feed industryis generating globally,”sa id Aidan Connol ly,vicepresidentofAlltech
anddirectorofAlltech’sa nnua l G l ob a l F e edTonnageSurvey.
Amongthe134coun- tries assessed inAlltech’s survey,Chinawasreaffirmedasthechiefproduceroffeedat191million tons and an est imated 10,000feedmills.Consistentwithlate2011 assessments, the UnitedStatesandBrazilfollowedwith179million tons produced by5,251feedmillsand66million
tonsproducedby1,237feedmills
respectively.Overall,a26million ton inc rease was obs er ved inBRIC countries (Brazil, Russia,IndiaandChina)yeartodate.
Asiacontinuestobetheworld’snumberoneproducingregionat350milliontons.However,Africa
exceededAsiainpercentgrowthover2011results,increasingits tonnage nearly 15 percent from47millionin2011to54millionin2012.
Globally,thesurveyidentified26,240 feed mills, with NorthAmericaandEuropeservingas
hometomorethanhalfofthem.TheMiddleEastwasestimatedtohavethelargestfeedmills,withanaverageofmorethan63,000tonsproducedpermill.Sixtypercentof feed produced globally i spelleted,withpercentagespartic-ularlyhighinEurope.
Whenanalysedbyspecies:
• Poultrycontinuestodominate
witha43percentshareofthefeedmarketat411million tons, likely due to religiousandtastepreferencesaswellascost.Itgrewbyapproxi-mately8percentover2011estimates.Sixtypercentofall
poultryfeedtonnageisdedi-catedtobroilers,withtherestfedtoegglayers,turkeys,duckandotherfowl.
• Thepigfeedsectormatchedpoultry’s8percentgrowth,movingto218milliontonsglobally.
• Theruminantfeedmarket,comprisingdairy,beefandsmallruminants,grewmore tha n 13 percent betweenlate 2011 and December2012,andnowrequires254milliontons.
• E qu in e f ee d t on na geincreasedalmost17percent
to10.8milliontons.
• Aquaculture is thefastestgrowing species sectorby tonnagewithgrowthgreater than55percentsince2011.
• Pet food represents 20.5milliontons,40percentofwhichareproducedinthe
UnitedStates,butBrazilcon- tinuestomakeconsiderableadvancesinthissector.
“Aswelooktothedemandsof the future, chiefly the feeding of9billionpeopleby2050,thesesurveyresultsshouldstiroptimismandresolvewithinourfeedand
foodindustries,”saidDrPearseLyons,presidentofAlltech.“Ourglobalfeedindustryisrisingtothe
challenge,andwe’reseeinggrowthacrosstheboard.Moreover,we’reseeingitinsomeparticularlykeyareas– BRIC, Africa andaquaculture.”
Globalfeedproductionhas traditionally beendifficult toquantifybecausemanycoun- tries lack a national feedassociation.Forthisreason,Alltechbeganinlate2011toleverageitsglobalpresence toobtainafinerestimateof theworld’sfeedtonnage.Theresultsoftheannualyear-end
assessmentareannouncedinJanuaryasanindustryoutlookresourcefor thenewcalendaryear.
Connollypresentedthe2012Alltech Global FeedTonnageSurveyfindingsatajointmeetingoftheInternationalFeedIndustryFederation and the Food andAgricultureOrganization(FAO)
inOctober2012.
Alltechfeedsurveyfindssignificantgrowthinaquaculture
Research:Sealicedonotaffectsalmonmortality
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Aqua News
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Newglobalpartnershiptopromoteaquacultureinfightinghunger
Amajorinternationalinitiativehasbeenlaunchedtobetterunderstandtheroleofaquacultureinfoodsecurityinpoorcountries.
Bringingtogetheraglobalallianceofdevelopmentagencies,gov-ernmentsanduniversities,theinitiativewillhelplow-incomefood-
deficitcountriesinAfrica,AsiaandLatinAmericatodevelopsus- tainable policies for improving the livelihoods of millions of poorpeople.
TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isfundingthethree-yearprojectwithonemillioneuros,whichismanagedbyFAOinpartnershipwithaglobalallianceof20developmentagencies,governmentsanduni-versities.
Pivotal roleFishistheprimarysourceofproteinfor17percentoftheworld's
population-nearly25percentinlow-incomefood-deficitcountries.Fishisalsoagoodsourceofomega-3fattyacids.Omega-3fatty
acidsbenefittheheartandbraindevelopmentofhealthypeople,andthoseathighriskof-orwhohave-car-diovasculardisease.Nearly50percentof thefish thatweeatnowcomesfromaquaculture.
Althoughaquacultureiswidelyregardedtoplayapivotalroleinfightinghunger,littleisknownaboutitsexactimpactonfoodandnutri- tionsecurityandpovertyalleviationindevelopingcountries.
Given population growth projections, increasingdemandsforfishproductswithstableproductionofcapturefish-eries,aquaculturewillneedtoexpandtomeetthefuturedemand
forfish.
Impact on food securityThenewpartnershiprepresentstheworld'sregionswhereaqua-
cultureplaysamajorroleandsupportsthelivelihoodsofmillionsofsmall-scalefishfarmers.Italsoincludeskeyinstitutionswithastrongexpertiseinresearch,developmentprojectimplementationanddis-semination.
Theproject,AquacultureforFoodSecurity,PovertyAlleviationandNutrition(AFSPAN)willdevelopnewwaystoquantifythecontri-butionofaquaculturewithbettertoolsandmoresystematicandquantitativeassessments.Moreover,itwillelaboratestrategiesforimprovingtheimpactofaquacultureonfoodandnutritionsecurity
andpovertyalleviation."Theprojectwillworkcloselywithfishfarmingcommunitiesand
willfocusonfieldresearchinmanymajoraquaculturecountriesin the developing world. It will develop tools and methodologies tohelp keypartnersto develop policies gearedto improvingaqua-culture'scontributiontofoodandnutritionsecurity,"saidRohanaSubasinghe,seniorFAOexpertonaquacultureandcoordinatorof theproject.
Aqua News
ThebreedingcycleoftheEuropeaneelshaspuzzledaquaculturistsforyears.NooneknowshowthespeciesmakesitsepicjourneyfromplacesasdiverseasNorthernAfricaandIcelandtotheSargassoSeatospawn.Todate,nobabyeelshavebeenbredincaptivity.
However,themysteryofeelmatinghabitsmayberevealedthankstosatellitetechnology.AnEU-fundedresearchprojectcalledEeliad,usedsatellitetaggingtokeeptrackof600eelsastheymigrate.Researcherscould track the satellite tags as far away as theAzores.This
suggeststhattheeelsaresavingenergybyhitchingarideontheAzoresCurrent.bit.ly/12wb6PZ
How much wouldyoupayfora bluefintuna?A fishfanaticinJapanhassplashedout$1.76milliononasinglespecimen.ThefirstauctionoftheyearatTokyo'sTsukijifishmarket,sawthe222kgtunasellfor155.4millionyen, threetimesthepreviousrecordsetlastyear.
The winning bidder, Kiyoshi Kimura, president ofKiyomuraCo.,whichoperatestheSushi-Zanmairestau-rantchain,said,"thepricewasabithigh,"buthewantedto"encourageJapan,"accordingtoKyodoNewsagency.
bit.ly/XqBLGs
Here’s aquestion: howdoyou stopbananasripening tooquickly?
Theanswer:wraptheminshrimpshellsResearchersinChinahavecomeupwithasecondary
bananacoatmadefromdiscardedshrimpshells.Ahydrogelcoatingmadeofchitosan,derivedfrom
crustaceanshells,canpreventabananafrombecomingoverripeforabouttwoweeks,accordingtoXihongLi,leadauthorofanewbananastudyreportedthisweekattheAmericanChemicalSociety'sannualmeeting.
http://bit.ly/X934Zx
Aregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry
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We like to celebrate the wonderful, funny and
just plain weird world of aquaculture. Here
are some of the off the wall stories that caught our
attention recently.
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
FEATURES
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tionsandindividualfeaturescanbe
viewed,anditiscompletelyfree.
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AQUACULTURE
by Dominique P Bureau, member
of the IAF Editorial Panel
On the usefulnessof bioenergetics andthe need for morerational approaches
Bioenergetics,thestudyofenergytransactionsinbiologicalsystems,hasfoundwideapplicationinanimalnutrition,includingthatofaquaculturespecies.Acenturyago,EgeandKrogh(1914)firstappliedtheprinciplesofbioenergeticstofishes.Today,weformulatefeedstoacertaindigestibleenergy(DE)basisandensurethatthefeedshaveaproperdigestibleprotein(DP)toDEratio(DP:DE).Itisalsoincreasinglycommonforfeedmanufacturerstoaltertheessentialnutrientconcentrationsofthediet,and
aquaculturiststoadjusttherationtobedeliveredtothefish,onthebasisoftheDEof thefeedused.Bioenergetics-drivenmodels,suchasthoseproposedbymymentor,DrCYoungCho,haveprovenveryusefulandpracticalforestimationoffeedrequirementandwasteoutputsoffishpopulationsheldincaptivity.ThesuitabilityofcomparingfeedsonthebasisoftheirDEcontenthasbeen
demonstratedonanumberofoccasionsinthescientificliterature.
Despiteitsincreasingacceptanceandpopularityinaquaculturenutrition,it
mustneverbeforgotten thatbioenergeticsisa‘system’aimedatsimplifyinginterpretationofhighlycomplexofbiochemicalprocesses.Hundredsofwidelydifferentcompoundscontainenergy(Gibb'sfreeenergy).Animalsdonotsimplymetabolizethisenergyperse,instead,theymetabolize
specificnutrients,eachwith theirspecificrolesandmetabolicfates.Consequently, thewidelyheldbeliefthat‘animalseattomeettheirenergyrequirement’isoverlysimplistic.
Whileitistruethatanimalsneedtoconsumenutrients thatwillbecatabolizedtoharnesstheirchemicalenergy,whichwillthenbeusedinlifesustainingprocesses,itmustberecognisedthataverylarge
proportion(wellover50%undermostconditions)of thefeedintakeofananimalis toacquirenutrientsthatareprecursorsforthebiosynthesisofmoleculesthatarestructuralorcatalyticcomponents(structuralproteins,enzymes,phospholipids),storageforms(triglycerides,glycogen)orbiologicallyactivemolecules(hormones,cytokines,lipidmediators,etc.).Theamountof‘energy’thatneedstobeconsumedis,thus,largelydrivenby1)whattheanimalseekstoachieve(itsgrowthpotential,desiredbodycomposition,etc.),2)thenutritionalcompositionof thefeed,and3) thespecificmetabolicrulesthatgovern theutilizationofthe individualnutrientsconsumed.Inthiscontext,toboildownsuchcomplexprocessestoasingletermorfactor,i.e.the
‘energy’contentofthedietorrequirementoftheanimal,isnotsensible.
Evidencesuggeststhatsignificantdifferencesexistbetweendifferentaquaculturespeciesintermsoftheefficiencyofdifferentenergy-yieldingnutrients(aminoacids,lipids,digestiblestarch)tosupportproteindepositionandgrowth.Arguablythemostsignificantlimitationofbioenergeticsmodelsisthat theyarebasedon ‘hierarchyofenergyallocation’,aconceptaccordingtowhich‘growthisthesurplusofenergyafterallothercomponentsofthe
energybudgethavebeencoveredorsatisfied’(Kitchelletal.,1977).Thisconcepthasproventobearelativelyflawedsinceyoungfishfedamaintenanceration(rationsupportingzerobodyenergydeposition)canstilldepositproteinandgrow.
Toquantitativelylookattherequirementandutilization
ofalldietarycomponentsinadetailedandintegrativefashionishighlydesirablebutitisalsoextremelycomplex.Consequently,bioenergeticsofferstodayarelativelysimpleandpracticalwayoflookingattheglobalnutrientneedsof theanimalandthepartitioningofthesenutrientsbetweencatabolismasfuelsandanabolismasstoragein tissues.However,weshouldbeunsatisfiedwith
thissituationandshouldstrivetodevelopmorerationalapproachesandmodelsbasedonmoreorlessexplicitrepresentationofbiochemicalreactionsandmetabolicrolesandfatesofnutrients.
Anumberofthistypeofmodelshasbeendevelopedbyvariousresearchgroupsforvariousfishspecies.Giventhe
complexityofthetask,all these‘mechanistic’modelshavebeendevelopedwithsomedegreeofsimplificationofmetabolicpathways,includednumerousassumptions,andbeengenerallydrivenbymoreorless transparentandrationalpartitioningrules.Thesehighlydetailedmodelscanworkwellwithinthenarrowrangeofconditions
forwhichtheyaredeveloped.However,theygenerallyfailtoaccuratelydescribenutrientutilizationbyfishunderawiderangeofconditions(differencesinfeedcomposition,environmentalconditions,husbandrypractices,lifestages,geneticbackgroundofanimals,etc.)encounteredinfishculture.
AmajorbottleneckhasbeenthelackofcriticalmassintermsofR&Deffortinvestedonthis topic.Effortsinthepasthavelargelybeenidiosyncratic,piece-meal,andshort-termin
nature.Thereisaneedformoreconcerted,long-termsystematicR&Defforts.Morecomprehensiveandrationalapproachesandmodelsallowingmoreaccuratedescriptionandpredictionoftheconversionofdietaryinputsintobiomasswouldmakepossibletheelaborationofeffectivestrategiesaimedat
improvingtheeconomicalandenvironmentalsustainabilityofaquacultureoperationsworldwide.
Wanttoknowmore?Disagree?Havefeedbackandsuggestions?Contactmeat:[email protected]
AQUACULTUREUPDATES
S pa rs ho lt C ol le ge i nHampshire,UKhasunveileditsnewaquaculturebuildingandlaunched an apprenticeshipinaquaculture.The£500,000Salmonid Rearing andTrialsCentrewasofficiallyopenedonJanuary31,2013andwillbehometostudentsstudyingFishHusbandryandFisheryManagement.
Vietnameseseafoodproducers
areplanningtocontestaUSDepartment of Commerceanti-subsidy investigation toseewhetherthecountryandsixothershavebeenengagedin unfai r t rade pract ices.TheVietnameseAssociationof Seafood Exporters andProducers(VASEP)saysthat theshrimpindustry inVietnami s not s ub si di se d b y t hegovernment.
Researchers in theJapanese
prefectureofNagasakihavestartedaprojecttofeedkelpgrouperatanonshorefacility.Theexperimentalstudyaims to shor ten the raising period to two years instead of fouryears i t currently takes inoffshorecages.
Net pen aquacul ture in
Washington State, USA maycometoanendifaproposedbil l i s passed by the StateHouse. Rep. KevinVan De
Wege, a Sequim Democrat,filedtheone-pageproposaltoallowcountiestobannetpenaquaculture.Unsurprisingly,fishfarmersintheareahavecomeoutinoppositiontothebill.
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IF FO ( th e I n te r na ti on a lFishmealandFishOilorgani-sation)logohasundergonea
makeover.The organisation wasformedin2001,buthasacol-
lectivehistoryofover50years,encompassingtheactivitiesofits predecessors, namely theFishmealExporters’Organisation(FEO),InternationalAssociationof F i sh Meal Manufacturers
( I AF M M) a nd I n te r nat i ona lFishmealandOilManufacturers’Association(IFOMA).Theorgan-
i s at i on c o nt in u es t omovewiththetimesand
is introducinganewlookfor2013.
Whilethefishmealandfishoil
industriesarestillatthecoreof theorganisation,recentyearshaveseenmembersfromthehumannutraceuticalsector, marinecrus- tacean processing, algae cultiva- tion and even retai ling join theorganisationastheimportanceofrenewable, responsiblymanagedmarine ingredients has grown.
Toreflectthisbroadermember-ship,theIFFOboardagreedamodernisedlogoandstrapline,whileretainingthenameIFFOtomaintainalinktothelonghistoryoftheorganisation.
IFFOintroducesnewlogo
The re-introduct ion ofprocessedanimalproteins( PA P s) d e r iv e d f r om
category3materialsdeemedfitfor human consumption fromnon-ruminant sources is due
within the EU member statesfromJune,2013underrevisedlegislation.The use of PAPs inallfarmedanimaldiets,including those of fis h, was banned in the EU in 2001 (par t of animal
health protect ion measuresagainstTransmissibleSpongiformEncephalopathies(TSEs).
Consequently, the EU aquac-ulturesectorwasdisadvantagedwithin the global aquaculturemarketandalternativesourcesofprotein(principallyplantby-productssuchassoybeanmeal,variouspulsesandgrainproteinconcentrates) were the maincommoditiesusedincombina- tion with fishmeal. Ani mal by-
productsarehoweveravaluable
proteinresourcethathavebeenavoidedforoveradecadeand this has constrained the poten- tialtoreduceourdependenceonmarinesourcesofbothproteinandfatforaquafeeds.
Strategic research conductedbythePlymouthUniversityFishNutritionandAquacultureHealthgroupfrom2005to2011commis-sionedbyStephenWoodgate(pre-viouslytechnicalDirectorofEFPRA;European Fat Processors andRenderersAssociation)resultedinseveralpeer-reviewedpublications(Daviesetal2009;Laporte,2007).Theseinvestigationsvalidatedthesafetyandefficacyofpoultryby-productmeatmeals,feathermealsand porcine blood proteins foruseindietsfortrout,seabass,seabream,turbot,tilapiaandcarp.
Thiswork,carried out underProfessor Simon Davies, hasclearlydemonstratedthefeasi-
bilityofreplacingfishmealwith
these products at high inclusionlevelsresultinginexcellentgrowth,feedefficiencyandaddedhealthbenefitsforthesespecies.
Whilsthavingexcellentdigest-ibilitycharacteristics,poultryby-
products were shown
toincreasebonedensity,support the immuneresponseoffishandpro-vidingeffectivereplace-
mentoffishmealatupto50percentwithoutcompromisinggrowthanddevelopmentoffish.Theseinvestigationswerehigh-lighted in documentation for-warded byEFPRAto the EUEuropean Food SafetyAgency
(EFSA)assupportingevidence to recons ider their introduc- tion in aqua-feeds produced inEurope.
Processedanimalproteins(PAPs)inaquafeedformulationsinEurope
Th e E u ro pe an F ee dM a n u f a c t u r e r s ’Federation (FEFAC)
President Patr i ck Vanden
A ve nn e w el co me d t heEuropeanCommissiondecision toadopt and publish thenewregulation on the reauthori-sationofnon-ruminantproc-essedanimalproteinsexclu-sivelyforuseforfishfeeding.Hestatedthat“thismeasurepaves the way for our EUaquacultureproducerstostepuptheireffortstoencourage thesustainabledevelopmentof
EUaquaculturebycreatingalevelplayingfieldwithseafoodimports f rom th ird coun- tries”.
“EFSA has provided clearscientificevidencethatnon-ruminant PAPs producedinaccordancewiththehighEUprocessingstandardsaresafe.TheycanhelpinreducingtheEUdependencyonfishmealimportsthuscontributingto the Common Fisher ies Policy
reformgoalsofpairingsustain-ablewildfisherieswiththesus- tainabledevelopmentofaqua-culture”.
He highl ighted that "theEuropean feed industry isfullycommittedtosupport the competi tivenessandsus- tainabi lity ofaquaculturepro-ductionintheEU,assetoutintheCommissionproposalon theCommonFisher iesPolicyandsupportedbytheEPCommitteeonFisheriesi n t he ir De cem b er 2 0 1 2voteontheCFPreportofMEP Mrs U l r ike Rodust” .Thenewmeasurecontrib-utestoglobalfoodsecurity,byreducingtheEUdepend-ency on sea food import swhichaccountformorethan70 percent of thecurrentEUconsumption".Henoted that PAPs ar e wi de ly us edbyaquacultureproducersinAsiaandNorth-andSouth-America,whoareexportingfarmedfishtotheEU.
FEFACwelcomesreturnofPAPsintheEU
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Aqua News
Iceistheno-brainerwaytokeepfishfreshduringtrans-portation. However,scientists
atNofima,Norwaybelievethaticeandinsulatedboxescreateafalsesenseofsecurityandrestrictinnovationinthesector.According to the feed research institute, in2010Norwayexported922,000
tonnes of sa lmon – the vastmajorityofthispackedfreshinpolystyrenefishboxeswith5–6
kgoficeper22kgoffish.Thisisequivalentto7,500articulatedlorriesfullofice(around230millionlitresofwater).
Nofimahasbeenworkingonalternativemethodsfortrans-
portationoffishincluding'superchilling'.
Thismethodinvolvesreducing
the temperature down to theequalisationtemperatureofthefish,typically-1to-2°C.Superchil ling is the easiest way ofincreasing the primary qualityperiodofthefishandmaybe
combined with packaging ina protected environment ofcarbon dioxide and nitrogen,
duringbothdistributionandinconsumerpackaging.Thisenableshighqualitytobemaintainedforseveralweeksinacoolingchain thatisinaccordancewiththereg-ulations(0to+2°C).
C
loudyBayClams,NewZealandhassuccessfullyundergonebothfishery
andchainofcustodyauditanditssurfclamscannowcarryFriendoftheSeainternationalsustaina-bilitysealofapproval.
Theauditedfishingvesselsforstormclam(Mactramurchisoni),diamond(Spisulaaequilatera)andmoonshell(Dosiniaanus)andTuaTua(Paphiesdonacinia),werefoundtobecom-pliant with all Friend of the Seacriteriaforsustainablefishery.
Thetargetstocksinthethree
identifiedfishing areas (withinFMA7andFMA3onthenorth-eastcoastoftheSouthIslandofNewZealand)arenotover-exploitedandoverfishingisnotoccurring.
TheTotal Allowed Catch issetandmonitoredbyboththecompany and the Ministry of
PrimaryIndustry(MPI).Basedonstockassessmentsandtheresultsoffisheriesmonitoringquotaareallocated foreach FMAeveryyear.
Theclamsareharvestedfromasandysubstratealongthecoast-line.Thefishingmethodisbasedonahydraulicwinnowingclamrake, designed and developedbythecompanyitself.TheClamRakemeshis10mmdiametre
andnonetsareused.Theuseofwaterjetsisdesigned tomaximizecatch,minimizemor- tality of clams and minimise theeffectsofdraggingthedredge
th ro ug h th e sa nd . Th e on ly
by-catchistheoccasionalpaddlecrabwhichrepresentslessthan1percentofthecatch.Ifaliveand
unharmed,theyarereturnedtosea.
Fishingisnotallowedinpro- tectedareas.GPS recordsoftheareaharvestedwereavailableforeverysinglevessel.MarineGPS tracking and navigation systemsare f it ted to al l vessels sup-plyingCloudyBayClams,thusmakingallfishingtripstraceable.Fishingareas areharvested in‘paddocks’withinthedesignated
fishing(QMA)areas.Thedown-loadingofthisdataisautomatedandhenceunequivocalandnon-forgeable.
According to NZ legislationallofthecatchisrecordedon
the Catch Landing Effort Return(CLER)aswellasanydiscardson the vessel (e .g . return of
undersized l ive clams to sea)andbroughtonshore.Accuratedataandinformationoneverycatch report ing f i shing area, time, and quant ity are available.ReportingactivityissubjecttoMPIauditing.
Wasteandenergymanagementsystemsareinplaceandimple-mented.
“Friend ofthe Sea certif ica- tion confi rms our eff or ts and
continuouscommitmenttosus- tainability" explains Mike Ponder,general manager Cloudy BayClams“and i t represents animportantaddedvalueforourproduct”.
Superchilledstorage
FriendoftheSeacertificationforCloudyBayClams
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Theargumentthathundredsofsalmonfarmscreateagauntletforwildmigrating
fishhasbeenchallengedbyamapshowingactivefarmsduring2012’soutmigrationseason.
“Salmonfarmsareverywellsited
andchosenbasedon the condi- tionsoftheareaandwhat’sbestforallfish–wildandfarmed,”saidMaryEllenWalling, Executive Director,BritishColumbiaSalmonFarmer'sAssociation(BCSFA).“Thesemapsputintoperspectivewhatlittlespaceour farms actually take up whilecontributingtoBCasanimportantfarmingsectorintheprovince,particu-larlyinourcoastalcommunities.”
ThisisthethirdyearthattheBCSFAhasproactivelyproduced this ref erence for the publi c ,with themaps nowcompletebackto2007.Farmershavesup-portedcontinuingthisinforma- tionreleaseaspar toftheircom-
mitment to sharing news andfactsabouttheirfarmswiththepublic.
“Ourfarmersworkhardeachdaytogrowhealthyfood,soedu-catingthepublicaboutthatcom-mitmentisakeyresponsibilityforus,”saidWalling.
The spr ing is a part icular lyi mp or t a nt t im e f or s al mo nfarmers,whoemploynumerous
managementpracticestoprotect the health of both farmed andwildfishyearround.FromMarch to July, the frequency of countsfor naturally-occurringsea liceandfish health monitoring onfarmsincreasestogivespecial
considerationtowildfishspeciesmigrating from freshwater out to their feeding grounds in theNorthPacific.
Thesemapsareparticularlyhelpfulfollowingthereleaseof the final repor t of the CohenCommiss ion of Inqui ry into th e De cl in e of Fr as er Ri ve rSockeye,whereJusticeBruceCohenrecommendedfurther
r e se a rc h i n t h e D i sc ov er yIslandsarea.
“We’veseenlotsofestimatesabouthowmanyfarmsareinthatarea,butthisisasolidrecordfor the public that they can use toinform themselvesdirectly,” said
Walling.TheBCSFArepresentssalmon
farmcompaniesandthosewhosupplyservicesandsuppliesto the indust r y. Sa lmon fa rm ingprovides for 6,000 direct andindirectjobswhilecontributing$800-million to the provincialeconomyeachyear.
Themapcanbeviewedonlineatwww.salmonfarmers.org
Activesalmonfarmmapshowssmallfootprint
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Aqua News
The U.S Food and DrugAdministrationhaspart-n er ed w it h t he J oi nt
Inst itute for Food Safety andApplied Nutrition (JIFSAN) at the Univer sity of Mar yland toofferatrainingmoduleforaqua-cultureproducerstohelpthem
complywithFDAregulationsforimportingseafood.JIFSANhouses theonline trainingonits websiteandprovidescertificatesofcom-pletiontothosewhotakeit.
TheUnitedStatesimportsapprox-imately90percentofitsseafood.Thetrainingcourseisdesignedfor
foreignproducerswhoexporttheirproductstotheUS,andmayalsobeusefulforforeignregulators.FDAreceivesnumerousinquirieseachyearfromimportersandproducersofseafood,particularlyaboutthechemicalsordrugstheyareusingorwouldliketouse.Thenewmodule
isdesignedtoclarifyhowFDAreg-ulatesdrugsforaquaculture,andprovidesinformationtohelpidentifywhatdrugsmaybeusedandhow they should be used to preventunacceptableresidues.The coursealsoincludesasectiononthejudi-cioususeofantimicrobials.
Withtheworld’spop-ulationsettobreak9 bi l lion by 2050,
sourcingsustainablehighqualityproteinandnutrientsisbecomingincreasingly important.This isespeciallyvitalconsideringcurrentfoodsystemscannotsustainsuchaprominentinflux.
Though according to Becky
Timmons,directorofapplicationsresearchandqualityassuranceat
AlltechUSA,thisisagreatoppor- tunityfor theagricultureindustry to sustainably provide the nec-essary nutrients for the ever-increasingpopulation.
WithashortfallintheavailabilityofOmega-3fattyacids,vegetablesources are increasingly beingsubstituted inthe production offarmedfish.Thissubstitutionleads
to lower levelsof Omega-3fattyacidsinthemeat.Althoughfish
consumptionhasdoubledsince2005, though the nutrit ionalbenefitsstillremainthesame.
Recently,atAlltech’sGlobal500,Timmonsspokeaboutthepossi-bilitiesforalternative,value-addedenrichedproducts.Althoughtheseproductsarealreadyavailablein today’s markets, they are usuallyfortifiedwithfishoralgaloilafterproduction.Timmonssuggeststhatfeedingtheanimalstheoildirectly
wouldresultinnoticeablealgalbenefitsinthemeatitself.
Discussingthebenefitsofvalue-addedsolutions,Timmonsexplains,“Considerwhatyouropportuni- ties are and do not be afraid ofscienceandforwardthinking,staycurious! Lookforwardandsayif thereis a challengethen thereisalsoanopportunity.Thereisawayforustodifferentiateourselvesin thosetimesofchallenge.”
Followingtrials,AlltechhasseenasignificantuptakeofOmega-3
fatty acidsin meat in variousspecies.
Wa t e r a n dE n v i r o n m e n t a lA f f a i r s M i n i s t e r,
Edna Molewa has publ ished the Env ironmental ImpactAssessment(EIA)Guidelinefor
AquacultureinSouthAfricaforpubliccomment.Published under section 24J
of the National EnvironmentalManagement Act, 1998 (ActNo.107of1998),theguideline
seekstoaligntheEIAprocessandenvironmentalauthorisations to the specific nature of aquac-ulture.
Italsoseeks toidentify andpromoteawarenessofthepoten-
tialpositiveand negativeimpactsassociatedwithaquacultureandpresentmeasuresofmitigation tothe potentialimpactsofaqua-culture.
“Aquaculture does not take
placeinavacuumandtheguide-lineemphasisesthisandprovidesparticularsaroundtheauthorisa- tion requirements in aquacultureunderpinnedbyvariousenviron-mentallegalframeworks,including
theBiodiversityAct,theProtectedAreasActandtheWasteAct,”says thedepartment.
Theguidelinealsohighlightsthescaleofthepotentialimpactsofaquacultureandtherisksposed
to the environment if aquacul- ture is not implemented along theprinciplesofsustainability.
Molewasaysthattheguidelinewillassistwiththecreationofanenviron-mentallyresponsibleandmoresus- tainableaquacultureindustry.
“Itisenvisagedthattheprinci-
plesoutlinedinthisguidelinewillresultinthedevelopmentofenvi-ronmentallysustainableprojectsandultimatelyanenvironmentallyresponsibleaquaculturesectorforSouthAfrica,”Molewasays.
EnvironmentalimpactguidelineforaquacultureinSouthAfrica
Alltechconductstrialsintoalgaeapplications
FDAandJIFSANannounceonlinetrainingforaquacultureproducersandimporters
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Withdemandforworldfood
supply intensifying year on
year, forecasters predict
that in the not-too-distant
future,theaveragefamilyislikelytofindfish
onthedinnerplatefarmorefrequentlythan
proteinfromlandrearedanimals.Theworld
population needs large supplies of protein
anditcostssignificantlylesstocultivatefish,
thantoraiselandanimalssuchascows,pigs
andpoultryforslaughter.
This scenario is expected to drive theworld food business into the direction ofaquaculture with increasing momentum in the years to come. Contemporary trendssupportthisprediction.Inthepast50years,globaldemandforfishproductshasdoubledand today nearly halfof the world’s sea-foodcomesnotfromwildcatches,butfromland-based and off-
shorefishfarms.Aquaculture is
poised to intensifyacrosstheworld,notonly in established fish-producing countrieslikeNorwayandScotland,butalsoinChina,Vietnam,India,BrazilandcountriesaroundtheMediterraneanSea.Chile’saquaculturesector,whichwasgreatlyimpactedafewyearsagoby infectious salmon anaemia (ISA), a viraldiseaseaffectingAtlanticsalmon,isalsomak-ingarobustcomeback.
According to projections offered by theFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO)oftheUnitedNations,itisestimatedthattomaintain the current level of per capita fishconsumption, global aquaculture productionwillneedtoreach80milliontonnesby2050.
LindeGases,adivisionofTheLindeGroupandagloballeaderinaquaculturetechnology,has been closely tracking these trends andcontinuestoinvestheavilyindevelopingthekindoftechnologyrequiredbothnowandin thefuturetosupporttheexpectedexpansioninworldaquaculture.Lindeanticipatesgrowthintheworldaquacultureindustrybetweensix to eight percent in 2013 alone. This meansfishfarmswillneedtogearuptheiroperations to be equal to the challenges of maintainingoptimal fish production conditions, such asappropriatenutrition,diseasepreventionandmostimportantly,maintainingahealthywaterenvironment.
Controlling the concentration of oxygendissolvedinwateriscrucialtothesuccessof
aquaculture.Generallyspeaking,theclosertheoxygenconcentrationisto airsaturation,thebetterwillbetheenvironmentforhealthyandreliablefishgrowth.Maintainingtherightlevelsofoxygenimprovesfeedutilisation,shortens the growth period, reduces fish mortalityand mitigates the need for vaccination andantibiotics.
From land to seaDependingonthefishspecies,themost
common approach in today’s aquaculturesector is to grow these fish on land in acontrolled freshwater environment until the
fish grow to weigh about 100 grams, as is the case with the salmon industry, which is themost dynamicarea ofthe industryat themoment.Oncethefishreach100grams,theyaretransferredtoseacageswheretheycanbegrowntoapproximately4-5kilogramsdur-ingaperiodof14-24months.
Thelatestadvanceisa moveto growing the young salmon up to 200 grams on landandthe larger fish farming companies agree that this practice is likely to progress to a
pointwherethefishareeventuallygrowntofull slaughter size on land. Before this hap-pens,however,themostlikelydevelopmentis expected to be an intermediate stagebetweencultivatingthefishonlandandtrans-ferringthemtoseacages,thatinvolvesclosed
systemswhichfloatinthesea.
For technol-ogy partners likeLinde, regardlessofwhetherthefishare being reared
in closed systemson land or in thesea, their task is to ensure that the
oxygenation systems they supply keep pacewiththedynamicsofthechangestheindustryisexperiencing.
This trend towards thinking beyond the traditional16 to20metrediameter fresh andsalt water tanks is taking hold in the leadingaquaculture regions and it is likely that tanksasbigas40metresindiameterandbiggerwill
becomeareality.Tosupportthistrend,Lindeis focusing on developing technology that willgetthehydrodynamicsrightandensureoxygenisfullydistributedthroughouttheselargetanks.
Aninterestingpotentialbenefitofincreas-ingland-basedaquacultureisthatwhenintro-
Transforming aquaculture productionusing oxygenation systemsby Linde Gases Division, Germany
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duced on a large scale it could bring fishproduction to the place where the fish isactuallyconsumed.
The Marine Harvest Group, the world'slargestprivatefishproducer,isbuildingever-largertanks.AtKårstø,Norway,thecompanyhas plans to produce 6,000 tons of salmonper year, onshore, to an average size of 1kilogram,infishtanks40metresindiameterand10metreshigh,withvolumesofwateras
highas12,000cubicmetres.MarineHarvestalso intends to explore the possibility ofbuildingalandbasedfishfarminaquarryatMjølkevikvarden, in Askøy, Norway, where the company believes there is potential tobuilda plantbigenough toproduce50,000 tonsperyearof1kilogramsalmon.
This is equal to 5 percent of the totalbiomass production of salmon and troutin Norway today — currently about 1 mil-lion tons per year. Theoretically, if 20 of theseplantswhere inoperationtoday, allof
Norway’ssalmonproductiontofullslaughtersize could be accomplished on land. Keyparameters associated with this installationare20,000cubicmetrefishtanks,35metresindiameter.
Pioneering technologyOneofthemostpioneeringtechnologies
to be introduced to the industry has beenLinde’s SOLVOX® OxyStream system. The
uniquenessofthetechnologyisbasedonitsability to perform three critical functions inonesystem-dissolvingoxygeninthewater,producingthecorrectmarinehydrodynamicsandstrippingoutpotentiallyharmfulnitrogen-andallthisviaaverylowenergyrequire-ment.Thesystemiseasilyinstalled,asanewset-up or as a retrofit to existing fish farm tanks, and is maintenance-free because it isnot associated with any ancillary equipment
tomanagewaterpressure.SOLVOX® OxyStream significantly
increases fish production volume, optimisesfish meat quality and considerably improvesoperationsfromanenvironmentalstandpoint.Itisacombinedoxygenationandflowsystem that not only dissolves the optimal amountof oxygen in the inlet water flow, but alsodistributesitevenlyatanadjustableflowpat- tern throughout the tank, ensuring that thefishstockbenefitfromthephysicalexerciseinvolved in swimming against the flow. The
flow regime can be fully tailored according to fish size, stock density and fish species,suchassalmonorcod.Thesystemcomprisesa standalone unit, allowing water flow andoxygen dosing to be individually controlledforeachtank.
Themicro-bubblescreatedbySOLVOX ®OxyStream create the additional benefit ofhelping to reduce the concentration of dis-solvedinertgasessuchasnitrogen,argonand
carbon dioxide. In particular, oversaturationofnitrogen,eveninrelativelysmallquantities,canendangerthewellbeingoffishstock,slow-ing growth and increasing the possibility ofdisease, andultimately, evenmortality. With theinstallationofOxyStream,externaldegas-singunitstopreventinertgasbuild-upwill,inmanycases,becomeobsolete.
Depending on the application, pumpingpressuresaslowas0.05to0.2bararenor-
mally sufficient to oxygenate the incomingwater,stripnitrogenandcreateoptimaltankhydrodynamics. This low operating pressuremakesthesystemveryenergyefficient.
The capabilities of this technology wereproved during trials conducted at a MarineHarvestfacilityin2011.ResultsshowedthatOxyStreamwastheonlyoxygenationsourcesuitableforrearingyoungsalmonhatchedin
tanksrunningonfreshwater,beforegradually transitioning them to seawater. This createsan optimum environment in which to rear
salmon, ensuring the correct oxygen levels throughouttheentire productionperiod andkeeping fish stress levels to an absoluteminimum.
Importantly,thetechnologymakesitpos-sible to precisely predict flow velocity and to adjust this velocity in the circular on-land tanks, Depending on their state of matu-rity, fish need a certain water velocity toremainhealthy.Ifthevelocityisnotcorrect,
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FEATURE
Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,
Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, [email protected] www.akahl.de
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fish behaviour and swimming patterns canbecome erratic, utilising more energy and thereforerequiringmorefood.
The global aquaculture industry hasrespondedtotheintroductionofthissystemwith immense interest and the Linde teamcurrentlyhasmanyunitspilotingatcustomersites and has fielded enquiries from NorthAmerica, the UK, Norway, France, Chile,Australia and even from Saudi Arabia and
Israel.
Future developmentsAs larger tanks are being contemplated,
Linde is already investing in future develop-ments and, to this end, in 2012 openeda state-of-the-art Innovation Centre forAquaculture-apioneeringR&DandtestingunitlocatedatÅlesund,Norway.Thislocationwasspecificallychosenforitsproximitytotheheart of the world's most industrialised fishfarmingcommunity.
Inadditiontohighlyequippedlaboratories, the centre features a number of test and
demonstration aquaculturetanks, the largestof which is 55 cubic metres and has beenbuilttoahighlyinnovativespecification.The
tank allows both aquaculture technologistsandcustomersaliketoobservehowthelatestoxygenation technologies impact fish devel-opment within an optimal on-land farmingenclosure.Inadditiontoanoverheadwalkwayextendingthefulldiameterlengthofthetank,Lindehasmaximisedobservationalopportu-nities via eye-level inspection windows andunderwaterlighting.
Outside of Norway, development inaquaculture is going on in many othercountries . A fter being h it by the ISA
virus, the aquaculture industry in Chileisramping upagain with a robust focuson oxygenation technology to supportdisease control . Technology capable ofmak ing more oxygen ava il ab le at lowenergyisalsoattractingattentionincoun-
tries pla nn ing toe xpandth eir aquacult ureindustries.
Linde is also doing research into thespecies of fish most likely to be producedinhighervolumesinfutureyears.Whiletheexisting salmon industry will continue togrow,indicationsarethatothertypesoffish,particularlythosecapableofbeingharvestedin warmer watertemperatures of about 25 to30degreesCelsius,willcometothefore.
In fact, a research team at the newLinde Innovation Centre for Aquaculture issimulating conditions in tropical areas, bothforfishcultivatedinfreshandsaltwater.Thisis expected to pave the way for Linde todeveloptechnologysurpassingcurrentstate-of-the-artsystemsinthisarena.
Broader technologiesLinde’s existing aquaculture offering, fea-
turing broader technologies and products,willcontinuetoplayaroleintheforeseeable
future. Each facility, type of water and fishcrophasdifferentrequirementswhichcanbe
met,incombination,byelementsdrawnfromanentireproductfamily.Someofthisequip-mentisdedicatedtosaltwaterandsomeis
optimalforfreshwaterfishfarming.With 50 yearsof experience in aquacul-
ture,Lindehas accumulatedtheexpertisetoidentifytherighttypeofequipmentforeachcustomer’suniquerequirementsviathemostcost effective solution — minimum use ofoxygenandenergy.
In addition to SOLVOX® OxyStream,Linde’s SOLVOX® technology line offers awide range of oxygenation systems for theaquaculture industry, comprising equipmentforoptimiseddissolutionofoxygeninwater,
perfect distribution of oxygenated water to thefish andaregulation conceptfor smoothandreliableoperation.
SOLVOX®Stream creates a better tankenvironment and improves the wellbeing offarmedfish.Itprovidesgoodtankhydraulics
andevenoxygendistributionthroughoutthewater volume. This makes the fish spreadout throughout the entire water volume.Comprising of a slot tube with water flowindicator, SOLVOX® Stream ensures thatoxygenated water is homogenously distrib-utedoverthecompletedepthofthetank.Itisalsodesignedtoachieveanoptimalcircula- tionspeedinthefishtank,appropriatetothefish species and size. SOLVOX®Stream is
usedincombinationwithoxygenationequip-mentsuchasSOLVOX®A,guaranteeingthat the required environmental conditions, in terms of hydraulics and oxygen concentra- tion, can be set individually for each tank.SOLVOX®Stream can be customised forflowratesrangingfrom50litresperminute to20,000 litresperminuteand animportantfeatureisthewaterflowindicatorthathelpscontrolwaterflowintoeachtankandopti-miseswaterusage.
SOLVOX®C, a pressure dissolver for
seawater and fresh water, comprises conesdesigned to increase the concentration of
gases in water to a high level. In standardoperation, gas transfer efficiency is close to 100 percent. Since the cones can beoperatedatelevatedpressure,thedissolvedoxygenconcentrationcanbeincreasedsig-nificantlyabovesaturation.SOLVOX®CVisanadditionaloptiontoboosttheoxygena- tion capacity of the cones, allowing up to50 percent higher oxygen dosing withoutincreasing the water flow rate or energy
consumption.SOLVOX®B is widely used as anemergency oxygenation system because itrequiresnoauxiliaryenergyandsupportsthelifeofthefishintheeventofasystemfailure.Operationalenergyisprovidedsolelybytheoxygentankpressure.
Linde’sSOLVOX®CDceramicdiffuserisahigh-performance,aluminium-housedoxy-gen dissolving system thatensures uniform
bubbles across the entire surface and mini-mises bubble coalescence. It is also suitablefordissolvingoxygenintoshallowtankswith
waterdepthsoflessthan1metre.Itsmainfield of application is to provide additionaloxygentoindividualtanksandraceways,butit is also frequently installed for emergencyoxygensupply.
Fish grow best at a constant oxygenlevel in the water, but the oxygen con-sumptionoffishvarieswithstockingden-sity, feeding regime, activity status, tem-peratureetc.Inordertokeeptheoxygenlevel as constant as possible , d if ferentamountsofoxygenhavetobeprovided
atdifferenttimes.TheSOLVOX®Foxygendosingcabinetisdesignedtoachievethissafelyandreliably. ■
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.linde-gas.com
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After the BSE crisis in the EU
in late 2001, processed animal
proteins (PAPs) were banned
fromutilisationinfeedsforaqua-
cultureand livestock. Some productswere
re-introducedin2005(bloodproducts,milk
products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as
theydidnotposeanyriskoftransferringBSEtoconsumptionanimals.Meanwhilethebulk
of processed animal proteinswasusedfor
otherapplicationsandexportedtomarkets
outsideEurope.
The ever-increasing cost of fishmeal hascausedimportantincreasesinfishfeedprices.Itisthereforelogicalthatfishfeedproducerscontinuouslylookforalternatives,butallotherpotentialproteinsourcesarebecomingscarceand expensive.The re-introduction of PAPsintoEuropeanaquafeeds,effectiveonJune1,
2013,would helpthe European aquacultureindustry to solve part of the raw materialproblem.
SustainabilityIt would also reduce considerably the
carbon footprint of aquafeeds, since theseproteinsourcesarelocallyavailableandwillpartially substitute imported soybean mealfrom the Americas and fishmeal from PeruandChile.
Thecarbonfootprintof PAPsis much
lower than the footprint of vegetablemeals(Figure1).Alsotheemissionsrelated to land useand land usechange(LULUC)arehigherforvegetablemeals.Thecarbonfootprint of poultry meal originates from the production of the by-products (based
on a a llocat ion according to economicvalueofmeatandby-products),plusener-gy for transporting the by-products anddryingofthematerial.
Aquaculture is often criticised for usingmorefishthanproducingfish(FIFO>1).There-introductionofPAPsprovidesachanceto
lowertheFIFOconsiderably.Apartfromsustainability,alsonutritionally,PAPsarethefirstproteinssourcestobeused toreplacefishmeal,foranumberofreasons:
High protein and amino acid contentPAPs are rich in most essential amino
acids except methionine. They are particu-larlyhighinarginineandotherwatersolubleamino acids (proline, glycine, and glutamic
acid),whichactasattractantandpalatantinaquafeeds.
Digestible proteinsDigestibilityvariesalotbetweendifferent
PAPsandisaffectedbyqualityofrawmateri-alsbeforedryinganddryingmethod.Wecan
observethatgoodqualityPAPsshowdigest-ibilitylevelswhichareashighasthehighestqualityfishmeals.(Table2)
Partially soluble proteinsBothfishmealandPAPscontainimportant
amounts of water soluble proteins, in theform of peptides or longer chains. Thesewater soluble proteins are highly digestible,but also will improve the attractibility and
Table 1: Table of composition of feather meal, poultry meal and meat and bone meal in comparison with the
requirement of gilthead sea bream, rainbow trout and salmon
Feather meal
Poultry mealMeat andbone meal
SalmonidsGilthead
sea bream
Crude protein 85 63 50 35-45 38-46
mino acids (in % of CP)
rginine 7,0 6,7 6,9 3.3-5,1 5.0
Histidine 0,8 1,8 1,7 1,6-1,8
Isoleucine 4,9 3,5 2,8 2,0-2.3
eucine 8,2 6,3 5,3 3,6-4.0
Valine 7,4 4,9 3,7 2.9-5,3
ysine 2,4 5,7 5,0 4.0-5,0 5.0Phenylalanine 4,9 3,6 3,3 4,1-5,3
Meth+Cyst 4,9 3,0 2,1 2,4-4,0 4.0
hreonine 4,8 3,6 3,0 1,8-2,2
ryptophan 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,5-1.4 0.6
Nutritional benefits of using Processed AnimalProteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds
by Eric De Muylder1 and Geert van der Velden2
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palatability of aquafeeds. Highly digestibleprotein sources are essential in formulatinglarvalandstarterdietsforfish.Palatabilityofdiets becomes increasingly important when
dietsareformulatedtocontainlessfishmeal,butmorevegetableproteins.
Presence of digestible P and CaPhosphorus digestibility is a major prob-
lem in aquafeed formulation. The phospho-rus present in vegetable proteins is mostly trappedinphytineand isnotavailableforthefish.Utilisation of phytase canbe a solution
to increase the availability of phosphorus.Thephosphorus present in meat and bonemeal and poultry meal has a higher avail-ability.As a consequence,the faecesof fish
containingmoreanimalproteinswillcontainless phosphorus which will find its wayinto the environment. This excreted phosphoruscancauseeutrophication.Thisisparticularlyaproblemforcagefarming,andtroutfarminginflowthroughponds.
Low fibre contentMostcommercialfishspecies,culturedin
Europeforhumanconsumptionarecarnivo-rous species. Their ability to digest fibers islimited.Vegetableproteinsourcearegenerallyhigh in fiber content, while animal proteins
containverylittleamountsoffibers.
Lipid content as energysource, but not as sourceof essential fatty acids
One disadvantage of PAPs could be thepresence of lipids with saturated fatty acidscomparedtounsaturatedfattyacidsinfishmeal.Lipidsinfishnutritionhavearoleforprovid-
Figure 1: Carbon footprint of poultry meal and threevegetable meals per tonne of products (Ponsioen &
Blonk, 2010)
Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 15
FEATURE
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ingessentialunsaturatedfattyacids(linolenic,EPAandDHAfor salmonids and EPA andDHA for marine fishes) andasenergysource.
For fish species that can tolerate higher amounts oflipidsintheirdiet,likesalmo-nids,seabreamandseabass,acombinationofanimal,veg-etableandfishoilcansatisfyboth requirements, withoutalteringthefattyacidcontentofthefishflesh.
Presence of somenutrients whichstill need to be
investigatedDue to the ever-increas-
ingpricesandscarcityoffishmeal,researchiscontinuouslysearchingforalternatives.Thisisoftenpossibleuptoacertainlevel,buttotalreplacementoftenresultsingrowthloss,even thoughdietswere formulatedto contain the
sameamountsofessentialnutrientsforwhich therequirementsareknown.Replac ing f ishmeal by PAPs gener-
ally results in better results than replacingfishmeal by vegetable proteins. There areprobably some unknown nutrients still tobe discovered, which are present in ani-malproteinsbutnotinvegetableproteins.Hydroxyproline,taurineandnucleicacidsaresomenutrients that has attracted attentionrecently by researchers, but their require-ments still need furtherinvestigation.Thereare probably more nutrients to be discov-
eredinthenearfuture.
ConclusionPAPs are high quality protein sources.
Their re-introductioninto European aqua-feedswillfacilitate the formulationof highproteins fish feeds, since their availabilityis better than fishmeal.This will also help the strive towards more sustainable aqua-culture. PAPs contain a lot of interestingnutrients and are a better alternative toreplace fishmeal than vegetable protein
sources. ■
Diets contained 17 % Fish oil, 12 % fishoil + 5 % poultry oil or porc bone oil. In
treatment Poultry oil/Fish oil, the fish receivefirst the diet with poultry oil and than the
diet with only fish oil
Table 2: Overview of Apparent Digestibility Coecients (ADC) and Apparent Digestibility of Proteins (ADP) observed
for Rainbow trout and Gilthead seabream compared to other protein sources
ainbow trout Gilthead sea bream
DC DP DC DP
fish meal 72,6 90,5 71,8 87,5
Danish fish meal 95,8
Hydrolyzed feather meal 65,7-84 % 71,6-87 48,8 51,6-57,7
Meat and bone meal 55,9-72 83-89 35-79Poultry meal 59,8-77 83-91 80-89,9
Soybean meal 29,5-75,3 95,9 86-90,9
Soy protein concentrate 53,2 90,4
Corn gluten 80-95 74,5-89,5 90
"PAPs are high quality protein sources.
Their re-introduction into European
aquafeeds will facilitate the formulation
of high proteins fish feeds, since their
availability is better than fishmeal"
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.sonac.biz1CreveTec, [email protected] BV, [email protected]
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Bioenergetics describe the flow
ofenergyandnutrientswithina
biologicalsysteminourexample
a fish or shrimp. It describes
the biological process of utilisation and
transformationof absorbednutrients for
energy, forown bodysynthesis.Thefeed,
that is consumed, is transformed in the
body, complex chemical compounds are
broken down into simplercomponents -
protein into amino acids, carbohydratesintoglucose,lipidsintofattyacidsandwith
thisprocessenergyisreleased-whichis
usedformaintenance,forrenewingworn
out tissue and building new tissue - for
growth. The major organic compounds
infeedssuchaslipid,proteinandcarbo-
hydrates are the sources of energy but
they also supplythebuildingmaterial for
growth.
There are different types of energy,chemicalenergy,electricalenergy,mechani-
calenergyandheat.Thesedifferentformsof energy can be transformed into eachotherbutonlyatacost,thetransformationis not 100 percent efficient. What is lostismostlyintheformofheat.Heatisalso the only form of energy, into which all theothers canbe transformed andmeasured.The chemical energy stored in feed andanimal t issue is measured using a bombcalorimeter.Theamountofheatproducedby complete oxidation of feed or tissueis known as the heat of combustion or
gross energy (GE). Heat energy is usuallyexpressedinkilocalories(kcal)orkilojoule(kJ).Onekcalequalstheenergyneededtoraisethetemperatureofonekgofwaterbyonedegree Celsius(°C). Onekcal equals4.184kJ.
Forthebio-energeticmodel,thetwolawsofthermodynamicscanbeapplied
1. Energy cannot be created ordestroyedwithinasystembutmaybe changed into different forms(whatgoesinmustgoout)
2.Inasystemwhereenergyistrans-formed(fromfeedtoflesh)thereisadegradationandlossofenergy
intheformofheat(nothingis100percentefficient)
TheflowofenergyfromfeedtogrowthinananimalisillustratedinFigure1.Notall the energy from the feed is digested, sub-stancessuchasfibreandcellulosefromplantingredientspassthroughthedigestivesystemwithoutbeingavailabletothefish.Thecon-sumed GE minus faecal energy losses (FE)iscalledthedigestibleenergy(DE)whichis thenavailableforthemetabolicprocessesof
ananimal.The next major
losses occur, whenenergy containing com-pounds (on DE basis)are transformed by thef ish, broken down tosmaller units and thenused to bui ld i ts ownenergy reserves or todeposit protein asgrowth. As mentioned
above, this process of trans formation is never100 percent, there arealways losses and theyare mostly in the formofheat.Inpoikilotherms
such as fish this heat is lost to the sur-roundingwater,inhomeothermsitispartlyused to keep the body temperature con-stant. Only the net energy (NE) is nowavailable for maintenance and for growth.Maintenancerequirementrepresentsener-gyneededformovements,osmo-regulation,blood circulation, first this energy has tobe supplied before the remainder can bechanneledintogrowth -the main productinfishculture.
Quantification of energydemand in fish
By quantifying the energy budget - theenergy input on one hand and the variousenergy losses on the other hand, valuableinformationcanbegainedinordertoopti-misefeedsandguaranteeoptimalfishgrowth.By defining demands for maintenance andgrowth (Figure 1) and anticipating certainlosses beforehand, feeds can be formulatedandfeedingtablesestablished.
Bioenergetics - applicationin aquaculture nutrition
by Ingrid Lupatsch, Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Swansea University, United Kingdom
Figure 1: Schematic presentation of theenergy flow through a fish
18 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Mach-Api 2013
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Maintenance requirementFishrequireenergyformaintainingbasic
processes of life such as blood circulation,osmo-regulation, excretion and movement,regardless of whether or not feed is con-sumed.Ananimaldeprivedoffeedcontinues to require energy for those processes andwill obtain it from the catabolism of ownbody reserves. Depending on the activity,severalmetaboliclevelscanbedistinguished:
basal,standard,routineandactivemetabo-lism.
Metabolicrate(Q)atalllevelsofactivity,depends largely on the size of the fish and the water temperature, and is (at constant temperature) proportional to the metabolicbodyweightintheformof
Q = a BW(kg)b
Where(kg)b:Metabolicbodyweighta is the constant for given conditions
(species,activity,temperature)b isthescalingexponentofthemetabolic
bodyweightMostmetabolicstudiesonfisharecarried
outviaindirectcalorimetry.Thisisbasedon the assumption, that energy production inananimalisanaerobicprocessandrequiresoxygen for oxidising nutrients either from the foodor fromthetissue. In thiscase it isassumed that the amount of oxygen takenup by respiration will release an equivalentamount of energy which can be calculated
fromtheoxy-caloricvalue.Anothermethodisthecomparativeslaughtertechniquewhichmeasures the caloric value of the tissuesutilisedduringfasting.
Figure2illustratestherelationshipbetweenmetabolic rate of a fasting fish (gilthead seabream)andweight.
The relationship between fasting metabo-lism and fish weight is not linear and results(Figure 2) were fitted to ln- lnfunctions ashave traditionallybeen used by animal nutri- tionists to express metabolic body weight.The antilog of these functions describes the
allometric relationship common in biologicalmeasurements.
Metabolic rate (kJ /fish /day) =
41.5 BW(kg)0.80
(1)
With an exponentof b= 0.80 for the metabolicbody weight, the implica- tion is that metabolic rateisincreasingwithincreasingfishweightinabsoluteterms
(kJ/fish/day),butsmallerfishspendmoreenergyperunitsize than bigger fish. Thisconceptofmetabolicbodyweight will be clarified fur- theron.
It should be noted that the fasting metabolism isonly an approximation of themaintenancerequirement;allowancemustbe made for the efficiency of utilisation of the dietary energy. This can be achieved by
feedingfishgradedlevelsfromzerofeedup tomaximumintake.Energygainorloss infishisthendeterminedbycomparativeslaughter technique. The following Figures 3 and 4describetherelationshipbetweenenergyfed(DE) and energy retainedfor sea breamof twodifferentsizes.(at210C).
ItisobviousfromFigure3thatasmoreenergy is consumed the more energy isgained,untilthefishrefusetoeatmore.Figure3 also demonstrates that the relationshipbetweendailyDEconsumed(x)andenergy
retained (y) is linear and can be describedbythefollowingequationsforeachthetwofishsizes:
Sea bream of 30 g y = - 2.2 + 0.66 × (2)
Sea bream of 100 g y = - 4.6 + 0.67 × (3)
Duringfastingthefishwouldloseenergyasexpected-2.2kJperfishof30gand4.6kJperfishof100gperday.TheDErequire-ment for maintenance (no energy gain orloss) can be found where energy gain (y)
is set at zero. According to the equationsabove,themaintenancerequirementperday
would amount to 2.2 / 0.66 = 3.33 kJ for the 30 g fish and 6.86 kJ for the 100 g fish.As mentionedbefore, absolute maintenance
requirementisincreasingwithincreasingfishweights,butregardedperunitofweightgainit is decreasing. Energy requirement of thesmallerfishis110kJ/kgandforthelargerfishonly69kJ/kg.
Theslopesofthelinesarenearlyidenticalat0.67;theycanberegardedastheefficiencyofutilisationofenergy.PerunitofDEcon-sumed67percentisretainedasgrowth,theremainderislostasheattothewater.
InFigure4thesamedatasetisusedbutdaily energy retention in fish is presented
referring to the metabolic weight of kg0.80
.ByexpressingDEintakeandthesubsequentretention of energy per metabolic weight(kg0.80)theresultingregressionsoftherela- tionshipsforbothf ishsizescanbecombined.
ThustherelationshipbetweenDEfed(x)andenergygained(y)bothexpressedinkJ/kg0.80/dayisasfollows:
at 21ºC y = - 33.7 + 0.67 × (4)
Accordingtotheequation(4),themain- tenance requirement perdaywouldamount
to 33.7/0.67 = DEmaint =50.3 kJ x kg0.80(at 21ºC). Againthe slopeof the line,the
Figure 2: Metabolic rate (kJ/fish/day) ofgilthead sea bream at increasing sizes
Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 19
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efficiency of energy utiliza- tionforgrowth remains thesame at 0.67. The recipro-calof0.67is1.49(1/0.67),which means that 1.49 kJofDEhavetobeinvested to produce 1 kJ of energyas growth, in otherwords, the energy cost to depositoneunitofenergyasgainis
closetooneandahalfunitsof energy from the feed(basedinDE).
Besidesfishweight,water temperature is one of themajor factors to determinemaintenance requirement.Addingdataofanadditional trial with sea bream per-formed at 27ºC provides the following equation for therelationshipbetweenDE
fed and energy gained per(kg)0.80(Figure5):
at 27ºC y = - 51.5 + 0.66
× (5)
According to equation(5),themaintenanceenergyrequirement would amount to DEmaint = 78 kJ kg0.80at a temperature of 27ºC,while at 21ºC the mainte-
nance requirement was cal-culated as 50.3 kJ kg0.80 asshown before. However inboth instances the slope of the line (efficiency) remains thesame evenatthe higher temperature.
Requirementsfor growth
To be able to estimatefeedrequirementsitisessen- tial to predict the growth
potential of the target spe-cies. In contrast to terres- trialanimalsfishseemtogrowcontinuously, growth doesnot cease and reaches anasymptote,which in aquacul- turehowevermightneverbeattained.Asgrowthisaffectedby temperature, it increaseswith increasing temperaturesup to an optimum abovewhichgrowthdecreases,until
theupperlethal temperatureisreached.Togetherwiththeantici-
pated increase in weight, the energy content of thisgainisanotherfactordeter-
miningthesubsequenttotalenergydemandoffish.
Thefollowingequationsdescribethedailyweight gain ofgilthead sea breamforwater temperaturesranging between 20 and 28ºCand the energy content per unit of weightgain.
Weight gain (g / fish / day) = 0.024 × body
weight (g) 0.514 × exp 0.060 × Temp (6)
Energy content of fish (kJ / g wet weight) =
4.66 × BW(g) 0.139 (7)
Modelling requirementsThecalculationofdailyenergyandconse-
quentlythefeeddemand(basedondigestibleenergyDE,i.e.theamountabsorbedthrough the gut) for fish can then be described asfollows:
DE intake (kJ/day) = a x BW (kg)b + c x
energy gain (kJ/day)
where DE = digestible energy intake
BW = body weight (kg)
The expected live weight gain, which isdependent upon fish size and water tem-perature,canbepredictedwiththefollowingcommonequation,whereagaina,b,andcareconstantstypicalforafishspecies:
Weight gain (g/day) = a x BW (g)b
x expc x Temp
Theaverageenergycontentoftheweightgainforafishisdependentonthefishsizeandcanbedescribedas:
Energy content (kJ/g fish) = a x BW (g)b (i.e. it
is body weight dependent)
The expected daily energygain is there-fore:
Weight gain (g) x energy content of fish (kJ/g)
Forthequantificationofdailymaintenancerequirementwhichistheenergyrequirementatzerogrowth:
DEmaint (kJ) = a x BW (kg)b
The cost of production as DE intake( in units of k J for energy) for one unitof energy deposited as f ish energy (asgrowth) is for many fish species around1.50or1/1.50=0.67=efficiencyforgrowth
Combining thoseequations suggests that the feed allowance based on energy intakecanbecalculatedasfollows:
Feed (g) = [(Maintenance + (weight gain) x
(composition) x (1.50)]
Figure 3: Relationship between DEconsumed and energy gained (in kJ / fish /
day) for two sizes of gilthead sea bream
Figure 4: Relationship between DEconsumed and energy gained (in kJ /
kg0.80 / day) for two sizes of giltheadsea bream (at 210C)
Figure 5: Relationship between DE consumed andenergy gained (in kJ / kg0.80 / day) for gilthead sea
bream at increasing temperatures.
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FEATURE
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From both nutritionist and aqua-
culturist points of view, our aim
is to sustainably produce aquaticfoodwithsuperiorsensoryproper-
ties and high cardioprotective properties.
The reason is that although preventable,
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the
top global cause of death and stroke.The
preventionofatherosclerosisis,therefore,a
majorobjectiveofmodernmedicalandbio-
chemical investigationsinto themechanism
of atherosclerosis and how the structure
of food components determines their role
inthemechanism(s)involved.Thecomposi-
tion of aquafeeds and their impact on thenutritional valueof aquatic food is a focal
point of today’s research anddevelopment
bothinacademiaandindustry.
Since the study of the seven countries(Keys et al.,1984),someunansweredques- tionsstillremainastowhycohortsinGreeceandItalyhadcoronaryheartdisease(CHD)at low frequencies but high levels of serumcholesterol(Figure1).
Thereiscompellingliteratureontheben-eficial roleof omega-3 polyunsaturated fattyacids(omega-3PUFAs)andthereisacorebeliefthatfishisgoodforourheartbecauseofthesePUFAs.Mechanistically,though,itisnot clear howomega-3 PUFAs work. Their
postulatedmechanism in preventingathero-sclerosiscouldbethroughloweringthelev-
els of triacylglycerol, preventing arrhythmias,decreasing platelet aggregation or loweringbloodpressure(Saravananet al.,2010).
On the other hand, the association ofomega-3PUFAsandCVDshasbeenrevisedrecentlybyevaluatingallrandomizedtrialson the supplementation of omega-3 PUFAs toadults(Rizos et al.,2012).Inthisreview,theresultsof20studieson68,680patientswereevaluated and omega-3 PUFAs were notfoundtobestatisticallysignificantlyassociatedwithCVDsinvariouspatientpopulations.In the light of this study, we may need to re-focusourresearchqueststowardsfeedandfoodcomponentswithprovedcardioprotec- tiveactivities.
Polar lipids of fishLipid microconstituents of specific food
that constitute important ingredients of theMediterranean Diet have been found that theyhave in vitro(inthetesttube)importantcardioprotectiveproperties(by inhibitingthe
actions of the so called Platelet ActivatingFactor,PAF).PAFisthemostpotentinflam-matorylipidmediator,awell-recognizedago-nistofplateletaggregationthatplaysacrucialrole in atherosclerosis, i.e. the developmentofcardiovasculardiseases.Theselipidmicro-
constituents can practically inhibit the onsetof atherosclerosis and the development of
CVDs(Zabetakiset al.,2013).Suchlipidshavebeenfound inawiderangeoffoodsuchasredandwhitewine,yoghurt,fish,oliveoilandolive pomace. Further in vivo (using rabbits)studiesofoliveoil,olivepomaceandaqua-culturedfish(Nasopoulouet al.,2010)havere-confirmedthatitisthepolarlipidfractionof these food sources that can reduce the thicknessofatherosclerotic lesionsin hyperc-holesterolaemicrabbits(Figure2).
Inafurthermechanisticstudy,ourgrouphas recently demonstrated that the polar
lipidsofseabreamhavedown-regulatedPAFbiosynthesisandup-regulatedPAFcatabolism;practically the polar lipids of fish can inhibitatherosclerosis related enzymatic activities
(Nasopoulouet al.,2011b).
Heavy dependency on fish oilsThe steadily increasing population on
Earthmakes the sustainableproductionoffoodoneofthemajornutritionalproblemsfor mankind to address. In terms of foodsecurity in aquaculture, we need to facesuccessfully a ‘paradox’ on the sustainable
productionoffishfeed:today,highamountsoffishoil(FO)arerequiredtoproducefishfeed.Currently,40percentand60percentoftheglobalproductionoffishmealandfishoil, respectively, are used in aquaculture.Salmonid diets alone consumed over 55
percentofthefishoilusedbytheaquacul- ture sector in 2006. About 50 percent ofworldmarinefishstockshaverecentlybeenestimated as fully exploited, 32 percent asoverexploitedandonly15percentasunder-exploited. These exploitation data suggest
that the diminishing levels of available wildfish worldwide combined with the fact thataquaculturedcarnivorousspeciesrequirelargeamountsofwildfishintheirfeedcreateanemergingnecessitytoimproveourresourcemanagementpractices.
Towards aquafeeds withincreased food securityby Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry, University of Athens, Greece
Figure 1: Rate of mortality dueto Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)per quartile of serum cholesterolin pooled cohorts of the SevenCountries Study (adopted from deLorgeril M et al . Cardiovasc Res2002;54:503-515)
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Need for novelsources
In order to reducedependence on fish oil, sig-nificant breakthroughs have
occurred over the past fewyearsinreplacingitwithplantoils.Bysubstitutingfeedswith
plantoils,italsoservestoreducecostsduetothefactthatvegeta-
bleoilshavesteadilyincreasingproduc- tion, high availability and better economic
value.Severalstudieshavebeencarriedout toinvestigatecertainvegetableoilsaspos-
siblesustainablepartialsubstitutesforfishoilsincompoundedfishfeeds.Themost
commonvegetableoilsusedforfishfeedpro-ductionhavebeensoybean,linseed,rapeseed,sunflower,palmoilandoliveoil.
Soybeanandrapeseedoilareconsideredpossible alternative lipid sources for salmo-nids, freshwater and marine fish since they
are rich in PUFAs, especially linoleic (18:2ω−6)andoleicacid(18:1ω−9),butdevoidof n-3PUFA. However, in some cases, fishoil substitution by 60 percent rapeseed oilhas been found to decrease European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) growth. Soybeanoilappearstobeabetterplantlipidsourceregardinggiltheadseabream(Sparus aurata)growth while considerable savings in feedcostscouldbeachievedifitcouldbeusedas
a partial dietary substitute for fish oil withincompoundfeeds.Thesameistrueoflinseedoil and rapeseed oil, although to a lesserextent.
Furthermore,theuseofpalmoilindietsofAtlanticsalmonandrainbowtrouthasgiven
growthandfeedutilizationefficiencycompa-rabletofishfedwithequivalentlevelsoffishoil.Oliveoilcouldalsobeusedasapartialsubstitute for dietary fish oil in Europeansea bass culture, during growth out phase,Atlantic salmon (salmo salar ) and rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)withdatashowingsimilargrowthratestotheoneswhenfishwasfedon100percentfishoildiet.Allthesestud-
ieshavebeenrecentlyreviewed(NasopoulouandZabetakis,2012).
New, al ternative and in a way ‘non-orthodox’, sources of l ipids need to beidentified and valorised in order to achievesustainableproductionoffishfeedsandthus
enablingthefurtherdevelopmentofaquacul- tureapplications.Suchpromisinglipidsourcesarevegetableoils(VO).TheuseofVObasedaquafeedshassomestrongadvantages.Olivepomace (OP) andolive pomaceoil (OPO)are natural by-products of olive oil produc- tion, which contain micro constituents withatheroprotective(substances)activitysuchasPAF-inhibitorsandphenolic/polyphenolicmol-
Figure 2: Representative optic micrographs x 100 of aortic wall sections stained withhaematoxylin and eosin from the two experimental groups, where atherosclerotic
lesions appear as foam cells (↑). (A) Group A (atherogenic diet); (B) Group B(atherogenic diet enriched with sea bream polar lipids) (adopted from Nasopoulou et
al ., 2010). Copyright, “Food Chemistry” Elsevier
B)
Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 23
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eculeswithantioxidantandotherpleiotropicactions. Extensive research has beencarriedby our team on olive oil by-products andfishwithregardtotheircapacitytopreventatherogenesis.
Recently,thepossibilityofpartiallyreplac-
ingfishoilingiltheadseabreamandseabassgrow-outdietbylipidsobtainedfromOPandolivepomaceoil(OPO)hasbeenreported.Inactualfact,thefeedingofOPtofishresultsin an improvement in its ability to preventatherosclerosis and therefore cardiovasculardiseases(Nasopoulouet al.,2011a).
GM plantsThere have been numerous studies on
genetically modifying the plant oil profile so theplants increase thebiosynthesisof either the precursors of omega-3 and omega-6
fatty acids or these fatty acids themselves.These modifications have focused on C 18Δ6-desaturatedfattyacids(suchasγ-linolenicand stearidonic acid), omega-6- long-chainPUFAs(suchasarachidonicacid)andomega-3-long-chain PUFAS (often referred to as‘fishoils’)(suchasEPAandDHA)andtheyhave been recently revised (Haslam et al.,2012). The research approach is based on the assumption that omega-3 and omega-6PUFAs have considerable nutritional valueand thus efforts have focused in enhancing
the bioformation of these molecules in the‘designer’oils(aftergeneticmodification).However, under the light of recent evi-
dence that omega PUFAs have less nutri- tionalvalue thatpreviously considered(Rizoset al., 2012), these genetically engineering
approachesneedtobecarefullyconsidered.Scientifically, we need to assess any relatedenvironmental impact when GM plants arecultivated and commercially, we need toaddressthepublicconcernsandneedoftheconsumers (at least in EU) for ‘GMO free’
food.
Food for thought / future actionsIn today’s rapidly changing world, we
areaskedtofaceconflictingproblemsandissues such as the overproduct ion andwasteoffood,obesity,CVDsanddiabetesin the developed countries, famine andmalnutrition in the developing countries,climate change, scarcity of water, rationaluseofcultivatedlandandsustainableuseofresourcesandenergy.Inthiscomplexandswiftly changing environment, the issue of
foodsecurity and onhow we can securenutrition for the entire human populationbecomes a top prior ity for a ll of us in the feed and food arena.The sustainableproductionoffoodisacomplexchallenge.Someinsightsinapproachingthischallengehavebeenhighlightedwiththisarticle. ■
References
HaslamRP,Ruiz-LopezN,EastmondP,MoloneyM,SayanovaO,NapierJA.2012.Themodificationofplantoilcompositionviametabolicengineering-better
nutritionbydesign.PlantBiotechJournal2012:1-12.KeysA,MenottiA,AravanisC, et al.1984.TheSevenCountriesStudy:2,289deathsin15years.PrevMed13(2):141-54.
NasopoulouC,KarantonisHC,PerreaDN,TheocharisSE,IliopoulosDG,Demopoulos
CA,ZabetakisI.2010. In vivoanti-atherogenicpropertiesofculturedgiltheadseabream(Sparus aurata)polarlipidextractsinhypercholesterolaemicrabbits.FoodChem120:831-6.
NasopoulouC,StamatakisG,DemopoulosCA,ZabetakisI.2011a.Effectsofolivepomaceand
olivepomaceoilongrowthperformance,fattyacidcompositionandcardioprotectivepropertiesofgiltheadseabream(Sparus aurata)andseabass(Dicentrarchus labrax).FoodChem129:1108-13.
NasopoulouC,TsouprasAB,KarantonisHC,DemopoulosCA,ZabetakisI.2011b.Fishpolarlipidsretardatherosclerosisinrabbitsbydown-regulatingPAFbiosynthesisandup-regulatingPAFcatabolism.LipidsHealthDis10:213.
NasopoulouC,ZabetakisI.2012.Benefitsoffishoilreplacementbyplantoriginatedoilsincompoundedfishfeeds.Areview.LWTFoodSci.
Technol.47:217-224.RizosEC,NtzaniEE,BikaE.KostapanosMS,ElisafMS.2012.Associationbetweenomega-3fattyacidsupplementationandriskofmajorcardiovasculardiseaseevents.Asystematicreviewandmeta-analysis.JAMA308:1024-33.
SaravananP,DavidsonNC,SchmidtEB,CalderPC.2010.Cardiovasculareffectsofmarineomega-3fattyacids.Lancet376(9740):540-50.
ZabetakisI,AntonopoulouS,DemopoulosCA.2013.ThePreventionofAtherosclerosisbyFoodComponents:PolarLipidsversusOmega-3PUFAs.
Commentaryonwww.athero.orgpublishedon22.1.2013(http://www.athero.org/commentaries/comm1119.asp).
More InforMatIon:
Email: [email protected]
Negative environmental impactof olive pomace
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• Phosterol: a unique combination of natural cholesterol and phospholipids,
an essential nutrient for shrimps
• Hydrolyzed animal proteins for shrimp & fish feed: MucoPro & Gelko, highly digestible
• Processed Animal Proteins for shrimp & fish feed: high protein alternative for fish meal
(Porc meal 65, Porc meal 58, Poultry meal 65)
Improvementby nature
S O N . A
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1 3 . 0
2 3 . E
N . 0
1
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Equipment failure or operational
errorsarebehindthreeoutoffour
farmedsalmonescapes.Twooutof
three escapes are due to holes in
seacagenetsaccordingtoanewstudy.
Researchers working on the SECUREproject (Securing fish – farming technologyandoperationstoreduceescapes)haveana-
lysedallescapeincidentsbetween2006and2009reportedbyNorwegianfishfarms.Theirefforts provide the industry and researcherswithnewinsightsintothefactorsleadingtolossatNorwegianproductionfacilities.
Structural failures most commonEquipmentfailureordamageisthemajor
factorbehind the escape offarmed salmon.FiguresfromtheSECUREprojectshowthat68 percent of escapes occurred because ofstructural failure. An additional 8 percentwere able to escape due to human error
duringoperations.Elevenpercentofescapes took place from land-based facilities and anequalpercentageescapedduetoexternalfac- tors.All in all, the researchershave revealedclearexplanationsfor96percentofthetotalescapesreportedfrom2006to2009.
Factors changing over time“Commonstructuralfailuresincludeprob-
lems with mooring lines, collapsed floatingcollarsandholestorninthenettingofaseacage.Badweatherisanotherfactorcontrib-
uting to structural failure and escape. Wehavealsodocumentedincidentsofautomaticfeedingdevicesloosenandcausingdamage,”says Østen Jensen, research manager withSINTEFFisheriesandAquacultureandprojectmanageroftheSECUREproject.
The escape incident reports reveal thatequipment suppliers and fish farmers havemanaged to solve some of the equipmentproblemsthatpreviouslyledtoahighnumberofescapes.
“Escapes caused by mooring or floatingcollar failure have become more and morerare.Thegreatestchallengenowfacingpro-ducersofsalmonandtroutishowtoprevent
wearand tear tothenetting. Holesformedfromchafingcontactbetweenthenetandthesinkertubechainwereresponsibleformore than 50 percent of total escapees between2008and2010,”DrJensensays.
Fewer large-scale escape eventsOperationalerrorduringactivitiessuchas
delousingormaintenance,combinedwithfish transfer, account for close to 20 percent of theescapefigures.Thelastlarge-scalesalmonescapeevent,inwhich175,000fishescapedaproductionfacilityinTrøndelag,occurredin
connectionwithdelousing.“Large-scaleescapeeventsinwhichmore
than 10,000 fish are involved comprise 19percentofthetotalnumberofescapesduring the period studied. As much as 91 percentofallfishthatescapedcanbeattributedtolarge-scaleevents,”saysDrJensen.
The reduction in the number of largeescape events is the most significant fac- tor behind the substantial reduction in thenumberofproductionsalmonescapeesfrom2006to2009.
Characteristics of fishlikely to escape
Behaviouraldifferencesamongthevariousspeciesoffarmedfishalsoplayintotheriskofescape.Whereasonlyonepercentofsalmon
escapescanbeattributedtobiologicalfactors,oneoutofeveryfourescapedfarmedcodgotoutthroughholesinthenetscausedeitherbypredatorsorthecodthemselves.
“Incontrasttosalmonandtrout,codwilloftenbite the netting and tearthe net wall.The cod also display more interest in suchholesandarefarmoreeagerthansalmonor troutto trytoswimthrough them,”addsDr
Jensen.
The Houdinis of the seaCodarebetterescapeartiststhanother
species of production fish, opting to swim throughobstaclesratherthanaroundthem.
AspartoftheSECUREproject,research-ers at Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheryand Aquaculture (Nofima) have analysed the behavioural characteristics of cod whichmakethemmorelikelytoescapethanotherproduction species. Usingcontrolledexperi-ments, researchers have studied how they
behaveinseacages.Codconstantlybiteandnibbleonthenet
threads, showinggreat interest in investigat-inganythingthatappearsunnaturaltotheirenvironment. This affects how net repairshould be approached at cod-productionfacilities. Repairs are most effective whencolours and shapes of the repaired nettingconformtotheoriginal.Theendsofthreadsneedtobeaffixedsothattherepairwillnotdeviateinappearancefromtherestofthenetting.
Improved reportingFish farmers are required to report all
escapeeventstotheDirectorateofFisheries. Jensensaysthatescape incidentreportinghasimproved substantially since the Norwegian
ESCAPESprimarily caused by equipment failure
by Torkil Marsdal Hanssen, Norway
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AquacultureEscapesCommission(AEC)intro-ducedanotificationtemplatefiveyearsago.
Placing responsibility on suppliersTwoproblemareasstandoutintheefforts
to reduce the risk of escapes in Norwegianaquaculture. Jensen believes that both canbe solved by the suppliers of aquacultureequipment.
“Ifthe aquaculture industryis ever going
torealisticallyrealiseitsvisionofzeroescapesfrom sea-based production facilities, it mustsolve two big challenges. The first is thatweightingsystemscurrentlyinusetomaintain the shape and volume of the net pens lead towearand tear in thenetting. Thesecondisfindingways todecrease the incidence ofoperational–orhuman–error.”
Solutions can be developedDr Jensen points out that the key to
solvingbothchallengescanbefoundinthe
supplierindustry.“Improvedproductdesignandprocedures
canmitigateand,inpart,preventbothwearandtearaswellashumanerrorduringopera-
tionsatsea. Muchoftheequipmentinuseinsea-basedfacilitiesshouldberedesignedandsimplifiedtomakeitdifficultorimpossibletouse incorrectly. Under the SECURE projectwehaveacquiredtheknowledgeneededtodevelop better and more secure solutions.Thenextstepisuptothesuppliers.”
Suppliers have already begun applying
the documented findings from the SECUREprojecttotestnewsolutions.TheResearchCouncilofNorwayallocatedfundingtotwonewresearchprojectsthisyear(Towardssus- tainable fish farming at exposedmarine sites[SUSTAINFARMEX2011-2014]andExposedFarming)thathavecarriedoutmodellingtestsusingnetswithintegratedsinkertubes.
Certification schemeimproves safety
The SECURE project has documented anumberoffactorssignificantforavoidingnet
abrasionandtearing:• Insufficient weighting of net-cages, use
of exceedingly large nets, sea-currentconditions and biofouling lead to netdeformation and risk of abrasion and tearing.
• Washing nets by machine reduces thestrengthofnetthreadsby10-20percentafter4-5washings.
• Attachingthesinkertubetothenethasproven to be a more secure solution thanusingslidingconnectors.
• Conic net pens create more distancebetweenthenetandthechain,reducing therisk ofabrasion andtearing. Inspiteof this, the majority of net pens arecurrentlycylindricalinshape.
“Fish producers are able to buy freely
on the market and can purchase nets andfloating collars separately. Itis byno meansautomatic that the net chosen will suit theselectedfloatingcollarwhenassembled.Weneedtohaveamoreintegratedapproachto the design of fish-farming systems to ensure thatcomponentsarecompatible,”explainsDr Jensen,whobelievestheintroductionof facil-itycertificationisastepintherightdirection.
Providing
input forregulationsAsofJanuary
1,2013,allfish-productionfacili- ties in Norwaymust have cer- tification stating thatthefacilityisusingcompatiblecomponents.
“TheSECUREproject
has providedknowledge ofimportance to the design ofregulations that that will form the basis forfacility certifica- tio n, amo ngother things.We have seen that the layout
ofafacilitycom-binedwithwavesize can haveunforeseencon-sequences. Thehighest wave
doesnotalwayscarrythegreatestforce.Wehave found examples where a low-crestedwaveexertsmuchgreaterforceonafacility than a steep wave. Twice the force is notunusual,andthisshouldobviouslybeincorpo-ratedintothespecificationsforthedesignanddimensions of a production facility,” Jensenconcludes.
More information: www.forskningsradet.no
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Withtheexpansionanddevel-
opmentof theaquaculture
industry, several challenges
arise.The intensificationof
production systems increases the pressure
on the environment, which can severely
affect water quality and as a consequence
fish or shrimp performance and the inci-
denceofdiseases.
Inaquaculture,theapplicationofbeneficialbacteria (probiotics) is not only associatedwith gut health (feed probiotics), but alsowith bioremediation improving the environ-ment (water and soil) in which the animalsarereared.Theeffectsofbiodegradingstrains(suchasBacillus sp.,Paracoccus sp.,Thiobacillus
sp.)addeddirectlytothewaterinvolvethemodulation of the microbiology profile inponds,degradationofundesirablewastecom-pounds (ammonia, nitrite, hydrogen sulfide),
enhanced mineralization of organic matter,
decreasedanaerobicconditions in pondsoilandreducedsludgeaccumulation.
Moreover, enzymes can be an effective tool in the degradation of organic matterin very intensive production systems. Thesepositivechangesintheenvironmentaresup-ported byproven benefitsfor the perform-anceandsurvivalofshrimpfromthelarvalto
grow-outstages.
Toxicity of nitrogenouscompounds
Nitrogen compounds, such as nitrite,nitrate and ammonium ions / ammonia are toxic when their concentrations exceed acertainlevelintherearingwater.Ammoniumnitrogen that occurs partly in the form ofammonium ion (NH4+) and ammonia(NH3+)originatesfromdecomposingorganicwasteandanimalexcretionsinthefarm.Thesensitivity to ammonium nitrogen depends
largelyonthespecies.Some fish have developed strategies, for
example, the formation of glutamine in thebrain to detoxify ammonium to urea, toprotectthemselvesfromtoxicammonialevels(Randall and Tsui, 2002). Nitrite (NO2-) isusually present belowdangerous concentra- tionsinfreshandmarinewater.
However, prolonged exposure to highnitritelevels,especiallywhenoxygenislimited,
leadsto anoxiaand slow suffocationof theanimals, because nitrite changes hemoglobinintomethemoglobin,aformthatisnotabletobindoxygen(LewisandMorris,1986).
Nitrate (NO3-) is the least dangerouscompound and low concentrations are notproblematic.Similartonitrite,nitrateconvertshemoglobin, into a non-binder for oxygen.Permanent exposure to high nitrate levelscausesweightlossandahigheroccurrenceofinfectiousdiseases.Toavoidthesecomplica- tions, excess nitrate needs to be removed to reach lower, non-toxic concentrations
(Camargaet al.,2005).Thisisoftenachievedbywaterrenewalatthefarms.
Bioremediation in aquacultureWatewater management in aquaculture
systems is crucial to maintain a good healthstatusoftheanimalsaswellastocounteract the negative impacts on the environment.Bioremediation, the application of micro-organisms like bacteria to removedangerouswasteproducts,isapromisingtoolforonsite treatment of watewater and contaminated
sediments. For the bioremediation of nitrog-enous compounds, bacteria have to performnitrificationanddenitrification.Bacterialnitrifica- tionistheoxidationofammonium/ammonia(NH4+,NH3+)tonitrate(NO3-)viahydroxylamine and nitrite (NO2-). Denitrification
The role of
bioremediation in waterquality management
by Goncalo A. Santos, MSc, technical manager – aquaculture, BiominHolding GmbH, Austria
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Figure 1: Nitrification and denitrificationprocesses in aquatic environments
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describes the reduction of nitrate to nitrousoxideandfinallytonitrogengas,whichreturnsinto the atmosphere (Chávez-Crooker andObreque-Contreras,2010).Althougharangeofbacterialspeciesarecapableofnitrificationand/ordenitrification,notallspeciesareappli-
cable for bioremediation products. RecentlystrainssuchasParacoccus sp.andThiobacillus sp.havegainedinterestduetoitsdegradingcapa-bilities. AlsoBacillus sp. isalso wellsuited toperformseveralfunctionsinthewatercleanupapplication(Nakano et al.,1998).
Asinglestrain,rarelyharboursalldesiredqualitiesnecessaryforanefficientdegradationoftoxiccompounds,thereforeacombinationofstrainsthatperformbestforoneorseveral
compoundsismorelikelytoensureastableperformance.
Beneficial bacteria and enzymesto improve water and soilquality in aquaculture ponds
Akeyfactorforsuccessfulaquacultureis to understand the interactions between themicrobialenvironment,gutfloraandimmunesystemoftheshrimp,aswellasthefactors that determine the persistence of microbialspeciesintheinternalandexternalmicrobialecosystems. Whilenatural environments arebalanced, the farming environment favours
the growth of micro-organisms as it is richinnutrientsandfeedwaste.Farmedspecies
are constantly exposed to and challengedby micro-organisms from the surroundingenvironment.
These environmental challenges areobviously influenced by different factors,including farm management and rearing
methods.Aquacultureoperationsgenerallyinvolvethestockingandfeedingofshrimpin open or semi-closed water systems.Semi-closed pond systems have a lowwaterturnoverandcanaccumulategases,nutrients, metabolites, waste, etc., whichcan deter iorate the water quali ty andcreate anoxic conditions in the soil. Thiscanstronglyaffecttheperformanceofthefarmedspecies.Thus,goodpondmanage-
Figure 2: Pond interactions without the addition ofbeneficial bacteria
Figure 3: Pond interactions with theaddition of beneficial bacteria
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ment is crucial for high production anda healthy crop. Since water quality playsan important role, itis of great value tounderstandthevariousinteractionstakingplace within the ponds. These are quitecomplexanddependdirectlyonthepondenvironment, stocked biomass, input ofnutrientsandpondmanagement.
AscanbeseeninFigure2,theaccumula- tionanddegradationoforganicwaste in the
pondwillresultinanincreasedconsumptionof oxygen (O2) and production of wastecompoundssuchasammonia(NH3),nitrites(NO2 -) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), whichcanleadtoaphytoplanktonbloom.Massivegrowthofphytoplanktoncanfurtherdepleteoxygenduringthenightandcontributetoaphytoplanktonbloomcrash.Allthesefactorscontribute to the contamination of waterand soil, creating favourable conditions for
pathogenstogrowandaffectingtheconditionoftheshrimp.Underthesepoorconditions, the shrimp faces higher levels of stress and
ismoresusceptibletodiseases,whichcouldresultinpoorgrowthorafailedcropthroughdiseaseoutbreaks.
With the inclusion of beneficial bacteria(Figure 3), organic matter is utilized as asource of nutrients by the bioremediationbacteria,whichreducestheamountofwasteaccumulatinginthepond.Additionally,specificnitrifyinganddenitrifyingbacteriawillconvertNH3andNO2- into nitrogen gas, reducing
the level of such toxic compounds. SomebeneficialbacteriacanalsodegradetoxicH2S,improvingwaterqualityandodor.Thecom-
binationofallthesefactorswillimprovewaterquality and the condition of the pond soil,resultinginabetterenvironmentforshrimpwithbettergrowthandhealthstatus.
In the bioremediation process, enzymesplay the role of catalysts that acceleratebiochemicalreactionsinpondsoilandwater.Whenaddedtotheculturewaterorspreadontop ofthe pond soil, enzymes are able to degrade the major organic constituentsnormallyfoundinshrimpandfishponds.Eachenzyme has its mode ofaction and is veryspecific in the chemical reaction it catalyzes
(Table1).Enzymes are also naturally produced and
excreted by some microbes. These extracel-lularenzymes, suchas cellulase,proteaseandamylase,areproducedduringtheaerobicfer-mentationoforganicmatter bymicro-organ-isms, for example by some Bacillus species.Bacilliarecommonlyfoundinpondsedimentsandcanalsobeaddedtothepondwaterforbioremediationpurposes.Some Bacillus sp.arealsoabletodegradenitrogenouscompounds.In addition, their large variety of excreted
(extracellular)enzymeshelpstospeedupthedegradationoforganicmatterandtoxiccom-poundssuchasammonia.TheefficientremovalofnitrogenouscompoundscanalsobecarriedoutbynitrifyinganddenitrifyingbacteriasuchasThiobacillus andParacoccus.
Table 1: A diverse range of enzymes used as
bioremediation agents in aquaculture
nzyme substrate
my;lase ß-Glucoside
Cellulase Cellulose
ipase ipids and fat
Protease Protien
Xylanase Xylan, Hemicellulose
Peectinase Pectin
Figure 4: Average growth rate (g/day) of shrimp during the production period
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Whilesomemicro-organismsproliferateina narrowrange of environmental conditions(pH,oxygen,availability,etc.),certainenzymesareabletoactinmultipleenvironments.
Nevertheless, some products combining thepositiveeffects of beneficialbacteriaandenzymesarealreadybeingusedasbioreme-diationagentsinaquaculture.
Efficacy of enzymes inbioremediation
Enzymes have the capacity to stabilize the soil organ ic matter and can be usedeffectivelytomanagesoilqualityandrear-ingconditionsforaquaticspecies.Thereisnot one specific enzyme that works bestinallcases.Ablendcontainingavarietyofenzymesmaybethemosteffectivemeansforbioremediationinaquaculture.Enzymesgreatly reduce sludge accumulation andanaerobic condit ions in pond bottoms.They promote a faster degradation of
the accumulated organ ic matter especiallyunder intensive production condit ions.This organic matter comprises uneatenfeed, dead plankton, mineral soils, faecesandpathogenicmicro-organismsinthesoilwhere theconditions areoftenanaerobic.However,forallthesebioremediationproc-esses catalyzed by enzymes, the presenceof beneficial bacteria is important as well.Enzymesacceleratemicrobialprocessesby
breaking apart large sludge particles, thuscreatingwidersurfaceareaswhichcanthenbefermentedbymicrobes.Thisreductionofsludgeanddeadorganicmattercanbeseenvisuallynotonlythroughbetterwaterquality,butalsothroughbettersoilquality.
Field trialInafieldstudyinChina,itwasobserved
that the combined appl ication of the
bioremediation products AquaStar® Pond(Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp.,Pediococcus
sp. , Paracoccus sp., Thiobacillus sp) andAquaStar® PondZyme (beneficial bacteriaandablendofamylases,xylanases,cellulasesand proteases) to the water, according toaspecificapplicationprogramme,improvedwater quality, soil condition and ultimately,shrimpperformance.
Fourearthshrimpponds(0.7–0.8ha/pond) with a depth of 1 – 1.2 m werestockedwithjuvenileshrimp(approximately
1.4g/shrimp)withadensityof50shrimp/m².Thetrialwascarriedoutforaperiodof57 days with a dosage of500 g/ha ofproduct applied once a month to the treatment group (two ponds). The controlpondsconsistedoftwopondswithnormalproductionoperations.
The soi l of the AquaStar® ponds inPicture 1 was of yel low colour which isregarded as the best bottom type, while
the soi l of the control ponds in Picture 2exhibited a dark black colour, an indica- tion of the accumulat ion of dead organicmatter.
Resultssuggestedthatwiththecombineduseofbeneficialbacteriaandenzymes,pondsoils containing black and glutinous organicsludgeturnedintoamoreyellowsoil.
Intermsofperformance,theaveragedailyweightgainofshrimpintheAquaStar®group
increasedby36percentandfeedconversionratioimprovedby9percentcomparedwith the control (no probiotic inclusion). TheresultsareshowninFigure4and5.
Basedon theseresults,itwas concluded that in the search for more effective andenvironmentally-friendly treatments, benefi-cialbacteriahaveemergedasaviablealter-native. The application of bioremediationsolutions in aquaculture can also benefitfromtheinclusionofenzymes,especiallyinintensive productions. AquaStar® positively
affects the performance of shrimp whilemaintaining a stable environment in thepond, proving to be an effective manage-menttoolinaquaculture.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.biomin.net
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Central Ofce and Orders
Jesús Aprendiz, 19. 1º A-B 28007 Madrid
T. +34 915 014 041 [email protected] www.norel.es
V i s i t N O R E L
B o o t h a t
V I V A S I A
2 0 1 3
H 1 0 5 . G 1 0 8
Ecobiol AquaPathogenic bacteria antagonist
Enhances friendly intestinal microflora
Improves Feed Conversion Ratio and growth
Helps mantain optimal health status
Reduces mortality in the ponds
Controls water quality
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WorldFish,amemberoftheCGIARConsortium,isaninternational,nonprofitresearchorganisation
dedicatedtoreducingpovertyandhungerbyimprovingfisheriesandaquaculture.Fromnewsyntheses
andanalysistotargeted,onthegrounddeliveryandknowledgesharing,WorldFishtechnologies,
productsandserviceshelptomakedevelopmenthappeninmorethan19countriesaroundtheworld.
Withitspartners,WorldFishhasraisedincomesformillionsofpoorpeoplebydevelopingsustainable
aquaculturevaluechainsthatgenerateequitablebenefitstoparticipants,andhasempoweredpoor
communitiestoparticipateinthesustainableco-managementoftheirfisheries.Ithashelpedcountries
copewithdisasterandconflictbyrestoringfisheries,helpingdevelopaquaculturebasedonlivelihoods,
providednationswithtoolstoimprovetheplanningandmanagementofmajorriverbasins,and
developedwidely-consultedglobaldatabasesandstrengthenednationalcapacitiesforfisheries
management.
Foundedin1975,thecentreiscommitted
tomeetingtwokeydevelopmentchallenges:
improvingthelivelihoodsofthosewhoare
especiallypoorandvulnerableinplaceswhere
fisheriesandaquaculturecanmakeadifference;
andachievinglargescale,environmentally
sustainable,increasesinsupplyandaccesstofishataffordablepricesforpoorconsumersin
developingcountries.
Workinginpartnershipwithprivateandpublicsectorsandcivilsociety,
WorldFishdevelopspro-poorsustainableandequitableaquaculturevalue
chainsthatsupporttheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.WorldFishtakesa
comprehensive,multidisciplinaryresearchapproachthatacknowledgesthe
complexandmulti-facetedproblemsthatfacefisheriesandaquaculture.
Failuretoembracethiscomplexityhasledtopiecemealeffortsinthe
pastandunduefaithinsingletechnologyordevelopmentapproaches.The
centreprioritizesitsresearcheffortstoincludethoseareasinwhichitwill
havethebiggestimpacts,andassumestheroleofbrokerandcatalystof
researchamongthefullrangeofdevelopmentpartnersneededtoclose
thegapbetweenresearchanddevelopmentaction.
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WorldFishistheleadcentreontheCGIAR
ResearchProgramonAquaticAgricultural
Systems,amulti-yearresearchinitiative
launchedinJuly2011.Theprogramme
isdesignedtopursuecommunity-based
approachestoagriculturalresearchand
developmentthattargetthepoorestandmostvulnerableruralhouseholdsinaquatic
agriculturalsystems.
Themissionandworkof
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Incommercialandhighstockingdensity
culture practices, feeding plays a signifi-
cantroleinfastgrowthandhighyields.Aqua feed contains many ingredients
in highly balanced nutritious components
for enhancing the digestive mechanisms in
fish and shrimp bodies. It leads to better
bodyweightsandhealth,optimumimmunity
and greater survival rates. Spirulina is a
uniquehighqualitynaturaldietwithenriched
optimumproteinforfishandshrimpwhichis
proven tobe a suitable supplementary feed
inaquaculture.
Spirulinaisabluegreenalgaelikeaspiraloflongthin threads undergenusArthrospira, thephylum Oscillatoriaceae.Spirulina iscalledblue green algae (cynobacteria) because ofpresenceofbothgreen(chlorophyll)andblue(phycocyanin)pigmentsinitscellularstructure.Thetwospecieswhicharemostimportantfor theirnutritiousvaluesareSpirulinamaximaandSpirulinaplantensis.
Nutritional food valueTheuseofspirulinaascom-
plementary feed in various sec-
tors of aquaculture can resultinfastgrowthfactors,enhancedpigmentationandbetterimmunesystems. It is considered as anexcellent food, lacking toxicityandhavingcorrectivepropertiesagainst the pathogenic micro-organisms. It lacks cellulose cellwallsandthereforedoesnotrequireschemicalsor processing in order tobecomedigestible.Thedigestibilityis83–84percent.Spirulinaisregardedasarichsourceofprotein,vitamins,
essentialmineral,aminoacids,EFFAlikegammaLNAandantioxidantpigmentslikecarotenoids.
Biochemical compositionProteinandaminoacids:Spirulinacontains
60-70 percent protein along with phenolic
acids, tocopherols, carotenes and linolenicacidsforwhichrepresentsanimportantstaple
indiets.Theessentialaminoacidsarepresentaround47percentoftotalproteinweight.Thespectrumofaminoacidrepresentthatthebio-logicalvalueofproteinsinspirulinaisveryhigh.
Aminoacidandbiologicalfunctionof fishandshrimp
• Isoleucine:Required foroptimalgrowth,nitrogen equilibrium in the body. Used to synthesize othernon-essential aminoacids.
• Leucine:Increasesmuscularenergylevels.• Lysine:Buildingblock ofbloodantibod-
ies strengthens circulatory system andmaintainsnormalgrowthofcells.• Methionine:Vital lipotropic(fatandlipid
metabolizing) amino acid that maintainsliverhealth.Ananti-stressfactor.
• Phenylalanine:Stimulatesmetabolicrate.• Threonine: Improves intestinal compe-
tenceanddigestiveassimilation.• Tryptophane: Increases utilization of B
vitamins,improvesnervehealth.• Valine:Stimulatesmusclecoordination.
Carbohydrates: Spirulina contains about15-21 percent carbohydrates in the form of
glucose,fructose,sucrose,rhamnose,mannose,xylose and galactose. It provides the appro-priate and important foodstuffs for aquaticcultureanimalswithpoorintestinalabsorption.Carbohydratesoccurinsufficientquantitiesofmesoinositolphosphatewhichisanexcellent
sourceoforganicphosphorusandinositol.Ahigh moleculatory weight polysaccharide are
believedtohaveeffectonDNArepairmecha-nisms,immune-stimulatoryandimmunoregula- toryproperties.
Nucleic acids: Spirulina contains 2.2-3.5percentofRNAand0.6-1percentandDNA,whichrepresentslessthan5percentoftheseacidsbasedondryweight.
Essential fatty acids: Spirulina has a highamountofpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFAs)and 1.5–2.0 percent of total lipid. Spirulinais rich inγ-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid(LA),stearidonicacid(SDA),eicosapentaenoicacid(EPA),docosahexaenoicacid(DHA)andarachidonicacid(AA).
β-carotene and vitamins: Spirulina con- tains vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin),B3 (nicotinamide), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folicacid),B12(cyanocobalamin),vitaminC,vitaminD and vitamin E. The β-carotene, B-groupvitamin, vitamin E, iron, potassium and chlo-rophyllavailableinthespirulinacanpromote
themetabolismofcarbohydrate,fats, protein, alcohol, and thereproductionofskin,muscleandmucosa. Spirulina contains large
amounts of natural β-caroteneandthisβ-caroteneisconvertedintovitaminA.
Minerals: Spirulina is a richsource of potassium, and alsocontains calcium, chromium,copper, iron, magnesium, man-ganese, phosphorus, selenium,
sodium, zinc, molybdenum, chloride, germa-niumandboron.
Photosyntheticpigments:Spirulinacontainsmanypigmentsincludingchlorophylla,xantho-
phyll,betacarotene,echinenone,myxoxantho-phyll, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, diatoxanthin,3-hydroxyechinenone, beta-cryptoxanthin,oscillaxanthin,plusthephycobiliproteins,c-phy-cocyaninandallophycocyanin.
Natural pigment enhancers: Phycocyanin
Table 1:
Physical properties General analysis
Composition 100% Protein 60-70%
ppearance Fine powder Carbohydrate 15-25%
Colour Dark blue green Fats (lipids) 06-08%
dour & taste Mild like weed Minerals (sh) 07-13%
Digestibility 83-84% Moisture 03-17%
Particle size 64 mesh through Fibre 08-10%
The multifunctional dietaryproperties of spirulina andits use in aquacultureby Dr S V Pamulapati, chairman and managing director and Prakash Chandra Behera, technicalmanager (aqua), PVS Group, India
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(blue):14percent,chlorophyll(green):1per-cent,carotenoids(orange/red):47percent.
Nutritional supplementaryproperties
Spirulina can be used asa partial supple-
ment or complete replacement for proteinin aqua feeds.Spirulina is a feed supplementfortheallfishes,giantfreshwaterprawnsandmarinewatershrimpsandsignificantlyimprove-ment occurs on growth, survival, immunity,viabilityandfeedutilization.Itisacheaperfeedingredientwithhigherproteinlevelsthanotheringredinetsofanimalorigin.
Feeding onspirulinahelps toimprovedis-ease resistance andan improvement in their
survival rate.Fast growthoccurs whenfed a dietcontainingspirulina meal(Britz,1996).
Chelatingof toxic min-erals(neutrali-
sationoftoxicminerals)
Spirulinahas a uniquequality todetoxify (neu-
tralise) or to chelate toxic minerals, and thischaracteristic is notyet noticed in any othermicroalgae (Maeda and Sakaguchi, 1990;OkamuraandAoyama,1994).Spirulinacanbeusedtodetoxifyarsenicfromwaterandfood.Italsomaybeusedtochelatizeordetoxifyor
neutralizethepoisonouseffectofheavymetals(minerals)fromwater,foodandenvironment.Spirulina provides phycocyanin, a source ofbiliverdin,whichisamongthemostpotentofallintra-cellularantioxidants.
Immunomodulatory propertiesSpirulina is an effective immune modula-
tor.It exhibitsanti-inflammatoryproperties,inparticularbyinhibitingthereleaseofhistamine
frommastcellswithmediatedallergicreactions.Itshowsantioxidativeandfreeradicalscaveng-ingproperties.Spirulinaexposureenhancesthephagocyticfunctionsofmacrophagesinaquaticcultureanimals.
It also has antiviral and anti-carcinogenicproperties. Itimprovesthe bacterialgut tractclearancepotentialoffish/shrimpandspirulinasupplementsdevelopsthephagocyticcell.
Spirulinaisasafediettouseintermsof
improvedimmunecompetencewithoutcom-promisingtheperformingbehaviorsofaquaticculture animals. A novel sulphate polysac-charide of spirulina inhibits the replication ofseveralenvelopedviruses.
Thenutrientsofspirulinahelptofightfreeradicals,cell-damagingmoleculesabsorbedby the body throughpollution, poordiet, injury,orstress.Byremovingfreeradicals,thenutri-entshelptheimmunesystemfightcancerandcellular degeneration. Spirulina is a powerful tonicfor the immunesystem.Thisenzymeis
amajorsourceofsuperoxideinananimal’sbody,andisinvolvedindozensofdegenerativeprocessesinvolvedindiseaseresistance,agingandsimilarprocessesinfish,shrimpandotheraquaticanimals.
Spirulina in building redblood cells and stem cells
Spirulinaisrichinabrilliantbluepolypep- tide ca lled Phycocyanin. Phycocyanin
Table 2:
mino acid Per 10 gm % of total mino acid Per 10 gm % of total
Isoleucine 350mg 5.6 Cystine 60mg 1.0
eucine 540mg 8.7 rginine 430mg 6.9
ycine 290mg 4.7 Histidine 100mg 1.6
Phenylalanine 280mg 4.6 hreonine 320mg 5.2
yrosine 300mg 4.8 Proline 270mg 4.3
Methionine 140mg 2.3 Valine 400mg 6.5
Glutamic acid 910mg 14.6 lanine 470mg 7.6
spartic acid 610mg 9.8 Glycine 320mg 5.2
ryptophan 90mg 1.5 Serine 320mg 5.2
Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 35
FEATURE
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affects the stem cel ls that make up thecel lular immune system and red bloodcellsthatoxygenatethebody.Phycocyaninstimulating hematopoiesis, (the creationofblood),emulatingtheaffectofthehor-mone erythropoetin, (EPO). Phycocyaninalso regulates production of white blood
cells,evenwhenbonemarrowstemcellsaredamagedbytoxicchemicalsorradia- tion .
Spirulina anti-viral andanti-cancer abilities
Calcium-Spirulan is a unique polymer-ized sugar molecule extract of spirulina andcontaining both sulphur and calcium. The treatment of this water-soluble extract hasbetter recovery rates when infected with alethal Herpes virus. This mechanism occurs
becauseCalcium-Spirulandoesnotallowthevirustopenetratethecellmembranetoinfect thecell.Thevirusisstuck,unabletoreplicate.Itiseventuallyeliminatedbythebody'snatu-raldefenses.Spirulinacanpreventorinhibitcancers in aquatic animals, and fishes. Theunique polysaccharides of spirulina enhancecellnucleusenzymeactivityandDNArepairsynthesis.
Antimicrobial propertiesSpirulina excretes variable quantities of
productsfromitsmetabolismsuchasorganic
acid,vitaminsandphytohormones.Cellextractof spirulina has shown antimicrobial activitiesagainstpathogenicbacteriaaslike Bacillussps,Streptococcussps,Saccharomycesspsetc.
Bio-mineralisation activitiesSpirulina thrives in high alkaline waters
and it incorporates and synthesizes manyminerals and derivative compounds intoits cell structure. Transformed into naturalorganicformsbyspirulina,mineralsbecomechelated with amino acids and they are
moreeasilyassimilatedbythebody.Alongwith adequate calcium and magnesium in the water (especially for marine organisms),Spirulina helps insure proper electrolytefunction, calcium levels over calcium andothermineral.
Enhancing reproductionResearchhasshownthatfreshandsaltwa-
ter fish and shrimp exhibit superior growth,maturity,energeticbehavior,andmoreelegantcoloring when fed spirulina. It is also welldocumentedthatspirulinaimprovesspawning,fecundity,fertilityandhatchingrates.Itstimu-
lates the reproductive processes, increasessurvivalratesofyoungerfish,postlarvaeandpromotes the appetite of fish or prawn toattainfullmaturity.
Spirulina as a colourantThecolourappearanceisthemostimpor-
tant characteristic in shrimp and fish forchoice and demand in the food market. Adietcontainingspirulinapromotesthephysi-ological activities for generating colour pig-mentationsandglazingappearanceinvarious
parts of body. Carotenoids are responsiblefor the development of various colours ofcrustaceans(Brittonet al.,1981).Astaxanthinhasbeenshowntobethepredominantcaro- tenoid associated with the red body colourof the black tigerprawnPenaeus monodon(HowellandMatthews,1991).Spirulinaplat-ensis and pacifica stain contains the highestlevels of β-carotene and zeaxanthin of anynatural source. They both are convertedtoastaxanthinthroughanoxidativeprocessfor
thedesireredpigment.Amarkedincreaseincarotenoidcontentofthecarapaceofblack
tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) occurredwhenspirulina-supplementeddietsare given.A practical strategy for the improved pig-mentation of cultured P. monodon is theincorporationofspirulinadietforonemonthbeforeharvest.
ConclusionsSpirulina appears to have considerable
potentialfordevelopment,especiallyasasmall-scalecropfornutritionalenhancement,livelihooddevelopment and environmental mitigation.As
naturalfeed,spirulinacanplayanimportantroleinaquaculture,especiallyinaquaticfarmingandhatcherieswheretheresultsarequitesignificant.Ifspirulina feedsfurtherimprove, itseffectswillbemoreobviousandtheprospectsofspirulinawillbeverybright. ■
References:
Banerjee,M.&Deb,M.1996.PotentialofflyashandSpirulinacombinationasaslowreleasefertilizerforricefield.CientificaJaboticabal,24:55–62.
Borowitzka,M.A.1988.Vitaminsandfinechemicalsfrommicro-algae.InM.A.Borowitzka&LBorowitzka,eds.Micro-algalBiotechnology,pp.153–196.Cambridge,CambridgeUniversityPress.ofMalaya.
Britz,P.J.1996.ThesuitabilityofselectedproteinsourcesforinclusioninformulateddietsfortheSouthAfricanabalone,Haliotismidae.Aquaculture,140:63–73.
Gauthamkolluri&RAshaRajani,Feedingofspirilina-ABoosttothePoultryProduction,Poultrymagazine,Oct-12Pageno31-33
Lu,J.&Takeuchi,T.2004.Spawningandeggqualityofthetilapia,OreochromisniloticusfedsolelyonrawSpirulinaplatensisthroughoutthreegenerations.Aquaculture,234:625–640.
Maeda,S.&Sakaguchi,T.1990.Accumulationand
detoxificationoftoxicmetalelementsbyalgae.IntroductiontoAppl.Phycol.,109–136.
Nakagawa,H.,Gomez-Diaz,G.1975.UsefulnessofSpirulinasp.mealasfeedadditiveforgiantfreshwaterprawn,Macrobrachiumrosenbergii.Suisanzoshuku,43:521–526
Okamura,H.&Aoyama,I.1994.Interactive toxiceffectanddistributionofheavymetalsinphytoplankton.Toxicol.&WaterQuality,9:7–15.
Paoletti,C.,Pushparaj,B.&Tomaselli,L.F.1975.RicerchesullanutrizionemineralediSpirulinaplatensis.AttiXVIICongr.NazMicrobiol.,2:833–839.
Ruan,J.S.,Long,C.S.&Guo,B.J.1988.Spirulinapreventeddamageinducedbyradiation.J.Genetics,10:27–30.(InChinese).
ShabirAhmad,M.ashrafKhan,NajarA.M&MansoorAhmedSpirulina-Nutritionalresearch,AquaInternational,Feb-10,page22-27
Stott,A.E.,Takeuchi,T.&Koike,Y.2004.Performanceofanewartificialabalonehatcheryculturesystemintermsofsettlementoflarvaeandgrowthandsurvivalofpost-larvaeHaliotisdiscuss(Reeve).Fish.Sci.,70:1070–1081.
Tompkins,J.,DeVille,M.M.,Day,J.G.&Turner,M.F.1995.CultureCollectionofAlgaeandProtozoa.CatalogueofStrains.NaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil.Kendal,UK,TituWilsonandSonsLtd.
Venkataraman,L.V.,Somasekaran,T.&Becker,E.W.1994.Replacementvalueofblue-greenalga(Spirulinaplatensis)forfishmealandavitamin-mineralpremixforbroilerchicks.BritishPoultrySci.,3:373–381.
Vonshak,A.&Richmond,A.1988.Massproductionoftheblue-greenalgaSpirulina:anoverview.Biomass,15:233–247.
Thisarticlewasoriginallypublishedon
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In thelast years considerable attention
hasbeenpaidontheuseofseaweeds
(SW)asapossibleingredientforaqua-feeds.Red,greenandbrownSWcanbe
takenfromtheirnaturalhabitatandbrought
to the shore by the action of winds and
tides. Otherwise, biomass can be obtained
from secondary and tertiary treatment of
effluents. Wastewater treatment utilising
photosynthetic organisms is an interest-
ing alternative to reduce
the ecological impact of
domestic, industrial or
aquaculture e ff luents .
Generally,high-qualityalgalbiomass is yielded from
algalcultivation,represent-
inganexcellentsourceof
hydrocolloids,carotenoids,
and bioactive substances,
which allows dif ferent
industrial applications. In
addition,thereiscurrently
an increas ing interest
for the potential of SW
in human and animal
nutrition.
Seaweed asingredientin aquafeeds
AlthoughnutritionalpropertiesofSWarenotaswellknownasarethoseoflandplant-basedingredients,theirchemicalcompositionmaybecharacterisedbylowcontentinlipids,moderate in protein, but rich in non-starchpolysaccharides, minerals and vitamins. Lipidcontents range from 0.3 to 7.2 percent,
althoughalgallipidsarerichinPUFAsuchasC20:5n3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) andC22:6n3(docosahexaenoicacid,DHA).Theproteincontributionisrangedfrom10to30g/100 g dry weight, which may vary greatlyamongSWspecies,environmentalconditions
(especiallyundernitrogen-enrichedcondition)andseason.
Thehighbiologicalvalueofalgalproteinsmakes algae suitable for inclusion both inanimalfeeds(especiallymarinespecies)andinhumandiets.Thehighcarbohydratecontent(30to60%)isaverymarkedcharacteristicinmost SW, comprising mainly soluble carbo-hydrates,likesugars,andpectins,alginicacid,agar and carrageenan as well. Besides their
potential nutritional value, from a techno-logicalpointofview,SWcanalsobeusedasadditivesinthefeedindustry,forinstance,asexcellentfeedagglutinants(improvingtextureandwaterstabilityofpellets),orasattractants(increasingfeedintake).
The effects of seaweeds on fish
SeveralstudieshaveprovedthatadditionofsmallamountofSWinaquafeedsresultedin considerable positive effect on growthperformance and feed utilisation efficiency,carcass quality, physiological activity, intesti-nalmicrobiota,diseaseresistance,andstress
response(Valente et al.,2006).Nonetheless,ithas been also notedin otherpublications
that high SW inclusion reduces fish growthandfeedefficiency.Fromtheliteratureavail-ableitcanbedeductedthattheresponseofanimalstoSWseemstobedose-dependentand species-specific. Moreover, certain sub-stances with antinutritive activity may bepresent in SW, like lectins, tannins, phyticacid, and protease and amylase inhibitors
(Oliveiraet al.,2009).Suchantinutritionalfactorsmightinterferewithbioavailabilityand/ordigestibilityofnutri-
ents.Specialemphasisshouldbe focused on proteaseinhibitors. Binding of pro- tease inhibi tors to pro- teolyt ic enzymes causes the pancreas to secretelargeramountsofdigestiveenzymestoovercomethenegative effects of inhibi- tors on the digestion ofdietary protein. This factcan lead to decreased
weightgain,andpancreatichypertrophy in some fishspecies. For this reason,studies aimed to include
SW in aquafeeds must also bring up theirpossible effects on fish digestive physiology.Todate,thereisscarceliteratureanalysingifSW inclusion causes negative consequencesondigestivephysiologyoffish.
Evaluating the effect of seaweedson digestive proteases
Inarecentstudy,weevaluatedtheeffectofinclusionoftwoSWas dietaryingredientsonintestinalproteolyticactivityofjuvenileseabream.Gracilaria cornea(GR)and Ulva rigida(UL)werechoseninthepresentstudyowing to its fast growth, low-cost production and
Effect of dietary inclusion
of seaweeds on intestinal
proteolytic activity of juvenile
sea bream, Sparus aurata
by María Isabel Sáez, Tomás Martínez and Javier Alarcón,Universidad de Almería-CEIA3, Spain
Figure 1: Detail of experimental feeds. UL-25percent (above) and control (below)
38 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Mach-Api 2013
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successfulintegratedcultureinfish-farmefflu-ents.BiomasswasobtainedfromtheMarineBiotechnology Centre (ULPGC, Spain). SWwerecultivatedin750Lsemicircularfibreglass tanks filled with seawater plus the fishpondeffluentsofapilotaquaculturesystem(11m 3withanoptimaldensityofSparus aurataof20kgm-3,andawaterrenovationrateof6–8volday -1).RedandgreenSWwerewashed
withseawater,sun-driedfor48hours,groundandsievedthrough0.1mmsievebeforebeingusedasadietaryingredient.
Dry algal biomass was incorporated intosix experimental diets (40% crude proteinand12%crudelipid)atincreasinglevels(5,15 and 25%). A feed without SW servedas a control diet. Feeds were made at theUniversityofAlmeria-CEIA 3facilities(Serviceof Experimental Diets; http://www.ual.es/stecnicos_spe).Everyexperimentalfeedwasrandomly assigned to triplicate group offifteenseabreamjuveniles(15.4ginitialbody
weight). Fish were fed by hand twice perday(9:00and17:00)atarateof3percentof their body weight for 70 days. At theendofthetrial,fishwerekilledaccordingto the requirements of the Directive 2010/63/UE, and digestive tract was removed, and then processes toobtain enzymatic extracts.Intestinal proteases were analysed by twodifferentapproaches:a)quantifyingthelevelofintestinalproteolyticactivity,andb)visual-izing the profile of intestinal proteases inzymograms(Alarcónet al.,1998).Inaddition,
thepresenceofproteaseinhibitorsinSWwas testedaccordingtoAlarcónet al.(1999).
Checking the presence of protease inhibitors in SW
Resultsrevealedthepresenceofprotease
inhibitors in SW.Dose-responsecurves showed that UL containedsubstances able toreduce digestiveproteolytic activityin sea bream (up to77%), whereasanegligible inhibition
by GR was found(4%). Obvious dif-ferences in thekinetic of inhibitionof protease activitywerefoundforUL.Equation definingsuch curvemay beusedtopredicttheexpected percent-age of reductionin protease activ-
ity, once proteaseactivityinthediges- tive tract and the
amount of feed ingested are known. Forinstance,inthecaseof40gseabream,totalproteaseactivityreleasedafteramealisaround1,300units.Thosefishthatconsumed0.5gofafeedcontaining15percentofUL,showedaratiomgULperunitofactivityof50,whichdetermined areduction nearly40percentintheactivity of diges- tive proteases.Fortunately, fishhavemechanisms to compensate theeffectof die- taryantinutrients.
Zymogramsobtained afterelectrophoretic.separation ofproteinsisause-fultooltoknow
indetailthetypeof inhibitioncaused by pro- tease inhibitors.From the zymo-gram, it is clear that Ulva pro-duces a general-ised inhibition inalkaline proteas-esofseabream.On the contrary
Gracilariadidnotaffectanyoftheactivebands.
The sameresults wereobserved after
incubationofdigestiveproteaseswithextractsoftheexperimentaldiets.Themeaninhibitionranged from 11 to 48 percent. In general,UL-supplemented feeds showed inhibitionvalues higher than the GR-supplementeddiets,whichdidnotexceed16percent.ForULdiets,itwasfoundthatpercentageofinhi-bitionwaspositivelycorrelatedwiththeSWinclusionlevel,whichagreeswiththeabovementioned dose-response curve. Inhibition
producedbyGRfeedscannotbeassociated totheuseof thisSW.
Effect of seaweed on digestiveproteases of sea bream
Digestiveenzymeswereaffectedbydiets,asfish haddifferent enzyme activitylevel ofalkaline proteases after 70 days of feedingexperimental diets. In general, a decreasein alkaline protease activity was evidencedwhenfeedsincludedULorGR.Inparticular, the proteolytic activities of fish fed Ulva
supplemented-feeds were significantly lower than those of fish fed on control diet. Thepresence of protease inhibitors in SW maybe the reason of the progressive decreaseintheproteolyticactivityinfishfeddietwithincreasing levels of Ulva meal. Supporting this hypothesis, it has been confirmed thataqueousextractsofUlvamealinhibitalkalineproteasesofS. aurata.Moreover,thedropin
Figure 2: Dose-response curves obtained when differentamounts of SW meal (0 to 300 µg) were incubated with a
fixed amount of proteolytic activity (1 U) in the inhibitoryassay. Protease inhibition was expressed as the percentage ofreduction in proteolytic activity. Such curves are a simple way
to evaluate how hypothetical variations in the inclusion of
SW might affect sea bream digestive proteases
Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 39
FEATURE
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thelevel ofalkalineprotease activitywasnot
accompanied by a decrease of fish growthandfeedutilization,sinceallfishgrewequally(unpublished data). Santigosa et al. (2008)reportedasimilarfindingwhentroutwerefedondietsincludingplantproteins.
On the other hand, the ana lysi s ofzymograms revealed that the pattern ofintestinal proteases was not modified byinclusionofSW.Allseabreamspecimensshowed the same number and distr ibu- tion of active fractions as in control group(afterelectrophoreticalseparation,thepat-
tern of intestinal proteases in this speciesis characterized by five groups of activebands). These results confirmed that the type ofalkaline proteases secreted into theintestinal lumen was not modified by anyof experimental diets. The existence of a
compensation mechanism against dietaryprotease inhibitors in juvenile sea breamhasbeenpreviouslyprovedbySantigosaet
al.(2010), whofoundsimilarresultswhenfish were fed diets with soybean trypsininhibitor.
According tothe results,it isclear that the amount of the pancreat ic proteasessecretedintotheintestinallumeninjuvenile
S. aurataisaffectedbytheuseofSW,par- ticularlyUlva.Nevertheless,itisalsoevident that these ingredientsdidnot cause qualita- tive changes in the composition of alkalineproteases, given that all fish showed thesamepatternofproteolyticenzymesintheirintestines, and thatgrowth performance offishwasnotaffected,asdeducedfromtheinvivofeedingtrial.
ConclusionsIn vitroproteaseinhibitionassaysareause-
fultooltoassessthepresenceofantinutrients
inSWwithpotentialuseinaquafeeds.Basedon the results of this study, SW, especiallyUlva rigida, have antinutritive factors able toinhibitdigestiveproteasesofS. aurata.Feeding
juvenile S. aurata on seaweed-based dietsdecreased the amount of proteolytic activ-ity secreted intothe intestine. However, theinclusion of SW does not alter the patternof proteolytic enzymes in sea bream, whichreveals a compensating mechanism in thisspecies.Researchisbeingcurrentlyconducted toassess theeffectofSWonotherdigestive
enzymes, intestinal microbiota, blood and tissue metabolites, and intestine and liverhistologyafter70daysoffeedingSW-baseddiets. Further research is needed in order to known the impact of SW in a long-termfeedingassay. ■
References
AlarcónFJ,DíazM,MoyanoFJandAbellánE.(1998)Characterizationandfunctionalpropertiesofdigestiveproteasesintwosparids;giltheadseabream(Sparus aurata)andcommondentex(Dentex dentex).FishPhysiolBiochem.19:257-267.
Alarcón,FJ,Moyano,FJandDíaz,M.(1999).Effectofinhibitorspresentinproteinsourcesondigestiveproteasesofjuvenileseabream(Sparus
aurata).AquaticLivingRes.12:233-238.Oliveira,MN,Ponte-Freitas,AL,Urano-Carvalho,AF,Taveres-Sampaio,TM,Farias,DF,Alves-Teixera,DI,Gouveia,ST,Gomes-Pereira,JandCastro-CatanhodeSena,MM.(2009)Nutritiveandnon-nutritiveattributesofwashed-upseaweedsfromthecoastofCeará,Brazil.FoodChem.11:254-259.
Santigosa,E,Sánchez,J,Médale,F,Pérez-Sánchez,JandGallardo,MA.(2008).Modificationsofdigestiveenzymesintrout(Onchorynchus mykiss)andseabream(Sparus aurata)inresponsetodietaryfishmealreplacementbyplantproteinsources.Aquaculture252:68-74.
Santigosa,E,SáezdeRodigrañez,MA,Rodiles,A,GarcíaBarroso,FandAlarcón,FJ.(2010).Effectofdietscontainingapurifiedsoybeantrypsininhibitorongrowthperformance,digestiveproteasesandintestinalhistologyinjuvenileseabream( Sparus
aurataL.).AquacultureRes.41:e187-e198.
Valente,LMP,Gouveia,A,Rema,P,Matos,J,Gomes,EFandPinto,IS.(2006)EvaluationofthreeseaweedsGracilariabursa-pastoris,Ulva rigidaandGracilaria corneaasdietaryingredientsinEuropeanseabass(Dicentrarchus labrax)juveniles.Aquaculture252:85-91.
Figure 4: Inhibition of seabream intestinal proteases
after incubation of extractswith solutions prepared using
experimental diets containing 5,15 and 25 percent of Ulva (UL)
and Gracilaria (GR) meal
Figure 5: Total alkaline protease activity measured in extracts of sea bream fed
different experimental diets containing graded levels of SW
Figure 3: Inhibition ofintestinal proteolytic enzymes
by Gracilaria cornea andUlva rigida meal. Qualitative
analysis: visualization ofinhibition of active fractions in
zymograms
More inforMation:
María Isabel Sáez Casado
Email: [email protected]
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FEATURE
ASIAN GATEWAY TO AN AQUATIC WORLD OF WONDER
www.aquarama.com.sgFor more information, please contact:
Iman Tam • [email protected]
co-located with
The 4th International Pet
& Accessories Exhibition
SANDS EXPO AND
CONVENTION CENTERMARINA BAY SANDS SINGAPORE
V E N U E
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CONVENTION CENTERMARINA BAY SANDS SINGAPORE
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Challenges facingthe aquaculture
feed industryWe talk to feed producers about the
challenges that the industry is facing,
what products they are currently
developing and what the future holds.
Environmentalfoot print
ALLER AQUA: At Aller Aqua,we are committed to meet-ing a number of environmen- tal targets, complying with strict
product and manuf acturingstandards. The 1989 Danish ActontheProtectionoftheMarineEnvironmentsetsstrictstandardsforfeedintendedfortheDanishmarket. Danish legislation stipu-latesthatthefeedconversionrateofgrowerfeedmustnotexceed1.0.Atthesametime,82percentofthefeedmustbedigestible,and therearelowmaximumlimitsforphosphorusandnitrogen.
BIOMAR: The BioMar Group is
eco-conscious and continuouslyfocusesonreducingenvironmen- tal impact from the productionof fish feed. All BioMar factorieshavemodernproductionfacilities,which meet high standards forenvironmentally friendly produc- tion.Furthermore, BioMar has devel-oped and improved its productranges over the years toreduce the environmental impact of fishfarming. This happens throughfocusing on sustainability in the
development and production offeed and through a focus ondeveloping efficient feed types,where the nutrients are utilisedbythefishforgrowthratherthanlosttothefarmenvironment.
Alternative proteins
BIOMAR:Astheworldproduc- tionoffishmealandfishoilcannotbe increased significantly withoutriskofdamagingnaturalfishstocks
and the need for fish productsforhumanconsumptionobtained through aquaculture is growing,one of BioMar’s long-term goalsis to reduce our dependenceon marine raw materials. Thisis achieved by including alterna- tives such as vegetable proteinsandoils, thus reducing the needfor marine raw materials. Thischangeisacomplextaskwithanumberofissuestobeaddressed.BIOMAR
Alternative proteins
BIOMAR:Astheworldproduc- tionoffishmealandfishoilcannotbe increased significantly withoutriskofdamagingnaturalfishstocksand the need for fish productsforhumanconsumptionobtained through aquaculture is growing,one of BioMar’s long-term goalsis to reduce our dependenceon marine raw materials. Thisis achieved by including alterna-
tives such as vegetable proteinsandoils, thus reducing the needfor marine raw materials. Thischangeisacomplextaskwithanumberofissuestobeaddressed.BIOMAR
Fish health
BIOMAR: BioMar’s Smart Feedscomprises feed products withactive ingredients or different types of premixes of vitaminesand minerals, which are key tokeepfishhealthyandprovideopti-malfishgrowthandtherebycon- tributetoahealthy farmbusiness.
Sustainable feeds
REED MARICULTURE: ReedMariculture's Instant Algae prod-uctsareclosertonaturethananyother feed on the market. Weproduce whole-cell, whole-foodmicroalgaefeedsandenrichmentsfrom marine algae using propri-etary processes. Our productsprovide fish, bivalve and shrimphatcheries with clean, conven-ient,longshelf-lifefeedsthataresuperior choices to replace orsupplement live microalgae. Ourfeeds ensure stable and rapidly-reproducing rotifer populations thatofferrichnutritionalvalue.
BIOMAR: Sustainability is deci-sivetothecontinuouslong-termdevelopment of the aquacultureindustry.Itentailsthattheindus- try is run on a commercial basiswhich meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the needs of the future. BioMarfocusesthroughthedevelopmentprogramBioSustainonincreasingsustainabilityinfishfarming.-
Feed costs andefficiencey
BIOMAR: Organic food prod-ucts are rapidly gaining impor- tance among consumers. BioMarproduces a number of differentfeedtypescertifiedforfarmingoforganic fish to cover this grow-ing need. New feed conceptsareconstantlybeingdevelopedin
ordertocaterfornewconsumer trends and help our customersgrowtheirbusiness.
Feed solutions– working with
the farmers
BIOMAR: In BioMar we see the reduction of farm impactas an important mean to facili-
tate continued growth for theaquaculture sector, especiallyin the land based aquaculture,where scarce water resourcesneed tobe preserved and pro- tected. Environmental regulationhasoverthe last yearsin manycountries lowered the limits for theacceptable amountsof nutri-entsinthewastewater.BioMar therefore focuses on developingfeedswithanoptimalbalanceofnutrients,sothatthefishutilisesa maximum of the nutrients in
thefeedforgrowth,whileamini-mumofnutrientsarelosttothewater. A more efficient uptakeofnutrientsinthefishdoesnotonlybenefittheenvironment,butitalsoimprovesfarmeconomy.
42 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Mach-Api 2013
AQUAFEEDPRODUCTION
The future
NOVUS:"Weexpecttocontinue to grow ourexistingmarkets andexpandourfootprintinthesemar-ketsthroughnewtechnologiesandpartnerships.Wewillgrowthroughmarket relevancy, for example,overthepast25yearsthesalmon
industryhasachievedanincreaseinproductivityfrom15to20%whilereducingnitrogenwaste fourfold.Novusprobiotics(livemicroorgan-ismswhichconferahealthbenefit)assistwiththestabilityofpondcul-
tures,therebyhelpingtomaximizepond watercarrying capacity andenhancingoverallfishhealth.Inthisway,morefisharegrownwithlesswater,asthewaterislesstoxic,andlessoverallwasteresults.
"Novusisaparticipantinthefarm-
to-table nutrition continuum andbecauseofthis,wehaveadistinct
responsibilitytothecommunities
we serve. Novus’s vision is 'To
HelpFeedtheWorldAffordable,
Wholesome Food and Achieve
a Higher Quality of Life'. Our
performance as a company and
ourvisionarenotseparate-each
isconnectedinextricablywiththe
other. Ineverythingwedoover
the next five years and beyond
youcanexpecttobeabletocon-
nectouractionswithourvision".See the full interview with Thad
Simons, Novus president and CEO
on page 62
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AQUAFEEDPRODUCTION
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PRODUCTSHOWCASE
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A selection of products
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Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 47
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GoldMehlFMasareplacerofFishMeal.
With85%crudeproteincontentandmorethan85%invivoigestibility,theproductisauniqueofferinginthecategoryfAnimalProteinsandisbeingusedwidelyinifferentpartsoftheworld.
Beta S – The natural Immune Modulator-LeiberBeta-S®consistsofisolated1.3-1.6-β-D-Glucanmoleculesfrombrewers’yeastcellwalls. Thankstoapatentedandgentleproductionprocess, their native structure stays intactsothat theyhaveaneffectiveandimmune-modulatingimpactduringintestinalpassage.
LeiberBeta-S®hasascientificallyprovenpositiveeffectontheimmunevariablesoffishincludingtheantibodytiter,theimmuneglobinlevel,andthemortalityrate.
ExcellenceinYeast–Excellentforfish!
www.leibergmbh.de
www.muyang.com
Single screw extruder-Leadingextrusiontechnologyandintelligentcontrol;by-passforavoidingblockage;simpleoperation,preciseandreliable.
Highefficiency-DDCconditionerandoptimalextruderscrew&chamber,minimumSMEinput;recoverableenergy,maximumenergyutilization;uniquesuspendingcutter,replacementandadjustmentwithoutdowntime.
Wideproductionrange-Controllabletemperature,pressureanddensitythankstomodularizeddesignandmanyadd-ons,minimizingreconfigurationacquired.
Satisfyingproductquality-Uniformextrudedpelletswithhighfatabsorption,uniquevisualappearance,environmentfriendlyandsustainable.
New Wenger Extrusion Process for Shrimp Feed ProductionWenger’snewMicroAquaticExtrusionSystem
urpassesthecapabilitiesofothersmalldiameter
quaticfeedprocesses,andredefinesallprevious
hrimpfeedproductiontechnology.BasedonWenger’sversatileC2TXConicalCo-RotatingTwin-
crewExtruder,thenewsystemistailoredspecificallyorsmall-diameteraquaticfeedsandemploystheddedinnovationofobliquedietechnologyndahigh-shearconditionertobringneweasibilitiestoshrimpfeedproduction,aswell
asothertypesofsmallandmicro-diameteraquaticfeed.
www.wenger.com www.tapcoinc.com
Xtreme Duty (CC-XD) elevator bucket-TapcoInc.’s508mmx
254mm(20”x10”)XtremeDuty(CC-XD)elevatorbucket—with
26,837.64mm(1,056.6cubicinches(ratedatindustrystandardof110%
ofwaterlevel)ofactualcapacity—runsatspeedsupto940fpm.The
508mmx254mm(20”x10”)CC-XDfeaturesa15.875mm(5/8”)thick
roundedfront.
Thebucketsaremadewith35%-50%moreresinthroughout,and
areavailableinnylon,urethaneandpolyethylene.U.S.FoodandDrug
Administration(FDA)-compliantresinsarestandardin
polyethyleneandurethane.
FDA-compliantnylonresinis
availablebyspecialrequest.For
moreinformation,contact
YassineAbbadat1314739
9191or18002882726
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See our review of productslaunched and displayed
at the 'Aquaculture
2013' event in Nashville,
USA turn to page 58
Liptocitro Growth Plus-isanaturaladditivedevelopedbyLiptosawithgrowthpromoterandhepaticprotectoreffect.
Thisadditivecanbeincorporatedinfeed
ishsincefingerlingperioduntiltheendof
growingphaseinallsortsofaquaculture
ish(marineandfreshwater)andshrimp.
LiptocitroGrowthPlusgettoreducethe
cycleproductionthankstoFCRreductionandimprovementindailygainofweight.
AsgrowthnaturalpromoterLGPgetthat
ishhavebetterprotection
tateversusbacterialdiseases
hankstoBacteriostaticand
bactericideeffectagainst
microorganismsG(+)yG(-)”
www.liptosa.com www.evonik.com
AMINOCarp® -isatooldeliveringaminoacidrecommendationsfor
growingcommoncarp(cyprinuscarpiossp.).
Thesoftwarecalculatesaminoacidrecommendationsbasedonuserinputslikegrowth,feedingintensityandproductionconditionslikedurationoffeedingperiod,proportionofnaturalfeedintotalfeedintakeanddailyfeedingfrequency.
www.akahl.de
The extruder OEE -withanexchangeableandhydraulicallyadjustable
dieisanadvancementoftheKAHLannulargapexpander.
Theuser-friendlyandflexibleplantisavailableindifferentsizes.Manyparameterscanbeinfluencedtoobtainanoptimumproductquality.Starchismodifiedby90%/Thedevicecanbeusedforfeedsforallanimalspecies/Highwaterabsorptioncapacity/Highfatcontentsofupto30%forhighenergyfeedarepossible/Differentproductshapesarepossible
TheKAHLextruderOEEprovidesfishandshrimpfeedwithspecialpropertiesforfishfarming.Floatingorveryslowlysinkingpelletsfortilapia,carp,catfish/Slowlysinkingpelletsfortrout,salmon,andperch/Water-stablepelletsforcrustaceans/Rearingfeedwithagranularsizeof0.1-2mm
Chinese Largest Capacity Pellet Mill SZLH1068-SLH1068pelletmillisoneofthenationalkeyscienceandtechnologysupportprojectsof
heeleventhfive-yearplan.Itisalsothekeypromotionprogramofthe
nationalagriculturalministryofthetwelfthfive-yearplan.
SZLH1068pelletmillisoneofthenationalkeyscienceandechnologysupportprojectsof theeleventhfive-yearplan. Itsalsothekeypromotionprogramofthenationalagriculturalministryofthetwelfthfive-yearplan.
DevelopedandmanufacturedbyZhengchang,SZLH1068hasattaineddomesticlargestcapacityof45-55tonperhour.Itwillbeputinusein160t/hfeedfactoryforthecompanyofHewei.TheuccessfulmanufactureofSZLH1068haslaidsolidtechnologyoundationforthemassiveandintensivedevelopmentofChinaeedindustry.TheadoptionofSZLh1068pelletmillwillgreatlyavetheinvestment,productionandmanagementcostsforfeedactoryandcreatemorevaluesforthem.
www.zhengchang.com
www.reed-mariculture.com
Rotifers -aresmall(50-1000µm)zooplanktonthatoccurinfreshwater,
brackish,andmarineenvironments. Rotifersfeedonmicroalgaeandareconsumedbyawidevarietyoffish,shellfish,corals,andotherorganisms.Theyareusedextensivelyinaquacultureandaquariumsbecauseoftheirveryhighreproductiverates(asgreatasdoublingorbetterevery24hours),easeofculturing,optimalsizeforlarvalfish,andnutritionalprofilethatcanbetailored totheneedsofpreyspeciesbyuseofspecialfeedssuchasReedMariculture’sRotiGrow®andN-Rich®microalgaefeeds.
Themostcommonlyusedmarinerotifersarethe
speciesBrachionusplicatilis(L-type)andBrachionusrotundiformis(S-typeandSS-type).ReedMariculturesuppliespureculturesofastrainofBrachionusplicatilis(L-typerotifers)withatypicalloricalengthofabout160µm.Thisspeciesiseuryhaline,capableof thrivinginsalinitiesof5-40ppt.
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EXPERTT●PIC
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth lookat a particular species and how its feed is managed.
COBIAEXPERT TOPIC
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1
ChinaThevastmajorityoftheworld’scobiaispro-ducedinChina.Infactin2004,thecountryproduced 80.6 percent of global exportsaccordingtotheFAO.However,despitethis, there is little available information on cobiafeedsorfarmingstrategiesusedbyChinesefarmers.
2
VietnamIn2008,Vietnamproduced1,500tonnesofcobia, making it the third largest producerbehindChinaandTaiwan.
Oneofthelargestcobiaoperationsinthecountry is run by Marine Farms Vietnam, asubsidiaryofMarineFarmsASA,Norway.Thecompanyhasashorebasefacility,hatcherysiteandtenseasites,whichrangefrom20mto32mindepth.Thefarms,whicharelocatednorthofNhaTrang,producemorethan1,500metrictonsofcobiaperyear,withthecapacity
toproducemorethan6,000tonsifneeded.Not content with only V ie tnamesecobiaproduction,MarineFarmsalsohasacobiaoperationinBelizewhichhasbeengrowing cobia in offshore cages s ince2006.
3
TaiwanTaiwanisoneofthepioneersofcobia
aquacul ture . In i ti a ll y broodstock f i shwerecaught f romthewi ld but in the 1990s, thecountrybecamethef i rst in th e wo rl d to su cc es sf ul ly sp aw nco bi a.By1997,thetechnologyandknow-howwasinplacetoraisesizeablequantitiesofcobia . Today,broodstockaretakenfrom grow out cagesand transported to on sh or e po nd s to sp aw n. Ju ve ni lecobia(1.5-2years)issenttogrowoutp ond s, ne ar sho re ca ge s o r o f fs hor ecages.
AccordingtoFAOdata, cobiapro-d uc er s i n T ai wa n u se b ot h f lo at in gandsinkingpel letscomprisedof42-45percentcrudeprote inand15-16per-cent l ipid . The FCR i s approx imate ly1.5:1.
4
USAEighty-fivepercentofseafoodintheUSAisimport-
ed but there is burgeoning interest in increasingdomesticaquacultureproduction.Cobiaisapromis-ingcandidateforaquacultureproductionduetoitsrapidgrowthrateandgoodfleshquality.Thefirstaquacultureresearchonthespecieswasnotedin1975 in NorthCarolina, USA. Cobia eggs werecollectedoffthecoastandraisedinarearingtrial.
LikeTaiwan,therehavealsobeensuccess-fulspawningeffortsontheUSA.
While the early production cycle in Taiwanfavoursoutdoorponds,juvenilecobiaintheUSA tend to live in fibreglass tanks. According to the
FAO,thesetanksareeitheroperatedasrecircula- tionsystems,flow-throughoracombinationofboth.Researcheffortshavefocusedonextendingthe
cobia spawning season with the aim of reachingyear-roundeggproduction.Todate,eggshavebeensuccessfullyfertilizedduring10monthsoftheyear.
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3
1
24
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Developingecologically efficient,
economically viable
and nutritionally
adequate feeds for
cobia Rachycentron
canadumThe University of Miami and other USinstitutions have teamed up with feedmanufacturing companies, producersand the American Soybean Associationto develop competitive practical feedsfor this emerging aquaculture species
by Jorge A Suarez, Carlos Tudela, DrewDavis, Matthew Taynor, Lindsay Glass,
Ron Hoenig and Daniel D Benetti
Cobia isthe onlymember ofthe
family Ranchycentridae. It is atropical and subtropical species
widely distributed worldwide
(Briggs, 1960; Shaffer andNakamura, 1989;
Ditty and Shaw, 1992; Benettiet al., 2008),
exceptintheeasternPacific,whereitrarely
found(Briggs,1960;Collette,1999;Benettiet al.,2008).Cobiaarerecognisedfortheirfast
growth,excellentmeatquality,andhavebeen
intensively farmed sincethe 1990s(Liaoet
al.,2004;Benettiet al.,2007).
Thesecharacteristics,alongwithexcellentmeat quality andgood market demand andprice, raised enormous interest in commer-cialaquaculturedevelopmentofthisspecies.Indeed,whilecobiawasalittleknowncandi-datespeciesforaquacultureaboutadecadeago, today it has established itself as a top
quality culturedmarinefish tropical/subtropi-calinAsiaandtheAmericas.
Technologyforreliablebroodstockspawn-ing and mass production of fingerlings hasbeen mastered at the University of MiamiExperimental Hatchery (UMEH) and otherprivate companies and government institu- tions around the world. However, while thefundamentaltechnologyforcobiaproductionfrom egg to market is in place (Liao et al.,2004;Benetti et al.,2008;2010),manyyearsofresearchanddevelopmentarestillneeded
torefinethecultureprocess,allowingcobiatodeveloponanindustrialscale,especiallyatthegrow-outstage.
Those working with the species both at the R&D and production concur that themost crucial remaining roadblocks to be
addressed and resolved at this juncture arerelatedtofeedsandnutrition.
Atthepresenttime,feedsrepresentthemostexpensiveitemoftheproductioncostsfor cobia, and the inabi lity to provide asustainable, high-quality feed that meets theenergetic and nutritional requirements of these fast growing fish continues to eludeproducers.Topqualitydietswithhighinclu-sion levels of fishmeal and fish are avail-able but costs are prohibitively high frombothecologicalandeconomicalperspectives.Therefore,thecollectivegoalofresearchers,
feedmanufacturersandproducersistofor-mulate,developandmanufactureecologicallyefficient and economically viable diets thatwillmeetthenutritionalrequirementsof thisspecies.Thisreviewsummarisestheseefforts.
Theevaluationoffeedingredientsiscrucial tonutritionalresearchandfeeddevelopmentforaquaculturespecies.Inevaluatingingredi-ents,thereareseveralimportantpointsthatmustbeunderstoodtoenablethejudicioususeofaparticularingredientinfeedformula- tion(Glencrosset al.,2007).Thedetermina-
tionof nutrientdigestibility isthe firststep inevaluating the potential of an ingredient foruseinthedietofanaquaculturespecies(Allanet al.,2000).
Aconstraintfortheexpansionofcobiaaqua-cultureistheavailabilityofhighqualityformu-
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lated diets whichreduceoreliminate fishmealprotein.Suitablereplacementsareoftenofplantorigin,buttheevaluationofnutrientdigestibilityinnew ingredients should be aninitialstep inevaluatingitspotentialforfishmealreplacement.Therefore,theapparentdigestibilitycoefficients(ADCs)ofproteinandaminoacidsofanovelvariety of non-GMO soybean meal, Navita™,andanindustrystandardsoybeanmeal(defattedsoybeanmeal/roastedsolvent-extracted),were
evaluated at University of Miami for juvenilecobia, Rachycentron canadum. Results indicated thattheNavita™ishighlybio-availabletocobia,asADCsforproteinandaminoacidsobtainedfor this ingredient were significantlyhigher fornearly every analysedcomponent of the feed than the ADCs of the conventional soybeanmeal. ADCs crude protein were 81.8% and68.5%, respectively, for Navita™ and conven- tionalsoybeanmeal.Similarly,ADCsofselectedamino acids ranged from 68.3-108.6% for theNavita™ meal, whereas the same coefficient
ranged from 41.4-97.8% for the conventionalsoybeanmeal.Findingsfromthepresentexperi-ment highlight the potential of Navita™ as asuitable FM replacement in cobia diets andshould help to maximize cobia growth whileminimising the excretion of fish metabolites(Daviset al.,2012).
Reviewing cobia nutritionIn their thorough review of cobia nutri-
tion, Fraser and Davies (2009) pointed out the importanceof payingspecialattention to
the amino acid requirements when replacingfishmealwithalternativeproteinsources.Chouet al.(2004)mentionsthatmethionineis theprimary limiting amino acid replacement instudiesoffishmealwithsoybeanmeal.Lungeret al.(2007)foundthattheaminoacidtaurinesupplementationatalevelof5gkg1dryweight,increased weight gain and feed efficiency incobiafeddietswithhighlevelsofplantprotein.
Fraser and Davies (2009) conclude thatnutritionalstudiesoncobiaarelimitedbecausemosthavebeenconductedusingjuvenilefishwith much lower weights than harvestable
size.Thecobiacommercialweightisbetween4 and 10 kg; however nutritional require-ments have only been examined in juvenilefishweighing50g.Althoughdifferencesintherequirementswereminimal,itwouldstillhaveahighimportantcommercialimpact,especial-lyconsideringproteinandlipidsarethemajordietarycomponentsinfishdiets.Theaccuracyof the nutritional requirements would notonlyhaveapositiveeconomicimpactontheindustry,butalsodecreasetheenvironmentalpollutionbydecreasingnutrientloadinginthe
aquaticecosystem.AsreviewedbyWelchet al(2010),theimportanceoftheresponsibleuse of natural resources such as fishmeal,fish oil and vegetable crops to ensure theenvironmental sustainability of aquafeeds iswellrecognised.
Although nutritional principles are similarfor all animals, the amounts of nutrientsrequiredvaryamongspecies.Thereareabout40essentialnutrientsinfishdiets(Akiyama et
al.,1993).AccordingtoTacón(1989),nutri- tionalrequirements inthe dietof allculturedaquaticspeciesmaybecategorizedunderfivedifferent nutritional groups: proteins, lipids,carbohydrates,vitaminsandminerals.
Major nutrient requirements for juvenile cobia
Protein:Oneofthemostimportantnutri-entsinthedietofmarinefishisprotein.Thisis attributed to two factors, which are thehighcostoftheingredientandtheorganisms’high protein nutritional requirement. Excessprotein not only increases feed costs but italsoincreasestheexcretionofnitrogeninto the environment. The first article used todetermineproteinrequirementsincobiawas that of Chou et al.(2001),whodetermined
byregressionanalysis,aproteinrequirementof44.5%.Craig,SchwarzandMcLean(2006)conductedafactorialstudywithtwolevelsofcrudeprotein(40%and50%)andthreelipidlevels(6%,12%and18%).Theauthorsfoundasignificantdifferenceinfeedefficiencyof7.4gcobiafedwiththelowestlevelofprotein.On the contrary, when the authors usedlargercobia(49.3g)nosignificantdifferencesin feed efficiency were found between thedifferentlevelsofprotein.
Amino acids: The nutritional value of a
proteindietisinfluencedby thecompositionofitsaminoacids.Forthisreason,theprotein tobeused inpracticaldiet formulationsmustbe based on digestible amino acid profileand quantitative amino acid requirementsin the targeted species. In cobia, studies ofamino acid requirements are limited, only two of the ten amino acids have been con-sideredessential(Wilson2002).Zhou et al.(2006)determinedmethioninerequirementsin juvenilecobia. The authors statethat formaximumgrowthandlowerfeedconversionratio,therequirementofmethionineis1.19%
(drydiet)inthepresenceof0.67%cysteine,correspondingto2.64%dryweightofdietaryprotein.
Forlysine,Zhouet al.(2007)determined therequirementsin juvenilecobia.Theresultfor lysine requirements were 2.33% and5.30% dry weight of dietary protein. Thesevaluesofmethionineandlysineareinaccord-ance with the requirement values of otherimportantfishspeciesinaquaculture(Wilson2002).Recently,Renet al.(2012)determined the requirementsof arginine on the basis of
SGR and FER. The optimal dietary argininerequirementsofjuvenilecobiawereestimated tobe2.85%ofthedietand2.82%ofthediet,respectively.
Lipids:Lipids are animportant source ofhighlydigestibleenergy,inparticular,freefatty
acids derived from triglycerides constituting themajorenergysourceformuscle inalmostallanimals.Theyarealsokeycomponentsofcellular and subcellular membranes (phos-pholipids, sterols, etc.). Performing functionsasbiologicaltransportersintheabsorptionoffat-soluble vitamins are precursors of pros- taglandinsand hormones(Fenucci andHaran2006). For juvenile cobia, the lipid require-ment was estimated at 5.76% (Chou et al.,
2001).Wanget al.(2005)usedthreeisopro- teicdiets(47%protein)withthree lipidlevels(5%,15%and25%drymatter).Theauthorsfound no significant differences in growthbetweenthecobia(7.7g)feddietscontaining5percentand15percentlipids.Howeverthecobia fed 25 percent lipid had a significantreductionindailydietconsumption,suggest-ingthatlipidlevelsabove15percentreducedgrowthduetodecreasedfeedconsumption.
Carbohydrates: Because cobia commer-cialfeedscontainstarchandcerealproducts,
related research on carbohydrate require-ments are very important. Schwarz et al.(2007) suggests that cobia are able to useup to 360g/kg-1 of dietary starch from lowmolecularweightcarbohydratesuchasdex- trin. Webb et al. (2009) determined thatcobia can use carbohydrates to levels of340g/kg-1(drydiet)withanoptimumenergyprotein of approximately 34mg protein kJ-1metabolisableenergy.
Vitamins:Vitaminsarenutrientsnecessaryforgrowth,health,andreproductionoforgan-
ismsandarerequiredinverysmallamountsinfishdiet.Maiet al.(2009)determinedtherequirementsofcholineinjuvenilecobia.Therequirementdeterminedby‘brokenline’forweightgainwas696mg/kg-1cholinedietascholine chloride. Unfortunately there is notenoughinformationontherequirementsforvitaminsandmineralsinCobia.
Future research areasFor the futurewe propose the following
researchintheareaofcobianutrition:• Determine nutritional requirements at
differentsizesclasses• Further requirements of amino acids,
vitaminsandminerals• Continueresearchreplacementof fish-
mealandfishoiltoalternativesourcesofproteinandlipid
• Complement existing information ondigestibilityandenergybalanceofpro- tein ingredients of plant and animalorigin
• Monitoring the quality of commercialfeeds,usedbytheindustry
• Implementa tion of manag ementpracticesIn conclusion, the collaborative effort of
researchers,feedmanufacturersandproduc-ers are driving steadfast progress towardsdevelopingpracticalandeconomicaldietsfor
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cobiaatalldevelopmentalstages.Governmentsupportaswellasinterestandfundinggener-ated by American Soybean Association andits various affil iated groups have been ofparamount importance in advancing knowl-edgeandtechnologiesthefield.Theindustryis much further ahead than it was about adecade ago. It is recognised that enhanced
knowledge and better nutrition are allowingcobiaaquacultureproductiontocontinuetoexpandexponentiallyworldwidewhilemov-ingawayfrominadequatedietsandtrashfish.Thedevelopment of an ecologicallyefficientand economically viable cobia aquaculture
industry is and will continue to benefit allstakeholders,fromproducerstoconsumers.
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canadum).Aquaculture249,439-447
Webb,K.A.,RawlisonL.T.&HoltG.J.,2009.Effectsofdietaryratioongrowthandfeedefficiencyof
juvenilecobia,Rachycentron canadum.AquacultureNutrition.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00672.x
Welsh,A.,R.Hoenig,J.Stieglitz,D.D.Benetti,A.Tacon,N.Sims,andB.O'Hanlon2010.Fromfishingtothesustainablefarmingofcarnivorousmarinefinfish.ReviewsinFisheriesScience18(3):235-247
WilsonR.P.,2002.Aminoacidsandproteins.In:FishNutrition(ed.byJ.Halver&R.Hardy),pp.143–179.AcademicPress,SanDiego,CA,USA.
ZhouQ.C.,WuZ.H.,TanB.P.,ChiS.Y.&YangQ.H.,2006.OptimaldietarymethioninerequirementforjuvenileCobia(Rachycentron canadum).Aquaculture258,551-557.
ZhouQ.C.,WuZ.H.,ChiS.Y.&YangQ.H.,2007.Dietarylysinerequirementofjuvenilecobia(Rachycentron canadum).Aquaculture273,634-640.
Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 55
EXPERTT●PIC
THE 8TH INDONESIA’S NO.1 LIVESTOCK,FEED, DAIRY AND FISHERIES
INDUSTRY SHOW
5 - 7 June 2013
BNDCC - Bali Nusa Dua Convention Center
Bali - Indonesia
PT. NAPINDO MEDIA ASHATAMA
Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No.10, Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450, IndonesiaTel: (62-21) 8644756/85, Fax: (62-21) 8650963, E-mail: [email protected]
incorporating with
Directorate General ofLivestock andAnimal Health,Ministry of Agriculture,Republic of Indonesia
Hosted by Organised bySupported by
Official RegionalPublication
Supporting PublicationsOfficial LocalPublication
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INDUSTRYEVENTS
I N D
U S T R Y E
V E N T S
11th-12thMarch13GLOBALG.A.PPublicWorkshopAquaculture,Bangkok,ThailandContact: Daniela Fabiszisky,
GLOBAL G.A.P, Spichernstr.55,
50672, Cologne, Germany
Tel: +49 2215 799333
Fax: +49 2215 799389
Email: [email protected] Web: www.globalgap.org
13th-15thMarch13AquaticAsia2013,BITEC,BangkokInternationalTrade&Exhibition,Centre,Bangkok,ThailandContact: Guus van Ham, P.O.
Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The
Netherlands
Tel: +31 302 952302
Fax: +31 302 952809
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.aquatic-asia.net
13th-15thMarch13VIVAsia2013,BITEC,BangkokInternationalTrade&ExhibitionCentre,88Bangna-tradRoad,Bangna,Prakanong,Bangkok10260,ThailandContact: Anneke van Rooijen, P.O.
Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The
Netherlands
Tel: +31 302 952772
Fax: +31 302 952809
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.viv.net
24th-27thMarch13AridlandAquacultureSymposium&Workshops(RecirculationandAquaponics),UAEUniversity Contact: Roy Palmer, World
Aquaculture Society, 143 J. M. Parker
Coliseum, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Tel: +61 419 528733
Fax: +1 2255 783493
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.was.org
26th-28thMarch13
AGRAMiddleEast,DubaiInternationalExhibitionCentreDubai,UAEContact: Rizwan Mustafa, PO Box
28943, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Tel: +971 44 072424
Fax: +971 44 072485
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.agramiddleeast.com
24th-25thApril13EuropeanAlgaeBiomass,Vienna,AustriaContact: Dimitri Pavlyk, 5/13 Great
Suffolk Street, London, SE1 0NS, UK Tel: +44 2079 812503
Fax: +44 2075 930071
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.wplgroup.com/aci/confer-
ences/eu-eal3.asp
25th-26thApril13GLOBALG.A.PPublicWorkshop,Aquaculture,Brussels,BelgiumContact: Daniela Fabiszisky,
GLOBAL G.A.P, Spichernstr.55,
50672 Cologne, Germany
Tel: +49 2215 799333
Fax: +49 2215 799389
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.globalgap.org
22nd-24thMay13VIVRussia2013,InternationalCrocusExhibitionCenter,Moscow,RussiaContact: Guus van Ham, P.O.
Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The
Netherlands
Tel: +31 302 952302
Fax: +31 302 952809
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.viv.net
30thMay13-2ndJune13Aquarama2013,Hall401-403,SuntecSingapore,InternationalConvention&ExhibitionCentre,1RafflesBoulevard,SuntecCity,Singapore039593Contact: Ms. Jennifer Lee, 3
Pickering Street, #02-48 China
Square Central, Singapore 048660
Tel: +65 65 920891
Fax: +65 64 386090
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://aquarama.com.sg/
5th-7thJune13INDOLIVESTOCK2013EXPO&FORUM,BaliNusaDuaConventionCenter,Bali,IndonesiaContact: Didit Siswodwiatmoko /
Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV
Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy
& Moon, Pondok Kelapa Jakarta
13450, Indonesia
Tel: +62 218 644756 ext: 118
& 123
Fax: +62 218 650963
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.indolivestock.com
9th-12thAugust13AquacultureEurope2013,NTNU–Trondheim,Norway Contact: Conference manager,
Slijkensesteenweg 4, 8400 Ostend,
Belgium
Tel: +32 59 323859
Fax: [email protected]
Web: www.easonline.org
9th-12thSeptember13BioMarineBusinessConvention2013,WorldTradeCongressCentre,
Halifax,NS,CanadaContact: Sylvie Couture, 1200,
Montreal Road, Building M-19,
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
Tel: +1 6139 912060
Fax: +1 6139 937250
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.biomarine.org
22nd-27thSeptember1320thAnnualPracticalShortCourseonAquacultureFeedExtrusion,NutritionandFeedManagement,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,Texas,USAContact: Mian N Riaz, Food Protein
R&D Center, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, USA
Tel: +1 9798 452774
Fax: +1 9798 452744
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.tamu.edu/extrusion
6th-10thOctober13TenthInternationalSymposiumonTilapiainAquaculture(ISTA-10),CrownePlazaHotel,GivatRam,HaaliyaSt.1,Jerusalem,IsraelContact: Prof Gideon HULATA,
Agricultural Research Organization,
The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet
Dagan 50250, IsraelTel: +972 37 610692
Fax: +972 37 610799
Email: [email protected] or
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.ista10.com/
10th-12thOctober13ShanghaiInternationalFisheries&SeafoodEXPO2013,ShanghaiNewInternationalExpoCenter,Shanghai,ChinaContact: Shelly Zhou, Suite 1101,
11F, Xiusen Building, No. 129
South Laiting Rd, Songjiang District,
Shanghai, 201615, China
Tel: +86 13818 503302
Fax: +86 2167 759097
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.sifse.com/en
7th-9thNovember13EXPOPESCA&ACUIPERU,CentrodeExposicionesJockey,HipodromodeMonterrico,Lima33,PeruContact: Guillermo Thais, Thais
Corporation S.A.C., Av. Jatosisa
Mz-A, Lt-12, Urb. San Fernando –
Pachacamac, Lima 19 - Peru
Tel: +511 2 017820 (202)Fax: +511 2 017820 (209)
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.thaiscorp.com
7th-11thJune14WorldAquaculture2014,AdelaideConventionCentre,SA,AustraliaContact: Australia - Sarah-Jane
Day, International – John Cooksey,
Marevent, Begijnengracht 40, Ghent,
9000 Belgium
Tel: +32 92 334912
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]: www.aquaculture.org.au
Aquarama,May 30- June 2, 2013Suntec,Singapore
Singaporeisanaptlocationfor Asia’s biggest orna-mental f i sh show. The
countryistheworld’slargest
exporterofornamentalfish,withexportstotalling20.3percentofglobalproductionin2008.Aquarama returns for a thir- teenth year with an exhibi tiondedicatedtoallthingsaquarium-related.Withafocusoninter-nationalornamentalfish,inver- tebrates , plants and acces so-ries,theshowoffersplentyofopportunitiestogetimmersedinaquatics.
InternationalindustryplayersattendAquaramatosourcenewproducts,setnewindustrystand-ards,orlearnaboutthelatest technology and industr y devel-opments.There will be farmvisits,anewproductsshowcaseandavarietyoftradeandpublicseminars.
Thi s year the three t radeseminarswillfocusaroundthe theme of ‘cur rent aquat ics –
futureperspectives’.Session1:Industry-related Conservationwilllookathotissuesintheaquatics world including, theongoingstudiesontheplightoftheBanggaicardinalfish,theAmazonianornamentalfishery,conservationandmanagementstrategiesforIndianornamentalfish,andCITESandCBDissuessurroundingthedragonfish.
S es si on 2 : H ea lt h a ndBiosecurityintheOrnamental
AquaticIndustrywillexaminebiosecurityissuesinAustralia,fishhealthmanagementincommer-cialpremisesandbarcodingofornamentalfish.
FinallySession3:HusbandryandLegislationcoversgovern-mental perspect ives on theornamentalaquaticindustry,theliverocktrade,wild-caughtandcaptive-bred seahorses, nanoaquaria,Brazilianlegislationand
the next CITES Conference of theParties.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.aquarama.com.sg
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INDUSTRYEVENTS
InternationalCrocusExhibitionCenter,Moscow,Russia
V
IVissynonymouswithhigh-quality agriculture shows.Formed in the 1970s ,
VakbeursIntensieveVeehouderij(orintensiveanimalfarming)cateredfor the burgeoning interest in arablefarming,milkandcattleproductionintheNetherlands.Sincethen,VIVhasgrownfromanationaltradeeventintosevenseparateshowsheldaroundtheworld.TodayVIVshowsattractover1,000interna- tionalcompaniesandvisitorsfromover140countries.
VIVRussiaisoneofthesuccess
storiesoftheVIVfamily.Atthebeginning of the century theRussianeconomybegantogrowrapidlyagainafterthecrisisat the end of the 1990s.A strongemphasisfromcentralgovern-ment onself-sufficiency for theRussian meat industry provedfert ile ground forVIV Russia.
Startingin2004thisVIVshowquicklybecameapointofref-erence for the Russian meatindustry.
Now in itssixthedition,VIVRussia 2013 showcases new
productsandservices,state-of- the ar t tec hnologies and the
latesttrendsintheanimalproteinindustry.Inadditiontotheexhi-bitionanextensiveconferenceandseminarprogrammeisalsoplanned.
GuusvanHam,projectmanager,VIVwantstoprovideRussiancom-panieswithaplatform,offeringeverythingthatisneededtobuildefficient supply chains for theintensiveproductionofpoultrymeat,eggsandpork.Animalfeedandanimalhealth–atthebegin-
ningofthesupplychain–andproductprocessing–attheendof
thechain–willplayaveryimpor- tantroleinthis.“WewanttoshareourknowledgewiththeRussiansintheseareasinparticular.Wewillalsobepresentingsolutions
fortheeffectsofantibioticsuseduringaseriesofcongressesandseminars.Thesecongresseswillbehigh-level,objectiveandnon-com-mercial,”saysGuusvanHam.
VIV’scentralthemeremainstheconversionof vegetable productsin to animal protein, primarily in
theformofmeatandeggs.Butthegrowingeconomiesoftheworld
arealsorespondingtoanincreasingdemandforfishproductsatVIV
More InforMatIon:
www.viv.net
VIVRussia May 21-23, 2013
Pl an s a re a lr ea dy i nfu ll swing for Wor ldAquaculture Adelaide
2014 (WAA14) which takesplaceJune7-11,2014.
“The theme for the con-ference is ‘Create, Nurture,Gr ow ’ w hich ref lec ts thedynamicnatureofaquaculturedevelopment in the region,”
says Dr Graham Mair chair-ma n, Wor ld A quacult ur eAdelaide2014
“Agreeing the theme earlyonhasgivenusaheadstartandwe have a number of strong teams already working on arange of conference develop-ment tasks and we are confi-dentthat,withthesupporttheeventisreceivingfromindustryandgovernment,thiswillbean
exciting and rewarding event,”addsMair.The Program Committee
headed by Professor JoseFernandez-Polanco and Dr
Jenny Cobcroft have their Callfor Papers ready to roll outsoonaftertheconference.
Wor ks ho ps a nd t ours ,both pre and post confer-ence, will be featured addi-
tionstothestrongconferenceprograminAdelaideandtheywill include important activi- ties for farmers, researchers
andstudentsalike.Mair emphasised, “We are
gratefulforthesupportwearereceiving from all our spon-sorsandthewillingnessofthemanyorganiserstoputintimeandefforttodevelopthewiderange of planned activities. Iamcertainthattheendresultwill be excellent and memo-rable experience for delegatesandwelookforwardtoseeing
everyone in Adelaide in June2014”.
More InforMatIon:
www.was.org
Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 57
PlansunderwayforWorldAquacultureAdelaide2014 June 7-11, 201420
th
Annual Practical Short Course on Aquaculture Feed Extrusion,
Nutrition, & Feed Management
September 22-27, 2013
For more information, visithttp://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion
or contact
Dr. Mian N. Riaz
[email protected] 979-845-2774
Hands-On Experience
Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas
o various shaping dies (sinking, floating, high fat),coating (surface vs vacuum), nutrition, feedformulation, and MUCH MORE!
Extruding Aquaculture Feeds
o 30+ lectures over a wide variety of aquacultureindustry topics
o one-on-one interaction withqualified industry experts
o at the internationallyrecognized Food ProteinR&D Center on the campusof
o discussion and live equipment demonstrationsfollowing lectures on four major types of extruders
VIV Russia 2013
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Innovations & Products Review-fromkeyindustryevents
Review Aquaculture2013, Nashville, USAInternational Aquafeed’s Tom
Blacker heads to the ‘music city’
for Aquaculture 2013
T
he World Aquaculture
Society's popular event,
Aquaculture 2013 took
place in a downtown
conference centre in the 'musiccity',Nashville,Tennesseebetween
February 22-24, 2013. Roger
Gilbert,proprietorofPerendalePublishersLtdandTomBlacker,market-
ing and sales and directories coordinator were exhibiting, alongwith
hundredsofothersinthemainexhibitionhall.
From earlyon the firstmorning,participants gatheredin the mainballroomfortheOpeningandPlenary.TheofficialSteeringCommittee’sopening address, the session movedto official awards, speeches andpresentations with great enthusiasm and an optimisticnote prevailedfor the imminenteventat large. Notably, Novus Inc.'s Craig Browdy
wontheUSAquacultureSocietyDistinguishedServiceawardandDrEdwardAllisonpresentedaninterestinglectureonglobalwarmingandaquaculture.ThebeginningwasfantasticallyimpressiveandDrAllison'sspeechplacedaquaculturesuperblywellinthecontextofglobalwarm-ing.Overlappingthiswastheexpoandtheseminarroomtheexhibition
hallwasalivewithmanyvisitorsbrowsingthelongaislesfilledwithallkindsofstands,products,prizedrawsandpublications.
Fromthefirstmomentonwards,ourstandinthecentreoftheexhi-bitionhallhadvisitorsinterestedtoseeandhearaboutourtitles.WenoticedagenuineinterestinboththeEnglishandEspañolInternationalAquafeed issues on show. Regular readers gave great feedback andnewreadershadsomeinsightfulopinions.Hundredsofcopiesofourmagazines were distributed, In fact, therewere limits needed on thedistribution so as to ensure participants over the entire event couldreceivecopies!
Theatmospherewasrelaxedthroughoutthevariousareasandthefoodanddrinksatsomeexhibitor'sstandswereawelcomeopportunity tomingleandnetwork.Someofourregularadvertiserswere inattend-anceandwereverypleasanttomeetindeed.
There were no shortage of academic seminars with question andansweralloverthreefloorsofalargeconferencecentre;theonesweattendedwerefantasticandinspirationaltospurusontostandards.Imanagedtofindtimetoattendtwo.ThefirstwasanAlltechseminarentitled'Successfulfishoilsparinginwhiteseabassfeedsusingsaturatedfatty acid-rich soy oil' on Friday and Reed Mariculture's Eric Henrypresenting'Practicalrotiferculture for zebrafish facilities'on Saturday.Bothwereinformativeandinterestingandprovidedgoodquestionand
answersessions.The presence of feed producers, academics, manufacturers andorganisations all in the vibrant capital of Tennessee was truly uniqueanditexceededourexpectationsofthevalueitwouldbring.Thenextaquacultureexhibitionhastoreachthehighstandardsasthisone!
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Model TT - Transport aerator
This 12voltaeratorprovidespositiveaerationfortanksof
varioussizes. Whether youhaul fish forlong distances or
short, ModelTT provides aeration tomake sure your fish
arriveattheirdestinationlivelyandhealthy.
After several years of testing, we are now offering a new,
improvedmotorforModelTTbuiltexclusivelyforFresh-floCorp.
ThebasicModelTTaeratorisdesignedforuseinfreshwater
orsaltwater.
www.freshflo.com
Extrusion technology
Sibal,steppedinwaterproductmarketin1984withfishmealandoilproduction.In2003sibalstartedextrudedfish-feedproductionunderthebrandofBlackSeafeed.WithtwoplantsSibalhas12ton/perhfeedproductioncapacity.Sibalcombining100%anchovyflourandHUFArichanchovyfishoilwiththelatestextrusion
technology, is serving to fishing sectorwith a balanced foodformulationandwideproductspectrum.
www.andritz.com
Flo-Ration
The Power House, Inc. announces a revolutionarynew aerator. Flo-Rationwas designed and developed
to replace paddlewheel aerators. It is based on theprovenandpatentedPowerHouseverticalliftaeration
technology. The 1-hp Flo-Ration is adjustable tooperate inoneofthreepositions…HORIZONTAL...VERTICAL…or45DEGREES.Flo-Rationisavailablein115or230Volts;50or60Hz.Cordlengthsareavailablefrom50to200feet.A2-yearwarrantyisincluded.
www.thepowerhouseinc.com
Extrusion technology
Sibal,steppedinwaterproductmarketin1984withfishmealandoilproduction.In2003sibalstartedextrudedfish-feedproductionunderthebrandofBlackSeafeed.WithtwoplantsSibalhas12ton/perhfeedproductioncapacity. Sibal combining 100% anchovy flour andHUFA rich anchovy fish oil with the latest extrusion
technology, isservingtofishingsectorwitha balanced
foodformulationandwideproductspectrum.
www.sibal.com.tr
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DVERTS
60 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Mach-Api 2013
ADDITIVES
BIOMIN
www.chemoforma.com
VANNAGEN ®
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lenge is our passion.st choice for your aquafeed.
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Your challenge is our passion.MetAMINO® is the best choice for your aquafeed.
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MetAMINO® is the best choice for your aquafeed.
www.evonik.com/feed-additives | [email protected]
KIOTECHAGIL
KRILLCANADACORP
INVEAQUACULTURE
PALMVIEWTRADE
www.sonac.biz
Pro-Bind plus
Gelko
Hemoglobin Powder
MucoPro
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COLOURSORTING
www.satake-group.com
ELEVATORBUCKETS
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www.go4b.com
www.buhlergroup.com
Buhler AGCH – 9240Uzwil, Switzerland
T: +41 71 955 11 11F: +41 71 955 28 96E: [email protected]
PAULHEDFELDGMBH
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VAVAANDRIJVINGENBV
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AFOETHBV
CONDEX(UK)LTD
FILTERSCREENSUPPLYLTD
EXTRUDERS
Extruder OEE for
the Production of
Fish Feed
www.buhlergroup.com
Buhler AG
CH – 9240Uzwil, SwitzerlandT: +41 71 955 11 11
F: +41 71 955 28 96
INSTAPROINTERNATIONAL
Ottevanger Milling Engineers
Moerkapelle and Aalten - Holland
Tel.: +31 79 593 22 21
E-mail: [email protected]
www.ottevanger.com
FEED
www.aller-aqua.com
The Pioneer in developing
Feed for newSpecies
CLOSER LOOKtake a
at Novus Aquaculture
www.novusint.com/aqua
FEED COST REDUCTION | HEALTH THROUGH NUTRITION | OPTIMIZED RAW MATERI |
Our success in developing sustainable
solutions evolves from a hands-on knowledge
and understanding of the global aqua
industry. By focusing on the needs of the
animals, our team of experts will design a
solution for your operation.
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Wynveen International b.v.
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Reed Mariculture Inc
The easiest to use,cleanest and most eective
feeds on the market
1-877-732-3276www.reed-mariculture.com
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SUPPLIES
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ADVERTS
Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 61
TheAquaculturistsblogisanonlineoff-shootofInternationalAquafeedmagazine.Whilethebi-monthlymagazinecoversaqua-feedissuesin-depth,theAquaculturiststakesalighterap-proach.Thecolumnists
digoutthebestdailyaquaculturestories,showandeventnewsandhighlightsfromtheprintmagazineandbringthemtoyoueverday...
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GOMOBILEAllofourservicesarealsoavailableforyoursmartphone.Visitwww.aquafeed.co.uk/pplappforademoversionofourapp-orusetheQRcodetogettheappFREEonyourmobile.
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T h ea
quaf eed
i nt er vi ew
To set the scene, what are Novus’ principletechnologies especially for aquaculture?
Consumerdemandforfish-basedproteininemerginganddevelopedmarketsisontherise.Atcurrentmarketdemand,7milliontonsofaquaculturefishareproducedannuallyand thisfigurewillcontinuetoincrease.Yet,thetraditionalmodelusesoceanfishforproducingfishmealtosupplyaquaculture
production.Asproducerslookforcheaper,morerenewablefeedstocks,vegetableprotein,especiallysoybean,hasbecomeanincreasinglyattractiveingredientinthefeedmix.However,vegetableproteinrequiresassistancetoincreaseitsbioavailabilityforaquaspecies.
Novustechnology,whichenhancesthedigestibilityofvegetableprotein,allowsforconsiderablereductionsoffishmealinclusioninaquadiets,upto80%,dependingonthespecies.ThisoptimisedHealth-through-Nutritionapproachisaccomplished throughahighlycostefficientfeedsupplementsolutionblend.Novus’sproprietaryblendofGutEnvironmentModifiersinfluencesthegutflora(microorganismsthatliveinthedigestive tracts)ofshrimpandotherspecies,effectivelyenhancingtheir
abilitytocopewithstressfulcultureconditions.Asaresult,animalseatbetter,digestmoreandgrowfaster,allthewhilereducingthewasteofuneatenornon-digestedfeedintothesurroundingsystem
Can you put Novus into aglobal context for feed?
OurtotalsalesworldwideareoverUS$1.3billion.Overhalf thisrevenueisaccruedthroughmethionineproductsales,butintermsofgrowthandoverthepasttenyearswehaveseennon-methionineproductsgrowingrapidlytooverUS$300millionfromUS$30million–thiswehaveachievednotjust
throughinternaldevelopmentbutalsothroughacquisition.Liquidmethioninehasbeenonthemarketfor30yearswhilemethionineitselfhasbeenavailableinpowderformforalmosthalfacentury.MethionineisaUS$1billionmarketworldwideandisaveryimportantingredientintheproductionofpoultry.ThatislikelytoremainandincreaseaswesearchforareplacementtoChileanfishmealinlivestockdiets.Forexample,aswestarttofeedmoresoybeansasaproteinreplacementforfishmealwewillneedmoremethioninetohelpbalancetheproteininfishmeal-freediets.
Methionine is one product, but what other
innovative products are you working on?Frommethioninewehavedevelopedotherproductssuchaschelatedtracemineralsthatcanbedeliveredtoanimalinanefficientway.Theseproductshavethepotentialtoreduce theamountofmineralswefeedtoanimalsbyimprovingbio-availability.Thatwillmeanlessmineralsinthedietandthereby
reducetheimpactontheenvironmentwhilestillremainingcompetitive.Wehavenowbroughtthistechnologytoaquacultureandsupplythemarketwithbothstraightsaswithfullorganicmineralpremixes.
Iseethecompanymovingintosupra-nutritionalproductsthatimprovehealthofanimalswhileatthesametimereducingoreliminatingmuchofthedrugusageweseetoday.WehaveastrongfocusinTherapeuticnutritionandourtechnology
portfolioincludesorganicacids,manufactureredinGermanypre-andprobiotics,andextractsofessentialoilsnowcomingoutofourresearchanddevelopmentprogrammersinSpain.Wehavebeensuccessfulinlaunchingandcustomizingthese technologiesforaquacultureapplications,rangingfromvibriosisinAsianshrimp,toenteritisinMediterraneanseabreamorsealiceinsalmon.
Are there other non-dietaryproducts under development?
Feedqualitycanbeaugmentedwithmoldinhibitorsbasedonorganicacidstodetoxifyrawmaterialsbyusingamycotoxin
binder.Thisisaveryimportantareaforfeedmanufacturing,especiallyindroughtyearswhencornqualityforinstanceispoorandcontaminationishigh.
Wearealsolookingatpreservingfatprofilesfortheirnutrientvalues,usingforexample,proteaseenzymestoassistingettingmoreproteinvalueoutofthefinalfeed.WeareinpartnershipwithVereniumtodevelopingnewheat-stable,phytazeproductswhichwillultimatelyhaveapplicationsforaquafeedindustry.
How important are differencesbetween markets when it comesto product development?
Ifwelookback21yearswewereclearlyfocusedonthepoultryindustrywhichwasaveryfastgrowingsectoratthe time.TenyearsagoweincreasedproductionandourglobalfootprintbybuildinginfrastructureinAsia,mostlythroughadistributionnetworksupportingthegrowthofmethioninesalescoupledwithourliquidapplicationsystems,whichprovedhighlysuitableinfeedmills.
Todayweareleveragingadeepunderstandingofnutrientabsorptionandguthealth.Goodnutritioncanreducecosts tofarmersandreducetheamountofwastethatisleftfor theenvironmenttoabsorb.Weareinthe‘wastereduction’businessandbyproducingproductsthatallowvariousspecies togrowtotheirgeneticpotentialsupportsthatcause.
Inhumantermsitshouldn’tbeabouttakingdrugsormulti-vitaminseverymorning,buttohavemorecontroloverourhealththatwecanachievethroughourowndiets.
Evenwithlessqualityfeednowavailableweshouldbeabletoachievemorethroughsounddiets.
Novuswillsooncelebrateits22ndbirthday!NovusInternational,Inc.wasfoundedin1991,buttheirscientificroots
andhistoryoriginatedover50yearsago.Inthe1950s,St.Louis,Missouri-basedMonsantoCompanybeganconducting
livestockandpoultryfeedmetabolismstudies.In1959,oneofitsproductsreceivedFDAapprovalasananimalfeed
additive,whichhelpedlaunchtheMonsantodivisionthatwouldbecomeNovus.In1991,inanefforttofocusonitscorebusi-
nesses—seed,herbicideandbiotechnology—MonsantosolditsFeedIngredientsdivisiontoMitsui&Co.,Ltd.andNipponSoda
Co.,Ltd.ThenewownerssawNovus’sstrategicpotentialforgrowth.
InternationalAquafeedhadtheopportunityinLondonrecentlytointerviewtheheadofNovus,PresidentandCEOThadSimons,whosayshisorganization’sVisionisto“helpfeedtheworldaffordable,wholesomefood.”
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CEO
The aquafeed interview
AnextendedversionofthisinterviewcanbefoundontheAquaculturistblog.
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Watch the interview on yoursmart phone
Simply download the Aurasmalight app, and then subscribe toour channel athttp://auras.ma/s/1shRr
Point your phone at the imagebelow and watch it come to lifewith the full interview
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AkerBiomarinerecognisedforsustainabilityefforts
AkerBioMarinehaswonanawardfromthe Nutrition Business Journalforitsroleinbuildingthekrillfisheryinfrastruc- ture.TheNorwegiancompanygainedthe‘InvestingintheFuture’awardforitsworkincreatingacontrolledkr illsupplychainintheAntarcticwitha long-termfocusonsustainableharvesting.SustainabilityhasbeenakeyconcernofAker
BioMarine’sbusinesssinceitsinception.ThecompanyhascooperatedwithWorldWildFundforNature,Norway,hasMarineStewardshipCouncilcer tificationandhascollaboratedwith theCommissionforthe ConservationofAntarcticMarineLivingResources.
“Withasensibleapproachtokrillfisherygovernancebyexternalmanagement,andtakingtheresponsibilityforourownhar-
vestingactivitiesseriously,we havealwaysbelieved thistobe awin-winrelationship;otherwisetherewouldbe noreasontoinvest,”saysWebjørnEikrem,EVP,UpstreamOperations,AkerBioMarine.
www.akerbiomarine.com
USperchfarmwins‘IndustryoftheYear’award
BellAquaculture,thelargestyellowperchfarmintheUSAhasbeennamed‘IndustryoftheYear’at theJayCountyChamberofCommerceatitsAnnualMeetingandAwardsBanquet.TheIndian-basedcompanywasciteda"aninternationalpacesetterinthefieldofaquaculture,"
byBillBradley,executivedirector,JayCountryDevelopmentCorporationforitsworkconvertingwastefishintofertilizer.
"Iwas verysurprisedand both thrilled andhumbled thatBellAquaculturewaschosen for thisspecialhonor.Onbehalfofourentirecompany,IthanktheJayCountyChamberforsinglingoutBellAquacultureandourindustryasawholewiththismuchappreciatedpublicrecognition,"saysNormanMcCowan,president,BellAquaculture.
www.bellaquaculture.com
EvonikcontributiontoassistHurricaneSandyreliefefforts
InlightofthedevastationcausedbyHurricaneSandyonOctober29,2012,specialitychemicalcompanyEvonikhasdonated$5,000tothePiscatawayOfficeofEmergencyManagement.Thedonationisatokenofgratitudeto
theemergencypersonnelwhoworktokeepthecommunityofPiscatawaysafe.ThelargesttropicalstormeverrecordedintheAtlantic,SandyisoneofthecostliestnaturaldisasterstheUnitedStateshasseen.Alongwithadeathtollofover100,Sandyisestimatedtohavecausedbillionsofdollarsinpropertydamageandlostbusiness.“Wehopethefundingwillhelpthedepartmentastheywork with ourcommunity torecover from the storm,” says GeorgeMossaad,Piscataway’ssitemanager.
ThisisnotthefirsttimeEvonikhasbeenlinkedtonaturaldisastersupport.Inrecentyears,thecorporationhasalsoprovidedreliefandrebuildingeffortsfollowinghurricanesKatrina,RitaandIkeandtsunamisandearthquakesintheAsianPacific.
TomBates,presidentofEvonikCorporationsays,“Evonikisactivelyinvolvedinhelpingmakethequalityoflifeinlocalcommu-nitiesbetterbyparticipatinginnon-profit,charitableandcommunityorganisations.”
www.evonik.com
BioMarBalticseeschangeinmanagementafter22years
ManagingdirectorforBioMarintheBalticMarketArea,Lars Rahbæk,hasresignedfollowinga22-yearcareer.R&DmanagerinBiomarContinentalEurope,OleChristensen,willtakeovertherole.
OriginallyaBioMarsalesassistantintheDanishmarket,Rahbæktookoverassalesandmarketingmanagerattheendof2001andalsobecameamemberof theDanishmanagementteam.Rahbækhasheldthemanagingdirectorpositionsinceearly2007andfollowinghisresignation,intendstopursueopportunitiesoutsideofBioMar.
AsregionalR&Dmanagersince2007,ChristensenhasactivelyparticipatedindesigningandimplementinganewR&Dstrategyandnewproductdevelopmentprocesses.Alongsidethis,Christensenhasalsobeeninvolvedinalargenumberofprojectswith theaimofimprovingoperationalefficienciesinBioMar’sEuropeanfactories.
Toensurecontinuityduringthistakeover,RahbækandChristensenwillworkcloselytogetheruntilApril2013.www.biomar.com
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Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96
[email protected], www.buhlergroup.com
Fatten up your bottom line. Bühler high-performance animal and aqua feed production
systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they
can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A
service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating
costs and increases capacity utilization. To nd out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com