INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

(SKMM 4413)

Dr. Mohd Farid bin Muhamad Said

Room : Block P21, Level 1, Automotive

Development Centre (ADC)

Tel : 07-5535449

Email: mfarid@fkm.utm.my

History of Engine Year　　　　　　Engine Development

1673　Engine concept developed（Huygens,Holland）1766 Steam Engine discovered（Watt,Britain）1876　4 cycle Otto cycle（Otto,Dutch）1881　Discovering of 2 cycle engine（Clerk,Britain）1886　Discovering of gasoline engine, actual use

（Daimler,Dutch）1895　Discover of diesel engine, actual use

（R.Diesel,Britain）1900　Passenger usage of gasoline and diesel engine

（Britain，Dutch, America）1903　Improvement of gasoline engine to fly first airplane

（Wright,America）1909　Mass production of vehicles engine（Ford,America）1914　Passenger use of airplane engine

1936　Discover of jet engine（F.Whittle,Britain）

HISTORY OF ICE

Car History

First mass product

car( Ford type T 1908) First car made by

HINO 1915

First car made by

MITSUBISHI 1917

First car made by

DATSUN 1932

First car made by

TOYOTA 1934

HISTORY OF ICE

Introduction of Engine

The purpose of a gasoline car engine is to convert gasoline into motion

so that your car can move. Currently the easiest way to create motion from

gasoline is to burn the gasoline inside an engine. Therefore, a car engine is an

internal combustion engine -- combustion takes place internally.

There is such a thing as an external combustion engine. A steam

engine in old-fashioned trains and steam boats is the best example of an

external combustion engine. The fuel (coal, wood, oil, whatever) in a steam

engine burns outside the engine to create steam, and the steam creates motion

inside the engine.

Internal combustion is a lot more efficient (takes less fuel per mile) than

external combustion, plus an internal combustion engine is a lot smaller than an

equivalent external combustion engine. This explains why we don't see any

cars from many manufactures using steam engines.

HISTORY OF ICE

Type of Engine HISTORY OF ICE

Automotive Passion

SSC Ultimate Aero TT

Reventon

Veyron

Saleen S7

Tata Nano

McLaren F1

1.7 million

Can buy 680 Nano

2500

HISTORY OF ICE

• Engine – a device which transforms one form of

energy into another form.

• Heat Engine - a device which transforms the

chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and

utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work

(mechanical energy).

• Power range from 0.01 kW to 20,000 kW.

• Normal vehicle nowadays require power output to the

order of 100 kW.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE)

DEFINITION

Classification of heat engines

INTRODUCTION

• External engine – combustion takes place outside the engine.

• Internal engine – combustion takes place within the engine.

(e.g. steam engine or turbine, and gasoline or diesel engines).

• The most widely used engines are:

The reciprocating internal combustion engines. (have been

found suitable for the use in automobiles, motor-cycles and

scooters, power boats, ships, slow speed aircraft, locomotives

and power units of relatively small output.)

The gas turbine

The steam turbine

INTRODUCTION

• Mechanical simplicity and improved efficiency due to the

absence of heat exchangers in the passage of the working

fluid (boilers and condensers in steam turbine plant).

• Higher thermal efficiency due to:

Advantages of reciprocating ICE compare to the steam engine are:

All its components are worked at an average temperature which is

much below the maximum temperature of the working fluid in the

cycle.

Moderate maximum working pressure of the fluid in the cycle

produces less weight to power ratio.

The possibility of developing a small power output reciprocating

internal combustion engines.

INTRODUCTION

The main disadvantages of reciprocating internal combustion

engines are:

• The problem of vibration caused by the

reciprocating components.

• Only liquid or gaseous fuels of given specification,

which are relatively more expensive, can be

efficiently used.

INTRODUCTION

ICE can be built in many different classifications.

For a given engine, using a four or two-stroke Otto or Diesel

cycle, the classifications are characterized by:

piston-cylinder geometry

valve arrangement

air Intake

fuel delivery system

cooling system

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

Piston-cylinder Geometry

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• The choice of a given arrangement depends on a number

of factors and constraints, such as engine balancing and

available volume.

• The in-line engine is the most popular as it is the simplest

to manufacture and maintain.

• The V engine is formed from two in-line banks of cylinders

set at an angle to each other, forming the letter V.

• A horizontally opposed or flat engine is a V engine with

180° offset piston banks.

Piston-cylinder Geometry

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• A radial engine has all of the cylinders in one plane with

equal spacing between cylinder axes.

• Radial engines are used in air-cooled aircraft applications

since each cylinder can be cooled equally.

• Since the cylinders are in a plane, a master connecting rod

is used for one cylinder, and articulated rods are attached

to the master rod.

The reciprocating motion of the connecting rod and piston

creates inertial forces and moments that need to be

considered in the choice of an engine configuration.

Piston-cylinder Geometry

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• Gases are admitted and expelled from the cylinders by valves that

open and close at the proper times, or by ports that are uncovered

or covered by the piston.

• Poppet valve is the primary valve type used in internal combustion

engines since they have excellent sealing characteristics.

• The poppet valves can be located either in the engine block or in

the cylinder head, depending on manufacturing and cooling

considerations.

• Older automobiles and small four-stroke engines have the valves

located in the block, a configuration termed underhead or L-head.

• Currently, most engines use valves located in the cylinder head, an

overhead or I-head configuration, as this configuration has good

inlet and exhaust flow characteristics.

Valve Arrangement

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

Poppet Valve

nomenclature

Valve Arrangement

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

L-head (Valve in Block) I-head (Valve in Head)

Valve Arrangement

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

Overhead Camshaft

Valve Arrangement

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• A camshaft rotates at half the engine speed for four-stroke

engine controls the valve timing.

• Lobes on the camshaft along with lifters, pushrods, and rocker

arms control the valve motion.

• The valve timing can be varied to increase volumetric efficiency

through the use of advanced camshafts that have moveable

lobes, or with electric valves.

• With a change in the load, the valve opening duration and timing

can be adjusted.

Valve Arrangement

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

Valve Arrangement

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

Naturally Aspirated

• Most automobile used NA engine.

• Air or fuel-air mixtures are forced into

the cylinders by vacuum caused by

cylinder movement.

• NA engines generally gives less power

than either turbo or supercharged

engines of the same displacement and

development level but tend to be

cheaper to produce.

Air Intake

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

The compressor raises

the density of the

incoming charge so that

more fuel and air can

be delivered to the

cylinder to increase the

power.

Supercharging

• Supercharging is mechanical compression of the inlet air to a

pressure higher than standard atmosphere by a compressor

powered by the crankshaft.

Air Intake

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

improves engine power output, realistically

double the equivalent NA engine

improves fuel consumption of the engine,

thus more economical

improves emissions, as it allows more

complete and thorough combustion

compensate for high altitude air density loss

Turbocharging

• In turbo charging exhaust gas leaving an engine is further

expanded through a turbine that drives a compressor.

• The benefits are:

• Almost 100% diesel engines are turbocharged,

while its only 6% for gasoline engines.

Air Intake

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• Some fuel systems use a carburetor. It sits on top of the engine

intake manifold. The carburetor mixes the air and fuel into a

combustible mixture.

• Instead of carburetor, most engines have electronic fuel injection

(EFI) system.

• An electronic control module (ECM) or computer, controls one or

more fuel injectors. When the engine needs fuel, a signal from

the ECM opens the injector.

• There are 3 types of electronic fuel injection:

Throttle-body injection (TBI)

Multipoint Port Injection (MPI)

Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)

Fuel Delivery System

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• A throttle body injector is a fuel injector located at the intake

manifold before the manifold branches to the individual cylinders.

Due to its distance from the cylinders, it injects a continuous

spray of fuel into the manifold.

Fuel Delivery System

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• Port fuel injectors are located in the intake port of each cylinder

just upstream of the intake valve, so there is an injector for each

cylinder.

• The port injector does not need to maintain a continuous fuel

spray, since the time lag for fuel delivery is much less than that

of a throttle body injector.

• Direct injection are available on some spark ignition engines.

With direct injection, the fuel is sprayed directly into the cylinder

during the late stages of the compression stroke.

• Compared with port injection, direct injection engines can be

operated at a higher compression ratio, and therefore will have a

higher theoretical efficiency.

Fuel Delivery System

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

GDI

Fuel Delivery System

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• Some type of cooling system is required to remove the

approximately 30% of the fuel energy rejected as waste heat.

• There are two main types of cooling systems: water and air

cooling.

• The water cooling system is usually a single loop where a

water pump sends coolant to the engine block, and then to the

head.

• Warm coolant flows through the intake manifold to warm it and

thereby assist in vaporizing the fuel.

• The coolant will then flow to a radiator or heat exchanger,

reject the waste heat to the atmosphere, and flow back to the

pump.

Cooling System

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

• When the engine is cold, a thermostat prevents coolant from returning

to the radiator, resulting in a more rapid warm-up of the engine. Water-

cooled engines are quieter than air-cooled engines, but have leaking,

boiling, and freezing problems.

• Engines with relatively

low power output, less

than 20 kW, primarily use

air-cooling.

• Air cooling systems use

fins to lower the air side

surface temperature

Cooling System

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

ENGINE

CLASSIFICATIONS

Piston Cylinder

Geometry Fuel Delivery

System

Air Intake

Valve

Arrangement Cooling

System

• In-line

•Horizontally Opposed

•Vertically Opposed

• ‘V’ engine

•Radial

•Carburetor

•TBI

•MPI

•GDI

•NA

•Supercharged

•Turbocharged

•L-Head

• I-Head

•Water

•Air