interactive case presentation #3: a case of acute-on ... · • acute liver failure refers to the...
TRANSCRIPT
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InteractiveCasePresentation#3:ACaseofAcute-on-ChronicLiver
Disease
Moderator:AngieCoste,MSN,CRM,FNP-C
TexasLiverInstituteSanAntonio,Texas
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Case:Jocelyn
• A55yearoldHispanicfemalepresentsonaroutinephysicalexamwithlabswiththefollowingfindings
• Herexamisnormal,withBMIof28• Shehasmildfatigue,nootherssymptoms• Labs:
– WBC:4.6,Hb 13.8g/dL,platelets240k– Tbili:1.0mg/dL,alk phosphatase128U/L,AST78U/L,ALT84U/L
– BUN:38mg/dL;Creatinine:0.8mg/dL
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Case:Jocelyn
• Sheisreferredtoyouforevaluation• HerhistoryisnegativeforprescribedorOTCmedications
• HerPSHincludesTAH/BSO• HerPMHispositiveforshinglesatage45,occasionalurinarytractinfections,andinfluenzaatage48
• Iwaswasthefirstconsultanttoseethispatient…..
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Biochemicalmarkers,imaging,andpatientpresentationinacutehepatic
injury
AngieCoste,MSN,CRM,FNP-CTexasLiverInstituteSanAntonio,Texas
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AcuteHepaticInjury:PatientPresentation
• Symptoms:– Fatigue/Malaise– Lethargy– Anorexia– Nausea/Vomiting– Pruritus– Abdominaldistentionfromascites
– Hypotensionandtachycardia
• PEfindings:– HepaticEncephalopathy
– Jaundice– RUQpainandHMG– Ascites– RenalFailure
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Biochemicaltestsinliverdisease• Thetruetestofliverfunction
– INR,PT,albumin,bilirubin(direct)• Testsofhepaticinjury/inflammation
– Transaminases• Aspartateaminotransferase (AST): liver,heart, kidneys,brain,skeletalmuscle
• Alanineaminotransferase (ALT): liver specific?(heart, kidney,skeletalmuscle)
– Alkalinephosphatase(ALP)– Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)– Lacticdehydrogenase(LDH)
• Hepatocellular:AST/ALTelevationtwicethatofALP• Cholestatic – AST/ALTelevationlessthantwiceofALP
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Whatmainlabstolookforinacutehepaticinjury?
• ElevatedAST/ALT– Canbeelevatedmildlytoseverely
• Bilirubin– Elevationmeansseriousliverinjuryanddysfunction
• ProlongationofINR/prothrombintime(PT)– Helpdetermineseverityandprognosis
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ImagingandPathology
• Ultrasound– Inexpensive,readilyavailable,andnoninvasive– Bestplacetostart
• CT/MRI– MoresensitivethanU/S– Cautioninrenalpatients
• LiverBiopsy– Almostalwaysnecessaryincasesnotleadingtoliverfailure,exceptforacutehepatitisAandB
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AcuteliverinjuryiscommonAcuteliverfailureisnot
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AcuteLiverFailure
• Acuteliverfailurereferstothedevelopmentofsevereacuteliverinjurywithencephalopathyandimpairedsyntheticfunction(jaundice)inapatientwithoutpreexistingliverdisease.
• Acuteliverfailurecanbesubcategorizedbaseduponhowlongthepatienthasbeenill.– Hyperacute (<7days)– Acute(7to21days)– Subacute (>21daysand<26weeks)
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TakeHomeMessage
• Manythingscancauseacutehepaticinjury• DoagoodhistoryandPEtohelpdetermineriskfactors– viral?Recentmeds?
• Eliminatecausativefactorforacutehepaticinjury!– toxins,medications
• Doimagingtoruleoutobstructivecauses• MonitorLFTstolookforimprovement!
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BacktoAngie
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Jocelyn:AnotherConsultant
• Aseniorcolleagueisaskedtoadviseonthecase.
• Averydetailedhistoryistakenandanewbitofevidencecomestolight.
• Thepatienthadaurinarytractinfection6weekspriortopresentationanditwastreatedfor5dayswithanantibiotic.
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AcuteDrugInducedLiverInjury(DILI)
DawnPease,MSN,RN,ANP-BCSetonHealthcare Family
UniversityMedicalCenterBrackenridgeBrackenridge SpecialtyClinics- Gastroenterologyand
EndocrinologyAustin,Texas
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AcuteDrugInducedLiverInjury(DILI)
• Drug-inducedliverinjury(DILI)hasanestimatedannualincidencebetween10-15per10,000to100,000personsexposedtoprescriptionmedications.
• DILIaccountsforapproximately10%ofallcasesofacutehepatitis,anditisthemostcommoncauseofacuteliverfailureintheUS.
• DILIisalsothemostfrequentlycitedreasonforwithdrawalofmedicationsfromthemarketplace.1
1LarsonAM.Drug-inducedliver injury.UpToDate.https://www.uptodate.com.Topiclastupdated: May29,2015
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DILI:IntrinsicorIdiosyncratic
IntrinsicDILI• Hepatotoxicityw/potential
toaffectallindividualstovaryingdegrees.
• Typicallystereotypiccourse,presentation,latency
• Typicallydosedependent(e.g.APAP)
IdiosyncraticDILI• Unpredictably affectsonlyrare
susceptible individuals• Lessdosedependent• Morevaried incourseand
presentation• Variesgreatlyinseverity• Varyinglatency(daystoyear)• Mostreactionstoprescription
drugsorHDSareconsideredidiosyncratic2
2ChalasaniNP,etal.,ACGClinical Guideline:TheDiagnosisandManagementofIdiosyncraticDrug-InducedLiver Injury.Am JGastroenterol. 2014Jul;109(7):950-66
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IdiosyncraticDILI:WhoGetsIt?Hostfactors: Age,pregnancy,gender,obesity,DM,malnutrition,co-morbiditiesincludingunderlyingliverdisease,indicationsfortherapy.MaybegeneticfactorsaffectingDILIsusceptibilityw/certainagents:ongoingresearch
Environmentalfactors: Smoking,ETOH,infectionandinflammatoryepisodes
Drugfactors: Dailydose,metabolicprofile(includinghepaticclearance,lipophilicity),classeffectandcross-sensitization,drug-druginteractions,polypharmacy
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DILI:Howbadisit?Ingeneral,outcomesofidiosyncraticDILIaregood:90%recoverfromtheaverageinstanceofDILI• ~10%developALF(coagulopathyandencephalopathy)
• Thosewithcholestatic injurygenerallyfarebetterthanthosewithhepatocellularinjury
• DILI-ALFcarriespoorprognosis:40%requirelivertransplantation;42%dieoftheepisode.AdvancedcomagradeandhighMELDscoresareassociatedwithbadoutcomes1,2
1LarsonAM.Drug-inducedliver injury.UpToDate.https://www.uptodate.com.Topiclastupdated: May29,2015.2ChalasaniNP,etal.,ACGClinical Guideline: TheDiagnosisandManagementofIdiosyncraticDrug-InducedLiverInjury.Am JGastroenterol. 2014Jul;109(7):950-66
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DILI:CommonCulprits• Acetaminophen(intrinsicDILI),amoxicillin/clavulanate,
isoniazid,NSAIDs,antiepilepticmedications(AEDs)• AntibioticsandAEDsaremostcommonlyreportedand
accountformorethan60%ofDILIoverall2
• Antibiotics:themostcommonclassofdrugresponsibleforacuteliverfailure(ALF)inDILI.
• Mostcommonindividualdrugs:3– Isoniazid– Sulfurantibiotics (TMP-SMX)– Nitrofurantoin
2ChalasaniNP,etal.,ACGClinical Guideline:TheDiagnosisandManagementofIdiosyncraticDrug-InducedLiver Injury.Am JGastroenterol. 2014Jul;109(7):950-66.3Leise,MD,etal.,Drug-InducedLiverInjury.MayoClin Proc.2014;89(1):95-106
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DILIPatternsandAssociatedDrugs
• Don’tforget:Certainherbalanddietarysupplements(HDS)canbehepatotoxic,andacauseofDILI– ThisisincreasinglyaconcerngivenHDSproliferationinalargelyunregulatedmarketwithoutstandardization.
– Useofsuchsubstancesmustbeinvestigatedinhistory-taking.
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DILIPatternsandAssociatedDrugs
“LIVERTOX® providesup-to-date,accurate,andeasilyaccessedinformationonthediagnosis,cause,frequency,patterns,andmanagementofliverinjuryattributabletoprescriptionandnonprescriptionmedications,herbalsanddietarysupplements. LIVERTOX alsoincludesacaseregistrythatwillenablescientificanalysisandbettercharacterizationoftheclinicalpatternsofliverinjury. TheLIVERTOXwebsiteprovidesacomprehensiveresourceforphysiciansandtheirpatients,andforclinicalacademiciansandresearcherswhospecializeinidiosyncraticdruginducedhepatotoxicity.”5
http://www.livertox.nih.gov/
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DILITreatmentStopoffendingdrug(ifnotalreadydone!)
Supportivemeasuresforcomplications/symptoms,butno“silverbullet”orcurativeintervention.• SomeevidenceforN-acetylcystine inadultswith
idiosyncraticDILIandearlyALF• DI-AIHcanbetreatedwithsteroids
Avoidre-exposuretooffendingdrug:• Consideronlyifsuspecteddrugwasalifesavingmedication
forwhichtherearenootheralternatives• Proceedwithcautionunderstrictsurveillance
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BacktoAngie
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Jocelynrecovers
• Thispatientwasprescribednitrofurantoin,anantibioticthatcanleadtoliverinjury,particularlyinolderpatients
• Itcanbetheenvironmentaltriggertoalsoleadtoautoimmunehepatitis
• Jocelyndidwellandwasinstructedtonottakethatantibioticagain
• Herliverenzymesnormalizedafterafewweeksandshewasnotheardofagainuntil…..
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Jocelyn
• 5yearslateratage60,Jocelynisdivorced,hashadaboutofdepression,andhasgainedweight,withaBMIof33
• Shehasdevelopedearlysignsofdiabetes,withfastingglucoseof120mg/dL
• Shealsohasstarteddrinkingwineeverynightwithherdinner,andoccasionalgirlsnightout
• SheisonceagainreferredforelevatedALTof109U/L,ASTof108U/L
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AlcoholicHepatitis
Rossalynn Salcido,MPAS,PA-CTexasLiverInstituteSanAntonio,Texas
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AlcoholicLiverDisease
• AmajorcauseofmorbidityandmortalityintheUnitedStates
• Encompassesaclinico-histologicalspectrumincluding
• Fattyliver
• Alcoholichepatitis
• Alcoholiccirrhosis
• Themajorityofpeoplewhoabusealcoholforanextendedduration,DONOTdevelopadvancedalcoholicliverdisease
• 15-20%developalcoholichepatitisand/orcirrhosis
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WhyDon’tAllDrinkersDevelopSerious
AlcoholLiverDisease?
• Women>men• Familyhistory• >6-8drinks/day• Continuousdrinking/binging• Overweight/poornutrition• Geneticfactors
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HowDoesAlcoholDamageTheLiver?
• Alcoholbrokendownintheliver• Breakdownproductsleadtofattyliver,inflammationandscarring
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FattyLiver
CirrhoticLiver
NormalLiver
ProgressionofAlcoholicLiverInjury
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“Safe”LimitofAlcoholIntake
• Women=14unitsperweek=8drinksperweek• Men=21unitsperweek=12drinksperweek
• SignificantAlcoholConsumption(2012Guidelines)– Women:>140 gofalcohol/wk =>10drinks/week– Men:>210 gofalcohol/wk =>15drinks/week
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WhatIsAUnitEquivalentTo?
1standarddrink=14gramsofalcohol1unit=8gramsofalcohol
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CAGEQuestionnaire• Mostwidelyused,easytoimplement,short,simpleand
canbeeasilyincorporatedintoclinicalpractice• Asks4questions
– Haveyoueverfeltyoushould cutdownonyourdrinking?– Havepeople annoyedyoubycriticizingyourdrinking?– Haveyoueverfeltbadorguiltyaboutyourdrinking?– Haveyoueverhadadrinkfirstthinginthemorning tosteady
yournervesortogetrideofahangover (eye-opener)?• ItemresponsesontheCAGEarescored0or1,witha
higherscoreanindicationofalcoholproblems• Atotalscoreof2orgreaterisconsideredclinically
significant
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PhysicalExamFindings
Ascites ScleralIcterus
JaundiceSpider telangiectasia
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LongTermManagementStrategies
• Alwaysadvocateabstinence fromalcoholforthesepatients
• Monitor closelyforrecidivismandsupportcounselingandbehavioralchanges
• Addressnutritional issues,considerdietaryconsult• Livertransplantation
– Alcoholicliverdiseaseis2nd mostcommonindicationfortransplantationinWesternWorld
– Majorityneverreferredduetoconcernfornoncompliance,recidivism
– Alwayssafertoreferandletprogramdecideifeligible
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AlgorithmfortheManagementofAlcoholicHepatitis
ConsiderLiverBiopsy ifDiagnosis isuncertain
Establish Disease Severity
Nutritional Assessment /Intervention
HighRisk:MDF≥32,presence ofHE,or
MELD≥18
LowRisk:MDF<32and1stweekdecrease inbilirubin,orMELD<18and1stweekdecrease inMELD
by2points
Prednisolone Pentoxifylline
SupportiveCare&Closefollow-up
Ifsteroidcontraindicationsorearlyrenalfailure
Nutritional Assessment /Intervention
Response byLillemodel?
Yes
No
Continue
Stop
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AlcoholicLiverDiseaseAlmostAlwaysEndsinDeathifNotTreated
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BacktoAngie
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Jocelyn• Jocelynundergoesaliverbiopsysinceshenowhaspossiblefeaturesofalcoholliverinjury
• Thepathologistreviewstheslidesandsaysthereisatremendousamountofsteatosis,butnoevidenceofinflammationorotherfeaturesofalcoholinjury
• Jocelynswearssheisdrinkingmaximumof2drinkspernight,andonly4-5timesperweek
• SomaybeshehasanotherconditionwhichcanlooklikeASH….
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Non-Alcoholic FattyLiverDisease(NAFLD):Non-AlcoholicFattyLiver(NAFL)
andNon-AlcoholicSteatohepatitis(NASH)
AngieCoste,MSN,CRM,FNP-CTexasLiverInstituteSanAntonio,Texas
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ClinicalCluesofFattyLiverDisease
• Rightupperquadrantpain• Obesity(mostpatientswhoareobesehaveNAFLD)
• Hepatomegaly• Diabetesorsignsofinsulinresistance• ElevatedALT• Hepaticsteatosisonanultrasound• Classicfindingsonliverbiopsy
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VisceralObesity
Non-alcoholicFattyLiverDisease
(NAFLD)
EndothelialDysfunctionAtherosclerosis
InsulinResistanceType2Diabetes
DyslipidemiaHypertension
PolycysticOvarianSyndrome(PCOS)
CoronaryArteryDisease
(CAD)
NAFLDisCloselyAssociatedwithVisceralObesityandInsulinResistance
DiseasesAssociatedwithVisceralObesity
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HowCanFatAffecttheLiver?
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NASHPathogenesis:APerfectStorm
*NotallpatientswithNASHdemonstrateinsulinresistance.
InsulinResistance
HighTriglycerides
ImpairedVLDLSecretion
Obesity
NASH
FatFilledHepatocyte
2nd HIT
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EvolutionofNAFLDintheUS
YounossiZetal.ClinGastroandHep2011
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
ALD CH-B HCV(+) NAFLD
1988-1994(N=15,855) 1999-2004(N=13,970) 2005-2008(N=9670)
NHANESCycles
Prevalen
cera
tes(%)
• NAFLD:Mostcommoncauseofchronicliverdisease• DiseaseburdenfromNAFLDwillcontinuetoincrease• RiseduetoobesityorbetteridentificationbyHCP
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IncreasingBurdenofNAFLDAmongYoungAdultsintheU.S.
• Prevalencerosefrom9.6%in1988-94to24%2005-10
• HighestamongMexicanAmericansandthosewithBMI>40kg/m2
• TrueprevalenceofNAFLDprobablyhigherthanreportedhere(lowBMI,normalALT)
• Criticaltotargetyoungadultsforscreeningtopreventthedevelopmentofcirrhosisatayoungage.
Mrad,etal,Hepatology13May2016
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WhichpatientswithNAFLDareathighestriskforNASHandhowdo
wemonitor?
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No lab test or imaging study will be able to predict with 100% accuracy
The more risk factors… the more concerned you should become
RedFlagsforNASH
• Age• Gender• Hispanic• HT• Obesity• Diabetes• ALTandASTlevel• AST/ALT ratio• Insulinlevel• PNPLA3
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DiagnosisofNASH
• ScreeningforNAFLDisnotrecommended– Butshoulditbe?– Whomwouldbescreened?
• IncasesofelevatedALT,exclusionofotherliverdiseasemustbedone
• WhenNAFLDissuspected,liverbiopsyisthegoldstandardfordistinguishingNASH– ShouldbeperformedinthosewiththehighestriskfactorsforNASH
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WhatOptionsAvailableNow?WeightLoss
HistologicalImproveme
nt
DecreaseinALT Major Concern
Orlistat Yes1/No2 No2 Yes1/No2 Few studies
Metformin Yes4 No4 No4 Limited Efficacy
Pio/Rosiglitazone No-ñ4,5 Yes4,5 Yes4 Safety
Vitamin E No5,6 Yes5,6 Yes5,6 ñ mortality &Pr Ca
Ursodiol No No Yes/No Limited Efficacy
Omega-3FA No No Yes Variable dosing&source
>5-7%Wt loss Yes2,3 Yes2,3 Yes2,3 Lowcompliance
BariatricSurgery Yes Yes Yes Surgicalmorbidity,weightregainYes/No=Conflictingstudies.
1.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.2006;4:639–44.2.Hepatology 2009;49:80–86.3.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.2006;4:639–44. 4. AlimentPharmacol Ther 2011;34:274–285.5.NEngl JMed2010;362:1675–1685.6.JAMA.2011;305:1659–68.
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EmergingSmallMoleculesinNASHCompany Product Mechanism ofAction Phase Endpoint
GENFIT GFT-505(Elafibranor) PPARα/δ agonist 2,completed Reversal of
NASH histologyIntercept Obeticholic acid FXRagonist 3 NASScoreGilead Simtuzumab Anti-LOXL2Mab 2 CollagenRAPTOR RP-103 Cysteine-depletingagent 2, completed NASscoreTobira Cenicriviroc CCR2/5 inhibitor 2 NASScore
Conatus Emricasan Caspase proteaseinhibitor 2, completedALT
Fibrosis(≥1stage)
Galmed Aramchol SyntheticFattyAcid/bileacidconjugate
2a,completed
Triglyceridelevel
2b/3 Triglyceridelevel/Safety
Galectin GR-MD-02 galectin-3inhibitor1, completed Safety/ALT
2 Portalhypertension
Source:clinicaltrials.gov.AccessedFeb18,2016
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FinalThoughts:NAFLD
• Complexdiseasetiedcloselytoinsulinresistance,obesityandmetabolicsyndrome
• Geneticpredispositions
• NAFLDcanprogresstoNASH/cirrhosis
• Personalized treatmentmaybethebestfutureoptiontotreatNASH
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Jocelyn
• BiopsywasconsistentwithNAFLDandshewasenrolledinaclinicaltrial
• Willupdatehercasenextyear……
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TexasLiverInstitute&UTHealthScienceCenter
Adult/PediatricLiverTransplant
Livingdonortransplantprogram
LiverCancerCenter
ClinicsinAustin,CorpusChristi,ElPaso,McAllen
Largestclinical liverresearchunitintheUS
Phase1-3studies
Earlyphase testinggroundforHCV,fattyliverandantifibrotic therapies
National CancerInstitute (NCI)designation
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RoundtableDiscussion/Q&A