intelligence 2.27

8/12/2019 Intelligence 2.27

1/44

Intelligence

Amanda Wenzel

2.27.14CPsy2301


2/44

Intelligence v Intelligence Quotient

Intelligence: ability to solve problems and to

adapt to and learn from experience

Intelligence quotientderived from

performance on an IQ test


3/44

Intelligence Tests

Intelligence Quotient (IQ): an individualsmental age divided by actual age, multipliedby 100

Mental agea persons mental developmentrelative to others (MA/CA X 100 = IQ)

Meaning of an IQ of 100

M = 100, SD = 15


4/44

Intelligence Tests

Intelligence Quotient

Shows a normal distribution


5/44

IQ Scores

Superiorabove two standard deviations(above 130)

Above averagewithin two standard deviations

above (116-130) Averagewithin one standard deviation (85-

115)

Below averagewithin two standard deviationsbelow (70-84)

Impairedbelow two standard deviations(below 70)


6/44

Intellectual Disability/Mental

Retardation

Requires three parts:

IQ below 70

Impairment in adaptive functioning

Exhibits these features by age 18

Different degrees:


7/44

Causes of Intellectual Disability

Organic

Result of brain damage

Examples: Down syndrome, Fragile X, FASD, anoxia

Cultural/Familial

Caused by growing up in a low intellectual

environment; low stimulation


8/44

Intelligence Tests

Stanford Binet, V (ages 2 through adult)

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of

Intelligence, IV (WPPSI IV, ages 2 - 7)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, IV(WISC-IV, ages 6 through 16)

Wecshler Adult Intelligence Scale, IV (WAIS-IV,ages 16 through adult)


9/44

Example

Sarah is a gifted 16-year-old who is taking anintelligence test to see if she qualifies for a giftedand talented program. The psychometrist

administering the test is most familiar with theWechsler scales. Which test would be mostappropriate to administer?

A) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, IVB) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, IV

C) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, IV


10/44

Example

Bobby is 7-years-old. His parents have

concerns about his cognitive development and

fear that he is developmentally delayed.

Although Bobby is old enough to be

administered the WISC-IV, the psychologist

administering the test is concerned the

material will be too difficult. What should shedo?


11/44

Example

Sophie, who is 5, is administered the Stanford

Binet V test of intelligence. She performs at

the level of a 7-year-old. What is her IQ?

What range did Sophie perform in?


12/44

History of Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales

Original purpose: French government asked

Binet to identify intellectually challenged

children for their placement in special

education (Binet-Simon scale)

Focus: assess skills that provide the

foundation for (i.e., predict) school success

Attention, memory, problem solving skills, etc.


13/44

History of Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales

Lewis Terman

Standardized the Binet-Simon scale with American

participants

Adapted versionStanford Binet (1916)


14/44

Intelligence Testing during WWI

World War I

Army officials needed to screen army recruits

Used to determine soldiers capability in serving

and potential for leadership position

Two versions

Army Alpha, written version

Army Beta, oral equivalent (for illiterate people)


15/44

Intelligence Testing during WWI

Goal:

Identify those of superior ability and those with

mental defect

Criticisms?

Photo: Engle, 1946


16/44

Wechsler Scales

Produces an overall IQ scale and scores for

specific domains

Full Scale IQ or General Abilities Index

Verbal Comprehension

Perceptual Reasoning

Working Memory

Processing Speed


17/44

Wechsler Scales

Full Scale IQ

Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning,

Working Memory, Processing Speed

General Abilities Index

Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning


18/44

Verbal Comprehension/Perceptual

Reasoning Examples


19/44

Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests

Use:

Predicts school success, work success

Predicts number of years of education

Linked with illness, chronic disease

Misuse:

Leads to false expectations about people Many reasons why a person may underperform

IQ can become a self-fulfilling prophecy


20/44

Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests

What else matters in predicting important

developmental outcomes?

Motivation

Physical health

Mental health

Social skills


21/44

Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

Intelligence comes in three forms:

Analyticalanalyze, judge, evaluate

Creativecreate, design, invent, originate, and

imagine

Practicaluse, apply, implement, and put into

practice


22/44

Gardners Eight Frames of Mind

Howard Gardnerthere are many different

forms of intelligence


23/44

Gardners Eight Frames of Mind

Intelligence Occupation

Verbal skills Authors, journalists, speakers

Mathematical skills Scientists, engineers, accountants

Spatial skills Architects, artists, sailors

Bodily-kinesthetic skills Surgeons, craftspeople, dancers,athletes

Musical skills Composers, musicians, and music

therapistsIntrapersonal skills Theologians, psychologists

Interpersonal skills Teachers, mental health professionals

Naturalist skills Farmers, botanists, ecologists,landscapes


24/44

Emotional Intelligence

Peter Salovey & John Mayor define as theability to:

Perceive and expression emotional accurately and

adaptively Understand emotion and emotional knowledge

Use feelings to facilities though, manage one ownemotions

Mentioned in Gardeners (interpersonal andintrapersonal intelligence) and Sternbergs(practical intelligence) theories


25/44

Comparison of Multiple Intelligences


26/44

Multiple Intelligences?

On-going debate

Some argue for multiple intelligences, some

argue for g

General intelligence or g

One broad factor

An individual who is better at one intellectual task

is more likely to excel at other intellectual tasks


27/44

Neuroscience of Intelligence

Brain size

Moderate correlation with intelligence

Regions

Broadly distributed

Particular importance for neural network involving

frontal and parietal lobes

Speed of functioning

Neurological speed faster for gifted children


28/44

Genetic Influences

Estimated that 1000 genes contribute, notable to identify specific genes

Adoption studies: Educational levels of biological parents better

predictors of childrens IQ than adoptive parents.

Approximately 12-18 point increase when low-income child adopted into high socioeconomicstatus household


29/44

Heritability of Intelligence

Heritability :

Fraction of variance within a population that is

attributed to genetics

Population concept (does not apply to individuals)

Heritability of 1.00?

Considered high when > .70


30/44

Heritability of Intelligence

APA estimates heritability of intelligence = .75,

suggesting strong genetic component

May vary by study/sample

Can genes and environment really be

separated?


31/44

Restricted Range Example

Intelligence

Lower

Higher

Environment

Adverse Enriched


32/44

Restricted Range Example

Intellig

ence

Lower

Higher

Environment

Adverse Enriched


33/44

Environmental Influences

Flynn effectincrease in intelligence scores

over time


34/44

Environmental Influences

Flynn effect is thought to be related to:

Improved prenatal care

Improved postnatal nutrition

Increased schooling and test familiarity

More stimulating environment


35/44

Nature v. Nurture

Heredity and environment matter

Disagreement about which matters more

Disagreement about whether it makes sense to

consider their contributions separately


36/44

Intelligence and Culture

Different cultures have different values

Western: thinking and reasoning skills

Eastern: way for community to work together

successfully


37/44

Cultural Bias in Testing

Difficult to create culture-fair tests (i.e.,

avoiding cultural bias)

Try to reduce questions that favor a specific

cultural background

Focus on nonverbal questions

May only be possible to create culture-reduced tests


38/44

Ethnic Comparisons

Ethnic group performance (high to low): 1) Asian Americans

2) non-Latino Whites

3) Latinos

4) African American

Reasons? Stereotype threat

Actual IQ differences

Culturally biased tests


39/44

Tests of Infant Intelligence

Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd

Edition

Cognitive

Language

Motor

Socioemotional

Adaptive


40/44

Stability of Intelligence

Performance on tests of intelligence:

Strong correlations between time points (.70 - .90)

Individual variability


41/44

Giftedness

Generally thought of as IQ > 130

Other criteria:

1) Child is precocious2) Marching to their own drummer

3) A passion to master

Nature v Nurture Likely both hereditary and environmental (family

support, training)


42/44

Giftedness

Importance of gifted and talented programs:

Keeps children challenged, engaged

Minimize behavioral disruptions from children

who are bored

Allows children to form friendships with similar

peers


43/44

Describe what the Flynn effect is and give at

least 2 explanations for it

Intellegence has been increasing due to better

pre-natal care and post-natal treatments. Moretest oriented environment etc


44/44

intelligence 2.27

Documents