inteligent buildings - vladimir vukovic
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Information and CommunicationTechnologies for Increasing Building
Energy Efficiency
Sustainable Building TechnologiesEnergy Department
Austrian Institute of Technology
TECNOCONSTRUCCION 2012 - International Conference on Innovation and
Technological Construction Progress in Latin America, Cali, Colombia
November 14-17, 2012
Dr Vladimir Vukovic
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Overview
Background
Why ICT for Energy Efficiency in Buildings?
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
Background
Why ICT for Energy Efficiency in Buildings?
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
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The Origins
European Union 20/20/20 Goals
EU Energy supply is based on non-renewable resources: 37% oil, 24% gas
High import dependency of these resources: up to 84%
40% contribution of the building sector to primary energy consumption in EU
30% transport, 30% industry
Therefore:
20% reduction of green house gas emissions,
20% share of renewable energy sources,
20% increase in energy efficiency
By 2020, compared to 2005 levels (European Commission, 2008)
750 bil investment in power infrastructure over the next 30 years
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Long term EU strategy
New EU R&D&I funding: Horizon 2020
Starting in 2014
Support for increasing building energy efficiency to energy neutralperformance
Horizon 2050
Energy positive buildings
2050 climate change mitigation requirements
Global GHG reductions 50%-80% (80%-95% developed countries)
ICT as the driving force and key enabling technology
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ICT means Smart / Intelligent Systems
Smart or Intelligent
Refers to objects that can react correctly to unforeseen circumstancesby choosing amongst a set of possible actions and
can learn from the associated response.
Smart buildings
Can maximize the overall indoor environmental quality at the same timeminimizing the consumption of resources and the emissions due toconstruction, operation, maintenance and demolition processes
Integration of Building Automation System (BAS), Telecommunications
System (TS), Office Automation System (OAS) and Computer AidedFacility Management System (CAFMS).
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Background
Why ICT for Energy Efficiency in Buildings?
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
Overview
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Why Energy Efficiency?
Business-as-usual was on track to achieve only half of the 2020 efficiency
targets (SEC(2011)277)
To ensure 2020 efficiency targets are met, new policies are needed
EnergyEnvironmentEconomy Model for Europe (E3ME) estimatedbenefits of additional Energy Efficiency Directive measures
34 bil increase in GDP 400 000 new jobs
PRIMES model estimates
Increased energy efficiency investments 24 bil p.a.
Reduced power generation investments 6 bil p.a. Reduced fuel expenses 38 bil p.a.
20 bil p.a.profit
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New EU Directives
Additional measures to ensure achievement of Energy efficiency targets
New Energy Efficiency Directive (to achieve 75% of the needed savings)(2011/0172 (COD))
2/3 of the 20% CO2 emissions reduction target to be achieve via EUEmissions Trading System
Adopted on September 11, 2012 Transport White Paper (to achieve 25% of the needed savings)
(SEC(2011)358)
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EU ee Directive
Mandatory renovation of government buildings 3% of gross floor area
heated/cooled p.a. starting 1.1.2014. Mandatory annual new savings of 1.5% final energy customer sales, for
energy distributors and/or retailers
Long term strategy for national building stock
Statistical building stock overview
Identification of cost-effective renovation, w.r.t. climate
Policies and investment guidance
Estimation of expected energy savings
Public procurement of goods, services and buildings with high ee
All large enterprises required to carry out energy audits every 4 years Smart meters to provide customers energy consumption and time of use
Installation in new buildings and after major renovations
By 1.1.2017 in multi-apartment buildings served by district heating/cooling
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Why ICT?
Technology is available, needs to be integrated to
Enable energy efficiency improvements
Monitoring and managing energy consumption can: save up to 17%of energy in buildings (EC DG INFSO, 2008), reduce by up to 27%carbon emissions in transport and storage (GeSI, 2008)
Energy efficient business models, working practices, lifestyles(eCommerce, teleworking, eGovernment) save energy and material
Innovative technologies (virtualization, cloud computing) reducesystem redundancies
Provide quantification basis for implementation and evaluation of energyefficient technologies
Smart metering can help reduce energy consumption by up to 10%
System level software tools can facilitate better configurations andoptimize energy performance
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Why ICT?
Estimated ICT saving potentials
15% reduction in global carbon emissions (COM(2009) 111) energy consumption of residential buildings -35%, commercial buildings
-17%, industry -10% (EC DG INFSO, 2008)
Estimated market potentials
Worldwide market 126 bil Average payback less than 5 years (Siemens, 2010) Strong EU market growth
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA): 1.3 bil in 2009 toreach 1.9 bil in 2016, +40% (+5% p.a.) (Frost & Sullivan, 2010)
Home automation: 132 mil in 2002, 307 mil in 2009 (>20% 2008/09)+13% p.a. 2011-2016
400+ mil smart home automation devices worldwide by 2017 (IMSResearch, 2012)
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Why Buildings?
80% of the building life cycle costs occur after construction
80% of the building design fixed within the first 20% of the planning process
People spend 90% of lifetime within buildings: high investment visibility,societal benefits, behavioral adjustments (low/no cost measures)
Schierenbeck A, ICT in Buildings the Low Hanging Fruit for Energy Efficiency, Siemens AG (2010)Schierenbeck A, ICT in Buildings the Low Hanging Fruit for Energy Efficiency, Siemens AG (2010)
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Why Buildings?
Majority of building energy
costs are related to heating,ventilation, air-conditioningand lighting (>60%)
Commercial buildings electricity usage in
the EU (EC JRC 2007)
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Background
Why ICT for Energy Efficiency in Buildings?
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
Overview
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History of Energy Saving Construction
Erhorn H and Erhorn-Kluttig H, The Path Towards 2020 Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings, REHVA Journal (2012)Erhorn H and Erhorn-Kluttig H, The Path Towards 2020 Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings, REHVA Journal (2012)
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Areas of ICT development
ICT 4 E2B Forum FP7 project, D1.1.Classified Research Areas (2010)ICT 4 E2B Forum FP7 project, D1.1.Classified Research Areas (2010)
15%
15% 13%
37%20%
% of ICT research projects
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Project example:Sounds for Energy Efficient Buildings (S4EeB) www.s4eeb.org
Knowing the exact occupancy and occupants activities (provided by sound
sensors) Energy saving strategies: Reduce lighting intensity
Lighting need depends on occupants location
Reduce ventilation flow rates reduce heating and cooling demand
Heating/cooling demand depends on the fresh air requirementsdirectly proportional to the number of occupants
Reducing ventilation rates also reduces fan energy ~ V3
Electricity usage CO2 emissions
Schedules
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) Sensors: CO2, temperature, infrared presence detectors, video
Direct occupant counting shows much lower uncertainties (Dougan andDamiano, 2004; 2007)
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Low cost acoustic sensing technology exists
Prototype power consumption: 33 W
Data interpretation and integration to BMSneeded ICT
Largest energy saving potential in buildings
and spaces of public use Oversized systems
High occupancy variability
Project example:Sounds for Energy Efficient Buildings (S4EeB) www.s4eeb.org
How much can be saved?
Transportation (Balaras et al. 2003) HVAC: 9.8%-38.5%, 25-87 kWh/m2/yr
Lighting: 2.4%-9.6%, 5-38 kWh/m2/yr
Retail spaces at most half of the savings in transportation facilities
Microphone array prototype
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S4EeB preliminary results
40% accuracy of classification
with 6 occupancy levels 70% accuracy with 3 occupancy
levels
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Existing HVACsystem
RefurbishmentNew building and/or
HVAC system
Model optimization
Modeling
Implementation of
optimized parameters
Optimal HVACsystem operation
Optimal refurbishedbuilding performance
Optimal building +HVAC design and
performance
Automated monitoring
Life-cycle validation Predictive controls
(weather, energyprices, occupancy, etc.)
Integrated modeling
environment Graphical user interface
Graphical systemperformance presentation
NEXT Generation Building Modeling and
Simulation Tools Goals:
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Case study: ENERGYbase office building
Energy Information Administration (1995): Avg office building102 kWh/m2a (excluding office equipment, accounting for ~ 24%)
ENERGYbase measured electricity consumption
Ventilation TotalHeatingCoolingLighting
ENERGYbase showcase building (7,500 m2/ 80,000 ft2) Owner: Vienna Business Agency
Full scientific planing and support by Energy Dept. AIT
Total cost: 12.5 Mil
Financed by: Federal Ministry of Transportation,Innovation and Technology (BMVIT), City of Vienna,energy suppliers (Wienstrom, Verbund)
Passive house standard
Target: 80% reduction of primary energy consumptioncompared to typical office building
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ENERGYbase: Office building of the future
energy efficiency - low energy use forheating, cooling, lighting and ventilation
use of renewable energy - 100%coverage of heating and cooling energy
demand with renewable energy(groundwater, solar energy)
wellness at work - exceptional indoorclimate and comfort at the workplace
form follows energy - close
connection between architecturalconcept and energy concept
Energy Sources: Ground water
Heating & Cooling Solar energy
Heating and cooling assistanceAir dehumidificationElectricity generation
Vegetation/PlantsHumidification
Electrical gridRemaining electricity demand
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Heat pump delivers low temperature heat forthermally activated building component systemin winter
Free cooling mode in summer by direct groundwater usage also with thermally activatedbuilding component system
Combination of heat pump and solar plant inwinter for heating with 15,000 litres (4,000 gal)hot water storage
Heat pump Heat exchanger
ENERGYbase: Heat pump / ground water usage
TABS -Thermally activated building
component system Activation of storage mass for comfortable
radiant heating and cooling
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a) b) c)
ENERGYbase: Renewable energy sources
100% coverage of heating and cooling demand by renewable energysources (ground water, solar energy)
a) ~ 400 m (4300 ft) photovoltaic panels
b) ~ 300 m (3230 ft) solar thermal flat plate collectors
c) use of groundwater for heating and cooling purposes
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Supply Air
Return Air
Cooling distribution devices
- Thermal mass activation
Solar Collectors
HotWater
Storage
Well water
Desiccant cooling - system delivers air conditioned fresh air in summer
100% solar thermally driven solar cooling system
Usage of the desiccant system for humidityand heat recovery in winter
ENERGYbase: Solar Cooling
SW DesiccantWheel
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Cyperus Alternifolius (Zyperngras)
Evaporation can be controlled through artificial lights
Ecological conditioning of the air during the heatingseason; a single plant can transfer 1 liter of water /day (0.25 gal/day)
Positive psychological aspect
ENERGYbase: Green rooms
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South facade as a solargenerator
ENERGYbase: Form follows energy
Room Temperature [C]
Close integration of building andenergy concept
Optimized use of solar gains
Planning process supported bysimulation methods
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Institut fr Wrmetechnik
TU Graz
ENERGYbase: Analysis of south faade (22nd July)
Solar radiation:Panels
Hor. surfaceVer. S surfaceVer. N surfaceGlazing
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ENERGYbase: Yearly facade
performance
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Stunde des Jahres
Solarstrahlung auf vertikale SdfassadeSolarstrahlung auf vertikale Nordfassade
W/m
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Stunde des Jahres
Solarstrahlung auf PV PaneelSolarstrahlung auf Sdfassadenverglasung
W/m
hours/year
hours/year
solar radiation on vertical southsouthsouthsouth solar radiation on
vertical northnorthnorthnorth facade
solar radiation on PV panel
solar radiation on glazing
Active and passive components of solarradiation
Glazing picks up more solar radiation inwinter than in summer
In summer, Solar radiation on the Southglazed area is approximately equal to thevertical North facade
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Air velocities [m/s], Cooling mode (12. Sept.)
CFD indoor comfort analyses
Air flow distribution
Building thermal loads
System design
Optimized building layout
Validation and monitoring
More building info at:http://www.energybase.at/eng/index.php
Building load profile (SW, SE; E, W office orientation)
EnergyBASE Detailed
Building Simulations
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ENERGYbase: Design summary
Merging building design and energy performance
high potential of energy savings + high comfort
Use of natural sources for energy performance
Heating: ground water fossil fuels Cooling: solar power, ground water electrical chillers Distribution: building storage mass radiators, fan-coils Electricity: solar power traditional electricity generation Humidification: plants electricity driven humidifier
Predicted percentage dissatisfied [%] (thermal comfort)
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Setpoint
tsupplyair
t supply air21
0
100
%
C
ENERGYbase: Optimization of operation
Identification of an initial ENERGYbase system to optimize
Overview of system components and available component models
Start from the simplest and proceed to the most difficult detailed
as built whole building simulation Solar thermal vs. Air handling system (components and available
simulation models)
Solar thermal system selected
ENERGYbase control sequencesof operation examined
Air-conditioning and ventilationsystem
Supply air temp control
Solar thermal system
Solar collector pump
Thermal storage pump
Variable frequency drive
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ENERGYbase: Solar thermal system
modeling in Modelica Modeling of the solar thermal part of ENERGYbase HVAC systems
Model characterization and development
Pumps, heat exchanger, storage tank, solar thermal panels
ENERGYbase monitoring Siemens Desigo Insight, Advanced Data Processing database
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ENERGYbase: Model validation
ENERGYbase solar thermal systemcomponents model validation Pump electricity consumption
(over the period of 1 month)
Solar collector field modeling GenOpt model calibration
3
21
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
15 min moving average relative % error
Model, Monitoring collector field outlet tempMonitoring/Model collector field inlet temp
Fontanella et al. (2012)Fontanella et al. (2012)
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ENERGYbase: Proklim - Feasibility studyof weather predictive control for a highlyinsulated building
Passivhausstandard
Negligible impact of ambienttemperature
Focus on solar radiation
How predictable is solar radiation? Impact of prediction uncertainty on
efficiency
Energy saving potential with respect
to comfort
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ENERGYbase: Extensive monitoring
More than 500 sensors installed in the building
Portable IEQ monitoring
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North
offices
ENERGYbase, corner room, 3rd floor: Investigation ofboundary conditions and additional data acquisition for
comparison with future CFD results Thermography / Ceiling temperature Volume flow measurements, flow visualization via
smoke experiment Additional 50 temperature and 19 velocity sensors
for three months Sensor data processing in MATLAB
kitchen and server room
meeting room
ENERGYbase: Indoor monitoring for CFDvalidation
North
offices
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ENERGYbase: Towards energy positive performance
Integration of a wind turbine
Currently tested Monitoring
Waste heat recovery
Nearby wind tunnel
Feasibility study Energy positive building
construction planned -FUTUREbase
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Background
Why ICT for Energy Efficiency in Buildings? Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
Overview
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Integrated building simulations
Osterreicher and Vukovic (2010)Osterreicher and Vukovic (2010)
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How the future may look like?
Companies already producing unmanned aircrafts
with thermal imaging systems Haringey Council (London) Interactive Heat Loss Map
http://www.seeit.co.uk/haringey/Map.cfm
Broadland District Council (Norfolk)
spent 30,000 (roughly 24,000) hiring a planewith a thermal imaging camera in order to trackhow much energy is being wasted in homes andbusinesses (Daily Mail, UK, 2009)
Council uses spy plane with thermal imagingcamera to snoop on homes wasting energy,Daily Mail, UK, March 24, 2009
UAV Unmanned Aircraft thermal imagingsystems, Barnard Microsystems Limited, 2012http://www.barnardmicrosystems.com/L4E_thermal_imaging.htm
Council uses spy plane with thermal imagingcamera to snoop on homes wasting energy,Daily Mail, UK, March 24, 2009
UAV Unmanned Aircraft thermal imagingsystems, Barnard Microsystems Limited, 2012http://www.barnardmicrosystems.com/L4E_thermal_imaging.htm
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Austrian Institute of Technology
Energy DepartmentSustainable Building Technologies
www.ait.ac.at
Questions?