integration of holarchy and holonic scheduling concepts ... · intelligence holon (inh) manage data...
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Feili Yu*, Candra Meirina*, Sui Ruan*, Fang Tu, and Prof. Krishna R. Pattipati*
*Dept. of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Connecticut
Contact: [email protected] (860) 486-2890
10th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium June 13 - 16, 2005
Integration Integration of Holarchy and Holonic Scheduling Conceptsof Holarchy and Holonic Scheduling Concepts
for Cfor C2 2 Organizational DesignOrganizational Design
C2 Requirements for Unpredictable and Dynamic Mission Environments
Traditional C2 Structures
Holonic Reference Architecture (HRA)
Illustrative Example: Holonic Scheduling
Summary and Future Work
OutlineOutlineOutline
Special Operation Control
Special Operation Control
Intelligence OperationControl
Intelligence OperationControl
Combat ZoneControl
Combat ZoneControl
Mission PlanningMission Planning JointOperations Planning
JointOperations Planning
Area DefensiveOperation ControlArea Defensive
Operation Control
Area OffensiveOperation ControlArea Offensive
Operation Control
Weapons SystemControl
Weapons SystemControl
Logistics OperationControl
Logistics OperationControl
CommandCommandControl
• Disperse organizational center of gravity among war-fighters ⇒ transfer organizational control to the lowest level
• Shift from a rigid centralized control – decentralized execution ⇒ flexible decentralized control – decentralized execution
• Broaden war-fighters’ operational autonomy while maintaining overall missionobjectives
⇒ Un-couple the organizational command and control
C2 Requirements for Unpredictable and Dynamic Mission Environments
CC22 Requirements Requirements for Unpredictable and Dynamic Mission Environmentsfor Unpredictable and Dynamic Mission Environments
Pros:• Unity of command• Efficiency under predictable conditions
Cons:• Limited ability to reconfigure in novel
situations• Rigid hierarchy ⇒ Slower response and
limited immediate actions in the face of major disturbances
• Multi-level bureaucratic structure⇒ Limited information flow
Pros:• Structural flexibility• Fast response to local disturbances
Cons:• Absence of global information ⇒ Limited
performance • Unpredictable organizational behaviors• Low efficiency of market-based negotiation
mechanism ⇒ slow decision process• Limited emergent behaviors• Potential for chaotic behaviors
Can traditional C2 structures meet the challenges?Can traditional CCan traditional C22 structures meet the challenges?structures meet the challenges?
How do we overcome the drawbacks of the hierarchy and the heterarchy?
Holonic Reference Architecture (HRA) – 1 HolonicHolonic Reference Architecture (HRA) Reference Architecture (HRA) –– 1 1 HolarchyHolarchy::• Combine positive features of hierarchy and heterarchy and
mitigate their shortcomings: (a) ability to model very complex systems; (b) high resiliency to internal and external disturbances; (c) adaptability to changes in the environment
• Un-couple commandcommand and control:control:•• Command:Command: Operational Level Control (OLC)•• Control:Control: Tactical Level Control (TLC)
• Decentralize control ⇒ empower ‘edges’ of organizations• Integrate the overall system ⇒ ensure unity of command
Key Features of HRA
• Autonomy – distributed authority and control ⇒ facilitate local situation awareness, local decision-making, …⇒ reactive and proactive behaviors
• Integration – top-down authority and control flow ⇒ unity of command
• Cooperation – supervised coordination and negotiation mechanisms ⇒ flexible interaction among units⇒ minimum degree of disorders
• Self-Organization – ability to cope with small shifts as well as major disturbances in mission environments
• Flexibility – individual units can be cloned or deleted as necessitated by the mission demands
Functionality of OLC HolonsOperational holon (OPH)Responsible for mission decomposition, mission monitoring and supervising
Intelligence holon (INH)Manage data collection, data fusion, and intelligence assessments
Planning holon (PLH)Oversee deliberate planning, resource apportionment, task allocation, and set mission deadlines
Coordinating holon (COOH)Direct individual unit efforts to ensure efficiency
Promulgating holon (PRH)Disseminate plans and directions
Communication holon (COMH)Facilitate communication
Operational Level Control (OLC)• Provide facility for mission decomposition, deliberate planning, global supervision, inter-unit
coordination, …• Focus on overall mission objectives (“commander’s intent”)• Aim to provide a force structure of sufficient size that apportion subordinate units at the right place and
at the right time• Oversee mission progression and facilitate necessary adjustments
Holonic Reference Architecture (HRA) – 2 HolonicHolonic Reference Architecture (HRA) Reference Architecture (HRA) –– 2 2
Functionality of TLC HolonsTactical holon (TAH)Coordinate local units to work together to achieve local objectives
Situational holon (SIH)Provide local situational awareness
Scheduling holon (SCH)Manage local activities (schedule) for all units under the TLC authority
Negotiation holon (NEH)Coordinate with other TLC units and provide local conflict resolution
Asset holon (ASH)Provide interface facility between TLC units and the physical assets
Communication holon (COMH)Provides communication facility
Negotiation Holon
Scheduling Holon
Situational Holon
Comm. Holon
Asset Holon
Tactical Holon
To OLC
Schedule
Negotiation Protocol
Command
Battle Status
Situational Pattern
Tasks
Res.
request
To TUs
Sub-mission
Tactical level control (TLC) architecture
Tactical Level Control (TLC)• Provide facility for local scheduling, local situation awareness, negotiation mechanism and conflict
resolution, and interface to physical assets• Focus on local sub-mission objectives • Facilitate system flexibility ⇒ modular TLC units
Holonic Reference Architecture (HRA) – 3 HolonicHolonic Reference Architecture (HRA) Reference Architecture (HRA) –– 3 3
MissionMission: Assign a joint group of Navy and Marine Forces to capture Seaport and take Airport to allow for the introduction of follow-on forces. Utilize two suitable landing beaches: North Beach with a road leading to the Seaport; and South Beach with another road leading to the Airport. Intelligence sources report existence of hostile forces and potential counter-strikes.
Input to OLC
= aggregated defend task, showing possible subtasks
= aggregated encounters task, with possible subtasks
= mission tasks (that must be done); known in advance
START
5. Encounters• SMine• Sea(Pb)*
6.TAKEHILL
7.TAKEN. BCH
8.TAKES. BCH
11.Encounters on S/P roadClear:• GMINE• TANK
12.Encounterson A/P road
9.Defend N. BCH• ARTY• FROG• Helos
13.CLEARSAMs*
14.CLEARSAMs*
15.TAKEPORT
16.TAKEA/P
1. CVBG• Silk*• Air(S)*• Sea(Pb)*• Sea(Sub)
3. Re-supplyPORT No.
• Sea(Pb)*
2. ARG
4. Re-supplyPORT So.
10.Defend S. BCH
17. Encounters
• GTL*18.BLOWBRIDGE
END
• ARTY• FROG• Helos
• Sea(Pb)*
• Silk*• Air(S)*• Sea(Pb)*• Sea(Sub)
Clear:• GMINE• TANK
Intermediate output of
Operational Holon
Illustrative ExampleIllustrative ExampleIllustrative Example
T1. CVBG
T2. ARG
T6. Hill
T3. Re-supply
Port N
T5. Encounters
N&S
T4. Re-supply
Port S
T7. Take N.
Beach
T17. GTL
T18. Blow
bridge
T8. Take S. Beach
T9. Defend N. Beach
T10. Defend S. Beach
T11. S/P Road
T12. A/P Road
T13. SAM seaport
T14. SAM airport
T15.Seaport
T16.Airport
Priority=1 Priority=3Priority=2 Priority=4 Priority=6Priority=5
Holonic Scheduling (Step 1)Deliberate Planning (output of OLC-Planning Holon)
• Optimal number of TLC units ⇒ 4
• Sub-mission assignment to each TLC unit
• Asset allocation to each TLC unit
• Deadlines for tasks
Task Priority Graph
Final output ofOLC-Operational Holon
Holonic Scheduling (Step 2)Operational Level-Planning (multi-units)
• Coordinating Holon: Distributes the central plan to each local TLC units
• Intelligence & Coordinating Holons: Monitors local TLC plans and ensures feasibility of the global plan
• Operational Holon:Responds to disturbances and directs TLC units for plan revisions
T3 T15 T16
T5
T6
T11
T12
T17
T18 T14T13
TU 1
TU 2
T2
T1
T4 T7 T8
T9
T10
TU 3
TU 4
Coordinated Tasks Task Execution Sequence for each TLC Unit
Output of OLC-Coordinating Holon
T5
T18
Holonic Scheduling – 1HolonicHolonic Scheduling Scheduling –– 11
Time UnitAssets 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P1P15P18P19P3P7P11P14P17P20P2P10P12P16P4P5P6P8P9P13
T8 T10T9 T10
T8
T4 T5 T7 T8
T1
TU 4
T5T7
T7
T13 T14T6
TU 3
T1 T2T1 T2T1 T2
T11 T12T17 T18
T16
TU 2
T6T6 T17 T11 T12 T13 T14
T5
T16T18T18 T15 T16
TU 1
T3 T18 T15
T15
Feasible Schedule Coordinating Schedule Infeasible Schedule
Holonic Scheduling (Step 4)Reactive Scheduling• Monitors feasibility of local
TLC schedules• Reinstates feasibility of the
global schedule from infeasible local schedules
• Propagates adjustments to related TLC units ⇒ local schedule regeneration based on new constraints
Feasible Schedule
Holonic Scheduling (Step 3)Tactical Level Scheduling
⇒ Distributed process ⇒ Each TLC unit generates
sequential decisions based on local constraints, information, and objectives (e.g., minimizing make-span)
Assets 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10P1
P15P18P19P3P7
P11P14P17P20P2
P10P12P16P4P5P6P8P9
P13 T9 T10T10
T18
T7
T7
T7
T8
T8T8
T14
T2T2
T4
T5
T5
T1
T6T1T1
T2
T17
T11
T11
T13
T13T12T5
T1
T6 T12T17 T14
T16
T16T15
T6T16
T15
T3 T15T18T18T18
TU 3
TU 4
TU 1
TU 2
Time Unit
Infeasible schedule due to precedence constraint violation
Holonic Scheduling – 2HolonicHolonic Scheduling Scheduling –– 22
Introduce Holonic Reference Architecture (HRA) to model C2 processes in unpredictable and dynamic mission environments
Un-coupled command and control ⇒ unity of command in a decentralized control systemOperational Level Control (OLC) provides a facility for mission decomposition, deliberate planning, command promulgation, and inter-unit coordination ⇒ unity of command Tactical level control (TLC) oversees local scheduling, battlefield pattern recognition, and negotiation; and provides an interface to physical resources ⇒ decentralized control
Numerical example shows that the C2 HRA exhibits capability to detect and recover from schedule infeasibility ⇒ illustrate capability to cope with mission changes andensure unity of commandThe illustrative example highlights the potential for HRA to facilitate integration of centrality and autonomy; rigidity and flexibility; doctrine and adaptability ⇒ suitable for modeling C2 organization in the information ageFuture Work
Apply HRA principles to develop better analytical models of hierarchy, heterarchy, and holarchy, as well as, of the mission environmentUtilize HRA to model existing and future systems (e.g., Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) and FORCEnet).
Summary and Future WorkSummary and Future WorkSummary and Future Work
Thanks!