1. 1. Prepared by: Kenneth Jay A. Robillos Henry M. Lagrita Integrated Circuit
2. 2. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT -also referred as a monolithic integrated circuit is an assembly of different electronic components like connected together on one small semiconductor wafer (usually silicon). -also called as a chip or a microchip. -A circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce
3. 3. History of Integrated Circuits In 1958 Jack Kilby an engineer of Texas instruments demonstrated successfully the first working integrated circuit device. The first costumer to this new invention was the US Air Force. In the year 2000 Jack Kilby won the Nobel Prize in Physics for miniaturized electronic circuits.
4. 4. Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 June 20, 2005) - was an American electrical engineer who took part (along with Robert Noyce) in the realization of the first integrated circuit while working at Texas Instruments (TI) in 1958. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics on December 10, 2000.
5. 5. Evolution of INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 1. SSI (Small Scale Integration) -circuits consisted of few tens of components on the chip. Example: Philips TAA320
6. 6. 2. MSI (Medium Small Integration) -devices came into existence which had 100s of transistors on the chip. MSI devices were less expensive and allowed more complex systems in very less space
7. 7. 3.LSI (Large Scale Integration) -devices which had thousands of transistors per chip. Example: 1KB RAM is an example of a LSI device
8. 8. 4. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) -is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device. Before the introduction of VLSI technology most ICs had a limited set of functions they could perform. An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI lets IC designers add all of these into one chip
9. 9. 5. ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) -is an IC with more than one million components per chip.
10. 10. 6. SOC (System ON Chip) -is an integrated circuit (IC) that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio- frequency functionsall on a single chip substrate. SoCs are very common in the mobile electronics market because of their low power consumption. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems.
11. 11. 7. WSI (Wafer Scale Integration) is a rarely used system of building very-large integrated circuit networks that use an entire silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Through a combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term very-large-scale integration, the current state of the art when WSI was being developed.
12. 12. 8.3D-IC (Three dimensional Integrated Circuits) -is an integrated circuit manufactured by stacking silicon wafers and/or dies and interconnecting them vertically using through-silicon vias (TSVs) so that they behave as a single device to achieve performance improvements at reduced power and smaller footprint than conventional two dimensional processes. 3D IC is just one of a host of 3D integration schemes that exploit the z-direction to achieve electrical performance benefits.
13. 13. Types of Integrated Circuits A. Digital Integrated Circuits Digital ICs are the ones which work only on two defined levels 1s and 0s. They work on binary mathematics. They can contain millions of logic gates, flip-flops etc integrated on a single chip. Microprocessors and microcontrollers are examples of digital ICs
14. 14. B. Analog Integrated Circuits They work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions such as filtering, amplification, modulation, demodulation etc. Sensors, OP-AMPs are analog ICs
15. 15. C. Mixed Signal Integrated Circuits - combination of Digital Integrated Circuit and Analog Integrated Circuit.
16. 16. D. Microprocessor Integrated Circuits -composed of millions of transistors that have been configured as thousands of individual digital circuits, each of which performs some specific logic function. E. Memory Integrated Circuits - memory is composed of dense arrays of parallel circuits that use their voltage states to store information. Memory also stores the temporary sequence of instructions, or program, for the microprocessor
17. 17. F. Application-specific Integrated Circuits -An application-specific IC (ASIC) can be either a digital or an analog circuit. As their name implies, ASICs are not reconfigurable; they perform only one specific function. For example, a speed controller IC for a remote control car is hard-wired to do one job and could never become a microprocessor. An ASIC does not contain any ability to follow alternate instructions. G. Radio-frequency Integrated Circuits -Radio-frequency ICs (RFICs) are rapidly gaining importance in cellular telephones and pagers. RFICs are analog circuits that usually run in the frequency range of 900 MHz to 2.4 GHz (900 million hertz to 2.4 billion hertz). They are usually thought of as ASICs even though some may be configurable for several similar applications.
18. 18. H. Microwave monolithic Integrated Circuits -A special type of RFIC is known as a microwave monolithic IC (MMIC). These circuits run in the 2.4- to 20-GHz range, or microwave frequencies, and are used in radar systems, in satellite communications, and as power amplifiers for cellular telephones.
19. 19. Application Integrated Circuit Memory Integrated Circuit
20. 20. Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit
21. 21. Advantages of Integrated Circuits 1. Since the soldering joints are not used in integrated circuits, this means that they are more reliable than discrete circuits. This is due to the reduction in number of interconnections between components. 2. Due to fabrication of the various components on the integrated circuits, the components became much smaller. This makes integrated circuits much lighter than discrete circuits. The integrated circuits thus consume much less space than discrete circuits.
22. 22. 3. Integrated circuits are encapsulated with a silicon oxide layer during manufacture. This layer is tough and resistant and thus gives the integrated an ability to operate at extremes of temperatures and other extreme environmental conditions. 4. Integrated circuits are constrained to minimize the number of external connection. This has greatly simplified the layout of these circuits and makes them easier to use. 5. Integrated circuits have been notice to use less power for operations.
23. 23. Disadvantages of Integrated Circuits 1. If one component in an integrated fails, that means the whole circuit has to be replaced. 2. Integrated circuits have limited capacitances. This calls for external components if the capacitance needs an extension. 3. It is impossible to fabricate transformers or any other kind of inductor onto the integrated circuits and again calling for a discrete circuit. 4. Power that integrated circuits can produce is limited and calls for extension. 5. Integrated circuits are not flexible. Their components cannot be modified and neither can the parameters of operation.
24. 24. Importance of IC in Industry First, the fact that they contain multiple components that are designed and tested to perform a specific task means that the electronic designer can use them as building blocks within a circuit instead of designing many separate components. Second, and the more significant advantage is that they can reduce the size of components to allow a far higher component density. Processor and memory chips contain millions of components in a package that is only an inch or two across. The same circuit in discrete components would fill a room. We benefit by seeing tiny products such as cell phones or laptop computers that simply wouldn't exist without integrated circuits. Integrated circuits also benefit us by using less power than discrete components and by operating at higher frequencies.