instrumentation, control & automation staffing maintenance benchmarking...

Instrumentation, Control & Automation Staffing Maintenance Benchmarking Study

Prepared by ITA Technical Committee, Maintenance Subcommittee, Task Force on IC&A Staffing John Petito, Chair Richard Haugh, Vice-Chair Prepared under the Direction of ITA’s Maintenance Subcommittee Charles K. Aycock, Chair ITA’s Technical Committee Peter Craan, Chair John Grey, Vice-Chair and the ITA Board Joseph Murray, President James E. Patterson, Vice-President Robert Werner, Treasurer Carl A. Neumayer, Past President Lewis Debevec, Past Treasurer William J. Borlase John Guidolin Donna Hautz William H. Hendrix, Jr. Tom Pukenis Donald Wunderlich 1999 Instrumentation Testing Association 631 North Stephanie Street, 279 Henderson, NV 89014 USA

Instrumentation Testing Association (ITA) Electronic Document

rr

Text Box

rr

Text Box

IC&A Staffing Maintenance Benchmarking Study Instrumentation Testing Association (ITA)

Abstract This maintenance benchmarking study presents data on reported instrumentation, control, and automation (IC&A) data received from surveyed water, wastewater, and industrial treatment facilities. Data on plant staffing profiles, salary ranges, education, experience, and training requirements are provided. In addition, data on IC&A staff management and staff time allocation for performing maintenance are provided. A discussion of the development and utilization of computer maintenance management systems (CMMS) is also provided.

ii Preface



Preface iii

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Instrumentation, Control and Automation Staffing: Maintenance Benchmarking Study prepared by the ITA Technical Committee, Maintenance Subcommittee, Task Force on IC&A Staffing under the direction of the ITA Board. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58346-002-0

1. Instrumentation, Control & Automation (IC&A) Staffing 2. Maintenance Benchmarking Study 3. Instrumentation Testing Association MBS99IS-001 1999

Copyright © 1999 by the Instrumentation Testing Association (ITA). USA All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of ITA. Printed in the USA 1999

Information contained in this work has been obtained by ITA believed to be reliable. However, neither ITA nor its officers and authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither ITA nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that ITA and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.



Maintenance Benchmarking Study of the Instrumentation Testing Association The Instrumentation Testing Association (ITA) was established on March 1, 1984. The primary function of ITA is to conduct charitable, educational, and scientific testing for public safety. ITA's mission is to advance the theory and practice of instrumentation and automation for water and wastewater treatment and other public works facilities by promoting the reliability and performance of environmental instrumentation and automation technologies. ITA's mission is designed to advance these services order to provide better public water service and enhance public health. ITA carries out its mission by developing and disseminating information on instrumentation and automation technologies and conducting educational programs in the field of instrumentation and automation. ITA's Maintenance Subcommittee of the ITA Technical Committee was developed by the ITA Board to originate and produce maintenance benchmarking studies to address the needs of ITA membership. These reports are intended to provide a basic understanding of maintenance practices and procedures and include reported maintenance requirements, cleaning, calibrating, and cost analysis of surveyed treatment facilities. IMPORTANT NOTICE The contents of this publication are for general information only and are not intended to be a standard of the Instrumentation Testing Association (ITA).

No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ITA. ITA makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy, product, or process discussed in this publication and assumes no liability. Anyone using this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.

Instrumentation Testing Association Technical Committee Authorized for Publication by the Board of Directors Instrumentation Testing Association The Instrumentation Testing Association is an international nonprofit technical and educational organization dedicated to promoting the understanding, selection, improvement, and cost-effective use of instrumentation and automation applications for monitoring and controlling water, wastewater, and industrial systems. Since 1984, ITA has provided educational and technical services to environmental specialists, including civil, mechanical, electrical, and environmental engineers; scientists; local, state, and government officials; treatment plant operators, technicians, and collection systems personnel; laboratory personnel; chemists; industrial technologists; students; academics; and equipment manufacturers and distributors. For information on membership, publications, and workshops, contact

Instrumentation Testing Association (ITA) USA Tel: (702) 568-1445 Fax: (702) 568-1446 Internet: http://www.instrument.org

iv Preface


mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.instrument.org

http://www.instrument.org


Preface v

Preface The purpose of this publication is to report instrumentation, control, and automation (IC&A) maintenance staffing practices and procedures for water, wastewater, and industrial treatment facilities. The reader of this report is responsible for determining which parameters are of most importance to their application to implement the most suitable IC&A staff practices and procedures for their respective needs. It is also emphasized that a complete assessment of the information presented herein requires that the report be read in its entirety. This publication was prepared by the ITA Technical Committee, Maintenance Subcommittee, Task Force on IC&A Staffing under the direction of the ITA Technical Committee, Maintenance Subcommittee, and Board. Report authors and reviewers include Charles K. Aycock

Lynn Campbell Peter Craan John Grey Richard Haugh William H. Hendrix, Jr. Gauher Kahn Joseph A. Murray John Petito Reddwari S. Reddy Robert Werner

Authors' and reviewers' efforts were supported by the following organizations:

Carollo Engineers, Sacramento, California, USA Columbus Water Works, Columbus, Georgia, USA City of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA City of Roseville, Roseville, California, USA Grey Engineering, Inc., Mocksville, North Carolina, USA Hazen & Sawyer, New York, New York, USA New York City, Department of Environmental Protection, Elm Hurst, New York, USA Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant, Elk Grove, California, USA Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, Laurel, Maryland, USA

Survey planning, development and review includes participation from William J. Borlase Peter Craan Lewis Debevec M. Truett Garrett, Jr. John Grey John Guidolin Donna A. Hautz William H. Hendrix, Jr. Robert D. Hill Thomas J. McBride Joseph A. Murray Carl A. Neumayer James E. Patterson Tom Pukenis Robert C. Steidel Michael W. Sweeney Robert Werner


rr

Text Box


vi Preface

Harry Wilkinson Michael Woolsey Donald Wunderlich

as supported by the following organizations:

City of Fort Worth, Water Pollution Control Group, Fort Worth, Texas, USA City of Houston, Department of Public Works and Engineering, Houston, Texas, USA City of Winnipeg, Water & Waste Department, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Columbus Water Works, Columbus, Georgia, USA Corporation of the City of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada EMA, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas, USA Grey Engineering, Inc., Mocksville, North Carolina, USA Hazen and Sawyer, New York, New York, USA Hopewell Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility, Technical Services, Hopewell, Virginia, USA Louisville and Jefferson County, Metropolitan Sewer District, Louisville, Kentucky, USA New York City, Department of Environmental Protection, Elm Hurst, New York, USA Newport News Waterworks, Newport News, Virginia, USA Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, Cleveland, Ohio, USA PBS&J, Houston, Texas, USA Royce Instrument Corporation, Parkesburg, Pennsylvania, USA Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant, Elk Grove, California, USA Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, Laurel, Maryland, USA Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Cicero, Illinois, USA

Review and support was also provided by ITA’s Manufacturer Committee Harry Wilkinson, Chair James N. Radney, Vice-Chair ITA technical staff project management and development was provided by Tony M. Palmer, Executive Director, and Maureen C. Ross, Technical Programs Director. Technical editing was provided by Lorna Johnson. This publication was made possible through special project funding contributions and in-kind services provided by

Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant, Elk Grove, California, USA

Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, Laurel, Maryland, USA


rr

Text Box

rr

Text Box


Contents vii

Contents Chapter 1—Introduction ____________________________________________________ 1-1 1.1 Background ___________________________________________________________________________ 1-1 1.2 Survey Procedures _____________________________________________________________________ 1-1

1.2.1 Distribution ________________________________________________________________________________ 1-1 1.2.2 Response Rate ______________________________________________________________________________ 1-2 1.2.3 Survey Participants __________________________________________________________________________ 1-2

1.3 Report Format ________________________________________________________________________ 1-2 Chapter 2—Organization of IC&A Staff _______________________________________ 2-1 2.1 Typical Plant Staffing Profiles ____________________________________________________________ 2-1

2.1.1 Organizational Charts ________________________________________________________________________ 2-1 2.1.1.1 Small Treatment Facilities _________________________________________________________________________ 2-1 2.1.1.2 Medium Treatment Facilities _______________________________________________________________________ 2-2 2.1.1.3 Large Treatment Facilities _________________________________________________________________________ 2-2

2.1.2 Position Descriptions _________________________________________________________________________ 2-3 2.1.2.1 Instrumentation Specialist/Technician ________________________________________________________________ 2-3 2.1.2.2 Electrician ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2-3 2.1.2.3 Automation Specialist _____________________________________________________________________________ 2-3 2.1.2.4 Information Systems Specialist ______________________________________________________________________ 2-3 2.1.2.5 General Operations and Maintenance Staff ____________________________________________________________ 2-3 2.1.2.6 Laboratory Personnel _____________________________________________________________________________ 2-4 2.1.2.7 Engineer _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2-4 2.1.2.8 Supervisor ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2-4 2.1.2.9 Foreman _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2-4

Chapter 3—Computerized Maintenance Management Systems _____________________ 3-1 3.1 Construction __________________________________________________________________________ 3-1

3.1.1 Capabilities ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-1 3.1.2 Development _______________________________________________________________________________ 3-2

3.1.2.1 Addressing Treatment Plant Needs ___________________________________________________________________ 3-2 3.1.2.2 Defining System Components and Developing Database Modules __________________________________________ 3-2 3.1.2.3 Prioritizing Module Design _________________________________________________________________________ 3-3 3.1.2.4 Identifying Input and Output Formats ________________________________________________________________ 3-3 3.1.2.5 Programming ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3-3

3.1.3 Use and Maintenance ________________________________________________________________________ 3-4 3.1.3.1 Utilizing a CMMS ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-4 3.1.3.2 Maintaining a CMMS _____________________________________________________________________________ 3-5

3.1.4 Summary __________________________________________________________________________________ 3-5 Chapter 4—General Facility and Treatment Process Information ___________________ 4-1 4.1 Existing Plant Conditions ________________________________________________________________ 4-1

4.1.1 General Facility and Treatment Process Information ________________________________________________ 4-1 4.1.1.1 General Facility Information _______________________________________________________________________ 4-1

4.1.1.1.1 Type of Treatment Facility _______________________________________________________________________________ 4-1 4.1.1.1.2 Ownership ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4-2 4.1.1.1.3 Plant Staffing _________________________________________________________________________________________ 4-2 4.1.1.1.4 Plant-Attended Operation _______________________________________________________________________________ 4-3

4.1.1.2 General Flow and Treatment Characteristics___________________________________________________________ 4-8 4.1.1.2.1 Average Flow _________________________________________________________________________________________ 4-8 4.1.1.2.2 Water Treatment Influent Flow Characteristics ______________________________________________________________ 4-8 4.1.1.2.3 Wastewater Treatment Influent Flow Characteristics __________________________________________________________ 4-9 4.1.1.2.4 Secondary Treatment __________________________________________________________________________________ 4-9 4.1.1.2.5 Disinfection _________________________________________________________________________________________ 4-10 4.1.1.2.6 Advanced Treatment __________________________________________________________________________________ 4-11

4.1.1.3 General Instrumentation, Control, and Automation _____________________________________________________ 4-16 4.1.1.3.1 Plant Control and Automation System _____________________________________________________________________ 4-16

4.1.1.3.1.1 Plant Staff and Control and Automation Systems ____________________________________________________________ 4-17 4.1.1.3.1.2 Attended Hours of Operation and Control and Automation Systems _____________________________________________ 4-18 4.1.1.3.1.3 Average Flow and Control and Automation Systems _________________________________________________________ 4-19

4.1.1.3.2 Documentation of Instrumentation Maintenance _____________________________________________________________ 4-20



Chapter 5—Staff Comparisons _______________________________________________ 5-1 5.1 Examining Comparisons _________________________________________________________________ 5-1

5.1.1 Average Plant Flow Versus Total Plant Staff ______________________________________________________ 5-1 5.1.2 Total Number of Operations and Maintenance Staff Versus Total Number of Electricians and Instrumentation Staff ______________________________________________ 5-2

Chapter 6—Instrumentation Maintenance Staffing ______________________________ 6-1 6.1 Benchmarking Survey Results _____________________________________________________________ 6-1

6.1.1 Staff and Management ________________________________________________________________________ 6-1 6.1.1.1 Staff and Management Responsible for Instrumentation Maintenance ____________________________ 6-1 6.1.1.2 Staff Management _____________________________________________________________________ 6-2 6.1.1.3 Number of Staff Performing Instrumentation Maintenance _____________________________________ 6-2 6.1.1.4 Percent Time Maintaining Instrumentation _________________________________________________ 6-3

6.1.2 Staff Qualifications __________________________________________________________________________ 6-7 6.1.2.1 Minimum Staff Education and Training Requirements ________________________________________ 6-7 6.1.2.2 Minimum Required Staff Experience ______________________________________________________ 6-8 6.1.2.3 Annual Training Hours Required _________________________________________________________ 6-9

6.1.3 Staff Compensation _________________________________________________________________________ 6-12 6.1.3.1 Skilled-Based Compensation ___________________________________________________________ 6-13 6.1.3.2 Contract Maintenance Minimum Hourly Pay_______________________________________________ 6-13 6.1.3.3 Electrician Minimum Hourly Pay ________________________________________________________ 6-14 6.1.3.4 Instrumentation Specialist/Technician Minimum Hourly Pay __________________________________ 6-15 6.1.3.5 Laboratory Personnel Minimum Hourly Pay _______________________________________________ 6-15 6.1.3.6 General Operations and Maintenance Minimum Hourly Pay __________________________________ 6-16

Chapter 7—Control and Automation Maintenance Staffing ________________________ 7-1 7.1 Benchmarking Survey Results _____________________________________________________________ 7-1

7.1.1 Staff and Management ________________________________________________________________________ 7-1 7.1.1.1 Staff and Management Responsible for Control and Automation Maintenance _____________________ 7-1 7.1.1.2 Staff Management _____________________________________________________________________ 7-2 7.1.1.3 Number of Staff Performing Overall Facility Control and Automation Maintenance _________________ 7-3 7.1.1.4 Percent Time Maintaining Control and Automation __________________________________________ 7-3

7.1.2 Staff Qualifications __________________________________________________________________________ 7-9 7.1.2.1 Minimum Staff Education and Training Requirements ________________________________________ 7-9 7.1.2.2 Minimum Required Staff Experience _____________________________________________________ 7-10 7.1.2.3 Annual Training Hours Required ________________________________________________________ 7-11

7.1.3 Staff Compensation _________________________________________________________________________ 7-15 7.1.3.1 Skilled-Based Compensation ___________________________________________________________ 7-15 7.1.3.2 Control and Automation Specialist Minimum Hourly Pay _____________________________________ 7-16 7.1.3.3 Contract Maintenance Minimum Hourly Pay_______________________________________________ 7-17 7.1.3.4 Electrician Minimum Hourly Pay ________________________________________________________ 7-18 7.1.3.5 Instrumentation Specialist/Technician Minimum Hourly Pay __________________________________ 7-18 7.1.3.6 General Operations and Maintenance Minimum Hourly Pay __________________________________ 7-19

Chapter 8—Summary ______________________________________________________ 8-1 8.1 Summary of Survey Results _______________________________________________________________ 8-1

8.1.1 General Facility and Treatment Process Information ________________________________________________ 8-1 8.1.1.1 Survey Distribution and Response Rate ____________________________________________________ 8-1 8.1.1.2 General Facility Information ____________________________________________________________ 8-1 8.1.1.3 General Flow and Treatment Characteristics _______________________________________________ 8-1 8.1.1.4 General Instrumentation, Control, and Automation ___________________________________________ 8-2

8.1.2 Instrumentation Maintenance Staffing ____________________________________________________________ 8-2 8.1.2.1 Staff and Management Responsible for Instrumentation Maintenance ____________________________ 8-2 8.1.2.2 Staff Qualifications ____________________________________________________________________ 8-2 8.1.2.3 Staff Compensation ____________________________________________________________________ 8-2

8.1.3 Control and Automation Maintenance Staffing _____________________________________________________ 8-3 8.1.3.1 Staff and Management Responsible for Control and Automation Maintenance _____________________ 8-3 8.1.3.2 Staff Qualifications ____________________________________________________________________ 8-3 8.1.3.3 Staff Compensation ____________________________________________________________________ 8-3

viii Contents



Contents ix

Appendix A—Survey Form __________________________________________________ A-1 Appendix B—Survey Participant Listing _______________________________________ B-1 Appendix C—IC&A Consultant Resource Listing ________________________________ C-1



x List of Tables

List of Tables Chapter 1 Table 1.2.2-1—Survey Distribution and Response Rates ______________________________________________________ 1-2 Chapter 4 Table 4.1.1-1—General Facility Information _______________________________________________________________ 4-4 Table 4.1.1-2—General Facility Comments ________________________________________________________________ 4-7

Table 4.1.1.2-1—General Flow and Treatment Characteristics __________________________________ 4-12 Table 4.1.1.2-2—General Flow and Treatment Comments ______________________________________ 4-16 Table 4.1.1.3-1—General IC&A Information _________________________________________________ 4-22

Chapter 5 Table 5.1.2-1—Plant Staffing Comparisons ________________________________________________________________ 5-4 Chapter 6 Table 6.1.1-1—Staff and Management for General Instrumentation Maintenance __________________________________ 6-4 Table 6.1.2-1—Staff Qualifications for General Instrumentation Maintenance ____________________________________ 6-9 Table 6.1.3-1—Staff Compensation for General Instrumentation Maintenance ___________________________________ 6-17 Chapter 7 Table 7.1.1-1—Staff and Management for General Control and Automation Maintenance ___________________________ 7-4 Table 7.1.2-1—Staff Qualifications for General Control and Automation Maintenance _____________________________ 7-12 Table 7.1.3-1—Staff Compensation for General Control and Automation Maintenance ____________________________ 7-20



List of Figures xi

List of Figures Chapter 2 Figure 2.1.1.1-1—Typical Small Treatment Facility Staff Organizational Chart ___________________________________ 2-1 Figure 2.1.1.2-1—Typical Medium Treatment Facility Staff Organizational Chart _________________________________ 2-2 Figure 2.1.1.3-1—Typical Large Treatment Facility Staff Organizational Chart ___________________________________ 2-2 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1.1-1—Common CMMS Functions _______________________________________________________________ 3-1 Figure 3.1.2.2-1—Sample CMMS Components and Modules __________________________________________________ 3-2 Figure 3.1.2.5-1—Step-By-Step CMMS Development ________________________________________________________ 3-4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1.1.1.1-1—Type of Treatment ___________________________________________________________________ 4-2 Figure 4.1.1.1.2-1—Ownership _________________________________________________________________________ 4-2 Figure 4.1.1.1.3-1—Total Plant Staffing __________________________________________________________________ 4-3 Figure 4.1.1.1.4-1—Plant Hours of Attended Operation ______________________________________________________ 4-3 Figure 4.1.1.1.4-2—Plant Days of Attended Operation _______________________________________________________ 4-4 Figure 4.1.1.2.1-1—Average Flow _______________________________________________________________________ 4-8 Figure 4.1.1.2.2-1—Water Treatment Influent Flow _________________________________________________________ 4-9 Figure 4.1.1.2.3-1—Wastewater Treatment Influent Flow _____________________________________________________ 4-9 Figure 4.1.1.2.4-1—Secondary Treatment ________________________________________________________________ 4-10 Figure 4.1.1.2.5-1—Disinfection _______________________________________________________________________ 4-10 Figure 4.1.1.2.6-1—Advanced Treatment_________________________________________________________________ 4-11 Figure 4.1.1.3.1-1—Plant Control and Automation System ___________________________________________________ 4-16

Figure 4.1.1.3.1.1-1—Staff Size with Control and Automation Systems _________________________ 4-17 Figure 4.1.1.3.1.1-2—Staff Size without a Control and Automation System ______________________ 4-18 Figure 4.1.1.3.1.2 -1—Operation Hours with a Control and Automation System __________________ 4-18 Figure 4.1.1.3.1.2-2—Hours of Operation without a Control and Automation System ______________ 4-19 Figure 4.1.1.3.1.3 -1—Average Flow with a Control and Automation System ____________________ 4-19 Figure 4.1.1.3.1.3 -2—Average Flow without a Control and Automation System __________________ 4-20

Figure 4.1.1.3.2-1—Instrumentation Maintenance Documentation _____________________________________________ 4-20 Figure 4.1.1.3.2-2—Staff Size Utilizing a CMMS ___________________________________________________________ 4-21 Figure 4.1.1.3.2-3—Staff Size Utilizing Manual Documentation _______________________________________________ 4-21 Figure 4.1.1.3.2-4—Staff Size Utilizing Other Methods of Instrumentation Documentation__________________________ 4-22 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1.1-1—Comparison of Average Plant Flow to Total Plant Staff _________________________________________ 5-2 Figure 5.1.2-1—Comparison of Total O&M Staff to Electricians and Instrumentation Staff __________________________ 5-3 Chapter 6 Figure 6.1.1.1-1—Personnel Performing Instrumentation Maintenance __________________________________________ 6-1 Figure 6.1.1.2-1—Instrumentation Maintenance Staff Management _____________________________________________ 6-2 Figure 6.1.1.3-1—Number of Staff Performing Instrumentation Maintenance _____________________________________ 6-3 Figure 6.1.1.4-1—Percent Time Spent Performing Instrumentation Maintenance __________________________________ 6-3 Figure 6.1.2.1-1—Minimum Education and Training Requirements _____________________________________________ 6-8 Figure 6.1.2.2-1—Minimum Required Experience ___________________________________________________________ 6-8 Figure 6.1.2.3-1—Required Annual Training _______________________________________________________________ 6-9 Figure 6.1.3.1-1—Skilled-Based Compensation ____________________________________________________________ 6-13 Figure 6.1.3.2-1—Contract Maintenance Pay _____________________________________________________________ 6-14 Figure 6.1.3.3-1—Electrician Pay ______________________________________________________________________ 6-14



xii List of Figures

Figure 6.1.3.4-1—Instrumentation Specialist/Technician Pay_________________________________________________ 6-15 Figure 6.1.3.5-1—Laboratory Personnel Pay _____________________________________________________________ 6-16 Figure 6.1.3.6-1—General Operations and Maintenance Staff Pay ____________________________________________ 6-16 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1.1.1-1—Personnel Performing Control and Automation Maintenance ___________________________________ 7-2 Figure 7.1.1.2-1—Control and Automation Maintenance Staff Management ______________________________________ 7-2 Figure 7.1.1.3-1—Number of Staff Performing Control and Automation Maintenance ______________________________ 7-3 Figure 7.1.1.4-1—Percent Time Spent Performing Control and Automation Maintenance ___________________________ 7-4 Figure 7.1.2.1-1—Minimum Education and Training Requirements ____________________________________________ 7-10 Figure 7.1.2.2-1—Minimum Required Experience __________________________________________________________ 7-10 Figure 7.1.2.3-1—Required Annual Training ______________________________________________________________ 7-11 Figure 7.1.3.1-1—Skilled-Based Compensation ____________________________________________________________ 7-16 Figure 7.1.3.2-1—Control and Automation Specialist Pay ___________________________________________________ 7-17 Figure 7.1.3.3-1—Contract Maintenance Pay _____________________________________________________________ 7-17 Figure 7.1.3.4-1—Electrician Pay ______________________________________________________________________ 7-18 Figure 7.1.3.5-1—Instrumentation Specialist/Technician Pay_________________________________________________ 7-19 Figure 7.1.3.6-1—General Operations and Maintenance Staff Pay ____________________________________________ 7-19


instrumentation, control & automation staffing maintenance benchmarking...

Documents