Institutional Approach to Spreading Appropriate Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research,

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Dr. Yoshitaka Ebie

23rd January, 2019WEPA Workshop in Bandung

Sustainable Development GoalsGoal 6.3Halving the proportion of untreated wastewater by 2030

MDGsSanitary issues

SDGsEnvironmental issues

Open defecationBucket/containerPit latrine without slabSharedNo tank/sewer pipe

Primary treatmentSecondary treatmentTertiary treatment

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Coverage of centralized sewerage treatment systems

Source: WEPA

Decentralized treatment systems!!3

Decentralized treatment facilities in Southeast Asia

SDGsMDGs

27gBOD 13gBOD 40gBOD

Sanitation condition

Environmental condition

Black waterGray water

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Black & gray water(Domestic wastewater)

Background

• Increase in coverage ratio– More manufacturers

• Secure the quality of treatment facilities– Reliable certification systems

Off-site system: 15%On-site system: 85%

Urban Area: 100% Rural Area: 100%

On-site system: 100%

Wastewater treatment servicesUNIVERSAL ACCESS 2019

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Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities

Septic tanks IPALBiofil

septic tank?

• Regulation• Compliance

Are they all reliable?

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Regulation• Ministry of Environment and Forestry has issued new

effluent standard for domestic wastewater (2016).• This new and stringent regulation for domestic

wastewater is a major step forward to improve water environment.

Parameters Unit Old Regulation

New Regulation

pH - 6-9 6-9BOD mg/L 100 30COD mg/L - 100TSS mg/L 100 30Oil and Grease mg/L 10 5Ammonia mg/L - 10Total Coliform N/100 mL - 3,000Discharge L/person/day - 100

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• However, compliance to the regulation may not be ensured.

How good?

Nobody knows...

Great! But is it true?

We can achieveBOD: >10 mg/LNH4-N: >1 mg/LE. coli: free

Our product is very good!!

Compliance to the regulation

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The Stakeholders Meeting in Indonesia

To tackle this urgent problem, we have launched “the Stakeholders Meeting on domestic wastewater treatment” in 2015.

Manufacturers

Central gov.

Local gov.Univ.

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Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration

Summary of discussion• We need more manufacturers to

distribute domestic wastewater facilities in all Indonesia.

• However, it’s easy to make a profit if they produce poor performance and/or weak tanks.

Performance testing method and Reliable certification system are required!!

To eliminate low quality treatment facilities from the market

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Major standards in the world

European Standard (EN)EN12566-3: Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PE

The United StatesNSF/ANSI Standard 40: Residential Wastewater Treatment Systems

AustraliaAS/NZS 1546 Part 3: Aerated wastewater treatment systems

JapanPerformance testing method for Johkasou

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Testing methods

Domestic wastewater

P

Testing product

Sampler

Simple! But...12

1. Feed wastewater 2. Take a sample

Climate Lifestyle Social structure

Major standardized testing method is not necessarily suitable for Indonesia.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2

Influ

ent v

olum

e (L)

Time

Time

am pm[ 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ]

am

Diurnal inflow pattern

Wastewater quality and quantity

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10

20

30

40

Jan‐20

13

May‐201

3

Sep‐20

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Jan‐20

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May‐201

4

Sep‐20

14

Jan‐20

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May‐201

5

Sep‐20

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Tempe

rature (˚C)

Jakarta

Ave

High

Low

28.7˚C

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Field investigation

Wastewater volume was measured every hour.

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Development of the Performance Testing Method in Indonesia

1st SHM 2nd SHM 3rd SHM 4th SHM

5th SHM

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Drafted based on the industry-academia-government

collaboration

Precursor of SNI (National Standard of Indonesia)

Indonesian performance testing method

Treatment performance (removal efficiencies)

• pH• BOD• COD• TSS• Lemak dan Minyak• NH4-N• Total Coliform

• MBAS (Deterjen)• Total nitrogen• Total phosphorus

<Example>BOD removal ratio: 80%NH4-N removal ratio: 93%etc

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Feasibility of the testing method

Test product

Raw wastewater tank(3-5 m3)

From the pump station

P

P

T

T

• Ambient and water temperature• Water quality

0%

5%

10%

15%

3 5 7 9 11131517192123 1

Influent

Time

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Collect all effluent• Total water volume

in a day• Average water

quality in a day

Pump station in Bandung

Trial of the testing method

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Objectives• To confirm availability of the equipment

for the test• To confirm feasibility of the testing

procedure• To sort out the problem

Improve and revise the testing method!!

Standardization of the testing methodSNI is the only standard nationally applicable in Indonesia.The SNI standard is first drafted by the technical committee and defined by the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (BSN).• Draft of the testing method (March 2017)• Proposal of the new SNI (November 2017)

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VotingFinalization

Hearing

Technical Meeting

Decision

Publication

Consensus Meeting

Final goals

The certificate is based on the result of performance test Treatment efficiency (Water quality) Robustness of the tank Material, design, Standard Operating

Procedure, workshop, etc.

• All the products in the market must have a certificate to improve water environment in Indonesia.

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Timing to take a test and to get certificate

Development of new product 

Take a treatment 

performance test

Manufacture the product

Get certification of products by type test 

Sell products in the market 

When

Same design and manufacturing process from the time of test. 

Before start manufacturing product series

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to use the certificate?How

Building permission processes

*Require the certificate of the product

Local governments

Contractors/ manufacturers

Application

Permission

*Submit application with the certificate of the product

to confirm appropriateness to prove appropriateness

Compliance to the regulation would be sure!!22

Step-wise implementation• At the beginning, enact the certification system

only for some area/buildings.– Central government

• shows first targets of this certification system like “Sensitive area/tourist site, large building”

– Local government• defines where is “Sensitive area/tourist site ”• defines size of the “large building”.

free vectorsDario1crisafulli free vector graphics

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Testing methods in Asian countries 

Raising awareness  Drafting a testing method Considering strategies

Capacity building of a testing body

Qualification system for engineer

Propose testing standard in ASEAN countries

Characteristics of biological wastewater treatment in each 

country

Progress of standardization 

Nation to region

Regional standard

Malaysia

VietnamThailand

Cambodia

Indonesia

• International WS (MOE)• WEPA (MOE)

Establishment of standardized performance testing method for decentralized wastewater treatment facility in Asian region and network building of its experts

Indonesian test

Stakeholder’s meeting

Conclusions• Stringent effluent standard like Indonesia is a

major step forward to improve water environment.

• We have drafted Indonesian performance testing method to evaluate domestic wastewater treatment facilities.

• We are conducting establishment of reliable certification system for dissemination of appropriate domestic wastewater treatment.

• These institutional approach would be helpful to promote appropriate domestic wastewater facilities in Asia.

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