Faculty of Science and Engineering

Stage -2 Research Proposals

(Masters by Research)

Innovation in the Road Construction Sector and its Benefits to Industry

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. THE PROPOSED TITLE 3

2. PROPOSED SUPERVISORS & THEIR CREDENTIALS 3

3. BACKGROUND AND INITIAL LITERATURE REVIEW 3

3.1 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 3

3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

3.2.1 BENEFITS OF INNOVATION IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: 11

3.3 RESEARCH PROBLEMS (e.g., aims, questions and/or hypotheses) 12

3.3.1 RESEARCH AIM 12

3.3.2 Hypothesis 12

3.3.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS: 12

4. PROGRAM AND DESIGN OF THE RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 12

4.1 OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH PLAN 12

4.1.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 12

4.1.2 METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH PLAN 13

4.1.3 DATA ANALYSIS 14

4.1.4 FINDINGS: 14

4.1.5 Publications 15

4.2 RESOURCES AND FUNDING REQUIREMENT 15

4.3 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION 15

4.4 INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESEARCH TEAM 16

4.5 RESEARCH SCHEDULE 16

5. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

6. APPENDIX 19

6.1 Coursework – 19

1. THE PROPOSED TITLE

Innovation in the road construction sector and its benefits to industry.

BACKGROUND AND INITIAL LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT

Toole, Hallowell and Chinowsky (2013) define innovation as, “the act of introducing a significant improvement in a process, product, or system that is novel to the organization, may cause individuals to view things differently, and results in competitive advantage, increased value for the client or benefit to stockholders;”Gambatese and Hallowell (2011) define innovation as a positive change as a result of new ideas;Pellicer, et. al. (2008) has defined innovation as a broad concept that includes improvements in processes, products or services. It involves incorporating new ideas, which generate changes that help solve the needs of a company and so increase its competitiveness.Further“The term ‘innovation’ is defined as a new or significantly improved technology or advanced business practice” as, indicated by Manley (2005).

Innovation leads to economic improvement for industries (OECD 2000). Experience in OECD countries showed that innovation has positive impact on profitability at the firm level (Guellec and Pattinson 2001). In the highway sector, innovation is seen as a factor supporting improved environmental outcomes arising from road development (FHWA 2004).

Innovation may rise from inventing highly novel, original and previously unseen technology& products. More likely, however, especially for mature industries such as the road industry, adopting innovative technologies can be challenging to the established road sector organisations.Regardless of the degree of innovation,general literature review supports that substantial benefit can be realised.

Australia’s construction industry is competitive with ongoing challenges that include the use of Information technology, increasing public expectations in ecological defense, increasing demand for packaged construction services, and moves toward private sector funding of public infrastructure (Hampson and Manley, 2001).

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Figure 1: Conceptual Research Framework

Bennett &Ducasse (2009) outline innovationsusing available onsite materials, mixed together with other available materials, and combinations of conventional and new stabilizing agents and compaction aids, together with conventional and new surfacing techniques, which provide benefitsin the road sector.

This research will be based on innovation used in various parts of the world includingAustralia. The way in which innovators overcome the obstacles they encounter in implementation will also be researched. Conceptual framework of this research as shown in figure-1 below:

The introduction of advanced technology and new materials has created an atmosphere of more successful collaborations between industry and its clients. Manley and Mcfallan(2006)suggest that delivering project value for stakeholders for the whole-of-life, from business need, design and construction through to ownership would also add business value.It is generally assumed that innovation is necessary to lower costs, increase functionality and maintain market share (Seaden et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2004; El-Mashaleh et al., 2006).

3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Innovation is an important step for organizations to continue and cultivate within the vibrant construction industry (Slaughter, 1998; Manley, 2006). It is doubtless that the adoption of advanced techniques, new processes and fresh products in the construction projects will bring better outcome in terms of performance improvement, decreased cost and better environmental quality of projects. The organizations adopting innovative technologies at the individual level indeed supports their market share to increase as well as their market competitiveness(Gambatese and Hallowell, 2011b). The research reflects that the adoption of innovation techniques is based on their capability of bringing the measurable results i.e. cost reduction or improved quality and increasedperformance (Toole, 2001). The product innovation in road construction industry bears inherent obstacles as is considered tobe a low technology industry (Caerteling et al., 2011).

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DESIGNRoute design Pavement design Material specifications Alternative road usersKnowledge transfer

ASPHALTMaterials

The use of alternate materials such as rubber crumb and recycled asphalt. Opportunities to innovate bitumen mix design.Processes

The use of warm mix technologies.The use of cold mix applications.Innovations in methods and techniques for bitumen placement.

AGGREGATESPlacement

Saline or non-potable water stabilisation. Non-potable water for dust control.Alternative Materials

The use of waste products – concrete, tyres, glass, bauxite residue, and waste building materials.Plant based bitumen alternatives.The use of in-situ stabilisation techniques such as foamed bitumen to reduce the need for aggregate.

CONCRETEMaterials

Use of alternative aggregate material.Use of cement alternatives including sulfo- aluminate, magnesium-phosphate, and alumino-silicate cements.ProcessesThe potential to achieve carbon storagein concrete, in particular magnesium- phosphate cements.Innovations in methods and techniques for cement placement.

In the road innovation sector, product innovation diffusion brings in a major impact on the prosperity of the entire industry.There is existence of innovation literature thatprimarily focuses on the manufacturing industry (Manley, 2008). High performing types of concretes, asphalts, geo-synthetics, fiber-reinforced polymer composites are in the list of innovative products and new materials innovated by the manufacturing industry and embraced by the road industry.

Comparative cases of actual roads constructed and maintained in developed and developing countries are used to illustrate the benefit of applying innovative initiatives in road pavement technology to attempt to solve the provision of appropriate roads for communities (Payne and Sewlal, 2007). The application of Innovative Initiatives in Road Design, Construction and Maintenance have been applied, which has resulted in the provision of water proof gravel roads and the provision of low volume surfaced roads as alternatives to the conventional gravel road.

Significant research has been conducted on Innovation diffusion in the last 50 years in various areas like economics, marketing, sociology and management. In these sectors the practices were recognized to facilitate the innovation process and models have been established to reflect the innovation process (Gambatese and Hallowell, 2011a).

Designed& Developed in 2006, “JOULESAVE” is widely used European software that allows the road designer to rapidly quantify the energy requirements for all phases of road construction and to compare different options. To date, the software has shown that energy savings of up to 47 per cent in road construction, up to 20 per cent in the operational life of a road, and up to 30 per cent in maintenance are possible in many road projects.

In a study, “Future of Roads” conducted by Sustainable Built Environment NationalResearch Centre (SBEnrc) has identified innovative approaches in the Road sector as shown in figure-2 below:

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Other examples include advances in intelligent network technologies, lighting, or damping and energy dissipation devices. Butprocess, organizational and marketing innovationsdo not come under the umbrella of ‘product innovation focus’ as defined by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/Eurostat, 2005).

The road construction industry lacks in its research process from innovation and technology perspective (Caerteling et al., 2009). Focus needs to be on enhancing road industry performance considering that road infrastructure is a substantial contributor to employment and gross domestic product (Caerteling et al., 2011). Road infrastructure helps ineffective freight flow and movement for business and personal travel (KorbeKaare and Koppel, 2012).

Despite the benefits of product innovation adoption on road projects and industry

Figure 2: SBEnrc (2012) The Future of Roads: Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre, Curtin University and Queensland University of

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performance, improving diffusion across a multidisciplinary and potentially fragmented project team can be challenging. For example, problems occur along the side of provision of liability and risk in testing of a new product or process. The construction industry is anuneven production process built on short-lived projects, resulting in knowledge improvement and transmissionof gaps within and between companies (Dubois and Gadde, 2002). The project-based type of construction production ends in a short- lived economic perception that depresses innovation adoption (Wide n and Hansson, 2007). In addition, ́ innovation of a unique product needs unique and specialized construction expertise and could result in rising failure risk and hypothetically discouraging constantacceptance across the innovation system (Manley and Mcfallan, 2006).

Such challenges are considered with a perspective of success for an innovation diffusion process, where fruitfulInnovation adoption is a degree of the achievement of the diffusion process (Murad and Thomson, 2011). The common challenges faced by the potential construction organizations towards innovation adoption, Rose and Manly, 2012 have tailored a diffusion process modelto adjust“construction-specific contextual characteristics” that impact the choice to adopt innovative products. “This new approach is expected to provide greater insights into the dynamics surrounding innovation obstacles than the more broad and static open innovation approach adopted in the authors’ previous work (Rose and Manley, 2012).”The method adopted by the authors previously stressed the impact of network governance, absorptive capacity and knowledge intermediation. Thethree mentioned factors are wider and more hypothetical than the factors derivative for the presentresearch.

Barriers to innovation at the construction industry level have been studied extensively (e.g. Ling, 2003; Egbu, 2004; Hampson and Brandon, 2004; Manley and Mcfallan, 2006). There is limited to noliterature available for the road sector.

Based on limited literature there is evidence that innovation practices are being applied in the road sector. Typical examples are presented below:

A. Solar road by Netherland

The world’s first solar bike lane was available for use in the Netherlands. The bike path (figure-3) that connects the Amsterdam suburbs of Krommenie and Wormerveer is a 70-meter stretch of solar-powered roadway opened for the public on November 12th, 2014.

Purpose of solar roads and solar pathways

Plans to power everything from traffic lights to electric cars using solar panels. The panels will generate approximately 30% less energy than those placed on roofs

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Figure 4b: The highway in its current formFigure 4a: One of the proposed features of the highway: weather-sensitive markings.

because of position of sun The main purpose of solar road is turning road and pathways into energy-harvesting

surfaces.B. Futuristic highways in the Netherlands glow in the dark

A futuristic highway that can save energy and improve road safety, a strip of "smart" highway with glow-in-the-dark road markings has opened in the Netherlands to improve road safety as shown in figure-4b. Two companies, Studio Roosegaarde and Heijmans Infrastructure, concocted the highway, which incorporates: street markings painted withphoto-luminescent paint which are charged during the day and light up during the night, temperature-responsive paint which indicates slippery roads when temperatures fall below zero, and interactive lights along the highway that light up as cars approach as shown in fugure-4a. Wind lights that light up using the draft produced by cars and priority induction lanes that can recharge electric cars as they run along them also feature.

Another invention, “The Solar Roadways” project, led by a husband and wife team — Scott and Julie Brusaw — garnered the attention of experts worldwide as it pushed the United States government to explore alternative energy solutions for better road infrastructure.

C. Recent innovative techniques used by RTA NSW

i. CFA (Continuous Flight Augur) piling used at Tarcutta bypass

Benefits of CFA piling

It costs less than traditional method It was twice faster than old piling method It was almost vibration free and only creates low levels of noise, this was important

for project workers and especially for surrounding residents.

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ii. Moveable barrier system (Inner West Busway)

Benefits:

Moveable barrier is the first of its kind in Australia Uses a barrier transfer machine to transfer concrete barriers from one side of a lane

to another. Improves bus travel and reliability on Victoria Rd, which carries 200,000 bus

passengers each week

iii. Treatment of underground mines (Hunter Expressway)

Benefits:

Minimized the impact on the Hunter region’s natural and cultural environment Offered a cost effective solution.

iv. Diamond grinding (various road maintenance projects)

Benefits:

Removes road surface irregularities caused by construction work, or lots of traffic, creating grooves.

Produces a level road surface Results in road that is smooth, safer and quieter

v. Treatment of soft soils using vacuum consolidation technique (Ballina bypass)

Benefits:

It is relatively new technology in Australia. It saves time and money when compared to other techniques It resulted in the soil consolidating and forming a stable foundation for construction

of the Pacific Highway

D. Precast Pre-stressed Concrete Pavement by U.S Department of transportation F.H.A

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Figure 5: PPCP installation along I-10 in El Monte, California.

Benefits:

Speed of construction Minimization of user cost RapidRehabilitation and reconstruction of road Gives system durability Reduces the risk in construction safety

E. New road surface material

Asphaltic concrete roads are slowly being replaced by more environmentally friendly options, such as Eco-Pave, which is based upon an organic resin. Another road surface manufacturer is considering is the use of recycled plastics in road construction.

Eco-Pave Baseis blended into the existing base of native soils, gravel roads or a recycled roadway structure, eliminating the need to import costly base or aggregate materials. Where chip sealing is needed, Eco-Pave Chip further strengthens a road and provides a natural, warm, visually pleasing running surface. (Source: www.midwestin.com)

Benefits

Increases loading capacity (California Bearing Ratio) Creates a barrier to reduce harmful moisture penetration Delivers a stronger, longer- lasting road surface at a lower cost than conventional

road design Creates or restores a smooth running surface Extends life of pavement and other surface

F. Use of recycled material

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Design of high performance under layers with low cost materials and high percentage of re-use (EPFL-Switzerland, BRRC-Belgium). In this innovation, three different mixes were designed, optimized and compared, namely with 0 %, 25 % and 40 % reclaimed asphalt. After an extensive laboratory study performed by BRRC, the selected solutions have been further studied in a full-scale ALT -Accelerated Load Testing facility in LAVOC. This study led to the conclusion that no negative effect has been found by using a high percentage of reclaimed asphalt. (Source: NR2C, 2008)

3.2.1 BENEFITS OF INNOVATION IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY:

Two types of Innovations are researched i.e. original innovation (i.e. formerly invisible improvements) and adoptive innovation (i.e. the practice of latest improvements ever first time by an individual business). ‘Adoption’ of present innovation by a company ever first time, is highly considered a precious practice of innovation (DITR 2003, 15). Adoption activity is also treated as ‘incremental’ innovation, which disperses the benefits of more ‘radical’ innovations. Moreover, both organizational as well as technological innovations will be studied.Researchwill primarily be based on the case studies.

3.3 RESEARCH PROBLEMS (e.g., aims, questions and/or hypotheses)

The proposed research examines innovation in the road construction sector, the driving factors behind adopting new techniques and materials and the barriers it faces. It discusses the positive outcomes and its benefits to the road construction industry using case studies.

3.3.1 RESEARCH AIM

Aim of this research is to “identify Innovative practices currently being used by the road construction Industry and document the benefits they add to business”.

3.3.2 Hypothesis

My research hypothesis is that using innovation in road sector enhances and improves productivity.

3.3.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. How developed countries including Australia are dealing with road construction innovation and what are the specific problems encountered in its application?

2. What are the benefits of innovation in the road construction industry and how do

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they add value to the road sector?

2. PROGRAM AND DESIGN OF THE RESEARCH INVESTIGATION

4.1 OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH PLAN

4.1.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The objective of this research is to:

1. Determine the factors or drivers leading to the need of innovation in road construction Industry

2. Study processes employed by road sectorto successfully implement innovation3. Study the benefits arising from construction innovation on some recent projects4. Provide a summary of best innovative practices used in the road construction sector

(Materials, construction, maintenance/operation).

4.1.2 METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH PLAN

The research methodology/ plan is shown in figure 6:

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Figure 6: Research Methodology/Plan

A methodology will be adopted with a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. It willinclude a comprehensive literature review to understand innovation adopted in Australia and internationally (developed and developing countries).

The research will primarily be based on data obtained from literaturereview, survey (if required), and interviews. The case study (ies) will be based on factual information from projects, surveys/interviews as identified during the research.Interviews and pervious research will assist in gainingin depth knowledge about innovations adopted recently and the barriers in implementation, if any.The interviews will either be via phone, email or vis-a-vis, depending on relevance, and the time limitations might not allow personal meetings with all institution of interest.In such situations a survey via questionnaire will be taken.

ObjectivesDetermine the factor or drivers to the need of innovation in road sectorStudy what processes are emplyed by industry to successfully implement innovationStudy the econimic & sustaiability benefits arising from innovation in roas sectorStudy how these benefits add value to businessLiteraure ReviewWhat is InnovationInnovation in road sectorCase studies in Innovations in road sectorIdentify problems BenefitsSlected SurveyMore up to date on innovations usedQuestionnaire will be developed based on the literature reviewinterviewInterview with experts within the road sector, being: research, government, industryMore up to date on innovations used Benefits from innovations used Data analysis Analyse qualitative responses from the expert participants (both survey and interview )These responses will be analysed using a content analysis approach to identify the major themes, with NVivo software if requiredFindingsSynthesise the innovative best practices currently used in road sectorState the barriers in using innovation in road sectorEconomic & sustainability benefits from innnovation in road sector12

The questionnaire/interviews will be developed covering the following areas.I. Material and Design

II. Road ConstructionIII. Maintenance /operation

The experts for survey/questionnaire will be selected from large road sector authorities, researchers and government departments and also will be guided by literature search

4.1.3 DATA ANALYSIS

International literature search data will be processed and tabulated based on innovation applied in the areas of materials; construction; and operation/ maintenance in the road construction sector. Case studies will be identified and data processed for costs, benefits and any complexities associated with incorporating innovation

Based on the above, questionnaire will be developed for further information using survey/interviews. The qualitative data will be analysed using the constant comparative method (NVivo)(Bazeley, 2010).The analysis of interview transcribes and field notes will be based on an inductive approach gear to identify patterns in the data by means of thematic codes. In this process line, sentence, and paragraph segments of the transcribed interviews and field notes will be reviewed to decide what codes will fit the concepts suggested by the data.

The outcomes of the research will be presented as an improved and extended framework for best road innovation practices in the construction industry.

4.1.4 FINDINGS:

The findingswill be based on the current innovation best practices applied in the areas of materials; construction; and operation /maintenance in the road construction sector. The innovation case studieswill show the extensive benefits that can be derived from innovation, whether the innovation is ‘new’ in a global sense or whether it involves a business adopting an existing advanced practice or technology for the first time. The case studies could reveal that businesses can get substantial benefits from adopting and extending innovations developed by others; a process known as adoptive or incremental innovation.

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The findings will lead to:

Preparation of report stating economic and sustainability benefits in using these innovative products and practices (for material, design, construction, operation, maintenance).

Innovative best practices currently used in road sector and their potential used in Australian condition.

Identify possible barriers in using the innovation in road sector.

4.1.5 PUBLICATIONS

I will use this research output for publication injournals, refereed conferences and seminars (two-three publications).

4.2 RESOURCES AND FUNDING REQUIREMENT

Workspace, computer and fully Internet facility is provided by UNIVERSITY. At this stage funding is not beyond the resource provided by UNIVERSITY, in later stage some funding will be required for equipment such as external hard-drive, an audio-recorder for recording interviews and to attain national and international conferences.

4.3 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

The research proposed will require ethical approval from UNIVERSITY’s human research ethical committee prior to data collection, survey and interviews. All low risk application will be submitted as the discrete choice experiment questionnaires and interviews are not expected to cause or increases risk of physical or emotional harm, a part from the activities of daily living.

4.4 INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESEARCH TEAM

This research project is an individual research and not a part of larger project being carried out at university. The proposed research will be conducted independently under the guidance of the supervisors.

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4.5 RESEARCH SCHEDULE

The time plan for this research project is presented below:

ActivitiesTime in months

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Course work

Introduction Writing research background

Literature Review

Design and conduct survey questionnaires

Writing the outcomes of data collection

Data analysis

Findings and conclusion

Proof reading and composing work

Final editing and binding

Publications

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3. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rose, T. M., & Manley, K. (2014). Revisiting the adoption of innovative products on Australian road infrastructure projects. Construction Management and Economics, 32(9), 904-917.

Loosemore, M. (2014). Serendipitous innovation: Enablers and barriers in the construction industry. In Proceedings 29th Annual Association of Researchers in Construction Management Conference, ARCOM 2013 (pp. 635-644).

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013) Summary of IT Use and Innovation in Australian Business 2011–12, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.

Toole, T. M., Hallowell, M., &Chinowsky, P. (2013). A tool for enhancing innovation in construction organizations. Engineering Project Organization Journal, 3(1), 32-50.

Pratico, F., Giunta, M., Moro, A., & Vittorio, A. (2011). Innovation in the treatment of clayey materials. In 24th World Road Congress.

Bazeley, P. (2010). NVivo. In Neil J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Research Design. (pp. 945-949). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Barlow, J. (2000) Innovation and learning in complex offshore construction projects. Research Policy, 29(7–8), 973–89.

Barney, J., Wright, M. and Ketchen, D.J. (2001) The resource-based view of the firm: ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, 27(6), 625–41.

Bartlett, J., Kotrlik, J. and Higgins, C. (2001) Organizational research: determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43–50.

Blayse, A.M. and Manley, K. (2004) Key influences on construction innovation. Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management, 4(3), 143–54.

Caerteling, J.S., Halman, J.I.M., Song, M. and Dore e, A.G. (2009) Impact of ́ government and corporate strategy on the performance of technology projects in road construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 135(11), 1211–21.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitation Pavement Structures. 2004. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

Merritt, D. K., B. F.McCullough, and N. H. Burns. (2003). “Precast Pre-stressed Concrete Pavement Pilot Project Near Georgetown, Texas.” Transportation Research Record 1823, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 11–17.

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Merritt, David K., and Samuel S. Tyson. (2006). “Precast Pre-stressed Concrete Pavement—A Long-Life Approach for Rapid Repair and Rehabilitation.” In S. Tayabji and S. Lim (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Long-Life Concrete Pavements (pp. 497–512), organized by Federal Highway Administration, Chicago &IL.

Tayabji, Shiraz D., Ernest J. Barenberg, Wade Gramling, and Paul Teng. (2001). “Prestressed Concrete Pavement Technology Update.” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concrete Pavements (pp. 871–890), organized by the International Society for Concrete Pavements, Orlando, Florida, September 2001.

Tayabji, Shiraz, and Katie Hall. (2008). “Precast Concrete Panels for Repair and Rehabilitation of Jointed Concrete Pavements” (FHWA-IF-09-003). Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pub_details.cfm?id=628.

Bickley, J., Hooton, R.D. and Hover, K.C. (2006) Preparation of a Performance-Based Specification for Cast-in-Place Concrete, RMC Research Foundation, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, MD.

Blayse, A.M. and Manley, K. (2004) Key influences on construction innovation. Construction innovation, 4(3), 143–54.

Burns, R. (2000) Introduction to Research Methods, Sage, London. CEDA, 2005 (2005) Infrastructure: Getting on with the Job, Committee for Economic

Development of Australia, Melbourne. Chesbrough, H.W. (2003) The era of open innovation. Sloan Management Review,

44(3), 35–41. Chesbrough, H.W. (2004) Managing open innovation. Research Technology

Management, 47(1), 23–6. Chesbrough, H.W. and Appleyard, M.M. (2007) Open innovation and strategy.

California Management Review, 50(1), 57–76. Chesbrough, H.W. and Crowther, A.K. (2006) Beyond high tech: early adopters of

open innovation in other industries. R&D Management, 36(3), 229–36. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990) Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on

learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128–52. U. Ravi Shankar, H. K. Rai, and R. Mithanthaya, “Bio-enzyme stabilized lateritic soil

as a highway material,” Indian Road Congress, in press. I. Siswosoebrotho, M. Hossain, A. Alias, and B. K. Huat, “Stabilization of tropical

residual soils,” Taylor and Francis Group, 2004, pp145-167. Daud, P. C. Tan, M. Lee, and D. Q. Wu, “Green and quality rural roads in Malaysia,”

unpublished. Batley, Richard (1999) ‘The New Public Management in Developing Countries:

Implications for Policy and Organizational Reform’, Journal of International

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Development, 11: 761-765.A good summary of the attempts to apply some aspects of NPM to developing countries and the implications

Kernaghan, Kenneth (2000) ‘The post-bureaucratic organization and public service values’, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 66 (1): 21-44.

4. APPENDIX

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