herbaceous vegetation of threatened high altitude lateritic plateau

RheedeaVol. 22(1)

39-612 0 1 2

Herbaceous vegetation of threatened high altitude lateritic plateau ecosystems of Western Ghats, southwestern Maharashtra, India

M.M. Lekhak* and S.R. YadavAngiosperm Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Shivaji University,Kolhapur – 416 004, Maharashtra, India.*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

High altitude lateritic plateaus (locally known as sadas) are found throughout the northern Western Ghats. Despite their rich fl oral diversity, these plateaus are highly neglected due to their high seasonality. They are isolated landscapes that are subjected to edapho-climatic harshness and anthropogenic pressures. A fl oristic survey of ten such lateritic plateaus in southwestern Maharashtra, revealed the presence of 356 species and 5 varieties of herbaceous plants distributed in 61 angiospermous families under 27 orders. Of the 67 endemic species reported from these habitats, 39 (58%) are restricted to plateaus only. Poaceae show high level of endemism (22 species). These plateau vegetations have varied microhabitats that support distinct plant com-munities depending primarily on soil and moisture availability. These unprotected unique ecosystems, rich in fl oral diversity and endemism are in need of immediate conservation priority.

Keywords: Endemism, Habitats, Northern Western Ghats, Plateaus

Introduction

Lateritic plateaus or plateaux (locally known as sadas) are a distinct geographical feature of north-ern Western Ghats (Surat to Goa), India. Based on altitude, the plateaus of Maharashtra, can be categorized into two types: i) low altitude later-itic plateaus (below 100 m) commonly found in Konkan region and ii) high altitude lateritic pla-teaus (above 800 m) mainly concentrated in the Western Ghats of Satara, Kolhapur and Ratnagiri districts. These fl at-topped landscapes have been variously termed as duricrusts, ferricretes, later-ites or table-lands. Duricrust is a general term for a hard crust formed at or near the ground surface, irrespective of the composition (Ollier & Sheth, 2008). Laterites are iron-rich duricrusts which have formed directly from the breakdown of materials in their immediate vicinity, and so do not contain any readily identifi able allochthonous component, whereas, ferricretes are duricrusts which incorpo-rate materials non-indigenous to the immediate locality (Widdowson, 2003). Table-lands is a gen-eral term for a fl at elevated region. Lateritic pla-teaus are also popularly known as rock outcrops, i.e., habitats where portions of freely exposed bed-rocks protrude above the soil level due to natural reasons (Watve, 2009). In the present article we

have consistently used the term plateaus to refer to these landforms.

Plateaus in northern Western Ghats lack proper substrate (soil) and exhibit extreme climatic con-ditions. Their environment usually share a series of stressful characteristics, such as high UV expo-sure, daily thermal variation, constant winds, high evapotrasnspiration, low water retention and impermeable soils (Porembski & Barthlott, 2000; Scarano, 2002). Plant communities here are basi-cally edaphically controlled and show adaptation for water accumulation, such as succulence and poikilohydry, carnivory in response to the lack of nutrients (N, P and S) in the soil and the presence of subterranean organs (bulbs, corms, tubers and rhizomes) to overcome extreme temperature dur-ing summer. Fair amount of literature on botany, ecology and phytogeography is available for trop-ical outcrops. The best-studied are granitic and gneissic outcrops, known as inselbergs in Africa and South America (Porembski & Barthlott, 2000). In Maharashtra, Watve (2003, 2009), Porembski & Watve (2005) and Watve & Thakur (2006) have con-ducted ecological studies on the plateaus. How-ever, fl oristic work solely on the plateaus has never

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40 Herbaceous vegetation of threatened high altitude lateritic plateaus of SW Maharashtra

been attempted before as many of the plateaus are in remote areas. Secondly, the fl ora on the plateaus comprises mainly ephemeral and seasonal herba-ceous elements and hence gets neglected by the botanists.

The present study was carried out to document the diversity of herbaceous angiosperms and rare, endemic and threatened taxa of the plateaus. The baseline data generated in this study will greatly help in both highlighting the need and planning for conservation ecology of fragile fl ora of the pla-teaus.

Study Area

Geomorphology: High altitude lateritic plateaus form a common geomorphological feature in the northern Western Ghats, particularly in the dis-tricts of southwestern Mahrashtra, viz., Satara, Kolhapur and Ratnagiri. These duricrusts result from impregnation of saprolite (rock weathered in situ) with iron oxides and hydroxides (Ollier & Sheth, 2008). They occur between the latitudes 160

and 170 N in Maharashtra at an altitude of more than 850 m. These plateaus are isolated summits and are often referred to as terrestrial islands. The surface of these plateaus is strongly weathered and uneven that enables to support various habitats.

In the present study 10 plateaus, namely, Chalke-wadi, Kas, Panchgani Tableland, Thoseghar (Satara district), Barki, Kondushi, Masai, Morjai, Shelap (Kolhapur district) and Gothane (Ratnagiri dis-trict) were studied (Fig. 1). The size of the studied plateaus varied from 0.27 km2 to 9.67 km2 and the altitude from 897 m to 1317 m.

Climatic conditions: Climatological data, particu-larly for the plateaus are lacking. The climate is char-acterized by monsoon and the year can be divided into three climatic periods or seasons viz. rainy season (June – October), winter season (November – February) and summer season (March – May). Thus the monsoon is followed by a considerable stretch of dry period between November and May. During monsoon, plateaus experience very high rainfall (6000 – 7000 mm) that results in relative humidity often reaching up to 90%. Nevertheless, humidity is just 14% during the dry period, when the temperature of the exposed rock surface is very high (580C) in summer (Watve, 2009).

Methods

At least three fi eld visits were made during dif-ferent seasons: summer (March – May), monsoon

(June – October) and winter (November – Febru-ary) between June 2008 and February 2012. Each plateau was GPS marked. The data on latitude and longitude thus obtained was calibrated with Google Earth 6.2 (http://www.google.com/earth/index.html) for getting the images/maps of the pla-teaus. The images so obtained were traced to mark the outline of the plateaus. This outline was then printed on a graph paper and the area (sq. km.) for the respective plateau was calculated. Plant speci-mens were collected and identifi ed using local and regional fl oras. The identity was confi rmed at BSI, Pune and BLAT, Mumbai. Voucher specimens were deposited at SUK. Life-forms have been clas-sifi ed as per Raunkiaer (1934). Phenology was also recorded. The status of the species was assessed as per the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Ver-sion 3.1 (IUCN, 2001).

Results and Discussion

Types of Habitat and Vegetation

Plants on the plateaus are adapted to various microhabitats and each of these microhabitats is unique in its edaphic properties, water availabil-ity and species composition. The most common habitat types (Fig. 2) observed on plateaus are described below by following a fairly established categorization for rock outcrops by Porembski & Barthlott (2000) and Jacobi et al. (2007) with some modifi cations.

Boulders (B): They are large rocks either isolated or in groups. They are usually covered by mossess. Some typical plants found are Aerides crispa, Bego-nia crenata, B. trichocarpa, Dendrobium barbatulum and Eria reticosa.

Crust Edges or Cliffs (C): They are edges of the plateaus inhabited by Begonia crenata, B. trichocarpa, Impatiens acaulis, Piper spp., Sonerila scapigera, Tri-pogon lisboae and T. pungens.

Ephemeral Flush Vegetation (EFV): It occurs on rocks where water seeps continuously through the rainy season and soil deposition is negligible. It occupies a large area on plateaus, colonized pre-dominantly by Drosera indica, Eriocaulon spp., Fim-bristylis tenera, Kohautia aspera, Murdannia semiteres, Rhamphicarpa longifl ora, Utricularia albocaerulea, U. praeterita, U. reticulata and U. purpurascens.

Exposed Rock Surfaces (ERS): They are fl at or uneven surfaces, exposed to direct sunlight. They gradually get covered by grasses during monsoon. Some common plants of the habitat are: Eriocaulon eurypeplon, E. minutum, E. odoratum, E. stellulatum,


M.M. Lekhak and S.R. Yadav 41

Fig. 1. Map showing study area: a. Coloured areas indicating districts under present study in Maharashtra; b. Satellite image of Maharashtra, boundary of the state is highlighted and studied plateaus are GPS marked; c. Enlarged satellite image showing the GPS location of plateaus across the Western Ghats.

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Fig. 2. Habitat types on lateritic plateaus: a. Crust edges/cliffs; b. Exposed rock surfaces and boulders, inset shows a boulder covered with Eria reticosa; c. Ephemeral vegetation; d. Rock crevices or fi ssures; e. Seasonal ponds; f. Small ephemeral pools; g. Soil-covered areas; h. Soil-fi lled depressions; i. Soil-rich areas; j. Tree trunk with E. reticosa.



lis, Garnotia arborum and Utricularia striatula grow on tree trunks.

Floristic Composition: A total of 356 species and 5 varieties of angiosperms were recorded from the plateaus studied. These plants are distributed in 61 families from 27 orders according to APG III (2009). The most speciose-families in the plateaus are Poaceae (68), Orchidaceae (28), Asteraceae (21), Fabaceae (21), Commelinaceae (15), Acanthaceae (14), Cyperaceae (11), Gentianaceae (10), Aspara-gaceae (9) and Eriocaulaceae. The fi rst four repre-sent more than 35% of the total fl ora. The largest genus was Habenaria (11 species), followed by Erio-caulon with 9 species and Isachne and Murdannia with 8 species each. The most speciose-families mentioned above are either therophytes or cryp-tophytes. Table 1 provides information on the life-form, habit, habitat and phenology of all the spe-cies recorded during the present study.

Endemism of the fl ora and its status: Among the species recorded from the plateaus studied, 67 are endemic to Western Ghats, of which, 39 species (58%) are confi ned to plateaus of the study area. Maximum number of endemics (41) was reported from Kas (Satara) while the lowest count (6) was recorded from Barki (Kolhapur) and Chalkewadi (Satara). The family Poaceae has largest num-ber of endemic species (22 species), followed by Fabaceae with 5 species and Apiaceae, Apocyn-aceae and Asteraceae with 4 species each. Irwin & Narasimhan (2011) in their review of endemic genera of angiosperms in India also mentioned that Poaceae exhibit highest generic endemism owing to its earlier stages in evolution and dyna-mism. Similar pattern was obtained by Joshi & Janarthanam (2004) in their study on endemics of Goa region. In addition, they reported largest number of endemics from plateaus. As opined by Joshi & Janarthanam (2004) recent critical studies on these plateaus have added many new species from these plateaus (Potdar et al., 2004; Salunkhe & Potdar, 2004; Malpure & Yadav, 2009; Yadav et al., 2008, 2009) which indicate the sheer need of fl oris-tic studies on plateaus in northern Western Ghats.

A total of 305 species fell in Least Concern (LC) category as per the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1 (IUCN, 2001). One species each was Data Defi cient (DD) and not evaluated (NE) while three species were Critically Endangered (CR), 16 were Endangered (EN), 13 were Near Threatened (NT) and 12 were Vulnerable (V).

Life-forms: An analysis on the life-form reveals that nearly 70% of the species recorded were Therophytes, followed by Cryptophytes (18.28 %),

Habenaria rarifl ora, Indopoa paupercula, Neanotis foe-tida, Utricularia albocaerulea, U. praeterita and U. purpurascens.

Rock Crevices/Fissures (RC): They are frequent on plateaus providing a unique niche. Many spe-cies such as Arisaema leschenaultii, Ceropegia jainii, Flemingia nilgiriensis, Indigofera dalzellii, Murdannia lanuginosa, Neanotis foetida and Remusatia vivipara occupy these habitats.

Seasonal Ponds (SP): They are small ponds formed only during the monsoon. Common aquatic angio-sperms of the ponds are Nymphoides indica, Myrio-phyllum oliganthum, Persicaria glabra and Rotala ritchiei.

Small Ephemeral Pools (SEP): They are shallow depressions which remain fi lled with water during monsoon. There is hardly any soil deposition and plateau crust can be seen easily. Aponogeton sata-rensis is the typical member of this habitat.

Soil-covered Areas (SCA): These are areas in which the soil thickness is 10 – 20 cm. The surface is occupied by Curculigo orchioides¸ Drosera burman-nii, Dipcadi ursulae, Habenaria grandifl oriformis, H. heyneana, Hypoxis aurea, Impatiens lawii, I. tomentosa, Iphigenia stellata, Peristylus densus and P. stocksii.

Soil-fi lled Depressions (SFD): These are depres-sions that accumulate soil and water. Aponogeton satarensis, Dopatrium junceum, Eriocaulon tuber-iferum, Isachne lisboae, Oryza rufi pogon, Paspalum canarae var. canarae, Pogostemon deccanensis, Pycreus sanguinolentus, Rotala densifl ora and Smithia rac-emosa are commonly found in such areas.

Soil-rich Areas (SRA): These are habitats with more than 20 cm soil-thickness and covered by mats of Pleocaulus sessilis. The gaps left between mats are occupied by Adenoon indicum, Curculigo orchioides, Flemingia nilgiriensis, Fimbristylis dichot-oma, Hypoxis aurea, Ipomoea barleriodes, Murdannia lanuginosa and M. simplex.

Tree Cover and Tree Associated (T): Some tree species occur on soil-rich areas of plateaus. The covered shady areas provide a habitat which is entirely different from the harsh environmental conditions prevailing on the exposed surfaces of plateaus. Certain plant species grow under the cover of these trees are Iphigenia stellata, Liparis nervosa, L. rheedei, Neanotis montholoni and Nervilia species. Similarly, high humidity during monsoon makes the tree trunk or branches of tree a good substrate for seed germination. As a result mossess and other plants like Begonia crenata, Dendrobium barbatulum, Eria dalzellii, E. reticosa, Impatiens acau-



paupercula, Ischaemum species, Bhidea burnsiana, Dimeria species, Rotala densifl ora, R. occultifl ora and Striga gesnerioides come in fl owering (Fig. 4d).

The fourth phase (January – May) is the dry sum-mer during which only a few species such as Blumea eriantha, B. malcolmii, Crinum pratense, C. woodrowii, Drimia polyantha, Euphorbia fusiformis, Gnaphalium luteoalbum, Lepidgathis cuspidata, L. prostrata and Pancratium trifl orum fl ower (Fig. 4e) .

Observations on the phenology of the plants revealed that maximum number of species (57 spe-cies) complete their reproductive cycle between August and December. This is well understood as nearly 70% of the species are annuals and hence complete their life-cycle during the favourable edapho-climatic conditions prior to the onset of a long dry spell.

Adaptive Traits: Harsh environmental conditions on the plateaus have given rise to plants with cer-tain traits that allow them to overcome environ-mental adversities. These traits help the plants to overcome major environmental stresses such as drought, high temperature and light intensities and nutrient defi ciency. A detailed account on the adaptation/ecophysiology of vasular plants of rock outcrops is provided by Kluge and Brulfert (2000). Some well-known adaptive traits that have been observed in the vascular plants on plateaus are mentioned below (modifi ed after Biedinger et al., 2000).

1. Carnivory: It is a means to overcome the scar-city of N, P and S in the soil. Carnivorous plants are extremely calcifuge and need acidic and wet soils (Kluge and Brulfert, 2000). This kind of microhabitat is provided by plateaus. Dros-era burmannii, D. indica, Utricularia species are the common carnivores on the plateaus. These species comprise ephemeral vegetation where soil deposition is negligible.

2. Succulence: Succulent plants store water in different organs. Succulence is a dessication-avoidance strategy in xeric habitats. Typical leaf succulents of the plateaus are Cyanotis concan-ensis, C. fasciculata var. fasciculata and Euphorbia fusiformis. These plants prefer dry and exposed surfaces.

3. Poikilohydry: These are plants in which water content varies with the varying humidity in the environment. Dessication tolerance is mainly a protoplasmic property (Gaff, 1980). Kluge and Brulfert (2000) refers to a bulk of literature on physiological, biochemical, and molecular-biological aspects of dessication

Chaemephytes (8.31 %), Phanerophytes (4.71 %) and Hemicryptophytes (1.11 %) as shown in Fig. 3. Out of 361 species, 337 (93%) are erect herbs and 24 (7%) are climbers. Terrestrial habitat supports 95% of angiosperms recorded from the study area. The dominance of therophytes is possibly due to their greater ability to survive under disadvantageous environmental conditions (Porembski, 2000). Due to their short life-cycle and high reproduction rate, they are well-adapted to extreme environments and high levels of disturbances. They survive the dry spell as dormant seeds in the seed bank. Thero-phytes may face high risk of mortality if rain fails or if rain is followed by a drought as these species are highly susceptible to drought without specifi c adaptations. However, the balance in the survival rate is achieved by their good dispersal abilities and production of high number of propagules (Krieger et al., 2003).

Seasonal succession and phenology: Plant commu-nities on the plateaus continuously changing with respect to changing regimes of the climate (Fig. 4). Seasonal or phenological phenomena with respect to plateaus are studied inadequately in India except a study by Joshi & Janarthanam (2004). Isichei & Longe (1984) observed distinct phenological differences concerning species number and the dominance pat-terns of plant species in a rock community in Nige-ria. The growing season starts with the dominance of ephemerals and this was later replaced by peren-nials. Both the number of species and the number of individuals declined after a peak at the beginning of the growing season. Similar pattern is observed on the plateaus in India. The season starts with annuals which are mainly grasses and ends with perennials. Based on the phenology of the plants four phases can be recognized. The fi rst being the pre monsoon phase (June – July) is characterized by the growth of grasses on the plateaus. The grass genera which are quite common are Eulalia, Eragrsotis, Glyphochloa, Isachne and Paspalum. (Fig. 4a, b).

In the monsoon phase (August – September) mainly geophytes such as Curculigo orchioides, Dip-cadi ursulae, Eriocaulon tuberiferum, Flemingia nil-giriensis, Habenaria grandifl oriformis, Hypoxis aurea, Iphigenia stellata, Murdannia lanuginosa and mem-bers of the ephemeral vegetation such as Fimbri-stylis tenera, Utricularia spp., Murdannia semiteres, Kohautia aspera, Eriocaulon spp. and Smithia hir-suta come in fl owering. This is the peak fl owering period on the plateaus (Fig. 4c).

In the post monsoon phase (October – Decem-ber) Arundinella spicata, Eulalia shrirangii, Indopoa



Chaemephytes

Cryptophytes

Hemicryptophytes

Phanerophytes

Therophytes

67.59%

8.31%

18.28%

1.11%

4.71%

Fig. 3. Life-form spectrum.

tolerance. On the plateaus, grasses like Tripogon lisboae and T. pungens are some poikilohydrous resurrection grasses.

4. Subterranean perennating organs: They are yet another adaptive strategy of the plants of the plateaus in the form of underground peren-nation organs like corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers. Geophytes like Ceropegia spp., Cyanotis concanensis, Dipcadi ursulae, Eriocaulon tuber-iferum, Euphorbia fusifomis, Flemingia nilgirien-sis, Habenaria spp., Hypoxis aurea, Iphigenia spp., Peristylus and Zingiber spp. fall in this category. Majority of these species complete their repro-ductive cylce during the monsoon and survive the dry season in the form of underground storage organs. Eriocaulon tuberiferum unlike other Eriocaulon species develops root tubers (in addition to seeds) at the end of rainy sea-son which remain embedded in dry mud and sprout in the following rainy season.

5. Vegetative propagation: Vegetative propagules such as bulbs and bulbils formed at the leaf tips are an adaptation of some plants of plateaus. Scilla hyacinthina and Curculigo orchioides deve-lope such propagules that ensure high repro-ductive success in these habitats.

Phytogeographic affi nities: Geomorphological features like lateritic plateaus in South Western Maharashtra occur over a vast geographic range. They are quite common in Africa and South Amer-ica and are known as inselbergs. Some genera like Burmannia, Ceropoegia, Cyanotis, Dipcadi, Drosera, Fimbristylis, Lindernia, Rhamphicarpa, Rotala are common in African outcrops (Watve, 2003). How-ever, in overall fl oristic composition these all are

very different. Lateritic plateaus are dominated by Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Their counterparts in Africa are recognized by high percentage of Fabaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Lentibulariaceae while in South America Melasto-mataceae, Orchidaceae, Cactaceae and Bromeli-aceae dominate (Porembski et al., 1997). Lateritic plateaus resemble African inselbergs in terms of life-form composition. Both represent therophytes as the pedominant life-forms. However, phanero-phytes dominate the American inselbergs. In addi-tion, the African outcrops are granitic while lat-eritic plateaus in South Western Maharashtra are made up of basalt (Watve, 2003).

Anthropogenic infl uence: Lateritic plateaus in South Western Maharashtra are highly neglected areas from conservation point of view since they remain apparently barren for at least 7 months (November-May). Secondly, majority of the fl ora (90%) comprises herbaceous annuals and hence they are not considered important when compared to their surrounding forest areas. However, since these plateaus have rich deposits of bauxites they are frequently mined. In addition, increasing tour-ism, grazing, quarrying and windmill installation are threatening the existence of these plateaus. Windmill installation is quite common on plateaus (Chalkewadi, Thoseghar) in Satara district. This has led to habitat fragmentatation. Similarly, easily accessible lateritic plateaus like Kas, Chalkewadi, Masai, Morjai and Panchgani Tableland receive lot of tourists during monsoon. This has encour-aged the establishment of invasive weeds such as Ageratina adenophora, Oenothera rosea and Sigesbeckia orientalis. Some of the lateritic plateaus like Masai and Morjai are also associated with regional deities and hence are subjected to constant anthropogenic



Fig. 4. Seasonal succession on plateaus: a,b. Pre-monsoon phase; c. Post-monsoon phase; d. Monsoon proper; e. Dry summer.


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ept.

TM

ML

-401

23A

risa

ema

negl

ectu

m S

chot

tA

race

aeC

RL

CH

Jun.

-Sep

t.T

MM

L-2

13, 2

19, 3

08

24*A

risa

ema

sahy

adri

cum

var

. gha

ticu

m S

ard

esai

et a

l.A

race

aeC

RE

, NT

HJu

n.-S

ept.

TM

ML

-420

25*A

risa

ema

sahy

adri

cum

var

. sah

yadr

icum

Ara

ceae

CR

NT,

EH

Jun.

-Sep

t.T

MM

L-2

92

26A

risa

ema

tort

uosu

m (W

all.)

Sch

ott.

Ara

ceae

CR

LC

HJu

n.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-110



27A

rist

ida

adsc

ensi

onis

L.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-1

84

28A

rtem

isia

japo

nica

Thu

nb.

Ast

erac

eae

TL

CH

Oct

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

02

29A

rtem

isia

nila

giri

ca (C

.B. C

lark

e) P

amp.

Ast

erac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-3

01

30A

rthr

axon

his

pidu

s (T

hunb

.) M

akin

oPo

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-390

31*A

rthr

axon

juba

tus

Hac

k.Po

acea

eT

E, V

UH

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-3

73

32A

rthr

axon

lanc

eola

tus

(Rox

b.) H

ochs

t.Po

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-313

9

33A

rthr

axon

mee

bold

ii St

apf

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

72

34A

rthr

axon

rai

zada

e Ja

in e

t al.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-3

61

35A

rund

inel

la le

ptoc

hloa

(Nee

s ex

Ste

ud.)

Hoo

k. f.

Po

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-237

36A

rund

inel

la p

umila

(Hoc

hst.

ex A

. Ric

h.) S

teud

.Po

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-146

37*A

rund

inel

la s

pica

ta D

alze

llPo

acea

eT

E, V

UH

Oct

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

48, 3

65

38A

spar

agus

rac

emos

us W

illd

.A

spar

agac

eae

CR

LC

CJu

n.-J

an.

TM

ML

-282

39A

syst

asia

dal

zelli

ana

Sant

apau

A

cant

hace

aeT

LC

HN

ov.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-337

40B

egon

ia c

rena

ta D

ryan

d.

Beg

onia

ceae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-1

68

41*B

egon

ia tr

icho

carp

a D

alze

llB

egon

iace

aeT

E, N

TH

Aug

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-1

69

42B

ergi

a am

man

nioi

des

Rox

b.E

lati

nace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-A

pr.

TM

ML

-040

43B

hide

a bu

rnsi

ana

Bor

Poac

eae

TE

, EN

H

Aug

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-4

06

44B

lum

ea e

rian

tha

DC

.A

ster

acea

eT

LC

HO

ct.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-319

45B

lum

ea m

alco

lmii

Hoo

k.f.

Ast

erac

eae

TL

CH

Nov

.-Mar

.T

MM

L-1

99

46B

oerh

avia

diff

usa

L.

Nyc

tagi

nace

aeT

LC

HT

hrou

ghou

tT

MM

L-4

40

47B

uchn

era

hisp

ida

Buc

h.-H

am e

x D

.Don

Oro

banc

hace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-043

48B

urm

anni

a co

eles

tis

D. D

onB

urm

anni

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-044

49C

ansc

ora

diffu

sa (V

ahl)

R. B

r. ex

Roe

m. &

Sch

ult.

Gen

tian

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-A

pr.

TM

ML

-312

50C

ansc

ora

pauc

ifl or

a D

alze

llG

enti

anac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Apr

.T

MM

L-1

71

51C

arda

min

e tr

icho

carp

a H

ochs

t. ex

A. R

ich

Bra

ssic

acea

eT

LC

HJu

ly-A

pr.

TM

ML

-167

, 225

, 248

52C

elos

ia a

rgen

tea

L.

Am

aran

thac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Mar

.T

MM

L-4

16

53C

ente

lla a

siat

ica

(L.)

Urb

.A

piac

eae

TL

CH

May

-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

12

54*C

erop

egia

jain

ii A

nsar

i & B

. G. K

ulk.

Apo

cyna

ceae

CR

E, C

RC

July

-Sep

t.T

MM

L-3

44

55C

erop

egia

med

ia (H

. Hub

er) A

nsar

iA

pocy

nace

aeC

RE

, VU

CJu

ly-O

ct.

TM

ML

-345



56*C

erop

egia

sah

yadr

ica

Ans

ari &

B. G

. Kul

k.A

pocy

nace

aeC

RE

, VU

CJu

ly-O

ct.

TM

ML

-210

57C

erop

egia

vin

cifo

lia H

ook.

Apo

cyna

ceae

CR

E, E

NC

July

-Sep

t.T

MM

L-3

43

58C

hlor

ophy

tum

gla

ucoi

des

Bla

tt.

Asp

arag

acea

eC

RE

, LC

HA

ug.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-077

59C

hlor

ophy

tum

gla

ucum

Dal

zell

Asp

arag

acea

eC

RL

CH

Sept

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-3

141

60*C

hlor

ophy

tum

got

hane

nse

Mal

pure

& S

.R.Y

adav

A

spar

agac

eae

CR

E, N

TH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-1

20, 1

51

61C

hlor

ophy

tum

laxu

m R

.Br.

Asp

arag

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-0

78

62C

hlor

ophy

tum

nim

mon

i Dal

zell

Asp

arag

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-1

83, 4

11

63C

hris

tiso

nia

calc

arat

a W

ight

Oro

banc

hace

aeT

NE

HJu

n.-S

ept.

Tre

port

ed o

n au

thor

ity

64*C

hrys

opog

on c

asta

neus

Vel

dka

mp

ex S

alun

khe

Poac

eae

TE

, EN

HA

ug.O

ct.

TM

ML

-148

, 430

65C

issu

s el

onga

ta R

oxb.

Vit

acea

eC

LC

CM

ay.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-165

66C

issu

s te

rnat

a J.F

.Gm

el.

Vit

acea

eC

LC

CJu

n.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-018

67C

lem

atis

gou

rian

a R

oxb.

ex

DC

.R

anun

cula

ceae

CL

CC

Oct

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

13

68C

lem

atis

hed

ysar

ifolia

DC

.R

anun

cula

ceae

CD

DC

Oct

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

143

69C

lem

atis

wig

htia

na W

all.

Ran

uncu

lace

aeC

DD

CO

ct.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-314

4

70C

leom

e ch

elid

onii

L.f.

Cle

omac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-0

69

71C

occu

lus

hirs

utus

(L.)

Die

lsM

enis

perm

acea

eT

LC

CA

ug.-J

an.

TM

ML

-070

72*C

oela

chne

min

uta

Bor

Poac

eae

TE

, EN

HJu

ly-O

ct.

TM

ML

-245

73C

oela

chne

sim

plic

iusc

ula

(Wig

ht e

t. A

rn. e

x. S

teud

.) M

unro

. ex.

Ben

th.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Nov

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-1

08

74C

olde

nia

proc

umbe

ns L

.B

orag

inac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Apr

.T

MM

L-0

41

75C

omm

elin

a fo

rssk

alae

i Vah

lC

omm

elin

acea

eT

LC

HJu

ly-F

eb.

TM

ML

-136

76C

omm

elin

a ku

rzii

C.B

. Cla

rke

Com

mel

inac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Feb

.T

MM

L-3

78

77C

omm

elin

a m

acul

ata

Ed

gew

.C

omm

elin

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-134

78C

omm

elin

a pa

ludo

sa B

lum

eC

omm

elin

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-137

, 156

79C

onyz

a st

rict

a W

illd

.A

ster

acea

eT

LC

HT

hrou

ghou

tT

MM

L-1

92

80C

rinu

m p

rate

nse

Her

b.A

mar

yllid

acea

eC

RL

CH

May

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-2

03

81*C

rinu

m w

oodr

owii

Bak

erA

mar

yllid

acea

eC

RE

, CR

HM

ay.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-418

82C

rota

lari

a fi l

ipes

Ben

th.

Faba

ceae

HL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-1

82



83C

rota

lari

a he

beca

rpa

(DC

.) R

udd

.Fa

bace

aeT

LC

HJu

ly-F

eb.

TM

ML

-031

84C

rota

lari

a m

ysor

ensi

s R

oth

Faba

ceae

TE

, LC

HO

ct.-J

an.

TM

ML

-160

85C

rota

lari

a na

na B

urm

. f.

Faba

ceae

TE

, LC

HO

ct.-J

an.

TM

ML

-314

9

86C

rota

lari

a re

tusa

L.

Faba

ceae

TL

CH

Oct

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-3

150

87C

rypt

ocor

yne

spir

alis

(Ret

z.) F

isch

. ex

Wyd

ler

Ara

ceae

CR

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-207

88C

ucum

is in

dicu

s G

hebr

et. &

Thu

linC

ucur

bita

ceae

TL

CC

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

97

89C

ucum

is r

itch

iei (

C.B

.Cla

rke)

Ghe

bret

. & T

hulin

Cuc

urbi

tace

aeT

LC

CA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-205

90C

urcu

ligo

orch

ioid

es G

aert

n.H

ypox

idac

eae

CR

LC

HJu

n.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-214

91C

urcu

ma

inod

ora

Bla

tt.

Zin

gibe

race

aeC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Feb

.T

MM

L-0

67

92C

urcu

ma

neilg

herr

ensi

s W

ight

Zin

gibe

race

aeC

RE

, DD

HM

ay-A

ug.

TM

ML

-202

93*C

yano

tis

conc

anen

sis

Has

sk.

Com

mel

inac

eae

TE

, NT

HJu

ly-D

ec.

TM

ML

-212

94C

yano

tis

fasc

icul

ata

var.

fasc

icul

ata

Com

mel

inac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-2

11

95C

yano

tis

tube

rosa

(Rox

b.) S

chul

t. &

Sch

ult.

f.C

omm

elin

acea

eC

RL

CH

Jun.

-Nov

.T

MM

L-0

19

96C

ycle

a pe

ltat

a H

ook.

f. &

Tho

mso

nM

enis

perm

acea

eT

LC

CFe

b.-M

ayT

MM

L-0

06

97C

ynar

ospe

rmum

asp

erri

mum

(Nee

s) V

olle

sen

Aca

ntha

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Apr

.T

MM

L-0

87

98C

ynog

loss

um z

eyla

nicu

m (L

ehm

.) B

rand

B

orag

inac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-0

79

99C

yper

us d

ista

ns L

. f.

Cyp

erac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-0

83

100

Cyp

erus

mic

helia

nus

(L.)

Del

ileC

yper

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-S

ept.

TM

ML

-179

101

Cyp

erus

pan

gore

i Rot

tb.

Cyp

erac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Mar

.T

MM

L-0

37

102

Dec

asch

isti

a tr

iloba

ta W

ight

Mal

vace

aeC

E, L

CH

Aug

.Jan.

TM

ML

-068

103

Den

drob

ium

bar

batu

lum

Lin

dl.

Orc

hid

acea

eP

LC

HJa

n.-A

ug.

AM

ML

-004

104

Den

drob

ium

mic

robu

lbon

A. R

ich.

Orc

hid

acea

eP

LC

HD

ec.-M

ayA

MM

L-4

38

105

Den

drob

ium

nan

um H

ook.

f.O

rchi

dac

eae

PL

CH

July

-Apr

.A

MM

L-0

26

106

Den

tella

rep

ens

(L.)

J.R. F

orst

. & G

. For

st.

Rub

iace

aeT

LC

HA

pr.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-008

107

*Des

mod

iast

rum

bel

gaum

ense

(Wig

ht)

A. P

ram

anik

& T

hoth

.Fa

bace

aeT

NT

HO

ct.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-314

5

108

Des

mod

ium

trifl

orum

(L.)

DC

.Fa

bace

aeT

LC

HO

ct.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-314

6

109

Dic

hant

hium

olig

anth

um (H

ochs

t. ex

Ste

ud.)

Cop

ePo

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-242

, 332

, 359

110

*Dic

hant

hium

pan

chga

nien

se B

latt

. & M

cCan

nPo

acea

eT

E, E

NH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-0

80



111

*Dic

hant

hium

par

anjp

yean

um (B

hid

e) C

layt

onPo

acea

eT

E, E

NH

Sept

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-2

53

112

Dic

lipte

ra fo

etid

a B

latt

.A

cant

hace

aeT

LC

HM

ar.-M

ayT

MM

L-1

89

113

Dim

eria

bla

tter

i Bor

Poac

eae

TE

, VU

HO

ct.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-315

1

114

Dim

eria

dec

cane

nis

Bor

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Oct

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-2

39

115

Dim

eria

hoh

enac

keri

Hoc

hst.

ex M

iq.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Oct

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-2

63

116

Dim

eria

orn

itho

poda

var

. meg

alan

tha

Bor

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Oct

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-3

152

117

Dim

eria

orn

itho

poda

var

. orn

itho

poda

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-2

35

118

Dim

eria

sta

pfi a

na C

.E. H

ubb.

ex

Pilg

.Po

acea

eT

LC

HO

ct.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-134

119

Dio

scor

ea b

ulbi

fera

L.

Dio

scor

eace

aeC

RL

CH

July

-Dec

.T

MM

L-1

35

120

Dio

scor

ea o

ppos

itifo

lia L

.D

iosc

orea

ceae

CL

CC

July

-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

27

121

Dio

scor

ea p

enta

phyl

la L

. D

iosc

orea

ceae

CL

CC

July

-Mar

.T

MM

L-1

54

122

*Dip

cadi

urs

ulae

Bla

tt.

Asp

arag

acea

eC

RE

, EN

HA

pr.-A

ug.

TM

ML

-119

, 268

, 323

123

Dop

atri

um ju

nceu

m (R

oxb.

) Buc

h.-H

am e

x B

enth

Plan

tagi

nace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-294

124

Dri

mia

pol

yant

ha (B

latt

. & M

cCan

n) S

tear

nA

spar

agac

eae

CR

LC

HM

ar.-J

un.

AM

ML

-201

125

Dro

sera

bur

man

ni V

ahl.

Dro

sera

ceae

TL

CH

Dec

.-Feb

.T

MM

L-1

44

126

Dro

sera

indi

ca L

.D

rose

race

aeT

LC

HJu

ly-N

ov.

TM

ML

-143

127

Ela

tine

am

bigu

a W

ight

Ela

tina

ceae

TD

DH

Feb.

-Apr

.T

MM

L-0

05

128

*Ele

ocha

ris

wad

oodi

i S. R

. Yad

av e

t al.

Cyp

erac

eae

TE

, NT

HA

ug.-M

ar.

TM

ML

-072

129

Ele

phan

topu

s sc

aber

L.

Ast

erac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-0

73

130

Era

gros

tiel

la b

ifari

a (V

ahl)

Bor

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-2

79

131

Era

gros

tis

unio

loid

es (R

etz.

) Nee

s ex

Ste

ud.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

46

132

Eri

a da

lzel

lii L

ind

l.O

rchi

dac

eae

PL

CH

July

-Oct

.A

MM

L-1

18, 1

23

133

Eri

a m

icro

chilo

s L

ind

l.O

rchi

dac

eae

PL

CH

July

-Oct

.A

MM

L-1

11

134

Eri

a re

tico

sa W

ight

Orc

hid

acea

eP

LC

HJu

n.-M

ar.

AM

ML

-112

, 222

, 261

135

*Eri

ocau

lon

apet

alum

Pun

ekar

, Mal

pure

&

Lak

shm

in.

Eri

ocau

lace

aeT

E, D

DH

July

-Oct

.T

MM

L-3

88

136

Eri

ocau

lon

cusp

idat

um D

alze

llE

rioc

aula

ceae

TL

CH

July

-Sep

t.T

MM

L-0

38

137

Eri

ocau

lon

dalz

ellii

Kör

n.E

rioc

aula

ceae

TL

CH

July

-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

28

138

Eri

ocau

lon

elen

orae

Fys

onE

rioc

aula

ceae

TL

CH

July

-Nov

.T

MM

L-4

22



139

*Eri

ocau

lon

eped

uncu

latu

m P

otd

ar e

t al.

Eri

ocau

lace

aeT

E, L

CH

Aug

-Sep

t.T

MM

L-4

23

140

Eri

ocau

lon

eury

pepl

on K

örn.

Eri

ocau

lace

aeT

LC

HJu

ly.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-025

141

Eri

ocau

lon

odor

atum

Dal

zell

Eri

ocau

lace

aeT

LC

HJu

ly-F

eb.

TM

ML

-032

142

Eri

ocau

lon

stel

lula

tum

Kör

n.E

rioc

aula

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Feb

.T

MM

L-2

99

143

*Eri

ocau

lon

tube

rife

rum

A.R

. Kul

k. &

Des

aiE

rioc

aula

ceae

CR

E, L

CH

July

-Sep

t.A

QM

ML

-298

, 351

, 389

144

Eul

alia

fi m

bria

ta (H

ack.

) Kun

tze

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-2

65

145

*Eul

alia

shr

iran

gii S

alun

khe

& P

otd

arPo

acea

eT

E, N

TH

Oct

.T

MM

L-2

34

146

Eul

alia

tris

pica

ta (S

chul

t.) H

enra

rdPo

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-133

, 175

, 186

147

Eul

ophi

a nu

da L

ind

l.O

rchi

dac

eae

CR

LC

HA

pr.-S

ept

AM

ML

-010

148

Eup

horb

ia fu

sifo

rmis

Buc

h.-H

am. e

x D

. Don

Eup

horb

iace

aeC

RE

, NT

HM

ar.-M

ayT

MM

L-1

06, 2

29

149

Eup

horb

ia la

eta

Ait

onE

upho

rbia

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Mar

.T

MM

L-2

28

150

Eup

horb

ia p

ycno

steg

ia B

oiss

.E

upho

rbia

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Mar

.T

MM

L-2

23

151

Exa

cum

law

ii C

. B. C

lark

eG

enti

anac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

89

152

Exa

cum

ped

uncu

latu

m L

.G

enti

anac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Mar

.T

MM

L-1

73

153

Exa

cum

pet

iola

re G

rise

b.G

enti

anac

eae

TL

CH

Dec

.-Mar

.T

MM

L-1

70

154

Exa

cum

pum

ilum

Gri

seb.

Gen

tian

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-172

155

Exa

cum

tetr

agon

um R

oxb.

Gen

tian

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-045

156

Fim

bris

tylis

dic

hoto

ma

(L.)

Vah

lC

yper

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-376

, 409

157

Fim

bris

tylis

tene

ra R

oem

. & S

chul

t.C

yper

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-316

,375

158

Fim

bris

tylis

tetr

agon

a R

.Br.

Cyp

erac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Feb

.T

MM

L-0

33

159

*Fle

min

gia

nilg

irie

nsis

Wig

ht e

x C

ooke

Faba

ceae

CR

E, N

TH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-1

14, 3

30

160

Flem

ingi

a st

robi

lifer

a (L

.) R

. Br.

Faba

ceae

TL

CH

Feb.

-May

TM

ML

-196

161

Gar

noti

a ar

boru

m S

tapf

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-3

140

162

Gar

noti

a te

nella

(Arn

. ex

Miq

.) Ja

now

ski

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-4

26

163

Gei

ssas

pis

cris

tata

Wig

ht &

Arn

.Fa

bace

aeT

LC

HSe

pt.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-177

164

Gei

ssas

pis

tene

lla B

enth

.Fa

bace

aeT

LC

HSe

pt.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-090

165

Gir

ardi

nia

dive

rsifo

lia (L

ink)

Fri

is

Urt

icac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

85

166

Glin

us lo

toid

es L

.M

ollu

gina

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

91

167

Glo

rios

a su

perb

a L

.C

olch

icac

eae

CR

LC

HJu

ly-N

ov.

TM

ML

-270



168

Glo

ssos

tigm

a di

andr

um (L

.) K

untz

ePh

rym

acea

e T

LC

HSe

pt.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-092

169

*Gly

phoc

hloa

div

erge

ns (H

ack.

) Cla

yton

Poac

eae

TE

, NT

HSe

pt.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-178

170

Gly

phoc

hloa

forfi

cul

ata

(C.E

.C. F

isch

.) C

layt

onPo

acea

eT

E, D

DH

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-3

33, 3

62, 4

09

171

Gly

phoc

hloa

mah

aras

htra

ensi

s Po

tdar

& S

. R. Y

adav

Poac

eae

TE

, DD

H

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-4

04

172

Gly

phoc

hloa

mys

oren

sis

(Jai

n &

Hem

adri

) Cla

yton

Poac

eae

TE

, VU

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-334

, 427

, 428

173

Gna

phal

ium

lute

oalb

um L

.A

ster

acea

eT

LC

HJa

n.-M

ar.

TM

ML

-198

174

Gna

phal

ium

pol

ycau

lon

Pers

.A

ster

acea

eT

LC

HD

ec.-M

ar.

TM

ML

-104

175

Gna

phal

ium

pul

vina

tum

Del

ileA

ster

acea

eT

LC

HD

ec.-M

ar.

TM

ML

-105

176

Gra

ngea

mad

eras

pata

na (L

.) Po

ir.

Ast

erac

eae

TL

CH

Dec

.-may

TM

ML

-439

177

Gym

nem

a sy

lves

tre

(Ret

z.) S

chul

t.A

pocy

nace

aeP

LC

HA

pr.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-009

178

Gyn

ura

bico

lor

(Rox

b. e

x W

illd

.) D

C.

Ast

erac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

49

179

Hab

enar

ia c

rass

ifolia

A.R

ich.

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

66

180

Hab

enar

ia c

rini

fera

Lin

dl.

Orc

hid

acea

eP

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-046

181

Hab

enar

ia d

igit

ata

Lin

dl.

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

47

182

Hab

enar

ia fo

liosa

var

. gib

soni

i (H

ook.

f.) B

enne

tO

rchi

dac

eae

CR

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-048

183

Hab

enar

ia fo

liosa

var

. foe

tida

(Bla

tt. &

McC

ann)

Ben

net

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

49

184

Hab

enar

ia g

rand

ifl or

iform

is B

latt

. & M

cC.

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-1

28, 2

16, 2

58

185

Hab

enar

ia h

eyne

ana

(Lin

dl.)

Lin

dl.

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-1

29, 2

59

186

Hab

enar

ia lo

ngic

orni

cula

ta J.

Gra

ham

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

94

187

Hab

enar

ia m

argi

nata

Col

ebr.

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

50

188

*Hab

enar

ia p

anch

gani

ensi

s Sa

ntap

au &

Kap

adia

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RE

, EN

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-109

, 121

, 347

189

Hab

enar

ia r

arifl

ora

A. R

ich.

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-1

17, 2

18, 2

60

190

Hel

iotr

opiu

m in

dicu

m L

.B

orag

inac

eae

TL

CH

Oct

.-Feb

.T

MM

L-1

30

191

Hem

ides

mus

indi

cus

(L.)

R. B

r. ex

Sch

ult.

Apo

cyna

ceae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

51

192

Hem

igra

phis

late

bros

a (R

oth)

Nee

sA

cant

hace

aeT

LC

HD

ec.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-138

193

*Her

acle

um g

rand

e (D

alze

ll &

A. G

ibso

n) M

ukho

p.A

piac

eae

CR

E, L

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

52

194

Her

acle

um s

pren

glia

num

Wig

ht &

Arn

.A

piac

eae

CR

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-383

195

Het

erop

ogon

con

tort

us (L

.) P.

Bea

uv. e

x R

oem

. &

Schu

lt.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Jan

.T

MM

L-2

80



196

Het

erop

ogon

pol

ysta

chyu

s (R

oxb.

) Sch

ult.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Jan

.T

MM

L-0

36

197

Het

erop

ogon

rit

chie

i (H

ook.

f.) B

latt

. & M

cCan

nPo

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-074

198

Hit

chen

ia c

aulin

a (J

. Gra

ham

) Bak

erZ

ingi

bera

ceae

CR

E, V

UH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-2

20, 2

74

199

Hop

pea

dich

otom

a W

illd

.G

enti

anac

eae

TL

CH

Oct

.-Mar

.T

MM

L-2

47

200

Hyp

oxis

aur

ea L

our.

Hyp

oxid

acea

eC

RL

CH

July

-Jan

.T

MM

L-1

15

201

Impa

tien

s ac

aulis

Arn

.B

alsa

min

acea

eT

LC

HJu

ly-D

ec.

TM

ML

-379

202

Impa

tien

s ba

lsam

ina

L.

Bal

sam

inac

eae

TL

CH

Mar

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-1

13

203

*Im

pati

ens

dalz

ellii

Hoo

k. f.

& T

hom

son

Bal

sam

inac

eae

TE

, EN

HA

ug.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-081

204

Impa

tien

s kl

eini

form

is S

edgw

.B

alsa

min

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-053

205

*Im

pati

ens

law

ii H

ook.

f. &

Tho

mso

nB

alsa

min

acea

eT

E, E

NH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

96

206

Impa

tien

s m

inor

(DC

.) S.

M. A

lmei

da

Bal

sam

inac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-3

10

207

Impa

tien

s to

men

tosa

B. H

eyne

B

alsa

min

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-311

208

*Ind

igof

era

dalz

ellii

T. C

ooke

Faba

ceae

TE

, LC

HJu

n.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-107

, 206

, 215

209

*Ind

opoa

pau

perc

ula

(Sta

pf) B

orPo

acea

eT

E, L

CH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-2

40

210

Iphi

geni

a in

dica

(L.)

Kun

thC

olch

icac

eae

CR

LC

HJu

n.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-149

211

Iphi

geni

a pa

llida

Bak

erC

olch

icac

eae

CR

LC

HJu

n.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-020

212

*Iph

igen

ia s

tella

ta B

latt

.C

olch

icac

eae

CR

E, V

UH

Jun.

-Oct

.T

MM

L-2

69. 3

58

213

Iphi

geni

a m

agni

fi ca

Ans

ari &

R.S

.Rao

C

olch

icac

eae

CR

E, V

UH

Jun.

-Oct

.T

MM

L-1

50

214

Ipom

oea

barl

eioi

des

(Cho

isy)

Ben

th. e

x C

.B. C

lark

eC

onvo

lvul

acea

eC

LC

CSe

pt.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-132

215

Isac

hne

bico

lor

Nai

k &

Pat

unka

rPo

acea

eT

E, E

NH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

41, 3

36, 3

69

216

Isac

hne

bori

i Hem

adri

Poac

eae

TE

, EN

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-153

217

Isac

hne

eleg

ans

Dal

zell

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

50

218

Isac

hne

glob

osa

(Thu

nb. e

x M

urra

y) K

untz

e Po

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-249

219

Isac

hne

grac

ilis

C. E

. Hub

b.Po

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-331

220

Isac

hne

lisbo

ae H

ook.

f.Po

acea

eT

E, E

NH

Aug

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-2

44

221

Isac

hne

mili

acea

Rot

hPo

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-145

222

Isac

hne

swam

inat

hani

i V. P

raka

sh &

S. K

. Jai

nPo

acea

eT

E, V

UH

Sept

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-2

51

223

Isch

aem

um im

pres

sum

Hac

k.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-2

36



224

Isch

aem

um in

dicu

m (H

outt

.) M

err.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-4

00

225

Isei

lem

a la

xum

Hac

k. e

x D

uthi

ePo

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-054

226

Jans

enel

la g

riffi

thia

na (M

üll.

Stut

tg.)

Bor

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

62

227

Jans

enel

la n

egle

cta

S.R

. Yad

av e

t al.

Poac

eae

TE

, LC

HSe

pt.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-243

, 407

228

Junc

us b

ufon

ius

L.

Junc

acea

eT

DD

HSe

pt.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-389

6

229

Koh

auti

a as

pera

(Hey

ne e

x R

oth)

Bre

mek

.R

ubia

ceae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-3

38, 3

77

230

Lapo

rtea

inte

rrup

ta (L

.) C

hew

.U

rtic

acea

eT

LC

HT

hrou

ghou

tT

MM

L-4

41

231

Lava

ndul

a bi

pinn

ata

Kun

tze

Lam

iace

aeP

LC

HSe

pt.-J

an.

TM

ML

-139

232

Lava

ndul

a la

wii

Wig

htL

amia

ceae

PL

CH

Sept

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-3

135

233

Leca

nthu

s pe

dunc

ular

is (W

all.

ex R

oyle

) Wed

d.

Urt

icac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-1

66, 2

86

234

Lepi

daga

this

cri

stat

a W

illd

.A

cant

hace

aeC

LC

HSe

pt.-J

an.

TM

ML

-271

, 350

235

Lepi

daga

this

pro

stra

ta D

alze

llA

cant

hace

aeC

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-191

236

Lepi

daga

this

cus

pida

ta N

ees

Aca

ntha

ceae

CL

CH

Jan.

-May

TM

ML

-126

, 187

237

Leuc

as s

telli

gera

Wal

l. E

x B

enth

.L

amia

ceae

CL

CH

Nov

.-May

TM

ML

-315

1

238

Lim

noph

ila h

eter

ophy

lla (R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Plan

tagi

nace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

AQ

MM

L-0

55

239

Lind

enbe

rgia

mur

aria

(Rox

burg

h ex

D. D

on) B

rühl

Oro

banc

hace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-056

240

Lind

erni

a an

tipo

da (L

.) A

lsto

n L

ind

erni

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-J

an.

TM

ML

-313

6

241

Lind

erni

a ci

liata

(Col

sm.)

Penn

ell

Lin

der

niac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

57

242

Lind

erni

a hy

ssop

ioid

es H

aine

sL

ind

erni

acea

eT

LC

HO

ct.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-314

8

243

Lind

erni

a te

nuifo

lia (C

olsm

.) A

lsto

nL

ind

erni

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-097

244

Linu

m m

ysor

ense

B.H

eyne

ex

Wal

l.L

inac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Dec

.T

MM

L-1

41

245

Lipa

ris

nerv

osa

(Thu

nb.)

Lin

dl.

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Aug

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-0

84

246

Lipa

ris

rhee

dei L

ind

l.O

rchi

dac

eae

CR

LC

HA

ug.-S

ept.

TM

ML

-122

, 223

247

Lobe

lia a

lsin

oide

s L

am.

Cam

panu

lace

aeT

LC

HO

ct.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-314

7

248

Ludw

igia

oct

oval

vis

(Jac

q.) P

.H. R

aven

Ona

grac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-0

82

249

Mec

ardo

nia

proc

umbe

ns (M

ill.)

Smal

lPl

anta

gina

ceae

TL

CH

Thr

ough

out

TM

ML

-442

250

Mic

roca

rpae

a m

inim

a (R

etz.

) Mer

r.Pl

anta

gina

ceae

TL

CH

July

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-0

24

251

Mic

roch

loa

indi

ca (L

. f.)

P. B

eauv

.Po

acea

eT

LC

HJu

ly-A

ug.

TM

ML

-368



252

*Mne

iset

hea

veld

kam

pii P

otd

ar e

t al.

Poac

eae

TE

, NT

HO

ct.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-315

3

253

Mol

lugo

pen

taph

ylla

L.

Mol

lugi

nace

aeT

LC

HSe

pt.-J

an.

TM

ML

-226

, 371

254

Muk

ia m

ader

aspa

tana

(L.)

M. R

oem

.C

ucur

bita

ceae

TL

CC

Sept

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-3

137

255

Mur

dann

ia b

row

nii N

and

ikar

& G

urav

Com

mel

inac

eae

TE

, DD

HSe

pt. N

ov.

TM

ML

-306

256

Mur

dann

ia c

roce

a ss

p. o

chra

cea

(Dal

zell)

Fad

en

Com

mel

inac

eae

TL

CH

Oct

.T

MM

L-2

17

257

*Mur

dann

ia la

nugi

nosa

G. B

rück

n.C

omm

elin

acea

eC

RE

, EN

HM

ay-O

ct.

TM

ML

-287

258

Mur

dann

ia lo

rifo

rmis

(Has

sk.)

R.S

. Rao

& K

amm

athy

Com

mel

inac

eae

CL

CH

June

-Nov

.T

MM

L-3

32

259

Mur

dann

ia n

udifl

ora

(L.)

Bre

nan

Com

mel

inac

eae

CL

CH

Jun.

-Nov

.T

MM

L-4

19

260

Mur

dann

ia s

emit

eres

(Dal

zell)

San

tapa

uC

omm

elin

acea

eT

LC

HJu

n.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-288

261

Mur

dann

ia s

impl

ex (V

ahl)

Bre

nan

Com

mel

inac

eae

CL

CH

Jun.

-Nov

.T

MM

L-1

57

262

Mur

dann

ia v

ersi

colo

r G

. Brü

ckn.

Com

mel

inac

eae

CL

CH

Aug

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-2

89, 3

25

263

Myr

ioph

yllu

m o

ligan

thum

(Wig

ht &

Arn

.) F.

Mue

ll.

Hal

orag

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-F

eb.

AQ

MM

L-2

90

264

Nea

noti

s fo

etid

a (D

alze

ll) W

.H. L

ewis

Rub

iace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-S

ept.

TM

ML

-193

, 328

265

Nea

noti

s m

onth

olon

i (H

ook.

f.) W

.H. L

ewis

Rub

iace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-174

, 194

266

Ner

vilia

ara

goan

a G

aud

ich.

Orc

hid

acea

eC

RL

CH

May

-Sep

t.T

MM

L-0

13

267

Ner

vilia

plic

ata

(And

r.) S

chlt

r.O

rchi

dac

eae

CR

LC

HM

ay-S

ept.

TM

ML

-014

268

Ner

vilia

pra

inia

na (K

ing

& P

antl

.) Se

iden

f.O

rchi

dac

eae

CR

LC

HA

ug.-S

ept.

TM

ML

-085

269

Nym

phoi

des

indi

ca (L

.) K

untz

eM

enya

ntha

ceae

CR

LC

HO

ct.-A

pr.

TM

ML

-152

270

Obe

roni

a re

curv

a L

ind

l.O

rchi

dac

eae

CL

CH

Sept

.-Aug

.T

MM

L-0

88

271

Oen

othe

ra r

osea

L’H

ér. e

x A

iton

Ona

grac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-May

TM

ML

-385

272

Ory

za r

ufi p

ogon

Gri

ff.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.A

QM

ML

-364

, 413

273

Oxa

lis c

orni

cula

ta L

.O

xalid

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-093

274

Pan

crat

ium

trifl

orum

Rox

b.A

mar

yllid

acea

eC

RL

CH

Apr

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-2

04

275

Pan

icum

ant

idot

ale

Ret

z.Po

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-075

276

Pan

icum

pal

udos

um R

oxb.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

58

277

Pas

palu

m c

anar

ae v

ar. c

anar

aePo

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-147

, 363

, 431

278

Pas

palu

m c

anar

ae v

ar. fi

mbr

iatu

m (B

or) V

eld

kam

pPo

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-059

279

Pen

nise

tum

alo

pecu

roid

es (L

.) Sp

reng

.Po

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-366

280

Pen

tane

ma

indi

cum

(L.)

Lin

g A

ster

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-M

ar.

TM

ML

-142



281

Per

isty

lus

dens

us (L

ind

l.) S

anta

pau

& K

apad

iaO

rchi

dac

eae

CR

LC

HA

ug.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-433

282

Per

isty

lus

stoc

ksii

(Hoo

k. f.

) Kra

enzl

.O

rchi

dac

eae

CR

LC

HJu

ly-O

ct.

TM

ML

-267

283

Per

sica

ria

auri

cula

ta S

.K. D

ixit

et a

l.Po

lygo

nace

aeC

LC

HN

ov.-J

unT

MM

L-1

85, 3

17

284

Per

sica

ria

glab

ra (W

illd

.) M

. Góm

ezPo

lygo

nace

aeT

LC

HSe

pt.-A

pr.

TM

ML

-181

, 397

285

Pim

pine

lla a

dsce

nden

s D

alze

llA

piac

eae

TL

CH

Oct

.-Jun

.T

MM

L-1

95

286

Pim

pine

lla h

eyne

ana

Wal

l.A

piac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

94

287

Pim

pine

lla to

men

tosa

Dal

zell

Api

acea

eT

E, L

CH

Nov

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-3

154

288

Pim

pine

lla w

allic

hian

a (M

iq.)

Gan

dhi

Api

acea

eT

E, L

CH

Oct

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-3

82

289

*Pin

da c

onca

nens

e (D

alze

ll) P

.K.M

ukh.

& C

onst

ance

Api

acea

eT

E, L

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

84, 3

92

290

Pip

er h

ooke

ri M

iq.

Pipe

race

aeP

DD

HA

pr.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-321

291

*Pip

er s

peci

esPi

pera

ceae

PE

, DD

HT

hrou

ghou

tT

MM

L-1

97

292

*Pip

er s

peci

esPi

pera

ceae

PE

, LC

HT

hrou

ghou

tT

MM

L-4

36

293

Pip

er tr

icho

stac

hyon

(Miq

.) C

. DC

.Pi

pera

ceae

PL

CH

Oct

.-May

T

MM

L-3

20

294

Ple

ocau

lus

sess

ilis

(Nee

s) B

rem

ek.

Aca

ntha

ceae

CL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

74

295

*Pog

onac

hne

race

mos

a B

orPo

acea

eT

E, L

CH

Sept

.-Nov

.T

MM

L-2

57

296

Pog

oste

mon

dec

cane

nsis

(Pan

igra

hi) P

ress

Lam

iace

aeT

LC

HSe

pt.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-140

297

Pol

ycar

pon

pros

trat

um (F

orss

k.) A

sch.

& S

chw

einf

. ex

Asc

h.C

aryo

phyl

lace

aeT

LC

HSe

pt.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-208

298

Pol

ygal

a pe

rsic

ariif

olia

DC

.Po

lyga

lace

aeT

LC

HJu

n.-J

an.

TM

ML

-017

299

Pol

ygon

um p

lebe

ium

R. B

r.Po

lygo

nace

aeT

LC

HO

ct.-J

un.

TM

ML

-417

300

*Pse

udod

icha

nthi

um s

erra

falc

oide

s (C

ooke

& S

tapf

) Bor

Poac

eae

TE

, VU

HSe

pt.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-256

301

Pse

udan

this

tiri

a he

tero

clit

a (R

oxb.

) Hoo

k. f.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-3

98

302

Pyc

reus

fl av

idus

(Ret

z.) T

. Koy

ama

Cyp

erac

eae

TL

CH

Jun.

-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

15

303

Pyc

reus

mac

rost

achy

os (L

am.)

J. R

ayna

lC

yper

acea

eT

LC

HJu

n.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-016

304

Pyc

reus

san

guin

olen

tus

(Vah

l) N

ees

ex C

.B. C

lark

eC

yper

acea

eT

LC

HJu

ly-M

ar.

TM

ML

-314

305

Rem

usat

ia v

ivip

ara

(Rox

b.) S

chot

tA

race

aeC

RL

CH

Apr

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-3

46

306

Rha

mph

icar

pa lo

ngifl

ora

Wig

ht e

x B

enth

.O

roba

ncha

ceae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Feb

.T

MM

L-3

03

307

Ros

tellu

lari

a ja

poni

ca (T

hunb

.) J.L

. Elli

s A

cant

hace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-254

308

Rot

ala

dens

ifl or

a (R

oth)

Koe

hne

Lyth

race

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-J

an.

TM

ML

-355

, 408



309

Rot

ala

mal

ampu

zhen

sis

R.V

.Nai

r ex

C.D

.K.C

ook

Lyth

race

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-076

310

Rot

ala

occu

ltifl

ora

Koe

hne

Lyth

race

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-356

311

Rot

ala

ritc

hiei

Koe

hne

Lyth

race

aeT

E, C

R

HA

ug.-J

an.

AQ

MM

L-4

14

312

Rub

ia c

ordi

folia

L.

Rub

iace

aeC

LC

CJu

ly-F

eb.

TM

ML

-034

313

Run

gia

cren

ata

T. A

nder

son

Aca

ntha

ceae

TL

CH

Mar

.-May

TM

ML

-188

314

Run

gia

eleg

ans

Dal

zell

& A

. Gib

son

Aca

ntha

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-3

138

315

Run

gia

pect

inat

a (L

.) N

ees

Aca

ntha

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Feb

.T

MM

L-0

98

316

Run

gia

repe

ns (L

.) N

ees

Aca

ntha

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-1

90

317

Scho

enop

lect

us la

teri

fl oru

s (J

.F. G

mel

.) Ly

eC

yper

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-S

ept.

TM

ML

-374

318

Scill

a hy

acin

thin

a (R

oth)

J.F.

Mac

br.

Asp

arag

acea

eC

RL

CH

May

-Sep

t.T

MM

L-2

81

319

Sene

cio

belg

aum

ensi

s C

.B. C

lark

eA

ster

acea

eT

E, L

CH

Aug

.-Jan

.T

MM

L-3

27

320

Sene

cio

bom

baye

nsis

N.P

. Bal

akr.

Ast

erac

eae

TE

, LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-295

, 326

, 386

321

Sene

cio

edge

wor

thii

Hoo

k. f.

Ast

erac

eae

TE

, LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-380

322

Seta

ria

pum

ila (P

oir.)

Roe

m. &

Sch

ult.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Dec

.T

MM

L-2

33

323

Sida

acu

ta B

urm

. f.

Mal

vace

aeC

LC

HSe

pt.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-099

324

Sige

sbec

kia

orie

ntal

is L

.A

ster

acea

eC

LC

HN

ov.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-387

325

*Sm

ithi

a ag

hark

arii

Hem

adri

Faba

ceae

TE

, VU

HSe

pt.-O

ct.

TM

ML

-163

326

Smit

hia

bige

min

a D

alze

llFa

bace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-161

327

Smit

hia

conf

erta

Sm

.Fa

bace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-060

328

Smit

hia

hirs

uta

Dal

zell

Faba

ceae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

61

329

Smit

hia

pycn

anth

a B

enth

. ex

Bak

er f.

Faba

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

95

330

Smit

hia

race

mos

a B

. Hey

neFa

bace

aeT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-162

331

Sola

num

ang

uivi

Lam

.So

lana

ceae

CL

CH

Aug

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

62

332

Sole

na a

mpl

exic

aulis

(Lam

.) G

and

hi

Cuc

urbi

tace

aeC

LC

HJu

ly-D

ec.

TM

ML

-029

333

Sone

rila

sca

pige

ra D

alze

llM

elas

tom

atac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Sep

t.T

MM

L-1

64

334

Sopu

bia

delp

hini

folia

D. D

onO

roba

ncha

ceae

TL

CH

July

-Jan

.T

MM

L-2

91, 4

34

335

Spor

obol

us p

ilife

r (T

rin.

) Kun

th.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Aug

.-Oct

.T

MM

L-3

67

336

Step

hani

a ja

poni

ca (T

hunb

.) M

iers

M

enis

perm

acea

eT

LC

CJu

n.-S

ept.

TM

ML

-200



337

Stri

ga g

esne

rioi

des

(Will

d.)

Vat

keO

roba

ncha

ceae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-1

55, 4

05

338

Swer

tia

dens

ifolia

(Gri

seb.

) Kas

hyap

aG

enti

anac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Feb

.T

MM

L-1

80

339

Swer

tia

min

or K

nobl

.G

enti

anac

eae

TL

CH

July

-Oct

.T

MM

L-3

39

340

The

med

a qu

adri

valv

is (L

.) K

untz

ePo

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-232

341

The

med

a tr

emul

a (N

ees

ex S

teud

.) H

ack.

Poac

eae

TL

CH

Sept

.-Dec

.T

MM

L-0

96

342

Thu

nber

gia

frag

rans

Rox

b.A

cant

hace

aeC

LC

CA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-063

343

Tric

hode

sma

inae

qual

e E

dge

w.

Bor

agin

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-F

eb.

TM

ML

-158

344

Tric

hode

sma

zeyl

anic

um (B

urm

. f.)

R. B

r.B

orag

inac

eae

TL

CH

Dec

.-Apr

.T

MM

L-4

37

345

Tric

hole

pis

glab

erri

ma

DC

.A

ster

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-159

346

Tric

hole

pis

radi

cans

DC

.A

ster

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-D

ec.

TM

ML

-064

347

Trip

ogon

bro

moi

des

Rot

hPo

acea

eT

LC

HA

ug.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-252

348

Trip

ogon

lisb

oae

Stap

fPo

acea

eT

LC

HSe

pt.-N

ov.

TM

ML

-231

, 335

349

Trip

ogon

pun

gens

C.E

.C. F

isch

.Po

acea

eT

LC

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pressure. Barki, Gothane, and Shelap which are remote areas and are so far free from such infl u-ences.

Conclusion

It has been noted that these plateaus differ com-pletely from their surrounding vegetation in both physiognomy and fl oristic aspects. In spite of harsh environment, plateaus are unique in hav-ing various micro habitat conditions and species which are habitat specifi c. In the present study, it was observed that the selected plateau habitats in Satara, Kolhapur and Ratnagiri districts occupy 1.4% area of Western Ghats but harbour 4.3% of the endemics of the Western Ghats. In addition, as mentioned earlier many new taxa have been described from plateau in the recent past. Many of these newly described taxa such as Eleocharis wadoodii, Eriocaulon epedunculatum, Mnesithea veld-kampii are restricted to these ecosystems. This is one of the reasons why these plateaus need to be thorougly screened from the biodiversity point of view.

The best represented life forms, therophytes and cryptophytes are testimony to the harsh climatic conditions which prevail on plateaus. Develop-ment of certain adaptive traits further corrobo-rates this fact. Poikilohydry which is found to occur in certain plants on plateaus or other such ecosystems hold great promise for the future. Induction of poikilohydric nature, by traditional breeding or modern biotechnology to cereal crops, would be an important step towards reliable food production in the semiarid tropics (Gaff and Ellis, 1974; Gaff and Latz, 1978). Hence, plateaus are great reservoirs of important genetic resources. In view of their uniqueness, high species richness, endemism, and constantly increasing anthropo-genic pressure observed during the study period these ecosystems seek immediate conservation measures.

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, for provid-ing necessary facilities. One of us (MML) is thank-ful to Dr. Mahesh Shindikar, Assistant Professor, Applied Science Department, College of Engineer-ing, Pune, for going through the manuscript.

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Received: 19.4.2012Revised and Accepted: 11.6.2012


herbaceous vegetation of threatened high altitude lateritic plateau

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