information management in the age of cloud computing disruptive innovations perspective department...
TRANSCRIPT
Information Management in the Age of Cloud computing
Disruptive Innovations Perspective
Department of Library and Information ScienceUniversity of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar
Jammu and Kashmir 190 006.
S. M. Shafi
The Cloud
Disruptive Innovations
Problem
Objectives
Method
Analysis & Results : Possible solutions
Future: Planning & Implementation
Conclusion
The Presentation
oAn exploratory study
oTo understand the Potential of present
opportunity of Change Dynamics in ICT, here
CC, for Information and knowledge
Management particularly for Library and
Information Professionals.
Problem
Objectives
To ascertain whether Professionals have
begun seriously consider the changes C.C
brings
Impact of C.C on Traditional services of
Library & Information management visa-vis
cost, speed etc
Method
The study is based on the literature
available and scanned by the author on
the theme primarily from Emerald and
Elsevier databases etc and some empirical
study during my interaction with certain
tools.
The results are summed up to make my
case about the future of the cloud in IM and
KM based on the premise of Disruptive
innovation Theory
The Cloud
Fuzzy, Distant, Diffuse and
Immense
Environment or
Arrangement where
institution Relies on
Remote Hosting for major
Automation Component.
The Cloud Marketing Term more than Technical One
Highly Clustered and Distributed performance
Computing Tasks Across Many Devices
to Maximize Performance with High
tolerance for the Future of Individual
Components
Cloud computing
Grid computing
Client-server
Personal Stand alone
Desk to Cloud
History : Most prominent 2007
Definitions: Authors differ
Some Technical Some Simple
Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing
[. . .] a model for enabling convenient, on demand
network access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g. network,
servers, storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction
(Han, 2010)
A Style of computing in which massively Scalable and
Elastic IT enable Capabilities are delivered as a service
to external customers using Internet technologies
(Gartner Group)
Others …
Any server usage or software application you can access outside of your local server
(Wolf, 2010)
An emerging architecture by which data and applications reside in cyberspace, allowing users to access them through any web-connected device (Murley, 2009)
The simplest and shortest definition “a new technology model for IT services”
(Goldner, 2011)
Argue …!
It is not technology that is important but
opportunities it affords for
Efficiency,
Savings,
Cooperation &
Collaboration.
Let us argue from the definitions and types:
Example
Layers (3#4)
(1) Software as a service (SaaS), &/or Application as a service (AaaS)
(2) Hardware as a Service (HaaS) or Platform as a Service (PaaS),
and
(3) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
The Cloud: featureso Abstract technology platform
(Generalized Access to Remote Resources rather Local and Discrete servers)
o Utility model of computing(Fees Charged of Use rather Capital investment In Hardware or Software Licenses)
o Computing on Demand rather Resources allocated on Need
Elastic Quality & Power of Computing Resources (INCREASE @ Peak use LOWER on Scale down)
Separate Hype From Substance:
o Ubiquitous Internet means uninterrupted access to data/application
o Library ‘s media Collection, movies and video streams on your personal storage
o Reshapes the way organization handle computing needs
The Cloud: Future
continue…
o Age of The CLOUD - Not quite arrived – obstacles remain
o Internet Commercially not become sufficiently pervasive or cheap
o Supplements rather Replaces locally installed Software
o On small Scale done but Great deal depend upon Planning more exclusively
The Cloud: Future
Disruptive Innovation
*A term coined by Clayton Christensen
*A process by which a product or service takes
root initially in simple applications at the
Bottom of a market and then relentlessly
Moves up market, eventually displacing
Established Competitors.
Disruptive Innovation
An innovation (ie disruptive) allows a whole
new population of consumers at the bottom
of a market access to a product or service
that was historically only accessible to
consumers with a lot of money or a lot of
skill.
Disruptive Power (from Telegraphy to Telephone)
Technologies (of radical nature) often looked upon initially, with cynicism or dismissed - as useless inventions.
William Orton : (the president of Western Union.) Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone invention as “an electric toy ”when his company declined inventors’ patent for US $ 100.000………
The telephone eventually killed Telegraph and led to demise of Western Union
Disruptive Power (Social Networking)
Only a few yrs ago online social networking was
regarded as a diversion for young Adults & is now
a part of Retail Companies Strategic and
critical component of organizations larger
Marketing Efforts
Online social Network was further catapulted into
mass fame (2011) following Arab uprisings
(resulted) fall of Dictatorial regimes.
Example
DISRUPTOR DISRUPTEE
Cell phone Landline
P. C’s Mainframe
Cloud Client- server
Disruptive innovation: Types
New Market Disruption: Customers prevented
due to cost/complexity issues
Example: Canon’s photocopier; printers etc
Low End Disution: Affects low end of the original
business, Not create new market they attract least
attractive customers: Example: Cheap Airlines in USA,
India
Hybrid: Both above .
Example: American Southwest Airlines
Potential to destabilize ICT Markets relying on
providing Traditional on premises ICT Solutions.
Create other Business opportunities that didn’t
exist before consuming ICT ,both soft and Hard
The penetration of the cloud and Social
Networking into IM lend support to this theory
The theory also suggests that it initially have
performance problems---characteristics of DI. (loss of
service by S. Networks etc)
Cloud Computing: Disruptive Innovation Attribute
Library & Information Management: Analysis
Possible solutions:
o Data
o Library services
o Digital library
o Information services
o Web services
Status: What is happening?
OCLC survey (March 2011)
*Sample: 300 librarians out of 2700
5% have started CC (AmazonEC2; VMWare; Vcloud
Express)
13% use CC as Stage and Backup (Dropboxetc)
55% used CC Applications ( with leaders being
Google Docs, Google Calendar & Gmail)
66% using C based sharing Applications with leader
being Facebook; Twitter, Flicker and You tube.
19% had created Library related Applications' using
Cloud service
Possible solutions: Data Silos?
Silos are generally associated with large
chambers for storage and preservation of
Grain — keeping it free from spoilage by
isolating from potential interference from
external bodies.
On similar pattern, organizations have
created ‘Data silos’
Many Eyes
Allows to upload data, enables to create visualizations for sharing / embedding.
Google Docs
Used to make data publicly available
Yahoo Pipes Helps to create mashups
through GUI
Twapper Keeper
Service to create archives of Twitter- comments of a particular weightage. (http://twapperkeeper.com)
Webometric Analyst
Application of API’s to create network diagrams----in webometrics
NodeXLA virtualization &Networking tool/template in EXCEL -2007/10
Possible Solutions
o Departmental Computing vs. Cloud Model(DC offers several advantages: responsibility and highest cost, personnel whereas Many factors Go in favor of CC)
o Hosting OptionChoices Many (Remote website Hosting; Server collocation; Dedicated server hosting ; Virtual Server Hosting-less Expensive
Possible Solutions (Iaas)
o Infrastructure-as- a- Service(IaaS) ( TO MOVE IN REALM OF the Cloud ACTUALLY)
More Legtimately considered as CC, As an abstract approach to gaining the right level of
capacity for an organizational infrastructure;
Subscribes to computing and storage Capabilities on need basis, Elastic characteristics . Example: EC2
o Data Storage in the Cloud
Data Devices incredibly inexpensive and flexible.(USB Disk drives, Flash Drives) But Misplaced and inherently insecure.
A Major Component of IaaS Example: Amazons: S3
Possible Solutions (Iaas)
Possible Solutions (Storage)
PERSONAL PORTABLE STORAGE
Offer modest space @ Little or NO COST SERVICES:
Dropbox (http://www.dropbox.com) Free 2GB
Wind Live SkyDrive (http://explore.live.com/windows-live-skydrive) Free 25GB
o Amazon Cloud Drive (http://www.amazon.com/clouddrive/learnmore) Free 5GB
Box.net (http://box.net) business oriented offer 5GB
Adrive (http://www.adrive.com) 5o GB free
Possible Solutions (Storage)
Possible solutions (SaaS)
Software-as-a- Service(SaaS) (Access to software Applications over the web
rather than using individual instances on local workstation)
Multitenant Architecture (involves ability for a single instance of the
Application shareable among many simultaneously)
Possible solutions (SaaS)
Recent Products Designed and Deployed (through SaaS
NEW Generation Library Automation Products include :
Primo Central & Alma from Ex Libris
Many & Most popular Productivity and Communication Applications
(personal or Business use): Gmail and
Google Docs.
Possible solutions - ASP
Application Service Provider (asp) Not Recent (1990)
Traditional Model (Client –Server) Server Installed In Library/Organisation
ASP –Client Server Same - server Reside In Data Centre/Client Access Server Through Internet
Provides – Many Characteristics For Legacy Applications-not Specifically developed for Multitenant Access
LIBRARY PERSPECTIVE ---MOST BENEFITS OF SaaS APPILICATION
Provider Perspective more effort than SaaS
One Instance VS All Organisational Users
Subset of SaaS
Possible solutions - ASP
Possible Solutions: Platform as a service
PaaS
Offers a complete technology stack (including Support for programming.
Language/appilication programming interfcae; Database functionality; Data store
Platform as a service (Examples)
Google Appilication Engine (http://code.Google.com/appengine) supportsprogramming languages such as jav,python,Go
Amazon Web Service(http://aws.amazon.com)---a complex set of products Spanning g both Iaas /PaaS
Force.com (http://www.forcr.com) is an underlying platform for Salesforce.com
Possible Solutions: Platform as a serviceo Bungee Connect (http://www.bungee.com) –a
platform for development of Cloud based Applications.
Heronku (http:// www.heronku.com) is a PaaS for the Ruby Programming Language.
o Others: Many Library developers have written Utilities &Extensions making use of OCLC’s ‘WorldShare platform ‘as a Development platform
Planning for the future
AN INEVITABLE FUTURE?
Technology Budgets drift towards subscription Based services
Hence libraries Need to PLAN 4 the changes Associted with Major Shift
Swithching to an ILS delivered through SaaS Need More PLANNING Compared to Free Use of Services such as: Dropbox Or Google Apps
REBALANCE BUDGETS FOR TECHNOLOGY
Consider costs (Best value offer local vs. cloud)
Negotiate service –level Agreements (Guarantees with services) ?
Recognize cloud computing implications for internet Bandwidth
Planning for the future
Planning for the future
SHIFT TO LIBRARY AUTOMATION (make Major Investment in Core Automation
Systems to manage operations and provide access to collection/Services)
CONSIDER ASP offerings:SirsiDynix- Largest Library Automation vendors Globally(In 2011 it reports 700 of its customers deploy either Horizon or Symphony through SaaS.
CONSIDER ASP OFFERINGS
EX-libris(www.exlibrisgroup.com)
Alma (http://www.exlibrisgroup.com/categor/Almaoverview)(Ex-Libris Next Generation Library AutomationPlatform (2012))
Biblionix(http://www.biblionix.com) provides product called apollo to small public libraries through SaaS
Planning for the future
CONSIDER ASP OFFERINGS
Bibliocommons ( http://www.bibliocommons.com) --A new Generation Catalogue Interface for public libraries Basd on Social Networking Conceptsdeliverd through (SaaS)
Open Sorce Automation Systems (use IaaS/SaaS)LibLime Academic Koha using Amazon EC2
Planning for the future
CONSIDER MULTITENNANT SaaS
Libray Automation Products that Embrace More modern understanding of Saas ie Beyond vendor hosting of Traditional software
Serials solutions (http://www.serialssolutions.com)offers products related to Management of and Access to Electronic resources
Planning for the future
REPOSITORIES MOVE TO CLOUDLibraries can implement I.R/D.C/ D.preservation
activities through the Cloud.
o Merge of Dspace and Fedora Commons ie Common Governance Duraspace(http:// www.duraspace.org)
o DuraCloud (http://duracloud.org)(2011(pilot2009) to deliver flexble service for Storage, Long term preservation & Access in Digital repositories
Planning for the future
Planning for the future
iOCLC EMBRACES CLOUD
From World Cat to “ World share Management Services”
World share Management Services fits in Several Aspects of Cloud computing.
Operates in Computing Infrastructure it owns/maintains.
More than 2o Libraries use by 2011
Determine the cost of library automation in the cloud
Problem: Absence of price List for Software/Related services
Some Factors: i) User Population
ii) No of Personnel operating the Software; iii) Size of Collection iv) Modules /options selected.
Planning for the future: implementation
Planning for the future: implementation
Leverage the cloud for supplemental storage; (big data– terabytes, petabytes,May be
exabytes,zetta,yettabytes
use Google apps
use cloud based e_mail on a large scale
power a static website (use S3)
power your dynamic website (use amazon EC2)
More:Research Use
Ex Libris’s bX combines usage data from millions of
researchers to create a scholarly recommender service. Ex
Libris soon plans to offer Hot Articles, a free service
employing bX data that shows what articles are trending in
a particular subject.
http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2012/03/software/the-library-cloud-pros-and-
cons/
More:Catalogue Application
CATALOGUE USE
Mobile phone apps can add value to cloud-based
library data. OCLC’s WorldCat mobile site aims to direct
patrons to the closest library owning a certain book by
mashing-up data from WorldCat holdings, library locations,
and user locations.
More:Stacks Mapping
LIBRARY USE
Stack Map shelf-mapping software is a new service that
allows libraries to show users a map of the book’s physical
location in the library based on a pre-recorded call number
range. Unlike radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips,
which potentially allow for real-time search of a book via
location tracking, this service is less dynamic but
nonetheless useful.
Further:Web Collaboration
Web collaboration is only partially enabled by the
underlying concept of cloud computing.
Modern information and communication technology (ICT)
enables collaboration to take place “on a virtual
dimension, regardless of time and location” thereby
creating the “virtual organization” – in which a group of
persons are able to share and access available resources
regardless of location (Fong, 2005).
Examples of Cloud Services in Web collaboration
Wikis is one such service that exemplifies a Web
tool or service enabling collaborative work and
cloud computing.
WIKIS
Collaborative Website Development
A tool for collaborative website development is Google
Sites.
Google Sites (http://sites.google.com) is a “content
management system that includes wiki-like
features”.
Google Sites is a “Web-based page-creation tool …
[with] buttons for formatting text, creating links,
including images … several different layouts … from
which you can choose … ”
Google Sites serves an example of a service for
hosting websites outside of the library's servers, and
allowing for multiple editors to access the site from
varied locations.
Librarians can collaborate using the Web to work on
online documents. This can be done through the use of
Web services that permit online document collaboration
and sharing.
Google Docs includes “traditional business programs
(word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation
software) …used through a browser that connects to the
data on Google's machines” (Hosch, 2009).
Google Docs is also described as a Web-based
Document Management System “for storage and
management of a company's documents, such as word
processing documents, presentations, and
spreadsheets”.
Collaborative Web Documents
Today, search engines are considered the primary
tools for “the most important web services in
cyberspace” (Chuang and Wu, 2007).
This may be changing due to the new ideas of social
search and social media search (Bradley, 2008;
Scale, 2008), and
librarians have the opportunity to improve search
engine retrieval for better results.
Collaborative Customizable Search Engines
This is possible with tools for building customized
search engines like Google Custom Search Engine
(GCSE). GCSE allows the builder “to focus on selecting
valuable content and tuning the ranking criteria, while
Google does all the ‘heavy lifting’ of crawling,
indexing, ranking, and displaying results” (Enge and
Biundo, 2008).
With Google doing the technical work, librarians can do
what they are best at, the selection of quality content
for the GCSE to index. Thus “reference librarians and
digital bibliographers …can crank out their bookmarks
and favorites and convert them into focused search
engines”.
continue …
Blogs,
Social networking sites, and
Social bookmarking sites.
Others include :
SECURITY ISSUES Neutral compared with Local Systems (same
tools/ techniques for ensuring Security)
o provider lacks responsibility 4 software /Operating Sytem
o Libraries Have Responsibility to Safeguard the privacy of Data
o May follow Standard practices like SSL (Secure Socket layer) for any log-in
Pros/Cons
Reliability Issues
Cloud Based services offer Higher levels of
Reliability than Organizations themselves
Large Sclae Providers (Amazon,Google &
Rackspace base their services on Architecture to
withstand failures
Pros/Cons
Large Scale Data
o Library is a growing Organism (Hence increasing Data)
o Hold Large Terabytes/Petabytes of Content (SaaS) (S3) (vedio, scientific data,c ollections,d igitized Books, MSS)
o BUT Cost Advantages between Local/Cloud Change dramatically (Exceeds to purchase Cost ?)
o TIME/COST OF BANDWITH; Hence presently Less viable for present cost
Pros/Cons
Pros/ConsEnvironmental Issues
The Cloud Results in Reduced Environmental
impact through:
o Reduced amounts of energy consumed
relative to use of Discrete Equipment
o Hundreds of Servers in an institution/
localities-Increase daily
Version control
Locally: A Major Challenge
SaaS shifts the Burden from Local LIBRARY to Vendor
Pros/Cons
Pros/ConsFlexible Environment For Library DevelopersCC provides Many Benefits: Avoid Maintenance of
Local Computers for Development (procurement to maintenance like:
Replacement; Overheads; Time investment; Server purchase and set up. (IaaS EC2 can be done in minutes).
Quite Expensive for Projects within Threshold of Free Service.
ConclusionI.M/KM is entering a new era making significant
contribution to knowledge generation,
creation and management helped by new
thinking, tools and Disruptive innovations
web 2.0 and cloud computing
Past technologies and approaches often proved
expensive to implement and difficult o use
The new approach is expected to herald a new
knowledge and information rich world.
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