information about project ''shallow ground enery utilizing

8/14/2019 Information about project ''Shallow ground enery utilizing''

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is harmonized relation between ecology and economy, preservation ofnatural wellness of our planet for us and for future generations, over which they repose anabsolute rights. It could said that sustainable development represents directing in general,inclination for making a better world, and making balance over social, economical andenvironmental saving factors.

Twenty years ago, in 1987., '' World Commission on Environment and Development'', wide wellknown as ''Brundtland Commission'', under leadership of Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Primeminister of Norway, published a report named ''Our Common Future'', which shows at danger topeople and our planet from politic of economic growth with no considering for real possibilities ofregenerating planet.

This Commission, which Secretary General was Canadian Jim McNeill, director of comity forenvironmental saving as a part of international Organization for Economical Consensus andDevelopment OECD, defined sustainable development as 'development which accomplishestoday's needs, but no rejects possibilities accomplishing future generations needs.''

2004., in report's preface of Progress of Federal Republic of Germany's Government named:"Perspective for Germany - our sustainable development strategy", Federal Chancellor Gerhard

Schrder spoke about sustainable development this manner: "Each generation must solve itsown tasks, and mustn't leave them to the next ones - this is basic premise of sustainabledevelopment and it include global perspective."

At the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. world's leaders accepted commendations of''Brundtland Commission''; one of summit's results was AGENDA 21 which gives commendationsfor sustain managing over earth's, water's and wood's resources in 21st century.

From Stockholm to Johannesburg

Some earlier, at the end of sixties last century, the first warnings and despaired yelling has beenheard from specialists and various eco-organizations - which has started to transform at thenational and international organization level.

1972. At First United Nations' Environment World Conference, performed in Stockholm, for the firsttime, impending hazards to our planet from polluting the environment in global, indicated on highinternational level.

1982. Second United Nations' Environment World Conference performed in Nairobi. Humanitywarned to uncontrolled industrial development, exploitation of natural resources andconsequences effect the environment.

1992. Conference performed in Rio de Janeiro, when, for the first time, was pointed out a linkbetween development and environmental saving.

1997. in New York was performed Conference Rio + 5, at which concluded that in our planet'ssaving a small progress has achieved, but is also possible that mistakes, which has previously

done, to be solved by using renewable energies.

In 2002, from August 26 to September 4 in Johannesburg, Sustainable Development WorldSummit (Rio +10) was performed.

It was a first time all world got together for one cause - sustainable development of the Earth. Itrationalizes as the greatest United Nation's summit, with more than 60 000 delegates, and ecologicorganizations' activities, representatives of a large world's companies and over 170 world's leaderstook part in summit.

Summit about Earth - Rio de Janeiro 1992

June 1992. The United Nations' Conference of environmental saving and development (UNCED),

in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) was the greatest among all United Nations' conferences that has everperformed. Almost 10.000 official representatives presented, from about 150 countries including116 national political leaders. Simultaneously happening-conference with the same thematicdedicated to Non-Governmental Organizations, paid attention of even more participators.Conference was pursued by over 7 000 representatives of ''seventh force''. The most significant

Information about project Shallow ground energy utilizing


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result presents signing and acceptance of a few important documents; one of them is Declarationabout environment and development-more familiar as Rio declaration, Convention about climatechange, Convention about biological miscellaneous, Principe of managing, protecting andsustainable development of all types of forests, and action plan of sustainable development for21st century called Agenda 21.

Local Agenda 21

One of the Agenda 21's chapters about important groups is a chapter of local authorities' mission.

Worldwide, different entities have pointed out their key role in concrete appliance of ''sustainability''at local level. This have resulted a reference, given in chapter 28 - local authorities should consultto citizenship in order to rationalize strategy for creating Local Agenda (LA) 21.Each process has its own characteristics, it is marked by local conditions, including public opinion,geographic conditions that must be taken while making decisions, as same as for politicalmovements and problems of the resources. However, it was clear from beginning that somegeneral factors, by the local ones, exist and must be a part of each particular LA 21 processLocal Agenda is not a strategy of international only, but even of key factors for protectingenvironment. Sustainable plan include solving questions starting from demographical via social upto economical.

Ecology does not have to and must not be conflicted with the economy

One of prejudices is that protecting of environment comes to conflict with economy growth'sinterests- growth of national produce, social standard and opening new employment places. Anexperience of the world's most developed states, but even those in developing process, during lastdecade indicates to opposite: traditional development's concept, orientated to improve industry andsimultaneously growth of spending natural resources, comes to its final limits. So called "externalexpenses" produced by polluting, exhausting of resources and unbalancing of human health, startto overcome benefits further growth bringing. Today, in most developed countries, invest more andmore profit in protecting the environment, rationalization of energy and other resources, anddeveloping of environment friendly technologies. Exactly in those areas, many new working placesstart to open. Less developed countriesdo not have that choice; they must lead that way,and use negative experience of using uncontrolled pollutant-making technologies, in

comparing to advantages of using pure technologies. Sustainable development shouldstimulated by fiscal standards at local level, to stop polluting and dispersion of natural beauties.

UN's decade 2005. - 2014. "Education for sustainable development"

In order to reconsider this problem, light up an abstract term "sustainable development", andtransform it to concrete educating measures, from 2005-2014. UN pronounced that decade

"Education forsustainable development". This thematic complex represents one of the ways forsupporting sustainable development idea under UN's decade

MONTREAL AGREEMENT ozone shield res cue



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Spreading the ozone hole (1980. - 1991.)

After it has become clear thatsome specific sorts of freons makeozone shield more thin, in1987.Montreal agreement signed. Itdeclared decreasing of productingfreon for 50%. Very soon it hasbecome obvious that reducingwasn't sufficiant. At beggining of

1990's Montreal protocolchanged.Total stoppage for freonproducing demanded.If the world hold up to agreement,ozone shield's complete healing(regeneration) estimate to beabout 2050.

KYOTO PROTOCOL

In 1997, in order to reduce emission of all damaging gases to the atmosphere, Kyoto protocoladmitted. With protocol, undersigned countries made oblige to participate in decreasing of CO2emission to atmosphere. Percentage of decreasing CO2 emission to the atmosphere defined toeach country, up to 2012. Concerning 1990. average planed decreasing up to 2012. was 5, 2 %,while European Union committed to decrease it up to 8 %!

Maybe the most important world's document since industrial revolution Kyoto protocol, signedby highest representatives of 141 states (without SAD and Australia), stepped on duty at16.02.2005.

Increaseofcarbon dioxide in atmosphere, precisely, is the main perpetrator for negative effect ofglass garden, what comes to hurricanes, dryness, and flood and heat impacts, in which, during lastfew years, millions of people lost their lives. Considering the largest amount of carbon dioxide

releases while fossil fuels' (petrol and charcoal) combustion, question for finding an appropriatealternative energy sources came to the first plane. .

At moment, 90 percent of all transport, producing food, medicines and chemicals in the worlddepend of petrol. As estimated, 2030. we'll need 60 percent of energy more, and there is petrolreserve for about four decades more. At the same time, according to UN data, in fallowing 30 yearsfood producing must increased for 60 percent at global level, to fallow the growth of world'spopulation. However, that will not be possible because glass garden effect and global heatingconsiderably decrease an area of agricultural workably land.

If global heating trend continues, average temperature at Earth will increase even for 5,80C up to2100. From1900 to1990, for example, that temperature increased for just 0, 6 degrees of Celsius.2005., according to NASA, was the warmest year in humankind's history. How much situationserious is, concerned with human's contribute to this with industrial developing, evidences fact thatthe warmest years in history were from 1998.-2005.

Glass garden's negative effects real price is impossible to calculate and it measures bythousands of billions US dollars, professionals warns. Millions ofpeople dieof air and waterpollution,and consequences of acid rains, but natural Earth's eco-system cannot recoverdamagepreviously done.

Protocol itself predicted tree different investing mechanism; for Serbia in this moment, the mostsignificant is clear development mechanism (CDM). It predicts possibilities that developedcountries invests into the industrial plants' modernization and reducing carbon dioxide and othergases' emission with '' glass garden'' effect, but on territory of no developed and underdevelopedcountries, while accomplished results accredit to investiture countries. .That way, developed statesor, officially said, states from Annex1 (it means 30 the most developed) could achieve 5, 2%reducing of mentioned, or 8 percent, importing technology news in countries under development.



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GLASS GARDEN EFFECT

Part of reflected sunlight being absorbed ingases (CO2, N2O, CH4, HFC, PFC, and SF6)and that effect confirm as temperatures onEarth as it is.

Without glass garden effect, Earth'stemperature would be 30C lower.

This self-regulation, controlled by reflexivecouple, confirms ecosystems' long lastingand it has called homeostasis orhomeostatic mechanism.Considering carbon-dioxide and other gases concentration's increasing during last 100years, glass garden effect become more baded and lead to average temperature' increasingwhile homeostatic mechanism is not sufficient enough to bring back disarranged balance.

Global heating consequences are pole's melting, sea level elevation, influence to agriculture etc.Main CO2 emission sources are wood and biomass combustion, deforestation, and combusting offossil fuels.

Nuclear and fossil energetic row materials

Widespread using of nuclear and fossil energetic row materials endanger human existence,because it has direct negative influence over human's health. Foreknown climate changes,possibilities of nuclear contamination and unsolved problems related to plutonium production innuclear reactors, make added problems and dangers.

Petrol refinement will achieve culmination in next decade and, consider to stores limitations, fossiland nuclear fuel present using will not be able to ensure long lasting sustainable development.Fossil fuels reserves vanishing fast, and for a decade or two, most of countries will be obliged touse renewable energy sources for compensating their own energetic needs.

In consider to energy resources are concentrated within a few world areas only, fossil fuels'using created interdependency system, so countries depending of importing fossil fuels arein a subordinated position.

In the other hand, this situation results not only in energy economy's concentrating, but also inconstant energy infrastructure prices' increase as well as increasing of trading misbalance.Importing countries bases their own economy on exporting energy rows, what leads to political,economical and social instability.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

Alternative energy sources will beabsolute necessary if the world run out of fossil fuels, Mr. Ton

Hoff, manager of Netherlands's Center for energetic researches warned. He has shown due to that''...it is necessary more efficiency in spending fossil fuels to acquire more time foralternative energy sources' development.

BIOMASSMain animal origin biomass source is natural liquid manure. Using of biomassor fuels and refused substances made from biomass as energy sourcedemanding their combustion and energy releasing which initialize electricenergy generators. Energy accumulated in biomass has a chemical structureand during its exploitation there is no interruptions, in differ to solar or windenergy. From this aspect, biomass has more fossil fuels' characteristics thanrenewable energies' characteristics, what is understandable because fossilfuels are biomass' fossil form.

WIND ENERGY



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Wind energy is a sun energy transformed form. Sun heatsdifferent parts of the Earth unevenly, and it results with differentair pressures, and wind become due to air pressures tendencyto become equal. There are Earth's parts where blows constant(planetary) winds; at that places exploiting wind energy is themost payable. Good positions are ocean coasts, and openedsea. Opened sea emphasizes due to wind constancy, butinstallations' coasts and energy transport are the obstacles for

such exploitation. Due transforming kinetic into mechanicalenergy (turning generator's mandrel) difference between windspeed at entrance and at exit is utilized only, what practicallymeans 35% to 45% wind energy's utilizing.

SOLAR ENERGY

Direct exploiting of Sun energy main principles are:

Solar collectors

Photo expansion cells

Sun energy focusing

Photo expansion cells are elements that directly transform sun-radiating energy into electrical energy and could being use asindependent energy sources or as additional ones. As independentenergetic sources, they use, for instance, on satellites, at traffic lights,calculators and distant objects that request long lasting energy source.

By that, sun-radiating power is much higher in space, because Earth'satmosphere absorbs large part of the radiation, so energy achieved ismuch higher.

Solar energy focusing is being use for initiation of large generators.Focusing achieves using plenty of lances, but more often by usingmirrors putted in dish shape or tower configuration. "Dish"configuration type has shown on this picture. "Power tower"configurations use computer controlled mirrors field for focusing sunradiation at central tower, which turns on main generator, then. "Dish"

systems fallow Sun's moving and focusing sun radiating that way.

WATER ENERGY

Water energy (hydro energy) is the most widespreadrenewable energy source.

In last 30 years, energy producing in hydroelectric powerstation multiplied tree times, but proportion of hydro energy

has increased for 50% only. In nuclear power stations, forsame period, producing rose up to 100 times, and proportion80 times. Cause for this lies in limited using of hydro energy.


Solar collectors - transform solar energy into the water (or someother liquid) heat energy. Water heating systems could be open orclosed.


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Cannot be used everywhere, because it consider plenty of fast running water; having it duringwhole year is desirable, because electric energy cannot be stored cheaply. To annulated influenceof water level oscillating, breakwaters and accumulating lakes built. Those considerably increasebuild coasts of whole power station, and underground water level nearby accumulation rises up.Underground water level has a large influence to flora and fauna, so hydro energy is not quiteharmless to environment. It has estimated about 25% of world's hydro energetic potential hasalready used. Most of unused potential exists in non-developed countries, what is favorably due toexpected growth of energy consumption there. The biggest projects, planned or started, are related

to China, India, Malaysia, Vietnam, Brazil and PeruGrowing energy need, by that, oftendominates over concern for influences on environment, and some project dimensions impose animpression that their performing is not only a matter of energy, but prestige, too.

SHALLOW GROUND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Earth consists of 3 layers:- Earth's crust,- mantle and

- core.

The Earth's core, where temperatures rangeup to 8.000C, radiates heat to the surfacewhere it acumulates partially. Earth's crust, aswell, absorbs cca. 51% of incoming solarheat. Season's changes influenced at theEarth's crust temperature up to 15m of depth,while from 20 to 400m of depth is constanttemperature zone.

Beside radiated and accumulated heat fromthe Earth's core, considerably larger amountof SOLAR heat energy being kept in Earth'scrust shallow ground during whole year.Solar energy contained in Earth's crust is amain energetic potential of SHALLOWGROUND.

Geothermal energy is everywhere beneath us. Somewhere it is easy reachable or comes up tosurface by itself as hot water or steam, but somewhere it is very deep, and practically unreachable.

Researches has shown Serbia has a great and very significant possibilities forusing geothermal energy, and it's big part in energetic balance should be planed ina future.

There are two systems of exploiting shallow ground geothermal energy, implementedworldwide, such as:

Multi well system

Wider spread in implementing at moment,because it is longer in use.Well's depth depend of how deep

underground water is.

Single well system

Patent, old not more then10 years, thatimplementation expands all over the world.Well depth from 80 to120m.



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EFFICIENCY GRADE COMPARING BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND GEOTHERMALHEATING SYSTEMS

Traditional heating ways have very low efficiency level, from 60 to 90 %, due to large part of aheat goes with combusting products. It needs a large space for fuel storage. A huge amounts ofpollutants (combusting products) released.Using geothermal energy we achieve high efficiency level up to 400%, because we ''lend''75% our planet's energy from it. Well installation takes 1m, while heat pump, heat exchangers andother installations take 20 to 30m2, depending of installment's power. No combusting processes, nohigh pressures, no danger of fire or explosion.

System use 1 kW of electric power to collect, promote and distribute 4 KW energy forheating, cooling and obtaining sanitary hot water, so it is energy-saving and considerablyreduce operational costs.

Fallowing draft represents comparing HYY's system characteristics with data from study ''Energyefficiency in Czech Republic'', published in 2005., by Jaroslav Marushek, who is executive directorin Energy Efficiency Center in Czech Republic - SEVEn. Electric energy consumption for heating atyearly level has shown schematically.


kWh / m2

HYY SYSTEMNew buildings

Old buildin s


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Basic economic and energetic effects are:

1. energy saving for heating spaces is approximately 4 times in relation toconventional heating models,

2. energy saving for cooling spaces is minimum 5 times in relation toconvencionalcooling models,

3. the investment insignificantly increases costs per m2 in constructing (up to 10%),but in exploitation it reduces energy costs up to 80%, and

4. investition's payablement at exsisting objects, depending of previously appliedenergents, moves from 2 to 6 years.

Single well system's (SWS) basic characteristics

1. Less initial investments

2. Low exploitation costs

3. Water resources' protection4. No polluting effects and no environmental heating up5. Save and reliable energy making process6. Elimination of air cross-contamination

C omparative advantages of single well system - SWS

-Advantages over multi - well system

Parameter Single well system Multi-well system

Heat resources' typeHeat energy from ground which is

continuously used throw water

medium

Heat energy which is stored inunderground water only

Depending ofunderground water

Could be applied in areas reach withwater as well as in water poor areas

Could be applied in water reachareas only

Amount of movedsand (tons/month) 0

cca 10

Water pollution No Cross-contamination

Water level belowground's surface

No changes There are changes

Uneven groundsinking

No consequences There are consequences

Well's persistenceperiod ( in years)

More than 20 3 to 5

-Advantages over other renewable energy aspectsIn relations to other aspects of using natural and renewable energies (for examle wind energy-windmills, waterflow energy - mini hydroelectric power plants or solar energyi- solar panels),shallow ground geothermal energy has universal application and do not depend of seasons,meteorological conditions and other additional natural influences.

- Advantages overusing traditional fossil fuels

Parameter Traditional fossil fuelsShallow ground geothermal

energy

energy charcoal, petrol, natural gas shallow ground energy+small amountof electric energy

heating equipmentboiler + dissipator

(made of steel or cast)heat pump + fun-coil unit


EUROPEAN STANDARD


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heating processIt needs combusting

temperature of 1000 0C, forwater heating up to 70-80 0C

Shallow ground temperature of 15 0Ccould be multiplicities by the heat

pump up to 50 or 60 0C

energy efficiency low (60-90%)high( COP=2~4), and efficiency saving

is 50-75%

pollutionserious

(dust, CO2, SO2, NOx, CO )No pollution

cooling equipmentseparated fun coil unit or cooling

installation + chilling tower atobject's roof

universal, same as for heating (systemuses same installation)

adjusted objects(annexes)

big machine room, chimney,fuel's storage, mazut's

underground reservoir, isolatedtank for gas...

small room (2-30m2) for putting heatpump

cooling water loseat chilling towers120t / 10 000m2

There's no lose

Dire ct effects on environmental saving

Harmful substances emission reducing effects have done at heating season sample of 6 months

for 100.000 m2 residential-business space.

Charcoal Mazut Natural gas

Reducingof

fossil fuels 6.000 tona 2.200 tona 2.600.000 m3

gas emission 30.000 m3 22.000 m3 2.400.000 m3

Solid particles 600 tons 0.3 tons 0

SO2emission 250 tona 15 tons 0

NOx emission 80 tons 23 tons 25 tons

CO2 emission 12.000 tons 9.000 tons 6.000 tons

Firing wood is very common used fuel in our country, which belongs to biomass, mostly in rurals,but in cities' surroundings as well. There's no more detailed analyses like for fossil fuels previousones; There are analyses about amounts of harmfull gases and solid particles as well aspollutants, only.

Republic of Macedonia Association for technological researching, projecting and ministration madestudy on request of Ministarstry for environment and spatial planning, for heating seasone 2004./2005. According to it, harmful substances' (pollutants) emissions during heating seasone, fromdomestic combustion chambers which use firing wood as fuel ( in tons per year) are:

Pollutant

SO2sulphurdioxide

COcarbon monoxide

NOxazoth oxides

Solid particlesash

Quantities 33.171 106.531 1.086 3.079Of total emission 23 % 74 % 1 % 2 %

Indire ct effects on environmental saving

Effects have done at heating season sample of 6 months for 100.000 m 2 residential-businessspace.

Pollutant CHcarbon

hydrogen

COcarbon

monoxide

NOxazoth oxides

Pbplumbum

Solid particles

Reduced 6.25 7.8 3.9 4.9 2.7 3.4 cca. 1 Kg



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amounts tons tons tons230 280 kg

Advantages according to safeness and reliability in relation to exsistingheating systems

System's class

Working

temperatures Pressure

Fire protecting

requirements

Problem

ranging

mazut700 0C

Under pressure Rigid requests serious

gas800 0C

Under pressure Rigid requests serious

electric boilers450 0C

Under pressure or not No specific requests serious

geothermal55 70 0C

No pressure No specific requests No problems

Referent installations of single well system

HYY company has implemented it's own system over at 10.000.000 m2

. This page showsjust a little part of all installations.

National Theater in Beijing

System provides no-freeze of 35.000 m2

surrounding waterscape in winter.

Object opened in May 2006.

Shoping and business centerJINSIJI

150.000 m2

area

Field Hockey Practicing FacilityOLIMPIC GAMES 2008.g

Total area 11.851 m2



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Bicycling Practicing FacilityOLIMPIC GAMES 2008.

Residential buildings complexTotal area 67.300 m2

The Supreme Peoples Procurator ate

43.168 m2 area

5*Hotel complex


Foreign Language School's sportcenter

Total area 4.000 m2

Air and pool water heating and hotsanitary water



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Haidian District City Hall


Business object which uses sewagetreated water as a resource


Technical and institutional project's support

HYY Beijing, China

By analyzing and comparing of world's practice known technical solutions, and by overview of real

potentials and needs in Serbia, as the most qualitative solution from technical, economical andecological point of view appeared to be implementing of geothermal energy.

In choosing technology process relevant science institutions, world known equipmentmanufacturers, companies with an previous experience in utilizing alternative energies andprofessionals from familiar domains will be involved.

Choosing programme for geothermal energy utilizing - Single Well System (SWS) well berecognized as exclusive and legal represetatives of that technology, which will beregulated by signing of all necessarily Contracts with Chinese company HYY from Beijing,the owner of unique world's patent right 441164 PCT, where we will be noticed as HYY'sstrategic partner for Europe. Our coapporation will start by signinig of Confidentallity Deedand Heads of Agreement. Agreement obliged us to make all our efforts to provide a sharemarket for SWS, within period of six months. After we provide a market for HYYstechnology, we will sign System Instalation Contract. In this process well have very strongsupport from Chinese Embassy in Belgrade and Serbia Embassy in China.In next phases of Serbia's geothermal potential utilizing we expect qualitative support fromResources Ministries and Serbian Government Agencies, 'cause HYY and Chinese Embassyexpressed desire this programmeme to be important institutional and economical Serbia and Chinalinkage.

Serbia's market potentials

BeforeConfidentallity Deed and Heads of Agreement signing, HYY delegation is going to visit us,

to make sure we possess all professional, productional, institutional and market elementsunnecessary for renouncing using patent rights and technology.

That occasion we will organize presentation of technology possibilities in Kragujevac, Belgrade,Svilajnac, Parain, Vrnjaka and Joanika Banja for potential geotermal energy users. With the



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most of potential users we will have signed Letters of intentions for installment implementation for

heating, cooling and hot sanitary water by using geothermal energy.

It is a long list, but we select Kragujevac Commune's outspoken needs, Svilajnac Commune,

Military Medical Academy, Geological Institute in Belgrade, and Joanika Banja needs esspecialy.

Preliminary research of needs for utilizing this kind of energy in Serbia has shawn that there are,besides insufficient informing about renewable energy sources, poor market's financial forces and

stimulative law's regulations deficit for utilizing any kind of renewable energies. We believelimitations will be overcome soon due to local self-managing initiatives and Serbian Governmentsupport, just according to Local Agenda 21 principles.

Project professional's support, necessery multidisciplinary potentials andinfrastructures capacity growth, company will achieve in 5 different ways:

1. By signing a business-technical Contracts with:Geological Institute of Serbia, Mining-geological faculty in Belgrade, and Native science andmathematical faculty in Kragujevac.

2. Membering in proffesion associations:membership in Serbia Geothermal Association, Engeneers Chamber of Serbia, etc.

3. It's own staff (starting with 2 graduated mechanical engeneers) and by contracts oftemporary and occasional duties.

4. By engagement of producing and storing capacities of other legal subjects,

5. By cooperation with the worldwide famous equipment manufacturer under preliminarycollaboration protocols - considering there's no manufacturers in Serbiawhich has a heat pumpsprogramme in official proposal ( Danfoss, Grundfos, Wilo, Carrier, Ciat, Westinghaus ).

Republic of Serbia Institutions

Interest, but also an imperative for renewable energy use development, in next period, oblige us

to accomplish cooperation with all ministries which affected to achievement of this segment

developing, directly or not, from departments: mining and energetic, infrastructure, economy andregional development, science, environment protecting, for National investments plan, finances,

agricalture, forestry and hydraulicity, trading and services and local self-managing. Via interactive

correlation with Government Agencies, we will impose all our active and passive polivalent

potentials. .

All studies, which we have done shows, by using geothermal energy technology's development,

we will employ many different profiles' workers, by phases, throughout Serbia,

respecting Government's efforts to alleviate regional development disproportion.

Adequate programme presentation to Serbian Government representatives and fact that our

company will be the only one permitted for utilizing, contracting and installing single well

system (SWS) in Europe , opens possibility for Republic of Serbia's active accession at CDM

(Clear Development Mechanism) and approach to international ''trust fonds''. This way, Republic

of Serbia could provide not only high financial means, but also necessarily political and

economical affinity from european and world authorities of this domain.



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CONCLUSION

Nuclear and fossil energetic rows widespread use endangers humanexistence, because it hasdirect negative influence at human healt. An estimated climate changes, possibilities of nuclear

contamination and unsolved problems about plutonium producing in nuclear reactors, makeadditional problems and dangers.

Owing to energetic resources' concentration only in a few world region, fossil fuels use has madesystem of interdependency, so countries depending of fossil fuels importing are in absolutesubordinated position, practically with colonial status

In the other hand, situation like this results not in energetic concentration economy only, but alsoin energetic infrastructure costs constant increasing, monopoly showing, and increasing of tradeunbalance, which leads to political, economical and social instability.



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At the South of Europe's geothermal map it isevidenced more favorable geothermal areas thenSerbia's exists south of Italy and west Turkey(volcanic active areas).

Researches have shown Serbia has considerableopportunities for geothermal energy using, and that

must be planed its huge participation in energybilance in future, due to its polifunctionality (ex.inproducing biologically worth food, etc,)

Existing results indicate with intensive programme ofgeothermal resources development should achieve,up to 2015, substitution level up to almost 2 milliontons of imported liquid fuels per year.

Geothermal energy use in Serbia is simbolic, only 86MW ( less than 1 % of all possibilities), although itbelongs to reacher countries according to land'sgeothermal potentials.

Geothermal energy using and exploitation must become more intensive, because fallowing factorsoblige to that:

- petrol - energetic unbalances tensions,- unavoidable transition to market economy- deficit's constant increaseof fossil and nuclear fuels,- ecological situation'saggravating andenvironmental saving costs increase.

Toward increasing the air temperature, especially in summer months, due to use cooling devices,Serbia is in position to import electricity even than, while geothermal energy utilizing for spacecooling would decrease electricity consumption up to 80 % in the same period, and preserveconsiderable water potentials in power plant's accumulations.

Electric energy importing could be, owing to huge savings, turned into the export!

Very edifying and positive example to world has given by German Government affordingdecision of subventions for electric energy used by geothermal energy utilizing.

Geothermal potentials utilizing programme in Serbia

It is very important to determine ourselves for using geothermal resources in object's projectingphase, because expenses reduce within infrastructure as well as constructing domain.

Geothermal energy using is desirable even in previously gasified areas, now as an alternative butas a permanent solution in future.

At the locations which has impeded or disabled highway and railway traffic, problem of constantsupplying with traditional fuels (coal, petrol, etc.) eliminates.

It is not necessarily to mention fact it will save more millions m3 of technical wood (now in use for

fireing ?!), because there is no need to remind how negative influence deforestation has overenvironment.

Implementation programme covers geographically different locations, but with similar geothermalcharacteristics.



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Considering that all characteristics of geothermal energy utilizing fall into the group of ''zeroemissions'' or "zero pollution" technologies, it is possible to use it in National parks, eventhose under first priority protection - Natural reservates. This fact should be dominant element forgiving a total priority during deciding about what kind of system for heating, cooling and hot watersupplying should be implementing in objects. Shallow ground energy utilizing by using wells -collectors at depths 80 to 120 m and 1 m of diameteris, certainly, the best way for ''sustainabledevelopment'' principle non excluded utilizing even in traditionally ecological the most endangeredareas.

- Region of spas' healing and resting centers

Spas in Serbia are rich in thermal oligho mineral springs. Utilizing this technology will enable muchcheaper energy for heating spaces and sanitary water, not by direct springs' using but by usingspring's water after all aspects of itsUtilization in medicine and healing purposes. Effect of this kind of use give better results in ratio tointroduced above, considering input temperature is higher than 15 0C. The advantage also lays infact that, except temperature's, there are no water quality changes and can not come to pollution.

- Mountain resting centers regionStara Planina location is especially interesting, due to it precede at first development phase and

there is possibility for creating ecologically absolute clean and energy independent of fossil fuelsarea. With preserve nature and qualitative marketing, could became one of the most visitedtourism capacity in Serbia. Much less initial infrastructure investment for energy providing isespecially noted.Kopaonik will, for sure, as more urban entity find its economical, ecological and industrial interestfor geothermal energy utilizing as important and renewable energy resource, because it ownsextremely qualitative geothermal potentials.- Urban environment

Most of the cities possess centralized distant remoteness heating systems which create not onlyserious ecological problem, but even have considerable lost while energy distributing conditioned

by too long conductors. It is hard to speak about harmful substances' emission neutralization, evenharder to provide means for their purchasing and utilizing.Many sport objects in Serbia do not have qualitative heating, not to mention cooling solution. Byutilizing SWS both problems solve qualitative and economically much more payable. The samerelated to health care, education, science and culture facilities.This system has a specific utilization in urban environment throw sewage water energyexploitation for heating spaces and providing hot sanitary water.

The essential solutionfor magic circle between global heating, harmful gasesemission and energy consumption increasing represents turning to cheap

renewable energy from natural source - the ground.

information about project ''shallow ground enery utilizing

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