a blind search for bursts of very high enery gamma rays with milagro

7/29/2019 A Blind Search for Bursts of Very High Enery Gamma Rays with Milagro

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GHQTXGAT

Tctfo ml dcqqoxtgtcm`: G QOGXAB LMX H_XQTQ ML \OXSBCIB O@OXIS IGEEG XGSQYCTB ECFGIXM

\fgqcmq \gqcfocmu& Dmatmx ml ^bcfmqm~bs& 8>>2

Dcqqoxtgtcm` dcxoatod hs: ^xmloqqmx Jmxdg` G. Immdeg`Do~gxteo`t ml ^bsqcaq

Ecfgixm cq g ygtox%Aboxo`km| dotoatmx tbgt mhqox|oq tbo orto`dod gcx qbmyoxq

~xmduaod hs amqeca igeeg xgsq ml oòxicoq O 7>> Io\. Tbo ooatc|o gxog ml

Ecfgixm ~ogkq gt oòxicoq O 7> T o\& bmyo|ox ct cq qtcff fgxio o|o` dmy` tm g loy

bu`dxod Io\ " 7> e8 gt 7>> Io\#. Tbo ycdo ofd ml |coy " 8 qx# g`d bcib duts

asafo "0 3>/# ml Ecfgixm egko ct cdogf lmx am`tcùmuqfs em`ctmxcì tbo m|oxbogd

qks lmx txg`qco t \oxs Bcib Oòxis "\BO# oecqqcm`q. Tbcq qtuds qogxabod tbo

Ecfgixm dgtg lmx quab oecqqcm`q. O|o` tbmuib tbo qogxab ygq m~tceczod ~xcegxcfs

lmx dotoatcì tbo oecqqcm` lxme Igeeg%Xgs Huxqtq "IXHq#& ct ygq qtcff qo`qctc|o

tm tbo oecqqcm` lxme tbo fgqt qtgioq ml tbo o|g~mxgtcm` ml ^xcemxdcgf Hfgak Bmfoq

"^HBq# mx tm g`s mtbox kc`d ml ~bo`meo`g tbgt ~xmduao huxqtq ml \BO igeeg xgsq.

Eogquxoeo`tq ml tbo IXH q~oatxg hs qgtoffctoq u~ tm loy to`q ml Io\ qbmyod `m

qci`q ml g autm. O|o` tbmuib euftc~fo c`qtxueo`tq qo`qctc|o tm Io\-To\ igeeg

xgsq bg|o ~oxlmxeod mhqox|gtcm`q ml IXHq& tboxo bgq `mt sot hoo` g do`ctc|o

dotoatcm` ml quab g` oecqqcm` sot. Mò ml tbo xogqm`q lmx tbgt cq tbgt igeeg xgsq


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yctb oòxicoq O 7>> Io\ gxo gttoùgtod hs c`toxgatcm`q yctb tbo ortxgigfgatca

hgakixmu`d fcibt mx gxo ghqmxhod c`tox`gffs gt tbo qcto ml tbo huxqt. Tboxo gxo

eg`s emdofq tbgt ~xodcat \BO igeeg%xgs oecqqcm` lxme IXHq. G dotoatcm` mx g

am`qtxgc`t ml quab g` oecqqcm` ag` ~xm|cdo uqoluf c`lmxegtcm` m` tbo eoabg`cqe g`d

o`|cxmèo`t ml IXHq. Tbcq qtuds ~oxlmxeod g hfc`d qogxab ml tbo Ecfgixm dgtg ml

tbo fgqt |o sogxq lmx huxqtq ml \BO igeeg xgsq yctb duxgtcm`q xgìcì lxme 7>> q

tm 17< q. @m IXH fmagfczgtcm` ygq ~xm|cdod hs g` ortox`gf c`qtxueo t. C`qtogd& tbo

ybmfo dgtgqot ygq tbmxmuibfs qogxabod c` tceo& q~gao& g`d duxgtcm`. @m qci`cag t

o|o`tq yoxo dotoatod. _~~ox fcectq yoxo ~fgaod m` tbo \BO oecqqcm` lxme IXHq.


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G QOGXAB LMX H_XQTQ ML \OXSBCIB O@OXIS IGEEG XGSQ YCTB ECFGIXM

hs

\fgqcmq \gqcfocmu

Dcqqoxtgtcm` quhecttod tm tbo Lgaufts ml tbo Ixgdugto Qabmmf ml tbo_`c|oxqcts ml Egxsfg`d& Amffoio ^gxk c` ~gxtcgf lufffeo`t

ml tbo xowucxoeo`tq lmx tbo doixoo mlDmatmx ml ^bcfmqm~bs

8>>2

Gd|cqmxs Ameecttoo:^xmloqqmx Jmxdg` G. Immdeg`& Abgcx-Gd|cqmx^xmloqqmx Ixoimxs Y. Quffc|g`^xmloqqmx E. Amfoeg` EcffoxDx. G`dxoy J. Qectb

Dx. Jufco EaO`oxs


4/309

Am~sxcibt hs\fgqcmq \gqcfocmu

8>>2


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^xolgao

Tbo ~xcegxs ~ux~mqo ml tbcq qtuds cq tm dotoat tbo \oxs Bcib Oòxis "\BO#7

oecqqcm` lxme Igeeg%Xgs Huxqtq "IXHq#. G qce~fo agfaufgtcm` ag` qbmy tbgt g`

or~oatgtcm` ml quab g dotoatcm` cq `mt u`xogqm`ghfo hs Ecfgixm. Fot uq gqqueo tbgt

IXHq oect tbo qgeo gemu`t ml cqmtxm~ca oòxis " 7>?8 oxi# c` tbo ?> Io\7> T o\

oòxis hg`d gq tbos oect c` tbo 8> ko\ 1>> ko\ hg`d& tbo qgtoffcto dotoatmxq gxo

qo qctc|o tm. Lmx g IXH gt g xodqbclt z >.7& tbcq oecqqcm` ymufd amxxoq~m`d tm

g` oòxis uoào ml

7>4 oxi-ae8& g~~xmrcegtcì tbo ghqmx~tcm` hs tbo ortxg%

igfgatca hgakixmu`d fcibt "OHF# yctb g doaxogqo ml tbo `m`%ghqmxhod uoào hs

?>/. Cl tbo oecttod q~oatxue cq m` g ~myox fgy dcqtxchutcm` yctb c`dor %8.8& g`d cl

tbo ghqmx~tcm` hs tbo OHF ag` ho g~~xmrcegtod gq g` or~mò`tcgf q~oatxgf%hxogk gt

g` oòxis 2>> Io\& tbo` tbo g|oxgio ~bmtm` oòxis xogabcì tbo ogxtb ymufd ho

71> Io\. Tboxolmxo& tbo càmecì oòxis uoào ymufd amxxoq~m`d tm g ~gxtcafo

uoào ml 7>4 oxi

71>Io\ae8 ? 7>4~bmtm`q-ae8. Tbo q~oatxgffs%yocibtod ooatc|o

gxog ml Ecfgixm lmx quab g qci`gf cq 7>< ae8. Tboxolmxo& 7>< ? 7>4 5 ?>>

~bmtm`q lxm tbo \BO oecqqcm` ml tbcq IXH ycff ho dotoatod hs Ecfgixm. Fot uq qgs

tbgt tbo duxgtcm` ml tbo huxqt ygq 7>> q. Tbo gemu`t ml hgakixmu`d lmx g qce~fo

hc`òd qogxab tbgt uqoq g 8m 8m qwugxo hc` ycff ho ghmut 4>> hgakixmu`d o|o`tq

lmx tboqo 7>> q& ic|o` tbgt tbo hgakixmu`d xgto ml Ecfgixm cq ghmut 7o|o`t doi8

q7

.

Tbo ^mcqqm` aueufgtc|o ~xmghcfcts ml 4>> hgakixmu`d o|o`tq ioòxgtcì g uatugtcm`

gq hci gq 4>> + ?>> cq 7>7>8 mx 87 qtg`dgxd do|cgtcm`q. Tbcq ~xmhghcfcts cq emxo

tbg` o`muib tm afgce g dotoatcm`.

7 C` tbcq ymxk& |oxs bcib oòxis amxxoq~m`dq tm tbo ?> Io\ 7>> T o\ oòxis xgìo.

cc


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Tbo xqt abg~tox ml tbcq dcqqoxtgtcm` ycff ic|o g bcqtmxcagf mutfcò ml IXH

mhqox|gtcm q g`d ycff doqaxcho tbo tbomxotcagf emdofq or~fgc`cì IXHq.

IXH oecqqcm` bgq hoo` orto`qc|ofs mhqox|od c` Eo\ g`d fmyox oòxicoq.

Tboxo gxo euftc~fo tbomxotcagf emdofq tbgt ~xodcat tbgt IXHq gfqm oect c` tbo

Io\-To\ oòxis xgìo. Mhqox|gtcm`q ml tbo IXH q~oatxg u~ tm to`q ml Io\ bg|o

qbmy` `m qci`q ml g autm. Bmyo|ox& mhqox|gtcm`q lmx tbocx O 0 ?> Io\ oecqqcm`&

~xm|cdo gt hoqt m`fs bc`tq ml quab g` oecqqcm`. Abg~tox 8 ycff ic|o g` m|ox|coy ml tbo

tbomxotcagf emdofq ~xodcatcì quab g` oecqqcm` g`d ycff ~xoqo`t tbo mhqox|gtcm`gf

xoquftq tbgt qu~~mxt ctq orcqtoào. Mò ml tbo xogqm`q ybs tboxo bgq `mt sot hoo`

g do`ctc|o dotoatcm` ml tbo O 0 7>> Io\ oecqqcm` cq tbgt ct cq qtxmìfs gttoùgtod

ybcfo ct txg|ofq tbxmuib tbo ortxgigfgatca q~gao. M`fs g qegff lxgatcm` ml tbo \BO

oecqqcm` xogaboq tbo ogxtb& egkcì ct |oxs dcfiauft tm dotoat. Tbcq ce~mxtg`t ooat

cq doqaxchod c` Abg~tox 1.

Tbcq qogxab cq m~tceczod ~xcegxcfs lmx dotoatcì tbo \BO oecqqcm` hs IXHq.

Bmyo|ox& ct ag` gfqm dotoat g`s ~bo`meo`g tbgt oect huxqtq ml \BO igeeg xgsq&

quab gq tbo or~fmqc|o fgqt qtgio ml tbo o|g~mxgtcm` ml ~xcemxdcgf hfgak bmfoq. Tbo

c`qtxueo`t uqod lmx tbcq qogxab& tbo Ecfgixm igeeg%xgs mhqox|gtmxs& cq `mt qo`qctc|o

o`muib tm dotoat o|g~mxgtcì ~xcemxdcgf hfgak bmfoq gt g ixogt dcqtgào. Bmyo|ox&

tbo ~bo`meo`m` ygq oractcì o`muib tbgt ygxxg`tod g qo~gxgto abg~tox "abg~. 4#

lmx ctq doqaxc~tcm`.

Tbo Ecfgixm igeeg%xgs mhqox|gtmxs cq ~xcegxcfs qo`qctc|o tm igeeg xgsq ml

To\ oòxicoq& hut ct gfqm bgq qmeo qo`qctc|cts dmy` tm 4> Io\. Ctq ycdo ofd ml

|coy " 8 qx# g`d bcib duts asafo "0 3>/# egko ct cdogf lmx am`tcùmuqfs em`ctmxcì

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tbo m|oxbogd qks lmx txg`qco t \BO oecqqcm`q. Ecfgixmq ~xcàc~fo ml m~oxgtcm` g`d

ag~ghcfctcoq ycff ho doqaxchod c` Abg~tox ?.

Tbo Ecfgixm dgtg gxo qogxabod c` |gxcmuq ygsq lmx oecqqcm` lxme IXHq. Mò

ygs cq tm ~oxlmxe qogxaboq c` amcàcdoào yctb IXH txciioxq ~xm|cdod hs ortox`gf

c`qtxueo tq. Quab qogxaboq bg|o hoo` ~oxlmxeod& g`d o|o` tbmuib tbos xoquftod

tm `m dotoatcm`q& tbos bg|o ~fgaod u~~ox fcectq m` \BO oecqqcm` m` tbo c`dc|cdugf

ortox`gffs%dotoatod IXHq. G`mtbox ygs tm qogxab tbo Ecfgixm dgtg cq hfc`dfs& yctb%

mut uqcì g`s ortox`gf IXH fmagfczgtcm`. Tbcq qtuds tbmxmuibfs qogxabod tbo o`tcxo

Ecfgixm dgtgqot c` qtgxt tceo& q~gao& g`d duxgtcm`. Abg~tox < ycff doqaxcho tbo

gfimxctbe uqod g`d ame~gxo tbcq hfc`d qogxab yctb tbo mtbox kc`dq ml IXH qogxaboq

~oxlmxeod m` tbo Ecfgixm dgtg.

Hoaguqo ml tbo qogxabq hfc`d `gtuxo g`d tbo fgxio orto`t ml tbo g`gfszod

dgtgqot& tbcq qogxab ~oxlmxeod g fgxio ùehox ml txcgfq. Ybo` g qogxab am tgc q

eg`s txcgfq& tbo` |oxs ce~xmhghfo uatugtcm`q ml tbo hgakixmu`d ag` g~~ogx gq xogf

qci`gf. C` mxdox tm xoduao tbo xgto ml tboqo lgfqo ~mqctc|oq& tbo xowucxoeo`tq m` tbo

qtxoìtb ml g dotoatod qci`gf bg|o tm ho càxogqod. Tbcq& u`lmxtu`gtofs& fcectq tbo

qo`qctc|cts ml tbo qogxab. Abg~tox 9 ycff ic|o g` m|ox|coy ml tbo qtgtcqtcaq uqod c`

tbcq qtuds g`d ml tbo eotbmd hs ybcab lgfqo ~mqctc|oq yoxo g|mcdod c` tbcq qogxab.

Tbcq qogxab ygq g qce~fo hc`òd qogxab. Mò ml tbo ygsq ct ygq m~tceczod ygq

hs gdjuqtcì ctq hc` qczo tm tbo duxgtcm` g`d tbo oòxis ml tbo qci`gf u`dox qogxab.

Abg~tox 2 ycff doqaxcho tbcq m~tceczgtcm`.

Gltox tbo ~xm~oxtcoq ml tbo qci`gf u`dox qogxab yoxo doqaxchod& g`d tbo ag%

~ghcfctcoq ml tbo Ecfgixm dotoatmx g`d ml tbo qogxab gfimxctbe yoxo agfaufgtod& tbo

c|


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qo`qctc|cts ml tbo qogxab amufd ho wug`tcod. Abg~tox 3 ycff ~xoqo`t tbo qo`qctc|cts ml

tbo Ecfgixm dotoatmx tm tbo oecqqcm` lxme IXHq g`d ^HBq& g`d ycff qot Ecfgixmq

~xmq~oatq lmx dcqam|oxcì quab g` oecqqcm`.

Tbo `gf xoquftq ml tbo qogxab gxo doqaxchod c` Abg~tox 7>. _`lmxtu`gtofs&

`m huxqtq ml \BO oecqqcm` c` tbo Ecfgixm dgtg yoxo dotoatod. G Em to Agxfm

qceufgtcm` ml tbo IXH ~m~ufgtcm` ygq axogtod& ybcab bof~od tm ~fgao u~~ox fcectq m`

tbo \BO oecqqcm` lxme IXHq. Q~oacagffs& tbo qceufgtcm` agfaufgtod tbo ~xodcatod

ùehox ml IXHq Ecfgixm ymufd or~oat tm dotoat |oxquq tbocx \BO%oecqqcm` emdof.

Hs ame~gxcì tbo ùff xoquft ml tbo qogxab yctb tbo ~xodcatcm` ml tbo qceufgtcm`& qmeo

ml tbo \BO%oecqqcm` emdofq yoxo orafudod. Tbo qceufgtcm` ml tbo IXH ~m~ufgtcm`

g`d tbo xoquftcì u~~ox fcectq gxo ~xoqo`tod c` 77.

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Dodcagtod tm es ~gxo`tq.

|c


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Gak`myfodieo`tq

Lcxqt ml gff& C ymufd fcko tm tbg`k es ~gxo`tq Dcectxg g`d Cfcgq g`d es ixg`d%

~gxo`tq G`tm`cq g`d Zmc lmx ic|cì eo tbo lmu`dgtcm`q tm ~uxquo es dxogeq. Tbg`k

smu lmx egkcì qtuhhmx`& lmx egkcì eo qegxt& g`d lmx egkcì eo g immd ~oxqm`.

C ymufd fcko tm tbg`k es gd|cqmx Jmxdg` Immdeg` lmx hofco|cì c` eo& g`d

lmx gff bcq qu~~mxt g`d iucdgào bo bgq ~xm|cdod eo. Jmxdg` ygq gfygsq g|gcfghfo

tm bof~ yctb g`s kc`dq ml ~xmhfoeq C bgd. Mhqox|cì bce tguibt eo bmy tm ho g

hottox amffghmxgtmx& g`d g hottox qaco`tcqt.

C ymufd fcko tm ic|o g buio tbg`kq tm G`ds Qectb. G`ds g`d C q~o`t o`dfoqq

bmuxq tgfkcì ghmut Ecfgixm& igeeg%xgs gqtxm`mes& tbo òy egahmmk& g`d ybs

amyq dm`t fcko amx`. G`ds ygq g ~gtco`t g`d k`myfodioghfo togabox& gfygsq xogds tm

qtg`d u~& ixgh tbo abgfk& g`d qtgxt dxgycì iuxoq g`d owugtcm`q m` tbo hfgakhmgxd

tm or~fgc` tbcìq. Ymxkcì yctb bce ygq mò ml tbo hciioqt xogqm`q lmx o`jmscì es

ixgdugto sogxq ymxkcì lmx Ecfgixm. C myo g hci ~gxt ml es quaaoqq tm bce.

C ymufd gfqm fcko tm tbg`k Hxo`dg Dcìuq g`d Iuq Qc``cq lmx tbo iucdgào&

qu~~mxt& g`d am`qtxuatc|o axctcacqe tbos bg|o ic|o` eo. C ymufd fcko tm tbg`k

Hxo`dg g`d Jufco EaOòxs lmx hofco|cì c` eo g`d lmx gatc|ofs txscì tm bof~ eo.

Eg`s tbg`kq tm Hmh Offqymxtb lmx bcq |oxs uqoluf bof~ yctb es ÊT toqtq& g`d lmx

gff tbo k`myfodio bo bgq qbgxod yctb eo. Tbg`kq tm Jce Fc`òeg`` lmx bcq gatc|o

c`toxoqt c` tbo tbo EA qceufgtcm` g`d lmx gff tbo qtgtcqtcaq k`myfodio C bg|o fogxòd

lxme bce. Tbg`k tm Ixoi Quffc|g` lmx hocì es gd|cqmx duxc i es xqt qoeoqtoxq

gt Egxsfg`d. Tbg`kq tm tbo Ecfgixm g`d BGYA amffghmxgtcm`q lmx gffmycì eo tm

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~xoqo`t tbo xoquftq g`d tbo qtgtuq ml tbo or~oxceo`tq gt `gtcm`gf g`d c`tox`gtcm`gf

eootcìq& g`d gt tbo @QL ~gòf xo|coy. Tbg`kq tm es u`doxixgdugto gd|cqmx c`

Ixooao& Abxcqtmq Ofoltboxcgdcq lmx bof~cì es yctb es xqt qto~q gq g qaco`tcqt.

Yctbmut bcq bof~& C ecibt bgd `mt hoo` ghfo tm eo`tcm` ~fgaoq quab gq AOX@&

_ED& Fmq Gfgemq& g`d @GQG c` es A\.

Es lxco`dq g`d loffmy ixgdugto qtudo`tq bof~od egko es ixgdugto fclo g fmt

ogqcox. Tbg`kq tm es lxco`d ^gtts g`d es xmmeegto Abgd& ybm egsho yoxo es

m`fs qmacgf fclo duxcì tbo xqt bgxd sogxq ml hocì g ixgdugto qtudo`t c` g lmxoci`

amu txs. Tbg`kq tm es immd lxco`dq c` Ixooao E~ge~cq& Abxcqtmq& Zmc& Kckb& g`d

Lmtoc`b ybm xoec`dod eo ml tbo immd tceoq hgak bmeo& g`d qu~~mxtod eo tbxmuib

tbo bgxd tceoq boxo. Tbg`kq tm Dg|cd @msoq lmx hocì g immd lxco`d& g`d lmx gff

tbo lu` `cibtq gt Ym`doxfg`d& \oigq& Fmq Gfgemq& ota. Tbg`kq tm es mtbox immd

lxco`d lxme Ecfgixm Gmuq& yctb ybme C q~o`t g fmt ml lu` tceo gt xg`dme qabmmfq

g`d eootcìq gxmu`d tbo ymxfd "Oxcao& Eoxcdg& Eorcam Acts& Fmq Gfgemq& ota#.

Ixootcìq tm Ecfgixm ixgd qtudo`t g`d mfiao egto Huakfos& yctb ybme C o`jmsod

qbgxcì tbo mfiao& g`d tgfkcì ghmut tbgt gqb doqktm~ igeo C lmximt ctq `geo.

Ixootcìq tm Ecfgixm amffghmxgtmxq g`d lxco`dq Auxtcq& ^ghfm& g`d Qghxc`g. Qbgeo

tm Auxtcq lmx gfygsq hogtcì eo gt Amu`toxqtxcko. Tbg`kq tm loffmy Egxsfg`doxq

Bofc`g g`d Duqg`. Bofc`g cq g immd lxco`d& g`d g ~fogqg t g`d lu``s ame~g cm .

Ixootcìq tm tbo mtbox ixook ixgdugto qtudo`tq gt _ED& g`d oq~oacgffs Abxcqtmq&

Kmqtgq& g`d Gfor.

Lc`gffs& C ymufd fcko tm ic|o tbo hciioqt g|gcfghfo tbg`k smu tm Egxigxot.

Duxcì tboqo fgqt 8 sogxq& qbo ygq tboxo lmx eo q~o`dcì o`dfoqq gemu`tq ml tceo

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qbo amufd g`d amufd `mt gmxd. C dm`t k`my bmy es oemtcm`gf& eo`tgf& g`d

~bsqcagf qtgto ymufd bg|o hoo` gltox 1>> ~gioq ml dcqqoxtgtcm` yctbmut box. Box

~xoqo`ao egdo eo yg`t tm gaame~fcqb emxo& hoameo g hottox ~oxqm`& g`d egdo es

fclo hogutcluf. Qbo cq tbo xogqm` tbgt C ycff ho qgsc`i c` to` sogxq: Gbb& ixgdugto

qabmmf..immd tceoq....

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Tghfo ml Am`to`tq

Fcqt ml Tghfoq rccc

Fcqt ml Lciuxoq rc|

Fcqt ml Ghhxo|cgtcm`q rrcr

7 Igeeg%Xgs Huxqtq 77.7 C txmduatcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.8 Bcqtmxs ml IXH Mhqox|gtcm`q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

7.8.7 Tbo xqt sogxq "739# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787.8.4 Qyclt "8>>4 % ~xoqo t# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

7.1 Tbo IXH Emdof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>7.1.7 C`òx oìcò ml IXHq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847.1.8 Oecqqcm` eoabg cqe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?7.1.1 Xofgtc|cqtca or~g`qcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

7.1.?.7 Fmì IXH%qu~ox`m|g am`òatcm` . . . . . . . . . . . 11

8 \BO Oecqqcm` lxme IXHq 1?

8.7 C txmduatcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1?8.8 Qogxaboq lmx \BO Oecqqcm` lxme IXHq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4.8 Ghqmx~tcm` ml tbo oecqqcm` lxme ortox`gf qbmakq . . . . . . . . ?7

1 Ghqmx~tcm` ml tbo \BO Oecqqcm` lxme IXHq hs tbo OHF ??1.7 C txmduatcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??1.8 Tbo OHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??.7 C txmduatcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2>?.8 Ixmu`d%Hgqod Igeeg%Xgs Dotoatmxq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27?.1 Dotoatmx Doqaxc~tcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287>.7 C`txmduatcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>87>.8 Dgtg Qge~fo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>87>.1 Ooatc|o @uehox ml Txcgfq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>?7>.4 Xoquftq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>3

77 _~~ox Fcectq m` tbo ^xme~t \BO Oecqqcm` lxme IXHq 87977.7 C`txmduatcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87977.8 IXH Duxgtcm` Dcqtxchutcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88>77.1 Xodqbclt dcqtxchutcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888

77.1.7 C`txc`qca xodqbclt dcqtxchutcm` ml fmì IXHq . . . . . . . . . . 88177.1.8 C`txc`qca xodqbclt dcqtxchutcm` ml qbmxt IXHq . . . . . . . . . . 81>77.1.1 ôgk%fuec`mqcts luàtcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81177.1.4 Lfur%fcectod qofoatcm` luàtcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81377.1.? Xodqbclt dcqtxchutcm` ml dotoatod IXHq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

77.4 Cqmtxm~ca%Owuc|gfo`t Oecttod Oòxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84177.? IXH Xgtoq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84277.< Emdof lmx \BO Oecqqcm` lxme IXHq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84377.9 \oxcagtcm` ml tbo IXH Qceufgtcm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?>77.2 Xoquftq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?.7 Dgtg lmx tbo tym o|o tq yctb ~mqt%txcgfq ~xmhghcfctcoq foqq tbg` >.>7. . 87"T3># lmx HGTQO g`d Qyclt IXHq. . . 888

77.8 ^gxgeotoxq uqod c` tbo qceufgtcm` ml tbo IXH ~m~ufgtcm . . . . . . . 8?8

77.1 _~~ox fcectq gt tbo 3>/ am`doào fo|of m` tbo xgtcm X lmx dcox%o`t |gfuoq ml tbo q~oatxgf c`dor g`d tbo egrceue oecttod oòxis

O\ BO&egr ml tbo \BO oecqqcm` lxme IXHq& g`d tbo u~~ox eotgffcactsfcect Zegr. Tboqo xoquftq gxo lmx tbo agqo tbgt gff IXHq oect c` |oxsbcib oòxicoq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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Fcqt ml Lciuxoq

7.7 Amqemfmicagf am tort ml IXHq. Am txgxs tm wugqc%qtoffgx mhjoatq&igeeg%xgs huxqtq ag` bof~ uq ~xmho tbo ~xm~oxtcoq ml tbo u`c|oxqo gqogxfs c` tceo gq tbo o~mab ml xocm`czgtcm`. Qmuxao: [7U . . . . . . . . . 8

7.8 Qaboegtca ml tbo |gxcmuq o |cxmèo`tq c`toxqoatod hs g IXH fcò mlqcibt. Tbo IXH oecqqcm` ~gqqoq tbxmuib tbo acxaueqtoffgx eodcue"AQE# gxmu`d tbo IXH ~xmio ctmx; tbo qtgx%lmxecì xoicm` qux%xmu`dcì tbo IXH "BCC Xoicm`& B8 Afmud#; tbo gehco`t c`toxqtoffgx

eodcue "CQE# ml tbo bmqt igfgrs; tbo hgxsm`ca bgfm ml tbo igfgrs"Bgfm igq#; g`d tbo c`toxigfgatca eodcue "CIE# hotyoo` tbo ogxtbg`d tbo IXH. Tbo ghqmx~tcm` logtuxoq ce~xc`tod m` tbo IXH qci`gfgq ct ~gqqoq tbxmuib tboqo xoicm`q ag` xo|ogf c`lmxegtcm` ghmut tbocxdo`qcts g`d ame~mqctcm`. Qmuxao: [8U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

7.1 @uehox ml IXH%xofgtod xoloxood ~uhfcagtcm`q ~ox sogx. Qmuxao: [1U . . ?

7.4 Fcqt ml or~oxceo`tq qo`qctc|o tm IXHq g`d g~~xmrcegto ùehoxq mldotoatod IXHq "gq ml ogxfs Egs 8>>2#. Qmuxao: [4U . . . . . . . . . . . 4 IXHq dotoatod hs HGTQO c` igfgatca am%mxdc`gtoq. Tbo ~fgò ml mux igfgrs cq gfmì tbo bmxczm`tgf fcò gttbo ecddfo ml tbo iuxo. Tbo cqmtxm~ca dcqtxchutcm` ml IXHq c` q~gaoce~fcod tbgt IXHq gxo emqt fckofs amqemfmicagf qmuxaoq. Qmuxao: [?U . 2

7.< Fcibt aux|oq ml qmeo ml tbo IXHq dotoatod hs HGTQO. Tbo fcibtaux|oq ml IXHq qbmy ixogt |gxcghcfcts g`d dc|oxqcts. Qmuxao: J. T.Hm`òff "@GQG-IQLA# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

7.9 Duxgtcm` "T3># dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo IXHq dotoatod hs HGTQO. Tym~m~ufgtcm`q ml huxqtq& qo~gxgtod gt T3> 8 q& ag` ho qoo`. Qmuxao: [

7.2 Bgxdòqq xgtcm |oxquq duxgtcm` "T3># lmx HGTQO IXHq. Qbmxt huxqtq"T3> 8 q# bg|o bcibox bgxdòqq xgtcmq tbg` fmì huxqtq "T3> 8 q#&qu~~mxtcì tbo bs~mtboqcq tbgt qbmxt g`d fmì huxqtq am`qtctuto tymqo~gxgto ~m~ufgtcm`q& ~xmhghfs mxcic`gtcì lxme dcoxo`t ~xmio`ctmxq.Qmuxao : [9U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

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7.3 Dcqtxchutcm`q ml tbo Hg`d luàtcm` ~gxgeotoxq lxme tq tm tbo q~oatxgml hxcibt HGTQO IXHq. Folt: Fmy%oòxis q~oatxgf c`dor g& ecddfo:hxogk oòxis O>& xcibt: bcib%oòxis q~oatxgf c`dor . Tbo u`ctq m`tbo S groq gxo ùehox ml huxqtq. Qmuxao: [2U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7.7> Orge~fo ml g t tm tbo q~oatxue ml IXH377789 uqcì tbo Hg`d luà%tcm`. Boxo 5 >.3.>88 g`d 5 8.489 >.>9. Qmuxao: [3U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

7.77 Dcoxo`t ~mqqchfo hxmgdhg`d qsàbxmtxm` q~oatxg lxme g xofgtc|cqtcahfgqt yg|o tbgt gaaofoxgtoq tbo ofoatxm`q tm g ~myox%fgy dcqtxchutcm`ml oòxicoq "@ ~& yctb tbo Fmxo`tz lgatmx ml tbo ofoatxm`q#.Tbo dcoxo`t q~oatxg gxo fghofod 7? lxme tm~ tm hmttme. Dcoxo`tqotq ml ~bsqcagf am`dctcm`q amxxoq~m`d tm dcoxo`t mxdoxcìq ml tbohxogk lxowuoàcoq: tbo ec`cegf qsàbxmtxm` lxowuoàs ml tbo fogqtoòxiotca ofoatxm` eu& tbo qofl%ghqmx~tcm` lxowuoàs qg& g`d tbo ts~%

cagf qsàbxmtxm` lxowuoàs ml g` ofoatxm` ybmqo ammfcì tceo owugfqtbo ds`gecagf tceo ml tbo qsqtoe a. Tbo qcecfgxcts ml tboqo q~oatxgtm tbo q~oatxue ml tbo ~xme~t oecqqcm` lxme IXHq ce~fcoq tbgt tbofgttox cq emqt fckofs qsàbxmtxm` xgdcgtcm . Qmuxao: [7>U. . . . . . . . 7& amxxoq~m`dq tm tbo o`d ml tbo ~xme~toecqqcm`. Lmux ~myox%fgy fcibt%aux|o qoieo`tq tmiotbox yctb g gxcìame~mò`t gxo cdo`tcod c` tbo gltoxifmy ~bgqo. Tbo ame~mò`tqegxkod yctb qmfcd fcòq gxo tbo emqt ameem`& ybcfo tbo mòq egxkodyctb dgqbod fcòq gxo mhqox|od c` m`fs g lxgatcm` ml tbo huxqtq. Tbots~cagf q~oatxgf c`dcaoq ml tbo ~myox%fgy doags gxo qbmy` lmx ogabqoieo`t. Tbo hxogk hotyoo` xoicm`q CCC g`d C\ maauxq qceuftgòmuqfslmx gff mhqox|od lxowuoàcoq "gabxmegtca hxogk# g`d cq xofgtod tm tbolgat tbgt tbo IXH oecqqcm` ameoq lxme xofgtc|cqtca jotq. Qmuxao: [78U . 72

7.74 Xodqbclt dcqtxchutcm`q ml IXHq dotoatod hs Qyclt g`d ml IXHq do%toatod hs ~xo%Qyclt qgtoffctoq. Tbo g|oxgio xodqbclt ml tbo Qyclt qge~focq bcibox tbg` xodqbclt ml tbo ~xo|cmuq mhqox|gtcm`q "8. 1 |q 7. 8#&hoaguqo ml tbo ixogtox qo`qctc|cts ml Qyclt tm dcqtg t IXHq. Qmuxao:[71U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

7.7? Qkotab qbmycì tbo ~xmaoqq fogdcì tm tbo lmxegtcm` ml g IXH. Qmuxao:[74U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>

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7.7< G bs~ox%xofgtc|cqtca jot " 8>># hxogkcì mut lxme tbo eg`tfo ml g7?E Ymfl%Xgsot qtgx& 2 q gltox ct ygq fguàbod lxme ògx tbo qtgxqao`tox. Tbo jotq fuec`mqcts cq 1 7>?> oxi-q. Qmuxao: [78U . . . . . . 88

7.79 Amffg~qo g`d or~fmqcm` c` g 74 qmfgx egqq Ymfl%Xgsot qtgx. Folt: Tbo

cxm` amxo ml g bcibfs o|mf|od qtgx amffg~qoq tm g hfgak bmfo. Egtoxcgfgfmì tbo xmtgtcm`gf grcq lgffq c` wucakfs& hut egttox c` tbo owugtm%xcgf ~fgò cq qfmyod hs xmtgtcm` g`d ~cfoq u~ c` g dcqk. Boxo amfmxxo~xoqo`tq fmi do`qcts gt g tceo 8> qoam`dq gltox tbo c`ctcgf amffg~qo&g`d tbo bciboqt do`qcts c` tbo owugtmxcgf ~fgò ògx tbo hfgak bmfo cq3 7>2 i-ae1. Tbo iuxo cq 72>> ke gaxmqq& g`d tbo c`òx hmu`d%gxs cq gt 71 ke. G hfgak bmfo ml 4.4E bgq lmxeod g`d bgq hoo`gaaxotcì >.7 E-q lmx tbo fgqt 7? qoam`dq. Duxcì tbcq tceo& egiò%tmbsdxmds`gecagf ~xmaoqqoq "`mt càfudod c` tbo qceufgtcm`# ymufdfguàb g jot gfmì tbo xmtgtcm`gf grcq. Xcibt: G IXH qu~ox`m|g. Gtym%ame~mò`t jot ygq c`txmduaod gt tbo mxcic` gfmì tbo tm~ g`d

hmttme groq ml g qtgx qcecfgx tm tbo mò ghm|o. Mò ame~mò`tbgd 7>?7 oxi-q& Fmxo tz lgatmx 5 ?>& g`d g` c`tox`gf oòxis tmegqq xgtcm ml 1. Ctq m~o`c i gìfo ygq ghmut 7>m. G qoam`d ame~m%ò`t ml ecfdfs xofgtc|cqtca egttox orto`dod lxme 1>m 4?m g`d bgd~myox ? 7>?> oxi-q g`d q~ood 74 7>1 ke-q. Ctq ame~mqctcm` g`d~xm~oxtcoq xooatod tbmqo or~oatod lmx g dcqk yc`d hfmycì m tbogaaxotcm` dcqk hs |cqamuq ~xmaoqqoq. Tbcq iuxo& 8 7>? ke gaxmqq&qbmyq am`dctcm`q >.34 q gltox tbo jot ygq fguàbod. Hmtb myq gxobsdxmds`gecagffs lmauqod tmygxdq tbo xmtgtcm`gf grcq. Cegioq g`dag~tcm` lxme [78U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

7.72 Qkotab qbmycì bmy tbo xofgtc|cqtca hogecì amehcòd yctb amffc%egtod egttox oecqqcm` ~xmduaoq g` gabxmegtca q~oatxgf hxogk c` tbogltoxifmy aux|o ml IXHq. Qmuxao: [74U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

7.73 IXH oòxiotcaq: dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo cqmtxm~ca%owuc|gfo t oecttod o`%oxis lmx g qofoatcm` ml IXHq yctb k`my` xodqbcltq "tm~#& dcqtxchutcm`ml tbo iomeotxs%amxxoatod oecttod oòxis lmx tbo qgeo IXHq "hmt%tme#. Gxxmyq gxo ~fmttod lmx |o IXHq tm c`dcagto fmyox mx u~~oxfcectq tm tbo iomeotxs%amxxoatod oòxis. Qmuxao: [78U . . . . . . . . . 17

8.7 Qkseg~ ml tbo o|o tq dotoatod hs Ecfgixctm c` amcàcdoào yctb IXH39>479.Tbo 72%o|o`t uatugtcm` c` tbo qkseg~ bgd g ~xmhghcfcts ml m`fs7.? 7>1 ml hocì g eoxo uatugtcm` ml tbo hgakixmu`d& ce~fscìtbgt ct ecibt bgd hoo` ioòxgtod hs g igeeg%xgs oecqqcm`. Qmuxao:[7?U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

8.8 O|o tq dotoatod hs OIXOT lxme IXH39>879. OIXOT dotoatod g72 Io\ ~bmtm` 3> ec` gltox tbo IXH. Qmuxao: [7


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8.1 Tbo amehcòd q~oatxue ml IXH347>79 eogquxod hs HGTQO g`dOIXOT gt dcoxo`t tceoq xofgtc|o tm tbo HGTQO txciiox& g "72& 74 q#&h "74& 49 q#& a "49& 2> q#& d "2>& 771 q#& g`d o "771& 877 q#. Qmuxao: [79U . 4>

8.4 Qsàbxmtxm` g`d QQA xgdcgtcm` ~xmduaod gt c tox`gf qbmakq lmx dcox%

o`t lxgatcm`q ml tbo jotq oòxis agxxcod hs tbo egiòtca ofd H: hfgakH 5 >.11& xod H 5 7>8& hfuo H 5 7>4. Boxo 5 >& o 5 >.171& f 5 >.2& g`d tbo IXH bgq g xodqbclt z 5 7. Tbo agfau%fgtcm` cq lmx g fmy%m~gacts xohgff. Tbo bcibox H cq& tbo qegffox tbolxgatcm` ml tbo ofoatxm`q oòxis dcqqc~gtod tbxmuib c`|oxqo Ame~tm`qagttoxcì. Qmuxao: [72U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4>& t 5 7>8q&f 5 8.?#& xod fcò: " 5 >& t 5 7>4q& f 5 >.77i-ae& dmttod: or~g`qcm` c`tm g yc`d yctbG 5 ? 7>77i-ae yctb tbo am`txchutcm` lxme ~cm` doagsq g`d ~xmtm`qsàbxmtxm` oecqqcm` mecttod. Tbo am`txchutcm` ml ~cm` doagsq g`d

~xmtm` qsàbxmtxm` oecqqcm` cq òifcichfo lmx tbo agqo ml or~g`qcm`c`tm g` CQE. Boxo o 5 7>7& H 5 7>8& ~ 5 8& 5 7>8.?& g`d z 5 7.@m ghqmx~tcm` ooatq tbxmuib c`toxgatcm`q yctb tbo OHF yoxo g~~fcod"qoo abg~. 1#. Qmuxao: [73U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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8.2 Qsàbxmtxm` g`d c`|oxqo%Ame~tm` xgdcgtcm` ~xmduaod gt ortox`gfqbmakq lmx dcoxo`t kc`dq ml acxauehuxqt eodcg g`d lxgatcm`q ml tbotboxegf oòxis agxxcod hs tbo ofoatxm`q o g`d tbo egiòtca ofd h.Tm~: or~g`qcm` c`tm g fmy do`qcts CQE& hmttme: or~g`qcm` c tm gqtoffgx yc`d. Qmfcd: "o 5 7>

?& h 5 7>?#& dgqbod: "o 5 7>7&

h 5 7>8#& dgqb%dmttod: "o 5 7>7& h 5 7>4#. Boxo ~ 5 8& 5 7>8.?& z 5 7. @m ghqmx~tcm` ooatq lxme c`toxgatcm`q yctb tboOHF yoxo g~~fcod "qoo abg~. 1#. Qmuxao: [73U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?1

8.3 Oòxis%do~o`do t m~tcagf do~tbq lmx ~gcx ~xmduatcm` g`d qagttoxcì.Qmfcd fcòq "t 5 7>? q& 5 1>>& f 5 8?>>#& dgqbod hfgak fcòq"t 5 7>4 q& 5 1>>& f 5 8?>#& dgqbod xod fcòq "t 5 7>4 q& 5 7>>>& f 5 >. Oòxis%do~o`do t m~tcagf do~tbq lxme ~gcx ~xmduatcm`. Qmfcd fcò:or~fmqcm` c`tm tbo c`tox%qtoffgx eodcue& dgqbod fcò: or~fmqcm` c`tm g

qtoffgx yc`d. Qmuxao: [73U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?4

1.7 Qaboegtca OHF q~oatxue gq g luàtcm` ml yg|ofoìtb. Tbo OHFam qcqtq ml tym kc`dq ml fcibt: xodqbcltod qtgxfcibt "hfuo fcò# g`dqtgxfcibt ghqmxhod g`d xoecttod hs duqt "xod fcò#. Tbo dgqbod fcòamxxoq~m`dq tm tbo amqeca ecaxmyg|o hgakixmu`d& ybcab cq qbmy`boxo m`fs lmx ame~gxcqm` ~ux~mqoq& qcào ct cq `mt am`qcdoxod ~gxt mltbo OHF. Qmuxao [8>U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?9

1.8 Ame~gxcqm` hotyoo` tbo |gxcmuq ~xodcatcm`q m` tbo ~xoqo`t%dgs OHF

do`qcts g`d tbo mhqox|gtcm`gf am`qtxgc`tq. Hfgak qmfcd aux|oq qbmy tbo~xodcatcm`q lxme dcoxo t OHF emdofq. Ixos egxkoxq gxo eogquxo%eo`tq g`d fcectq lxme dcxoat eogquxoeo`tq& uatugtcm` g`gfsqoq& g`dqmuxao amu`tq. Xod aux|oq gxo u~~ox fcectq doxc|od lxme \BO hfgzgxigeeg%xgs q~oatxg. _~~ox folt: emdof lxme ^xcegak ot gf. [87U. _~%~ox xcibt: lgqt o|mfutcm` g`d hgqofcò OHF emdofq lxme Qtoakox ot gf.[88& 81U. Fmyox folt: bcib g`d fmy 8>>4 emdofq lxme Kòcqko ot gf.[84U. Fmyox xcibt: ioòxca OHF emdof lxme Xguo` , Egzc`[8?& 8< emdof. . . .


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1.? Oòxis dcqtxchutcm` ml o|o tq ~gqqcì tbo txciiox g`d aut axctoxcg |ox%quq tbo xodqbclt ml tbo qmuxao. Gt fogqt 8> ÊTq yoxo xowucxod tm~gxtcac~gto c` tbo gìufgx xoam`qtxuatcm` tq& g`d tbo egrceue ox%xmx c` tbo xoam`qtxuatod gìfo lmx tbo gaao~tod o|o`tq ygq 7.?m. Tbooòxicoq gxo lmx tbo mhqox|ox xoloxoào lxgeo. Tbo IXH cq gqqueod

tm oect \BO igeeg xgsq c` tbo 7> Io\ 7>> T o\ oòxis xgìo"huxqt lxgeo# m` g ~myox%fgy q~oatxue yctb c`dor g5%8.8 g`d lxmeg zo`ctb gìfo 7>m. Kòcqkoq hoqt%hct>< emdof ygq uqod tm agfaufgtotbo ghqmx~tcm` hs tbo OHF. Tbo `mxegfczgtcm` ml tbo ~fmt cq gxhctxgxs. < emdof ygq uqod tmagfaufgto tbo ghqmx~tcm` hs tbo OHF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T o\. Tbo q~oatxg qbmy` gxo hgqod m` tbo emdofqhs Boakfox[82U& Kg~uqtg[83U& g`d EgaIchhm` g`d Yohhox[1>U. Lmxxoloxoào& tbo dcxoat ~bmtm` Bgykcì xgdcgtcm` cq gfqm qbmy`. Qmuxao[17U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9U. Lmxtbo EgaIchhm`%Yohhox ~fmt& Oec` 5 7>> Io\ ygq uqod. Qmuxao [17U 99

4.1 ^bmtm` q~oatxg ml tbo oecqqcm` lxme g hfgak bmfo yctb c`ctcgf toe~ox%gtuxo T 5 7> T o\& c toixgtod m|ox ctq fclo. Tbo q~oatxg qbmy` gxohgqod m` tbo emdofq hs Boakfox [82U& Kg~uqtg [83U& g`d EgaIchhm`g`d Yohhox [1>U. Lmx xoloxoào& tbo dcxoat ~bmtm` Bgykcì xgdcgtcm`cq gfqm qbmy`. Qmuxao [17U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

?.7 ^xc ac~fo ml m~oxgtcm` ml g` Cegicì Gtemq~boxca Aboxo`km| Tofo%qam~o. G amqeca igeeg xgs c toxgatq gt tbo tm~ ml tbo gtemq~boxoaxogtcì g` OGQ. Tbo gcx qbmyox am`tgc`q tbmuqg`dq ml oòxiotca ofoa%

txm`q g`d ~mqctxm`q tbgt oect Aboxo`km| fcibt. Fgxio tofoqam~oq m`tbo ixmu`d dotoat tbcq fcibt g`d xoam`qtxuat tbo qbmyox g`d tbo ~xm~%oxtcoq ml tbo ~xcegxs igeeg xgs tbgt aguqod ct. Qmuxao: [18U . . . . . 21

?.8 G amào~tugf cegio do~catcì tbo ygtox%Aboxo`km| toab`cwuo. Qmuxao[11U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

?.1 \coy ml tbo c qcdo ml Ecfgixmq ~m`d. ^bmtm amuxtoqs Xcak Dcìuq. . . 2?

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?.4 Goxcgf |coy ml tbo ame~foto Ecfgixm dotoatmx. Tbo ~m`d& qbmy` boxoyctb q`my m` tbo am|ox& cq c` tbo ecddfo. Tbo hucfdcìq òrt tm tbo~m`d bmuqo tbo ofoatxm`caq& qtmxgio q~gaoq g`d tbo ygtox ftxgtcm`qsqtoeq. Tbo mutxciiox gxxgs cq gfqm qbmy` "xod dmtq# gxmu`d tbo ~m`d. 29

?.? G dc|ox ymxkcì m` g ÊT duxc i g xo~gcx m~oxgtcm`. Tbo hgfflo g`dtbo ÊT oàg~qufgtcm` ag` ho qoo`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

?.< Qaboegtca ml tbo egc ~m`d. Qmuxao [14U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

?.9 ^bmtm ml g` mutxciiox tg`k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3?

?.2 Dceo qcm`q ml g` mutxciiox tg`k. Qmuxao: Tm`s Qbmu~ . . . . . . . . . 3 Qaboegtca ml tbo Ecfgixmq ofoatxm`caq qsqtoe. Qmuxao [1?U . . . . . . . 33

?.77 Xgto ml o|o`tq yctb g` g`gfmi que m|ox g aoxtgc` tbxoqbmfd. Tboxgtoq lmx gff o|o`tq "hfgak dmtq# g`d lmx o|o`tq tbgt amufd `mt hoxoam`qtxuatod "~c`k txcgìfoq# gxo qbmy`. Qmuxao [1?U . . . . . . . . . 7>8

?.78 Dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo xcqo tceoq ml o|o`tq tbgt amufd-amufd `mt# ho xo%am`qtxuatod "tm~-hmttme#. Qmuxao [1?U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7>4

?.71 Xgtcm ml tbo ooatc|o gxog ml Ecfgixm yctb tbo òy \EO txciiox qsq%toe m|ox tbo ooatc|o gxog yctb tbo mfd euftc~fcacts txciiox. Tboxo cqg am`qcdoxghfo ce~xm|oeo`t c` Ecfgixmq qo`qctc|cts tm fmyox%oòxisqci`gfq ybo` uqcì tbo òy \EO txciiox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7>?

?.74 Dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo oxxmxq c` tbo amxo fmagtcm`q lmx igeeg xgsq lxmeg Axgh%fcko qmuxao. G qmlt aut bgq hoo` g~~fcod tm tbo dgtg xowucxcìgt fogqt 8> ÊTq tm ~gxtcac~gto c` tbo dcxoatcm`%xoam`qtxuatcm` t. . . 77>

?.7? Eodcg` oxxmx c` tbo amxo ~mqctcm` |oxquq txuo dcqtgào lxme tbo qbmyoxamxo. Tbo oxxmx hgxq qbmy qtgtcqtcagf oxxmxq m` tbo eodcg`. . . . . . . 77>

?.7< Ooat ml tbo ~xcegxs ~gxtcafoq oòxis m` tbo gaauxgas ml tbo xo%am`qtxuatod amxo fmagtcm`. Tm~: eodcg` oxxmx c` tbo amxo ~mqctcm`|oxquq tbo igeeg%xgs oòxis& hmttme: eodcg` amxo oxxmxq lmx ~myox%fgy q~oatxg yctb c`dor %8.>> g`d dcoxo`t or~mò`tcgf autmq m` tbobcib oòxis ame~mò`t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

?.79 Dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo xoam`qtxuatod amxo ~mqctcm`q. . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

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?.72 Oxxmx c` tbo xoam`qtxuatod gìfo lmx g qceufgtod igeeg%xgs qci`gf m`g ~myox fgy q~oatxue yctb c`dor %8.>>. G qmlt aut bgq hoo` g~~fcodtm tbo dgtg xowucxcì gt fogqt 8> ÊTq tm ~gxtcac~gto c` tbo t. . . . 77 Eodcg` oxxmx c` tbo xoam`qtxuatod gìfo |oxquq tbo txuo dcqtgào mltbo qbmyox amxo lxme tbo ao tox ml tbo ~m`d. G qmlt aut bgq hoo`g~~fcod tm tbo dgtg xowucxcì gt fogqt 8> ÊTq tm ~gxtcac~gto c` tbot. Tbo oxxmx hgxq qbmy tbo qtgtcqtcagf oxxmx m` tbo eodcg`. . . . . . . 772

?.87 Eodcg` oxxmx c` tbo xoam`qtxuatod gìfo |q oxxmx c` tbo xoam`qtxuatodamxo fmagtcm`. Tbo ycdtb ml tbo oxxmx hgxq cq owugf tm mò qtg`dgxddo|cgtcm`. G qmlt aut xowucxcì gt fogqt 8> ÊTq ~gxtcac~gtcì c` tbot bgq hoo` g~~fcod. Tbo oxxmx hgxq qbmy tbo qtgtcqtcagf oxxmx m` tbo

eodcg`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

?.88 Ooat ml tbo ~xcegxs ~gxtcafoq oòxis m` tbo gìufgx xoam`qtxuatcm`gaauxgas. Tm~: eodcg` oxxmx m` tbo xoam`qtxuatod gìfo |oxquq tboigeeg%xgs oòxis& hmttme: tbo qgeo oxxmx lmx ~myox%fgy q~oatxg mlc`dor %8.>> g`d dcoxo`t or~mò`tcgf autmq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78>

?.81 Dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo ùehox ml o|o`tq xotgcòd lxme g` G4 aut. Tbodcqtxchutcm`q ~xodcatod hs tbo Em`to Agxfm qceufgtcm` ml tbo dotoatmxlmx igeeg xgsq "qci`gf# g`d amqeca xgsq "hgakixmu`d# gxo qbmy`yctb tbo hfuo g`d xod aux|oq xoq~oatc|ofs& g`d tbo dcqtxchutcm` lmx

amqeca xgsq lxme dgtg cq qbmy` yctb hfgak. Hgqod m` tbo lgat tbgttbo dcqtxchutcm`q lmx amqeca xgsq g`d igeeg xgsq gxo |oxs dcoxo`t&tboqo tym o|o`t ts~oq ag` ho ooatc|ofs dcoxo`tcgtod. Qmuxao G.Ghdm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

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/ ~xmhghcfcts lmx egtabcì oecq%qcm` g`d qogxab duxgtcm`q& m|ox tbo ec`ceue ùehox ml o|o`tq òodod

ybo` tboxo cq g ecqegtab. Tbo |oxtcagf qtxc~oq m` tbo eg~ gxo axo%gtod hs càxogqoq& hs mò& ml tbo qegff ùehox ml o|o`tq òodod lmx gdotoatcm` ybo` tbo oecqqcm` g`d qogxab duxgtcm`q egtab "ùeoxgtmxml tbo xgtcm ~fmttod m` tbo Z grcq#. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

lxme xodqbclt >.1. Tbo wug tcts ~fmttod cq tbo wugfctslgatmx doòd gq W 5 lQ

lH& yboxo lQ g`d lH gxo tbo lxgatcm`q ml

qci`gf g`d hgakixmu`d tbgt ~gqq g q~oaca aut. Tbo wugfcts lgatmxqbmyq tbo abgìo c` tbo qtgtcqtcagf qci`cagào ml g qci`gf c`txmduaodhs g~~fscì g aut. Tboqo ~fmtq gxo m`fs |gfcd lmx tbo fmìox duxgtcm`q&yboxo tbo fgxio qtgtcqtcaq gffmy Iguqqcg` ~xmhghcfctcoq tm ho uqod. . . 7?1

9.7 G ~xmhghcfcts dcqtxchutcm` ~xmduaod hs g qceufgtcm` ml g hc`òd qogxab

yctb bcibfs amxxofgtod txcgfq. Tbo amxxofgtcm`q hotyoo` txcgfq dcqtmxttbo ~xmhghcfcts dcqtxchutcm` gygs lxme ctq or~oatod lmxe qbmy` hstbo hfgak fcò. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7& tbcak hfgak fcò: t tm tbo ~xmhghcfcts dcqtxchutcm` ml gfftxcgfq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7


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2.7 Tbo xgtcm "y#y

lmu`d c` tbo qci`cagào lmxeufg "ow. 2.1# ~fmttod|oxquq tbo hc` bgfl%ycdtb "y-8# lmx tbxoo zo`ctb%gìfo xoicm`q. Tbom~tceue hc` bgfl%ycdtb amxxoq~m`dq tm tbo ~ogkq ml tbo aux|oq g`dcq owugf tm >.2m lmx gff tbxoo aux|oq. Dgtg lxme g Em to Agxfmqceufgtcm` ml tbo dotoatmx yoxo uqod tm am`qtxuat tboqo ~fmtq. . . . . . 79

2.1 Eg~ qbmycì tbo dotoatcm` ~xmhghcfcts ml g` g|oxgio qci`gf @Q&tmtgf|oxquq tbo tbo bgfl%ycdtb ml tbo hc` uqod hs g qogxab lmx tbgt qci`gf.Hfgak aux|o: ~xmfo ml tbo eg~& xod aux|o: ~mfs`mecgf t tm tbo~xmfo& bmxczm`tgf hfgak fcò: ec ceue ml tbo t& |oxtcagf hfgak hgx:oxxmx hgxq amxxoq~m`dcì tm 7?/ càxogqo c` tbo ec`ceue dotoatghfo

qci`gf m|ox tbo m~tceue agqo. Tbcq eg~ amxxoq~m`dq tm tbo qogxablmx oecqqcm` yctb duxgtcm` 7>> q lxme g zo`ctb gìfo >m 7?m. . . . . 728

2.4 M~tceue hc`%qczo bgfl%ycdtb lmx tbxoo zo`ctb%gìfo xoicm`q "hfgak~mc tq yctb amfmx oxxmx hgxq#. Tbo oxxmx hgxq amxxoq~m`d tm 7?/càxogqo m|ox tbo ec`ceue qci`gf ml tbo ~xmfo aux|o. Tbo hfgakqmfcd bmxczm`tgf fcò qbmyq tbo m~tceue hc` qczo gq agfaufgtod uqcìIguqqcg` qtgtcqtcaq. Tbo dgqbod hfgak aux|o qbmyq tbo hc` qczo uqodc` tbo qogxab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

2.? Dcoxoào c` tbo uoào qo`qctc|cts ml tbo qogxab ybo` uqcì tbo m~tc%

eue hc` qczo agfaufgtod uqcì ^mcqqm` qtgtcqtcaq |oxquq tbo m~tceuehc` qczo agfaufgtod uqcì Iguqqcg` qtgtcqtcaq. Tbo S grcq qbmyq tbo xg%tcm ml tbo ec`ceue qci`gf tbgt ag` ho dotoatod yctb g 3>/ am`doàofo|of ybo` uqcì g Iguqqcg`%m~tceczod hc` ">.2m# m|ox tbo ec`ceueqci`gf ybo` uqcì g ^mcqqm`%m~tceczod hc`. Tbo xod dmtq qbmy tbo xg%tcm lmx ogab duxgtcm`& g`d tbo hfgak aux|o cq g ~mfs`mecgf t tm iucdotbo oso. Tbo xoquftq gxo qbmy` lmx tbo >m 7?m zo`ctb gìfo hg`d.Tbo ce~xm|oeo`t cq qcecfgx lmx tbo mtbox tym zo`ctb%gìfo hg`dq. . . 72# gxo^>"d@-d^#d^ 5 78& ?22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>9

7>.1 @uehoxq ml txcgfq c` q~gao g`d qtgxtcì tceo lmx ogab oecqqcm` duxg%tcm` qogxabod. Hfgak: ooatc|o ùehox txcgfq& xod: gatugf ùehox mltxcgfq. Tbo oxxmxq m` tbo ùehox ml ooatc|o txcgfq gxo qegffox tbg`tbo qczo ml tbo egxkoxq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>2

7>.4 Xgtcm ml ooatc|o ùehox ml txcgfq m|ox tmtgf ùehox ml txcgfq |oxquqtbo qogxab duxgtcm`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>3

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7>.? Qge~fo dcqtxchutcm`q ml tbo ~xmhghcfctcoq ml gff tbo txcgfq c` tbo qogxabml mò duxgtcm`. Tm~: Dcqtxchutcm` lmx tbo >.4 q qogxab& hmttme:dcqtxchutcm` lmx tbo >.4 q qogxab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

7>.< Hoqt "ec`ceue# ~mqt%txcgfq ~xmhghcfctcoq lmu`d lmx ogab duxgtcm` qogxabod.

Lfuatugtcm`q axogtcì hoqt ~xmhghcfctcoq c` euftc~fo duxgtcm`q yoxo gf%fmyod tm am`txchuto m`fs mào tm tbo ~fmt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878

7>.9 Dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo hoqt ~mqt%txcgfq ~xmhghcfctcoq lmu`d lmx ogab du%xgtcm` qogxabod. Lfuatugtcm`q axogtcì hoqt ~xmhghcfctcoq c` euftc~foduxgtcm`q yoxo gffmyod tm am`txchuto m`fs mào tm tbo ~fmt. Tbo dcqtxc%hutcm` cq am`qcqto`t yctb g d@-d^ 5 am`qtg`t dcqtxchutcm` qu~~mxt%cì tbo |gfcdcts ml tbo qogxabq xoquftq g`d ml tbo quhqowuo`t qtgtcqtcagfg`gfsqcq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871

7>.2 Qkseg~q gxmu`d tbo emqt qci`cag t o|o t "~mqt%txcgfq# lmu`d c`

tbo qogxab "Emdcod Jufcg` Dgto ?1772#. Tm~: qci`gf eg~& hmttme:fmi7>"^~xotxcgfq# eg~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874

7>.3 Qkseg~q gxmu`d tbo qoam`d emqt qci`cag`t o|o`t "~mqt%txcgfq# lmu`dc` tbo qogxab "Emdcod Jufcg` Dgto ?1


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77.? Tm~: l"z& e# % lxgatcm`gf egqq do`qcts hofmìcì tm eotgffcactcoq fmyoxtbg` qmeo eotgffcacts fcect Zegr 5 e Z& hmttme: Bm~kc`q g`d Hog%ame QLX lmx `m eotgffcacts autm "hfgak fcò# g`d yctb eotgffcactsautmq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882

77.< \mfueotxca lgatmx W"z# d\"z#-dz

7+z "ow. 77.?# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883

77.9 Fmmkhgak tceo "ow. 77.9# |oxquq xodqbclt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

77.2 Tm~: Eoxiox tceo dcqtxchutcm`q lmx @Q%@Q g`d HB%@Q hc`gxcoq. Tbolmux @Q%@Q qsqtoeq dotoatod c` mux igfgrs gxo qbmy` yctb txcgìfoq.Hmttme: Dofgs tceo dcqtxchutcm`q. Dofgs tceoq gxo tbo que ml tbolmxegtcm` tceo ml tbo ame~gat hc`gxcoq " 8> Esx# g`d tbo eoxioxtceoq "tm~ ~fmt#. Tbo dofgs tceoq gxo am`qcqto t yctb g ^"# 5 7-dcqtxchutcm` yctb ec` 5 8> Esx. Qmuxao: [47U . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

77.3 Tceo dofgs dcqtxchutcm` lmx tbo qcr @Q%@Q hc`gxs ame~gat mhjoatqdotoatod c` mux igfgrs. Tbo dcqtxchutcm` cq am`qcqto`t yctb g ^"# 57- dcqtxchutcm`. Dgtg lxme Abge~cm` ot gf.[48U& iuxo lxme Iuottg, ^cxg` [41U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814

77.7>Ame~gat%hc`gxs eoxiox xgto. Tbcq xgto amxxoq~m`dq tm g dcqtxchutcm`ml dofgs tceoq hotyoo` qtgx lmxegtcm` g`d eoxioxq ^"# 5 7-& g`dg ec`ceue dofgs tceo ec` 5 8> Esx. Tbo BH QLX ygq uqod. . . . . 81?

77.77Fuec`mqcts luàtcm` ~xm~mqod hs Fcgì ot gf [44U tm càfudo tbo xoao`tfmy%fuec`mqcts IXHq dotoatod hs Qyclt. "F# d@-dF& g`d > cq gam`qtg`t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

77.78Tbo fuec`mqctcoq g`d xodqbcltq ml tbo Ho~~mQGR-BOTO8 "HQB c`tbo foio`d# qge~fo ame~gxod yctb tbo Qyclt qge~fo. Qmuxao [4?U . . . 84>

77.71Lfur%fcectod qofoatcm` luàtcm`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

77.74Xodqbclt dcqtxchutcm` ml qbmxt g`d fmì IXHq dotoatod hs Qyclt. . . . 844

77.7?Ooatc|o Qyclt tbxoqbmfdq m` `hmf-

T3> g`d @cqm-

T3> lxme Hutfox otgf. [1 uqod c` tboqceufgtcm`& axmqqoq: Qyclt dgtg lxme [1 Eo\ uoào. Qmfcd fcòq: xoquftq lxme tboqceufgtcm`& dgqbod fcòq: Qyclt dgtg lxme [1


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77.73Hmfmeotxca 7 ko\ 7> Eo\ cqmtxm~ca%owuc|gfo`t oòxicoq oecttod.Qmfcd fcò: xoquftq ml tbo qceufgtcm`& dgqbod aux|o: Qyclt dgtg lxme[1Hmfmeotxca 7 ko\ 7> Eo\ uoào m|ox qwugxo xmmt ml T3>. Qmfcdfcò: xoquftq lxme tbo qceufgtcm`& dgqbod xod aux|o: Qyclt dgtg lxme[1.7 Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?9

77.88@uehox ml dotoatod IXHq ~xodcatod hs tbo qceufgtcm` |oxquq tboxgtcm X& lmx dcoxo`t |gfuoq ml tbo q~oatxgf c`dor & g`d tbo egrceueoecttod oòxis Oegr ml tbo \BO oecqqcm` lxme IXHq "qmfcd fcòq#.Tbo dgqbod fcòq qbmy tbo u~~ox fcect gt tbo >.3> am`doào fo|of"8.1 IXHq# lmx 5 8.?. Tboqo xoquftq gxo lmx tbo agqo tbgt gffIXHq oect c` |oxs bcib oòxicoq& g`d lmx g` u~~ox eotgffcacts fcectZegr 5 >.1 Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?2

77.81@uehox ml dotoatod IXHq ~xodcatod hs tbo qceufgtcm` |oxquq tboxgtcm X& lmx dcoxo`t |gfuoq ml tbo q~oatxgf c`dor & g`d tbo egrceueoecttod oòxis Oegr ml tbo \BO oecqqcm` lxme IXHq "qmfcd fcòq#.

Tbo dgqbod fcòq qbmy tbo u~~ox fcect gt tbo >.3> am`doào fo|of"8.1 IXHq# lmx 5 8.?. Tboqo xoquftq gxo lmx tbo agqo tbgt gffIXHq oect c` |oxs bcib oòxicoq& g`d lmx g` u~~ox eotgffcacts fcectZegr 5 >.< Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?3

77.84Q~oatxgf oòxis dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo oecqqcm` lxme g IXH. Hfgak fcò:ts~cagf ~xme~t oecqqcm` q~oatxue& amfmx fcòq: u~~ox fcectq m` tbo~xme~t oecqqcm` qot hs tbcq qtuds. Ogab amfmx amxxoq~m`dq tm g dcl%loxo`t q~oatxgf c`dor ml tbo \BO oecqqcm`& g`d ogab qot ml ~fmtq tm gdcoxo`t egrceue oòxis ml tbo \BO oecqqcm` O\ BO&egr. Tbo o`%oxis ml tbo R grcq cq lmx tbo IXH lxgeo ml xoloxoào "`m`%xodqbcltod#.Tbo xoquftq gxo lmx Zegr 5 >.7 Z g`d lmx gff IXHq bg|cì \BOoecqqcm`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8


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77.8?Q~oatxgf oòxis dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo oecqqcm` lxme g IXH. Hfgak fcò:ts~cagf ~xme~t oecqqcm` q~oatxue& amfmx fcòq: u~~ox fcectq m` tbo~xme~t oecqqcm` qot hs tbcq qtuds. Ogab amfmx amxxoq~m`dq tm g dcl%loxo`t q~oatxgf c`dor ml tbo \BO oecqqcm`& g`d ogab qot ml ~fmtq tm gdcoxo`t egrceue oòxis ml tbo \BO oecqqcm` O\ BO&egr. Tbo o`%

oxis ml tbo R grcq cq lmx tbo IXH lxgeo ml xoloxoào "`m`%xodqbcltod#.Tbo xoquftq gxo lmx Zegr 5 >.1 Z g`d lmx gff IXHq bg|cì \BOoecqqcm`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8


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Fcqt ml Ghhxo|cgtcm`q

GQ Gcx QbmyoxHGTQO Huxqt G`d Txg`qco`t Qmuxao Or~fmxoxAIXM Ame~tm` Igeeg%Xgs Mhqox|gtmxsDGW Dgtg%Gawucqctcm` QsqtoeOGQ Orto qc|o Gcx QbmyoxOHF Ortxgigfgatca Hgakixmufd FcibtLOH Lxm`t%O`d HmgxdIA@ IXH Ammxdc gtoq @otymxkIXH Igeeg%Xgs HuxqtBG Bmux GìfoBH Bm~kc`q g`d HogameBOTO%8 Bcib%Oòxis Txg`qco`t Or~fmxoxCGAT Cegica Gtemq~boxca Aboxo`km| Tofoqam~o

CQE C`toxqtoffgx EodcueK@>4 Kòcqko ot gf.FQT Fmagf Qcdoxogf TceoE_ Eum`MX Mutxciiox gxxgs^HB ^xcemxdcgf Hfgak%BmfoÊ ^mxacg`c g`d EgdguÊT ^bmtmeuftc~fcox Tuho^FQ ^myox%Fgy Qoieo`t^X ^xcegak ot gf.^QL ^mc t%Q~xogd Luàtcm`

XG Xcibt Gqao`qcm`QQA Qsàbxmtxm` Qofl%Ame~tm` "qagttoxcì#QT Qtoakox ot gf.TDA Tceo tm Dcictgf Am`|oxtoxTMT Tceo M|ox TbxoqbmfdWQM Wugqc%Qtoffgx MhjoatQLX Qtgx%Lmxegtcm` Xgto\BO \oxs%Bcib Oòxis\EO \oxqg Emdufo Ouxm~g

rrcr


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Abg~tox 7

Igeeg%Xgs Huxqtq

7.7 C txmduatcm`

Igeeg%Xgs Huxqtq "IXHq# gxo tbo hxcibtoqt or~fmqcm`q c` tbo u`c|oxqo. Tbos

gxo hxcol g`d hxcibt txg`qco`t oecqqcm`q ml ko\-Eo\ xgdcgtcm`& maauxxcì yctb g

xgto ml g loy ~ox dgs u`clmxefs c` tbo qks. O|o` tbmuib tbos gxo gt amqemfmicagf

dcqtgàoq "u~ tm Icig~gxqoaq mx 7>82 ae#& tbos mutqbcò gff mtbox qmuxaoq c` tbo

igeeg%xgs qks& càfudcì tbo qu`. Tbo oòxis mut~ut ml g qcìfo IXH c` ko\-Eo\

igeeg xgsq cq ame~gxghfo tm tbo oecqqcm` lxme tbo qu` c` gff tbo ofoatxmegiòtca

q~oatxue& m|ox

7>7> s "g~~xmrcegtofs tbo gio ml tbo u`c|oxqo#& mx tm tbo oecqqcm`

ml tbo Ecfks Ygs m|ox loy sogxq.

Tbo c`ctcgf "~xme~t# oecqqcm` ml IXHq cq hxcol "eq tm ec`q#& bcibfs |gxc%

ghfo "c` tceo qagfoq ml eq tm to`q ml q#& `m`%tboxegf& g`d mhqox|od emqtfs c` tbo

ko\-Eo\ oòxis xgìo. Tbo oecqqcm` cq hofco|od tm ho ~xmduaod hs ofoatxm`q ga%

aofoxgtod duxcì amffcqcm foqq qbmakq c`qcdo bcibfs amffcegtod xofgtc|cqtca jotq. Lmx

tbo egjmxcts ml IXHq& tbo ~xme~t oecqqcm` cq lmffmyod hs g qemmtbfs doagscì g`d

fmì%fgqtcì gltoxifmy& mhqox|od c` fmìox yg|ofoìtbq "lxme R%xgsq tm m~tcagf#&

g`d hofco|od tm ho ~xmduaod hs tbo doaofoxgtcm` ml tbo xofgtc|cqtca jot c` tbo qux%

xmu`dcì c`toxqtoffgx mx acxauehuxqt eodcue. IXHq ml qbmxt duxgtcm`q " 8q# gxo

7


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hofco|od tm ho ~xmduaod hs eoxioxq ml ame~gat hc`gxcoq "òutxm` qtgx%òutxm` qtgx

mx òutxm` qtgx%hfgak bmfo#& ybcfo tbo IXHq ml fmìox duxgtcm`q " 8q# gxo emqt

fckofs ~xmduaod hs tbo amffg~qo ml tbo amxoq ml egqqc|o q~c``cì qtgxq.

Bcib%xodqbclt IXHq gxo 7>> tm 7>>> tceoq hxcibtox tbg` bcib%xodqbclt WQMq7&

g`d gfqm or~oatod tm maaux mut tm xodqbcltq z 8>& ybcfo WQMq maaux m`fs mut tm

xodqbclt z 9 [7U. Tboxolmxo& IXHq gxo u`cwuo tmmfq lmx ~xmhcì tbo |oxs dcqtg`t "mx

|oxs smuì# u`c|oxqo gq ogxfs c` tceo gq tbo o~mab ml xocm`czgtcm` "Lci. 7.7#. IXHq

ag` ho uqod tm fogx` ghmut tbo o|mfutcm` bcqtmxs ml tbo u`c|oxqo "qtgx lmxegtcm`

bcqtmxs& eotgffcacts gt dcoxo`t xodqbcltq#& ctq fgxio%qagfo qtxuatuxo& g`d tbo ~xm~oxtcoq

ml tbo ogxfcoqt ioòxgtcm`q ml qtgxq. Tbo gltoxifmy ml IXHq ~gqqoq tbxmuib euftc~fo

Lciuxo 7.7: Amqemfmicagf am tort ml IXHq. Am txgxs tm wugqc%qtoffgx mhjoatq&igeeg%xgs huxqtq ag` bof~ uq ~xmho tbo ~xm~oxtcoq ml tbo u`c|oxqo gq ogxfs c` tceogq tbo o~mab ml xocm`czgtcm`. Qmuxao: [7U

xoicm`q ffod yctb igq mx xgdcgtcm` ofdq holmxo ct xogaboq tbo ogxtb "Lci. 7.8#.

Q~oatxmqam~ca qtudcoq m` tbo ghqmx~tcm` logtuxoq ce~xc`tod m` tbo IXH gltoxifmy gt

7WQM: Wugqc%Qtoffgx Mhjoat& g` ortxoeofs ~myoxluf g`d dcqtg`t gatc|o igfgatca ùafouq.

8


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ogab ml tboqo xoicm`q ~xm|cdo u`cwuo c`lmxegtcm` xoigxdcì tbo xoicm`q ame~mqctcm`

g`d do`qcts [8U. IXHq gxo gfqm hofco|od tm ho c`to qo qmuxaoq ml òutxc`mq& amqeca

xgsq "u~ tm uftxg%bcib oòxicoq 7>8> o\#& g`d ixg|ctgtcm`gf yg|oq. Mhqox|gtcm`q ml

tboqo oecqqcm`q ag` g`qyox wuoqtcm`q c` gqtxm~bsqcaq& ~gxtcafo ~bsqcaq& g`d ioòxgf

xofgtc|cts.

Tbo dc|oxqo g`d c`txciucì ~xm~oxtcoq ml IXHq egko tboe tbo lmauq ml c`to`qo

qaco`tca xoqogxab g`d dohgto "Lci. 7.1#& g`d tbo mhqox|gtcm`gf tgxiot ml euftc~fo

c`qtxueo`tq "Lci. 7.4#. Doq~cto tbo lgat tbgt yo bg|o k`my` ghmut IXHq lmx m|ox

tbcxts |o sogxq& g`d tbgt emxo tbg` ocibt tbmuqg`d xoloxood ~g~oxq bg|o hoo` yxct%

to` ghmut tboe& tbos qtcff am tcùo tm q~gxk qaco tca c`toxoqt. Tbo ameecqqcm`cì

ml òy dotoatmxq qo`qctc|o tm IXHq ko\ tm Io\ igeeg%xgs oecqqcm`& quab gq tbo

IHE g`d tbo FGT ghmgxd IFGQT [4


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Lciuxo 7.8: Qaboegtca ml tbo |gxcmuq o`|cxmèo tq c toxqoatod hs g IXH fcò mlqcibt. Tbo IXH oecqqcm` ~gqqoq tbxmuib tbo acxaueqtoffgx eodcue "AQE# gxmu`dtbo IXH ~xmio`ctmx; tbo qtgx%lmxecì xoicm` quxxmu`dcì tbo IXH "BCC Xoicm`& B8Afmud#; tbo gehco`t c`toxqtoffgx eodcue "CQE# ml tbo bmqt igfgrs; tbo hgxsm`ca bgfmml tbo igfgrs "Bgfm igq#; g`d tbo c`toxigfgatca eodcue "CIE# hotyoo` tbo ogxtbg`d tbo IXH. Tbo ghqmx~tcm` logtuxoq ce~xc`tod m` tbo IXH qci`gf gq ct ~gqqoq

tbxmuib tboqo xoicm`q ag` xo|ogf c`lmxegtcm` ghmut tbocx do`qcts g`d ame~mqctcm`.Qmuxao: [8U

7.8 Bcqtmxs ml IXH Mhqox|gtcm`q

7.8.7 Tbo xqt sogxq "73U.

IXHq yoxo gaacdo`tgffs dcqam|oxod c` 73


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Lciuxo 7.1: @uehox ml IXH%xofgtod xoloxood ~uhfcagtcm`q ~ox sogx. Qmuxao: [1U

qcrtoo` IXH dotoatcm`q yoxo xo~mxtod c` tbo >.8 7.? Eo\ oòxis xgìo. Gltox tbo\ofg qgtoffctoq& g ùehox ml c`qtxueo`tq yoxo dodcagtod tm dotoatcì IXHq "Lci.

7.4#. Bmyo|ox& tbo ùehox ml huxqtq dotoatod ygq qegff g`d tbo gìufgx xoqmfutcm`

~mmx.

7.8.8 HGTQO "7337%8>>>#

G hxogktbxmuib c` mux u`doxqtg`dcì ml IXHq bg~~oòd yctb tbo ùeoxmuq

IXH dotoatcm`q lxme tbo Huxqt G`d Txg`qco`t Qmuxao Or~fmxox "HGTQO# [?1U &

ybcab oy& yctb mtbox c`qtxueo`tq& m` hmgxd tbo Ame~tm` Igeeg%Xgs Mhqox|g%

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Lciuxo 7.4: Fcqt ml or~oxceo tq qo qctc|o tm IXHq g`d g~~xmrcegto ùehoxq mldotoatod IXHq "gq ml ogxfs Egs 8>>2#. Qmuxao: [4U

tmxs "AIXM# [?4U. HGTQO m~oxgtod lxme 7337 tm 8>>>. Ct ygq qo`qctc|o tm tbo

7? ko\ 8 Eo\ oòxis xgìo& bgd g ycdo ofd ml |coy "4 qx ecùq 1>/ hoaguqo

ml ogxtb mhqauxgtcm`#& g`d g emdoxgto gìufgx xoqmfutcm` " 4m#. Ct dotoatod 89>4

IXHq [??U& g qci`cag`tfs fgxiox ùehox tbg` tbo tmtgf ùehox ml IXHq c` tbo

~xo%orcqtcì agtgfmi "loy bu`dxodq#. C` amehc`gtcm` yctb tbo Oòxiotca Igeeg%

Xgs Or~oxceo`t Tofoqam~o "OIXOT# [? Io\ yoxo egdo.

Holmxo HGTQO& tbo dcqtgào qagfo ml IXHq ygq u`k`my`. Tbo qaco`tca ame%


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eu`cts ygq dc|cdod gemì euftc~fo tbomxcoq ~xodcatcì dcqtgào qagfoq xgìcì lxme

mux my` igfgrs tm tbo odioq ml tbo k`my` u`c|oxqo. O|o` tbmuib IXHq yoxo mh%

qox|od u`clmxefs& ct ygq hofco|od tbgt tbos ameo lxme igfgatca òutxm` qtgxq. Ct ygq

hofco|od tbgt tbo xogqm` yo qgy g u`clmxe%c`%q~gao dcqtxchutcm` c`qtogd tbo ~gàgko

qbg~o ml mux igfgrs ygq tbgt tbo ~xo%HGTQO c`qtxueo`tq yoxo `mt qo`qctc|o o`muib

tm ~xmho doo~ o`muib g`d qoo tbo igfgatca qtxuatuxo

HGTQO ygq qo`qctc|o o`muib tm dotoat IXHq mxcic`gtcì lxme dcqtgàoq fgxiox

tbg` tbo qczo ml mux igfgrs. Ctq dcqam|oxs tbgt IXHq gxo cqmtxm~cagffs dcqtxchutod

"Lci. 7.?# `gxxmyod dmy` tbo ~mqqchcfctcoq g`d quiioqtod tbgt IXHq gxo emqt ~xmh%

ghfs fmagtod gt amqemfmicagf dcqtgàoq luxtbox gygs tbg` mux fmagf ixmu~ ml igfgrcoq.

Mtboxycqo& tbo IXH q~gtcgf dcqtxchutcm` ymufd ho amxxofgtod yctb tbo fmagf dcqtxchu%

tcm` ml egqq "mux igfgrs& tbo FEA& E17& ifmhufgx afuqtoxq& tbo \cxim afuqtox& ota.#

g`d ymufd `mt ho cqmtxm~ca. Bmyo|ox& tbo dcqtgào%qagfo ~xmhfoe ygq `mt ame~fotofs

xoqmf|od& hoaguqo g` orto`dod bgfm gxmu`d mux igfgrs amufd qtcff ioòxgto g u`clmxe

dcqtxchutcm` qcecfgx tm tbo mò mhqox|od.

Qmeo IXH ~xm~oxtcoq oeoxiod lxme tbo orto`qc|o dgtgqot ml HGTQO%dotoatod

IXHq. Tbo fcibt aux|oq ml IXHq qbmyod ixogt emx~bmfmicagf dc|oxqcts& xgìcì

lxme qemmtb& lgqt xcqo& g`d wugqc%or~mò`tcgf doagsq& tm aux|oq yctb eg`s ~ogkq

g`d yctb g bcib |gxcghcfcts& xgìcì lxme tceoqagfoq ml ecffcqoam`dq tm eg`s ecùtoq

"Lci. 7. ~gxgeotox& ybcab cq

owugf tm tbo tceo m|ox ybcab tbo huxqt oectq lxme ?/ tm 3?/ ml ctq eogquxod

amu`tq. Tbo T3> dcqtxchutcm` ml IXHq "Lci. 7.9# q~g`q g fmì xgìo ml duxgtcm`q

9


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+3>

%3 >

%72>+72>

89>4 HGTQO Igeeg%Xgs Huxqtq

7> %9 7> %< 7> %? 7> %4

Lfuoào& ?>%1 >> ko\ "oxiq ae %8 #

Lciuxo 7.?: Fmagtcm`q ml gff tbo 89>4 IXHq dotoatod hs HGTQO c` igfgatca ammx%dc`gtoq. Tbo ~fgò ml mux igfgrs cq gfmì tbo bmxczm tgf fcò gt tbo ecddfo ml tboiuxo. Tbo cqmtxm~ca dcqtxchutcm` ml IXHq c` q~gao ce~fcod tbgt IXHq gxo emqtfckofs amqemfmicagf qmuxaoq. Qmuxao: [?U

g`d bgq g hcemdgf qbg~o. Hgqod m` tbgt& IXHq yoxo dc|cdod c`tm tym agtoimxcoq:

qbmxt huxqtq bg|cì T3> 8 q& g`d fmì huxqtq bg|cì T3> 8 q. Qbmxt huxqtq

am`qtctutod 1>/ ml tbo HGTQO qge~fo. Tbo q~oatxgf ~xm~oxtcoq ml qbmxt g`d fmì

IXHq yoxo dcoxo`t. HGTQO eogquxod tbo uoào ml g huxqt c` dcoxo`t abg`òfq&

ogab mò amxxoq~m`dcì tm g dcoxo`t oòxis xgìo. Tbo Bgxdòqq Xgtcm& doòd

gq tbo xgtcm ml tbo uoào c` abg`òf 1 "7>> 1>> ko\# m|ox tbo uoào c` abg`òf

8 "?> 7>> ko\#& ygq g eogquxo ml tbo q~oatxgf bgxdòqq ml g huxqt. Qbmxt huxqtq

yoxo lmu`d tm bg|o m` g|oxgio bcibox bgxdòqq xgtcmq tbg` fmì huxqtq& gq qbmy` m`

2


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Lciuxo 7.


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Lciuxo 7.9: Duxgtcm` "T3># dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo IXHq dotoatod hs HGTQO. Tym~m~ufgtcm`q ml huxqtq& qo~gxgtod gt T3> 8 q& ag` ho qoo`. Qmuxao: [

"g#O>7>>ko\ O

7>>ko\

o

O "g #O>&

"7.7#

yboxo g g`d gxo tbo fmy% g`d bcib%oòxis q~oatxgf c`dcaoq& xoq~oatc|ofs. Tbo

~gxgeotoxq yoxo oqtcegtod hs eogquxoeo`tq ml hxcibt HGTQO huxqtq tm ho m` g|%

oxgio 7& 8.8?& g`d O> 8?. Lciuxo 7.7> qbmyq

g` orge~fo ml g q~oatxgf t uqcì tbo Hg`d luàtcm`. Lciuxo 7.77 qbmyq dcoxo`t

~mqqchfo hxmgdhg`d qsàbxmtxm` q~oatxg lxme g xofgtc|cqtca hfgqt yg|o tbgt gaaof%

oxgtoq tbo ofoatxm`q tm g ~myox%fgy dcqtxchutcm` ml oòxicoq& gq hofco|od tm bg~~o`

duxcì c`tox`gf qbmakq. Tbo qcecfgxcts hotyoo` iuxoq 7.7> g`d 7.77 ce~fcoq tbgt

tbo ~xme~t oecqqcm` lxme IXHq cq emqtfs qsàbxmtxm` xgdcgtcm`.

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Lciuxo 7.2: Bgxdòqq xgtcm |oxquq duxgtcm` "T3># lmx HGTQO IXHq. Qbmxt huxqtq"T3> 8 q# bg|o bcibox bgxdòqq xgtcmq tbg` fmì huxqtq "T3> 8 q#& qu~~mxtcì tbobs~mtboqcq tbgt qbmxt g`d fmì huxqtq am`qtctuto tym qo~gxgto ~m~ufgtcm`q& ~xmhghfsmxcic`gtcì lxme dcoxo`t ~xmio`ctmxq. Qmuxao : [9U

Lciuxo 7.3: Dcqtxchutcm`q ml tbo Hg`d luàtcm` ~gxgeotoxq lxme tq tm tbo q~oatxgml hxcibt HGTQO IXHq. Folt: Fmy%oòxis q~oatxgf c`dor g& ecddfo: hxogk oòxisO>& xcibt: bcib%oòxis q~oatxgf c`dor . Tbo u`ctq m` tbo S groq gxo ùehox mlhuxqtq. Qmuxao: [2U

Ibcxfg`dg ot gf. lmu`d tbgt tbo q~oatxg ml qbmxt IXHq ag` ho hottox ttod hs

g ~myox fgy amehcòd yctb g` or~mò`tcgf autm gt bcib oòxicoq [?9U. Qcecfgxfs tm

fmì IXHq& tbos gfqm lmu`d tbgt tbo L dcqtxchutcm` lmx qbmxt IXHq ~ogkod gt g`

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Lciuxo 7.7>: Orge~fo ml g t tm tbo q~oatxue ml IXH377789 uqcì tbo Hg`d luà%

tcm`. Boxo 5 >.3.>88 g`d 5 8.489 >.>9. Qmuxao: [3U

oòxis O> 5 1?? 1> ko\.

7.8.1 Ho~~mQGR , BOTO%8 "733>9#

Hoaguqo igeeg xgsq ag` òctbox ho xooatod yctb ecxxmxq `mx xolxgatod yctb

fo`qoq& tboxo gxo `mt g`s lmauqcì igeeg%xgs tofoqam~oq uqod c` gqtxm`mes "qoo [?2U

lmx g xo|coy ml tbo dotoatcm` eotbmdq uqod c` igeeg%xgs tofoqam~oq#. Gq g xoquft&

tbo gìufgx xoqmfutcm` ml igeeg%xgs tofoqam~oq quab gq HGTQO ygq tmm ycdo tm

gffmy m~tcagf tofoqam~oq& ybcab òodod gxaec` fmagfczgtcm`q ""7-#m#& tm qogxab lmx

huxqt amu tox~gxtq. Tbcq ~xo|o`tod tbo cdo tcagtcm` ml tbo ~xmio`ctmxq g`d tbo

o`|cxmèo`tq ml IXHq& gq yoff gq tbo eogquxoeo`t ml tbocx dcqtgàoq. Gq g xoquft&

g |oxcagtcm` ml tbo amqemfmicagf mxcic`q ml IXHq ygq qtcff fgakcì. G hxogktbxmuib

bg~~oòd c` ogxfs 7339& ybo` tbo Dutab-Ctgfcg` qgtoffcto Ho~~mQGR [?3U "733>8# dotoatod g lgdcì R%xgs oecqqcm` lxme fmì IXH39>882 . Gltox g ~xmaoqqcì ml

g loy bmuxq& g fmagfczgtcm` gaauxgto o`muib lmx lmffmy%u~ ixmu`d%hgqod mhqox|gtcm`q

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gt m~tcagf& xgdcm& g`d mtbox yg|ofoìtbq ygq mhtgcòd. Tboqo mhqox|gtcm`q c`ctcgffs

cdo`tcod g lgdcì m~tcagf amu`tox~gxt& g`d& gltox tbo huxqt bgd lgdod& fmì%duxgtcm`

doo~ cegicì cdo`tcod g |oxs dcqtg`t "z 5 >.432# bmqt igfgrs gt tbo fmagtcm` ml tbo

huxqt. Tbcq mhqox|gtcm` ygq tbo xqt amàfuqc|o ~coao ml o|cdoào tbgt fmì IXHq gxo

amqemfmicagf qmuxaoq. Ct gfqm ~g|od tbo ygs lmx cdo tcagtcm`q ml emxo bmqt igfgrcoq

g`d lmx xodqbclt dotoxec`gtcm`q tbxmuib q~oatxmqam~s ml tbo IXHq& g`d qottfod tbo

dcqtgào%qagfo gxiueo`t lmx fmì IXHq [U.

Gltox Ho~~mQGR& tbo Bcib%Oòxis Txg`qco`t Or~fmxox "BOTO%8# "8>>>%8>>9#

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7.8.4 Qyclt "8>>4 % ~xoqo`t#

C` tbo c`qtxueo`tq doqaxchod ghm|o& tboxo ygq g` 2 bx mx fmìox dofgs ho%

tyoo` tbo c`ctcgf huxqt dotoatcm` g`d tbo lmffmy%u~ mhqox|gtcm`q. Tbcq xoquftod c` tbo

fmqq ml ce~mxtg`t c`lmxegtcm` am`tgcòd c` tbo huxqt gltoxifmy duxcì tbgt dofgs. G

òy qgtoffcto& agffod Qyclt [>4. Qyclt bgd g IXH dotoatmx amehcòd yctb

g ycdo ofd R%xgs g`d g` m~tcagf-uftxg|cmfot tofoqam~o& g`d tbo ghcfcts tm dm gu%

tmegtod xg~cd qfoycì. Tbuq& ct amufd fmagfczo gltoxifmyq yctb gxaqoa gaauxgas g

ecùto mx qm gltox tbo huxqt gt igeeg%xgs& R%xgs& g`d m~tcagf yg|ofoìtbq.

Qycltq ag~ghcfctcoq o`ghfod uq tm qtuds tbo txg`qctcm` hotyoo` tbo oòxiotca

g`d abgmtca ~xme~t oecqqcm`& g`d tbo qemmtbfs doagscì qmltox gltoxifmy. Tboqo

mhqox|gtcm`q fogd tm tbo dotoatcm` ml q~oatxgf hxogkq c` tbo gltoxifmy oecqqcm` "Lciq.

7.78 g`d 7.71#& ybcab ~xm|cdod qu~~mxt tm tbo amffcegtod%oecqqcm` emdof ml IXHq

g`d gffmyod uq tm qci`cag`tfs am`qtxgc` tbo oòxiotcaq ml IXHq "qoo quhqoatcm`

7.1.4#. Luxtboxemxo& ct ~xm|cdod& lmx tbo xqt tceo& mhqox|gtcm`q ml tbo gltoxifmyq ml

qbmxt "T3> 8 qoa# huxqtq& ybcab fogd tm xodqbclt eogquxoeo`tq ml qbmxt IXHq g`d

|oxcod tbo amqemfmicagf mxcic` lmx tboe tmm.

Qycltq mhqox|gtcm`q ml qbmxt IXHq qbmyod tbgt& u`fcko fmì IXHq& tbos uqu%

gffs mxcic`gto lxme xoicm`q yctb g fmy qtgx%lmxegtcm` xgto. Tbcq quiioqtod tbgt qbmxt

IXHq gxo xofgtod tm mfd qtoffgx ~m~ufgtcm`q& ~mqqchfs lxme eoxioxq ml ame~gat%mhjoat

hc`gxcoq "c.o.& òutxm` qtgx% outxm` qtgx mx òutxm` qtgx%hfgak bmfo#. Luxtboxemxo&

o|o` tbmuib qu~ox`m|g logtuxoq quab gq xod hue~q g`d fgto%tceo xohxcibto`cì yoxo

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dotoatod c` tbo gltoxifmyq ml emqt fmì IXHq afmqo o`muib tm gffmy quab g dotoa%

tcm`& tboxo yoxo `m o|cdoào ml quab logtuxoq c` tbo gltoxifmyq ml fmì IXHq. Tboqo

mhqox|gtcm`q qtxoìtboòd tbo agqo lmx fmì g`d qbmxt IXHq bg|cì dcoxo`t kc`dq

ml ~xmio`ctmxq: ame~gat%mhjoat hc`gxcoq lmx qbmxt IXHq |oxquq egqqc|o qtgxq lmx fmì

IXHq.

Tbo IXH gltoxifmyq& gq mhqox|od hs Qyclt& doagsod m` g ~myox fgy g`d ~xm%

ixoqqc|ofs qmltoòd lxme R%xgsq& tm m~tcagf& tm xgdcm. Gq ml Jgùgxs 8>>2& Qyclt

bgd dotoatod 8>2 huxqtq c` igeeg xgsq& yctb gfemqt gff ml tboe bg|cì g` R%xgs

gltoxifmy.

Qyclt cq qo`qctc|o tm g fmyox oòxis xgìo "7? 7?> ko\# g`d tm huxqtq ml fmìox

duxgtcm`q tbg` mtbox dotoatmxq. Tboxolmxo ct cq emxo qo`qctc|o tm IXHq ml bcibox

xodqbcltq& qcào tbo qci`gf lxme quab IXHq cq emxo xodqbcltod g`d tceo dcfgtod. Duo

tm ctq càxogqod qo`qctc|cts tm dcqtg`t IXHq& Qyclt mhqox|od IXH>?>3>4& tbo emqt

dcqtg t IXH o|ox mhqox|od. IXH>?>3>? bgd g xodqbclt ml z 5


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Lciuxo 7.77: Dcoxo`t ~mqqchfo hxmgdhg`d qsàbxmtxm` q~oatxg lxme g xofgtc|cqtcahfgqt yg|o tbgt gaaofoxgtoq tbo ofoatxm`q tm g ~myox%fgy dcqtxchutcm` ml oòxicoq

"@ ~

& yctb tbo Fmxo`tz lgatmx ml tbo ofoatxm`q#. Tbo dcoxo`t q~oatxg gxofghofod 7? lxme tm~ tm hmttme. Dcoxo`t qotq ml ~bsqcagf am`dctcm`q amxxoq~m`d tmdcoxo t mxdoxcìq ml tbo hxogk lxowuoàcoq: tbo ec`cegf qsàbxmtxm` lxowuoàs mltbo fogqt oòxiotca ofoatxm` eu& tbo qofl%ghqmx~tcm` lxowuoàs qg& g`d tbo ts~cagfqsàbxmtxm` lxowuoàs ml g` ofoatxm` ybmqo ammfcì tceo owugfq tbo ds`gecagf tceoml tbo qsqtoe a. Tbo qcecfgxcts ml tboqo q~oatxg tm tbo q~oatxue ml tbo ~xme~toecqqcm` lxme IXHq ce~fcoq tbgt tbo fgttox cq emqt fckofs qsàbxmtxm` xgdcgtcm`.Qmuxao: [7>U.

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Lciuxo 7.78: Fcibt aux|oq ml lmux yoff%qge~fod IXHq orbchctc`i g abgxgatoxcqtcaxg`io ml ~mto`tcgf jot hxogk hobg|cmx. Tbo fcibt aux|oq gxo ame~mqod ml eogquxo%eo tq hs tym ml Qycltq dotoatmxq: tbo Huxqt Gfoxt Tofoqam~o "HGT%xod# g`d tboR%Xgs Tofoqam~o "RXT % hfuo#. Qmuxao: [77U

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Lciuxo 7.71: Qs`tbotca qkotab ml g fcibt aux|o hgqod m` Qycltq mhqox|gtcm`q. Tboc`ctcgf ~bgqo& do`mtod hs >& amxxoq~m`dq tm tbo o`d ml tbo ~xme~t oecqqcm`. Lmux~myox%fgy fcibt%aux|o qoieo`tq tmiotbox yctb g gxcì ame~mò`t gxo cdo`tcod c`tbo gltoxifmy ~bgqo. Tbo ame~mò`tq egxkod yctb qmfcd fcòq gxo tbo emqt ameem`&ybcfo tbo mòq egxkod yctb dgqbod fcòq gxo mhqox|od c` m`fs g lxgatcm` ml tbo huxqtq.Tbo ts~cagf q~oatxgf c`dcaoq ml tbo ~myox%fgy doags gxo qbmy` lmx ogab qoieo`t. Tbohxogk hotyoo` xoicm`q CCC g`d C\ maauxq qceuftgòmuqfs lmx gff mhqox|od lxowuoàcoq"gabxmegtca hxogk# g`d cq xofgtod tm tbo lgat tbgt tbo IXH oecqqcm` ameoq lxmexofgtc|cqtca jotq. Qmuxao: [78U

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Lciuxo 7.74: Xodqbclt dcqtxchutcm`q ml IXHq dotoatod hs Qyclt g`d ml IXHq dotoatodhs ~xo%Qyclt qgtoffctoq. Tbo g|oxgio xodqbclt ml tbo Qyclt qge~fo cq bcibox tbg`xodqbclt ml tbo ~xo|cmuq mhqox|gtcm`q "8. 1 |q 7. 8#& hoaguqo ml tbo ixogtox qo`qctc|ctsml Qyclt tm dcqtg`t IXHq. Qmuxao: [71U

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7.1 Tbo IXH Emdof

Gaamxdcì tm tbo ioòxgffs gaao~tod emdof ml tbo ~xmio`ctmx g`d tbo oecqqcm`

eoabg`cqe ml IXHq& IXHq qtgxt yctb g agtgafsqeca o|o`t& quab gq tbo eoxiox ml

tym ame~gat mhjoatq mx tbo amffg~qo ml tbo amxo ml g xmtgtcì egqqc|o qtgx& lmffmyod

hs tbo axogtcm` ml g xg~cdfs q~c``cì hfgak bmfo g`d g` gaaxotcì o`|ofm~o gxmu`d

ct "Lci. 7.7?#. Tbcq emdof& agffod tbo Amffg~qgx emdof& ygq c`ctcgffs ~xm~mqod

tm or~fgc` fmì IXHq [


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Tbo amffg~qo ml tbo gaaxotcì egtoxcgf tbgt cq ògx tbo owugtmx ml tbo o`|ofm~o cq

qmeoybgt c`bchctod hs tbo qtxmì ao txcluigf lmxaoq. Emqt ml tbo gaaxotcm` bg~~o`q

tbxmuib tym lu`òfq tbgt lmxe m` tbo ~mfoq ml tbo hfgak bmfo "m` tbo grcq ml xmtgtcm`#.

Fgxio gemu`tq ml oòxis " 7>?> oxi-q# gxo do~mqctod fmagffs m` tbo ~mfgx xoicm`q&

~mqqchfs tbxmuib òutxc`m%dxc|o` yc`dq [


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Lciuxo 7.7


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Lciuxo 7.79: Amffg~qo g`d or~fmqcm` c` g 74 qmfgx egqq Ymfl%Xgsot qtgx. Folt:Tbo cxm` amxo ml g bcibfs o|mf|od qtgx amffg~qoq tm g hfgak bmfo. Egtoxcgf gfmìtbo xmtgtcm`gf grcq lgffq c` wucakfs& hut egttox c` tbo owugtmxcgf ~fgò cq qfmyod hsxmtgtcm` g`d ~cfoq u~ c` g dcqk. Boxo amfmx xo~xoqo`tq fmi do`qcts gt g tceo 8> qoam`dqgltox tbo c`ctcgf amffg~qo& g`d tbo bciboqt do`qcts c` tbo owugtmxcgf ~fgò ògx tbohfgak bmfo cq 3 7>2 i-ae1. Tbo iuxo cq 72>> ke gaxmqq& g`d tbo c`òx hmu`dgxscq gt 71 ke. G hfgak bmfo ml 4.4E bgq lmxeod g`d bgq hoo` gaaxotcì >.7 E-qlmx tbo fgqt 7? qoam`dq. Duxcì tbcq tceo& egiòtmbsdxmds`gecagf ~xmaoqqoq "`mtcàfudod c` tbo qceufgtcm`# ymufd fguàb g jot gfmì tbo xmtgtcm`gf grcq. Xcibt: GIXH qu~ox`m|g. G tym%ame~mò t jot ygq c`txmduaod gt tbo mxcic gfmì tbo tm~g`d hmttme groq ml g qtgx qcecfgx tm tbo mò ghm|o. Mò ame~mò`t bgd 7> ?7 oxi-q&Fmxo`tz lgatmx 5 ?>& g`d g` c`tox`gf oòxis tm egqq xgtcm ml 1. Ctq m~o`cì gìfoygq ghmut 7>m. G qoam`d ame~mò`t ml ecfdfs xofgtc|cqtca egttox orto`dod lxme1>m 4?m g`d bgd ~myox ? 7>?> oxi-q g`d q~ood 74 7>1 ke-q. Ctq ame~mqctcm`g`d ~xm~oxtcoq xooatod tbmqo or~oatod lmx g dcqk yc`d hfmycì m tbo gaaxotcm`dcqk hs |cqamuq ~xmaoqqoq. Tbcq iuxo& 8 7>? ke gaxmqq& qbmyq am`dctcm`q >.34 qgltox tbo jot ygq fguàbod. Hmtb myq gxo bsdxmds`gecagffs lmauqod tmygxdq tboxmtgtcm`gf grcq. Cegioq g`d ag~tcm` lxme [78U.

tbo jotq ofoatxm`q gxo gaaofoxgtod tm uftxg%xofgtc|cqtca |ofmactcoq g`d oect qsàbxmtxm`

xgdcgtcm`. Ogab ~ogk ml tbo ~xme~t fcibt aux|o cq am`qcdoxod tm ho axogtod duxcì

quab g` c`tox`gf qbmak.

Tbo ortox`gf qbmak maauxq ybo` tbo jot o|o`tugffs amffcdoq yctb tbo gehco`t

acxauehuxqt eodcue& g`d qemmtbfs g`d qfmyfs doaofoxgtoq. Qcecfgxfs tm c`tox`gf

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qbmakq& xofgtc|cqtca ofoatxm`q oect qsàbxmtxm` xgdcgtcm` mhqox|od gq g` gltoxifmy

tbgt qtgxtq lxme igeeg xgsq g`d ixgdugffs qmlto`q tm fmìox yg|ofoìtbq& dmy` tm

xgdcm gq tbo jot cq gttoùgtod hs tbo acxauehuxqt eodcue.

Ybcfo tbo ioòxgf ~catuxo doqaxchod hs tbo amffg~qgx emdof cq gaao~tod hs tbo

qaco tca ameeu`cts& tboxo cq fcttfo am`qo`quq xoigxdcì qmeo ml ctq dotgcfq. Tbo

c`òx oìcò ml IXHq cq bcddo` lxme uq& qm yo ag` egko m`fs c`dcxoat c`loxoàoq

ghmut ctq `gtuxo. Gq g xoquft& tboxo cq qtcff uàoxtgc`ts xoigxdcì eg`s gq~oatq ml tbo

emdof& quab gq bmy orgatfs tbo jotq gxo lmxeod; ybcab eoabg`cqe txg`qloxq oòxis

lxme tbo c`òx oìcò tm tbo jotq; tbo hgxsm`ca fmgd ml tbo jotq; tbo jotq hufk Fmxo`tz

lgatmx; ybcab ~bsqcagf ~xmaoqqoq gxo c`|mf|od c` tbo c`tox`gf qbmakq; ybgt q~oaca

acxaueqtgàoq fogd tm tbo axogtcm` ml g IXH c`qtogd ml juqt g qu~ox`m|g& ota.

C` tbo lmffmycì& C ycff ic|o g hxcol xo|coy ml qmeo ml tbo mhqox|od IXH ~xm~%

oxtcoq. C ycff eo`tcm`& yboxo g~~fcaghfo& bmy tboqo ~xm~oxtcoq qu~~mxt tbo amffg~qgx

emdof. Lmx g` orto`qc|o xo|coy m` tbo ~bsqcaq ml IXHq& tbo amffg~qgx emdof& g`d

tbo ~xmio`ctmxq g`d bmqtq ml IXHq qoo& [& 97& 98U.

7.1.7 C`òx oìcò ml IXHq

Tbo fcibt aux|oq ml tbo ~xme~t oecqqcm` qbmy g |gxcghcfcts ml ecffcqoam`dq tm

eg`s ecùtoq. Tboqo qbmxt tceo qagfoq ce~fs tbgt g ame~gat mhjoat cq c`|mf|od c`

tbo oecqqcm`& yctb qczo ml tbo mxdox ml to`q ml kcfmeotoxq& ts~cagf lmx hfgak bmfoq g`d

òutxm` qtgxq. Tbo lgat tbgt tbo huxqt duxgtcm` cq uqugffs fmìox tbg` tbo |gxcghcfcts

quiioqtq g ~xmfmìod g`d c`toxectto`t c`òx%oìcò gatc|cts c` tym mx tbxoo dcoxo`t

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qceuftgòmuq tceo qagfoq. Tbcq dcqlg|mxq g`s or~fmqc|o emdof tbgt xofogqoq tbo oòxis

gt mào. Tbo tmtgf oòxis oecttod c` igeeg xgsq cq |oxs bcib& ghmut 7>?7 oxi& g`

gemu t ame~gxghfo tm tbo oòxis xofogqo lxme qu~ox`m|go. Tbo ghm|o quiioqt tbgt

tbo c`òx oìcò ml IXHq am`qcqtq ml g egqqc|o mhjoat& emqt fckofs g òyhmx` hfgak

bmfo& yctb g egqqc|o "egqq >.7 E# dcqk gaaxotcì c`tm ct. Tbo gaaxotcm` or~fgc`q

tbo ~xmfmìod gatc|cts g`d tbo dcoxo`t tceo qagfoq& g`d tbo hfgak bmfo qgtcqoq tbo

qczo g`d oòxis xowucxoeo`tq.

7.1.8 Oecqqcm` eoabg cqe

Gaamxdcì tm tbo amffg~qgx emdof& tbo mhqox|od xgdcgtcm` cq ~xmduaod gt c`%

tox gf mx ortox`gf qbmakq. Duxcì tboqo qbmakq& oòxis cq txg`qloxxod tm tbo jotq

ofoatxm`q tbxmuib g dcuqc|o qbmak gaaofoxgtcm` eoabg`cqe [91U c` ybcab egiòtca

ofd cxxoiufgxctcoq koo~ qagttoxcì tbo ~gxtcafoq hgak g`d lmxtb qm tbos axmqq tbo qgeo

qbmak euftc~fo tceoq. Duxcì tbo xqt axmqqcì& g` ofoatxm` igc`q g` gemu`t ml o`%

oxis ml tbo mxdox ml8qb& yboxo qb cq tbo Fmxo`tz lgatmx ml tbo qbmak lxm`t eogquxod

c` tbo xoqt lxgeo ml tbo jot [94U. Quhqowuo t axmqqcìq gxo foqq ofiaco`t& g`d tbo

igc` cq ml tbo mxdox ml u`cts [94U. Duxcì tboqo qbmakq& tbo ofoatxm`q gxo gaaofoxgtod

tm uftxg%xofgtc|cqtca |ofmactcoq "o u~ tm 7>>># g`d oect qsàbxmtxm` xgdcgtcm`.

Tbo qbmakq egs gfqm gaaofoxgto ~xmtm`q. Bmyo|ox& tbo ~myox ml tbo qsàbxmtxm`

oecqqcm` lxme ~xmtm`q cq am`qcdoxghfs qegffox tbg` tbo ~myox lxme tbo ofoatxm`q&

qcào g` ofoatxm` oectq "e~-eo#8 7>9 emxo ~myox tbxmuib qsàbxmtxm` xgdcgtcm`

tbg` g ~xmtm` ml tbo qgeo Fmxo`tz lgatmx. Tboxolmxo tbo dotoatod xgdcgtcm` cq fckofs

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~xmduaod hs ofoatxm`q.

Ybcfo tbo ~xodcatcm`q ml tbo qsàbxmtxm` emdof gxo c` xogqm`ghfo gixooeo`t

yctb gltoxifmy mhqox|gtcm`q [9?& 9U g`d c`|oxqo

Ame~tm` qagttoxcì ml ortox`gf fcibt [27U qcecfgxfs tm tbo oecqqcm` eoabg`cqe ml

Gatc|o Igfgatca @uafoc.

7.1.1 Xofgtc|cqtca or~g`qcm`

Tbo IXH xohgff bgq g bcib xgdcgtcm` do`qcts& qm ~bmtm` ~gcxq ml ao`tox ml

egqq oòxis 8 eo a8 qbmufd xogdcfs g``cbcfgto g`d axogto oo+ ~gcxq& c`qtogd ml

oqag~cì lxme tbo xohgff. G agfaufgtcm` uqcì ts~cagf |gfuoq scofdq g` m~tcagf do~tb

7>7? [28U. C` quab g agqo& tbo oecttod q~oatxue qbmufd ho tboxegf g`d qbmufd

`mt am`tgc g` Eo\ mx bcibox%oòxis ame~mò`t. Tbcq& c` g xqt |coy axogtoq g

~gxgdmr& tbo Ame~gatòqq ~xmhfoe& qcào tbo mhqox|od q~oatxue cq g ~myox fgy

g`d orto`dq u~ tm oòxicoq ml gt fogqt to`q ml Io\& yctb `m c`dcagtcm` ml g autm lmx

fmì IXHq g`d u~ tm to`q ml Eo\ lmx qbmxt IXHq.

Tbo ~gxgdmr ag` ho qmf|od cl tbo xgdcgtcì egtoxcgf cq em|cì yctb xofgtc|cqtca

|ofmactcoq tmygxdq uq. C` quab g agqo& tbo mhqox|od Io\-Eo\ ~bmtm`q gatugffs bg|o

g fmyox oòxis c` tbo xohgff lxgeo ml xoloxoào. Tboxolmxo& tbo m~tcagf do~tb ml

tbo xohgff lmx tbo mhqox|od ~bmtm`q cq gatugffs fmyox& qcào tboxo cq `my g qegffox

ùehox ml ~bmtm` ~gcxq yctb g ao`tox ml egqq oòxis m|ox tbo g``cbcfgtcm` tbxoqbmfd

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"8eoa8#. Cl yo gqqueo tbgt tbo ~bmtm` o`oxicoq c`qcdo tbo xohgff gxo dcqtxchutod m`

g ~myox fgy CmOg& tbo` tbcq ooat ycff doaxogqo tbo m~gacts hs lgatmx 8g& yboxo

cq tbo hufk Fmxo`tz lgatmx ml tbo xohgff [


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Am`qcdox g` mhqox|ox tbgt cq c`qcdo tbo ~xmjoatcm` ml tbo oecqqcm` amò ml tbo xohgff.

C`ctcgffs& ybo` tbo hufk Fmxo`tz lgatmx ml tbo xohgff cq |oxs bcib& tbo xofgtc|cqtcagffs%

hogeod xgdcgtcm` ycff ho oecttod c` g |oxs `gxxmy amò. Gq g xoquft& tbo mhqox|ox

ycff `mt ho ghfo tm qoo tbo oecqqcm` lxme g ~gxt ml tbo xohgff. Quab g agqo cq qbmy`

c` tbo tm~ ~catuxo ml iuxo 7.72& c` ybcab xgdcgtcm` lxme tbo qcdoq ml tbo xohgff

cq afogxfs `mt |cqchfo hs tbo mhqox|ox. Gq tbo IXH ~xmixoqqoq& tbo quxlgao ml tbo

xohgff or~g`dq "gq t8#& g`d tbo oecttod xgdcgtcm` do`qcts dxm~q yctb tbo qgeo

xgto& aguqcì g ixgdugf doaxogqo c` tbo mhqox|od hxcibtòqq ml tbo huxqt. Bmyo|ox&

hoaguqo ml tbo or~g`qcm`& tbo hufk Fmxo`tz lgatmx cq xoduaod& g`d tbo xofgtc|cqtca

hogecì hoameoq ycdox. Gq g xoquft& g fgxiox lxgatcm` ml tbo quxlgao ml tbo xohgff

ycff ameo c` tbo ofd ml |coy ml tbo mhqox|ox "ecddfo ~catuxo#& xoduacì tbo doags

xgto ml tbo mhqox|od IXH hxcibtòqq "`my t7.8 c`qtogd ml t8#. O|o`tugffs&

gff ml tbo quxlgao ml tbo huxqt hoameoq |cqchfo tm tbo mhqox|ox& g`d g ixgdugffs

càxogqcì lxgatcm` ml tbo xohgff cq `m fmìox ghfo tm ho qoo`. Tbo doags xgto ml tbo

huxqtq hxcibtòqq `my do~o`dq m`fs m` tbo or~g`qcm` ml tbo xohgffq quxlgao g`d

hoameoq ~xm~mxtcm`gf tm t8. Tbcq txg`qctcm`& g~~ogxc i gq g` gabxmegtca hxogk

m` tbo gltoxifmy fcibt aux|o& bgq hoo` mhqox|od m` eg`s IXHq. Lmx tbo IXH

gltoxifmyq yctb `m mhqox|od jot hxogkq& ct cq gqqueod tbgt tbo hxogkq bg~~oòd gt

g tceo fmì gltox tbo huxqtq& ybo` `m mhqox|gtcm` dgtg orcqt.

Tbo ts~cagf IXH igeeg%xgs uoàoq gt tbo ogxtb gxo ml tbo mxdox ml 7>? oxi-ae8.

Cl yo gqqueod g` cqmtxm~ca oecqqcm` lxme IXHq& tbo` tbcq uoào& amehcòd yctb

tbo dcqtgào qagfo ml IXHq "qgs z 5 8#& ymufd xoquft tm g` cqmtxm~cagffs%oecttod

oòxis ml Ocqm 7>?1 oxi. Quab g` oòxis oecqqcm` cq am`qcdoxghfs bcibox tbg` tbo

82


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Lciuxo 7.72: Qkotab qbmycì bmy tbo xofgtc|cqtca hogecì amehcòd yctb amffcegtodegttox oecqqcm` ~xmduaoq g` gabxmegtca q~oatxgf hxogk c` tbo gltoxifmy aux|o mlIXHq. Qmuxao: [74U

oecqqcm` lxme g ts~cagf qu~ox`m|g "7>?7 oxi c` loy em`tbq mx 7>43 oxi c` bu`dxodq ml

qoam`dq#& g`d cq dcfiauft tm or~fgc`. Bmyo|ox& tbo lgat tbgt tbo oecqqcm` iomeotxs

83


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cq am`cagf geofcmxgtoq tboqo oòxis xowucxoeo tq. Cl tbo oecqqcm` gatugffs bg~~oòd

c` g qmfcd gìfo & tbo` tbo txuo gemu`t ml oecttod oòxis cq

Otxuo 5 8 Ocqm-4

5 8 Ocqm7 amq"jot#

8

Ocqm8jot

8&

yboxo jot cq tbo bgfl m~o`cì gìfo ml tbo oecqqcm` amò. Lxgcf ot gf. [29U oqtcegtod

jot lmx g qge~fo ml IXHq& hgqod m` tbo maauxxoào tceo ml tbo gabxmegtca hxogk c`

tbocx gltoxifmy aux|oq. Hgqod m` jot & tbos agfaufgtod tbo txuo gemu`t ml oecttod

oòxis lxme tbo cqmtxm~ca%owuc|gfo t gemu t. Tbocx xoquft "Lci. 7.73# qbmyod tbgt

o|o` tbmuib tbo cqmtxm~ca%owuc|gfo`t oecttod oòxis q~g`q g ycdo oòxis xgìo "4

7>?887>?4 oxi#& tbo txuo gemu`t ml oecttod oòxis q~g`q g am`qcdoxghfs `gxxmyox

oòxis xgìo ao`toxod gt 1 7>?>

oxi. Tbcq qbmyq tbgt tbo oòxis oecqqcm` ml

IXHq cq ame~gxghfo tm tbgt ml qu~ox`m|go& g`d quiioqtq tbgt IXHq bg|o g qtg`dgxd

oòxis xoqox|mcx. Tbo lgat tbgt tbo oecqqcm` cq am`cagf gfqm càxogqoq tbo ce~fcod xgto

ml IXHq hs tbo qgeo lgatmx " 8jot#& qcào m`fs IXHq yctb tbocx oecqqcm` amòq

~mc`tcì tm tbo ogxtb gxo dotoatod.

7.1.? ^xmio ctmxq ml IXHq

Tboxo gxo euftc~fo mhqox|gtcm`gf ~coaoq ml o|cdoào tbgt quiioqt tbgt `mt gff

IXHq gxo tbo qgeo& g`d tbgt tboxo gxo dcoxo`t kc`dq ml ~xmio`ctmxq g`d c`òx

oìcòq. Q~oacagffs& tbo duxgtcm` g`d tbo bgxdòqq xgtcm%duxgtcm` dcqtxchutcm`q

1>


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Lciuxo 7.73: IXH oòxiotcaq: dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo cqmtxm~ca%owuc|gfo`t oecttod oòxislmx g qofoatcm` ml IXHq yctb k`my` xodqbcltq "tm~#& dcqtxchutcm` ml tbo iomeotxs%

amxxoatod oecttod oòxis lmx tbo qgeo IXHq "hmttme#. Gxxmyq gxo ~fmttod lmx |oIXHq tm c`dcagto fmyox mx u~~ox fcectq tm tbo iomeotxs%amxxoatod oòxis. Qmuxao:[78U

"Lciq. 7.9 g`d 7.2# qbmy tbgt tboxo gxo tym kc`dq ml huxqtq: qbmxt%bgxd huxqtq g`d

fmì huxqtq. Doo~ fmì%duxgtcm` mhqox|gtcm`q ml tbo m~tcagf gltoxifmyq ml qbmxt huxqtq

dcd `mt qbmy g`s o|cdoào ml g` gqqmacgtod qu~ox`m|g [22& 9& 23U. M` tbo mtbox bg`d&

qu~ox`m|g%oecqqcm` q~oatxg yoxo dotoatod qu~oxce~mqod m` tbo gltoxifmyq ml emqt

ml tbo fmì IXHq " 8> IXHq# tbgt yoxo afmqo o`muib "z 7# tm gffmy lmx quab g

dotoatcm` [3>U.

Qbmxt duxgtcm` huxqtq gxo ~xcegxcfs mhqox|od c` xoicm`q yctb fmy mx `m qtgx

17


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lmxegtcm & tboxolmxo tbos gxo fckofs tm ho xofgtod tm mfd qtoffgx ~m~ufgtcm`q. Tbcq

quiioqtq tbgt tboqo huxqtq amufd ho tbo xoquft ml eoxioxq ml ame~gat hc`gxcoq& quab

gq òutxm` qtgx%òutxm` qtgx mx òutxm` qtgx%hfgak bmfo. Tbo hc`gxs fmqoq xmtgtcm`gf

oòxis tbxmuib tbo oecqqcm` ml ixg|ctgtcm`gf xgdcgtcm` g`d o|o`tugffs eoxioq& lmxe%

cì g hfgak bmfo g`d g` gaaxotcm` dcqk quxxmu`dc i ct. Tbo xoquftcì qsqtoe& tbo`&

~xmduaoq g IXH c` g ygs qcecfgx tm tbo amffg~qgx emdof doqaxchod ghm|o.

Fmì huxqtq gxo mhqox|od c` xoicm`q yctb bcib qtgx lmxegtcm` g`d gxo uqugffs

gaame~g`cod hs qu~ox`m|go& ce~fscì tbgt tbos gxo xofgtod tm tbo dogtb ml egqqc|o

qtgxq "qoo quhqoatcm` 7.1.?.7 lmx emxo dotgcfq m` tbo IXH%qu~ox`m|g am`òatcm`#.

Tbo egqqc|o qtgx c`|mf|od cq emqt fckofs g Ymfl%Xgsot qtgx& 8 ic|o` tbgt ghqmx~tcm`

logtuxoq c` tbo gltoxifmy ml fmì IXHq [37U yoxo or~fgcòd hs tbo ~xoqoào ml tbo

lgqt%em|cì yc`d ml quab g qtgx. Luxtboxemxo& tbo lgat tbgt fmì%IXH amu`tox~gxtq

gxo fmagtod yctbc` tbo hfuo ~gxtq ml igfgrcoq gxiuoq gigc`qt bcib%|ofmacts ~xmio`ctmxq

"quab gq eoxicì òutxm` qtgxq#. Tbo ghm|o quiioqt tbgt fmì IXHq fckofs ameo

lxme tbo amffg~qo ml tbo amxo ml g Ymfl%Xgsot qtgx tbgt lmx qmeo xogqm` axogtod g

IXH c`qtogd ml juqt g qu~ox`m|g. Qmeo ml tbo dcoxoàoq hotyoo` qbmxt g`d fmì

IXHq ameo lxme tbo lgat tbgt tbo oìcò ml fmì IXHq m~oxgtoq gt tbo ao`tox ml g

amffg~qcì qtgx& tboxolmxo ct cq am|oxod hs tbo eg`tfo ml tbo qtgx& ybcfo tbo oìcò ml

qbmxt IXHq cq emxo mx foqq or~mqod.

8Egqqc|o qtgxq "Egqq 0 8> E# tbgt xg~cdfs fmqo tbocx mutox o`|ofm~o hs eog`q ml g |oxs qtxmìqtoffgx yc`d.

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7.1.?.7 Fmì IXH%qu~ox`m|g am`òatcm`

C` 7332& tbo m~tcagf tofoqam~o XMTQO dcqam|oxod g txg`qco`t oecqqcm` amcàc%

do`t c` q~gao g`d tceo yctb Ho~~mQGR-HGTQO fmì IXH32>48? [38U. Tbo fmagtcm`&

q~oatxue g`d fcibt aux|o ml tbo m~tcagf txg`qco`t fogd tm ctq cdo`tcagtcm` gq g |oxs

fuec`muq Ts~o Ca qu~ox`m|g1 "Q@ 7332hy# [31& 34U. Tbcq dotoatcm` ygq g xqt ml

ctq kc`d& g`d quiioqtod tbgt fmì IXHq gxo xofgtod tm qu~ox`m|go& g`d tboxolmxo tm

tbo dogtbq ml egqqc|o qtgxq. Hoaguqo IXH32>48? ygq |oxs quhoòxiotca ame~gxcì

tm mtbox IXHq "cqmtxm~ca oòxis oecttod ygq

2

7>49 oxi c`qtogd ml tbo uqugf

7>?7 7>?4 oxi#& tbo qu~ox`m|g%IXH am`òatcm` ygq c`ctcgffs agffod c`tm wuoqtcm`.

Bmyo|ox& g loy sogxq fgtox& g qcecfgx o|o`t bg~~oòd. Oecqqcm` lxme g qu~ox`m|g

"Q@8>>1db [3?U# ygq dotoatod m` tbo gltoxifmy ml fmì IXH>1>183. Tbcq tceo& tbo

gqqmacgtod IXH bgd g `mxegf oòxis. C` gddctcm` tm tbmqo o|o`tq& tboxo bg|o gfqm

hoo` xod oecqqcm` hue~q qu~oxce~mqod m` tbo gltoxifmyq ml IXHq& yctb amfmx&

tcecì& g`d hxcibtòqq am`qcqto`t yctb tbo oecqqcm` ml g Ts~o Ca qu~ox`m|g qcecfgx

tm Q@ 7332hy "qoo [98U g`d xoloxoàoq tboxoc`#.

Hgqod m` tbo ghm|o& ct cq `my hofco|od tbgt emqt& cl `mt gff& fmì IXHq gxo

gaame~g`cod yctb g Ts~o Ca qu~ox`m|g. Ct qbmufd ho `mtod& bmyo|ox& tbgt `mt gff

Ts~o Ca qu~ox`m|g axogto g IXH. Tbo q~oaca am`dctcm`q tbgt fogd tm tbo axogtcm`

ml g IXH cq mò ml tbo m~o` wuoqtcm`q ml tbo ofd. Mhqox|gtcm`gf g`d tbomxotcagf

o|cdoào ce~fs tbgt bcib xmtgtcm`gf q~oodq& bcib ~xmio`ctmx egqqoq& g`d xoicm`q ml

fmy eotgffcacts [3


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qu~ox`m|g. Q~oacagffs& tbo IXH g`d tbo u`doxfsc`i qu~ox`m|g gxo ~myoxod hs

dcoxo t qmuxaoq. Tbo qu~ox`m|g g`d tbo ?


67/309

Abg~tox 8

\BO Oecqqcm` lxme IXHq

8.7 C txmduatcm`

Tbo ~xme~t g`d dofgsod oecqqcm` lxme IXHq bgq hoo` mhqox|od c` eg`s

yg|ofoìtbq lxme Eo\ igeeg xgsq tm m~tcagf ~bmtm`q. Tbo mhqox|gtcm` ml ogab

ml tboqo ame~mò`tq ~xm|cdo u`cwuo c`lmxegtcm` xoigxdcì tbo o`|cxmèo`t g`d

eoabg`cqe ml IXHq. Bmyo|ox& tbo O 0 8> Io\ oecqqcm` lxme IXHq bgq sot `mt

hoo` dotoatod.

Tbcq abg~tox ycff ~xoqo`t tbo ~bsqcagf ~xmaoqqoq c`|mf|od c` tbo ioòxgtcm`

g`d ghqmx~tcm` ml \BO ~bmtm`q c` IXHq& g`d ycff ~xm|cdo c`qcibt m` ybcab am`dc%

tcm`q lg|mx quab g` oecqqcm` g`d ybgt kc`d ml c`lmxegtcm` ag` ho doduaod lxme ctq

dotoatcm`.

Qoatcm` 8.8 ycff ~xoqo`t tbo mhqox|gtcm`gf qogxaboq lmx \BO oecqqcm` lxme

IXHq. Tbo`& qoatcm` 8.1 ycff ic|o g` m|ox|coy ml tbo ~xmaoqqoq tbgt ag` ioòxgto

\BO ~bmtm`q c` IXHq. Fgqtfs& qoatcm` 8.4 ycff doqaxcho tbo ~xmaoqqoq tbgt ag`

ghqmxh ~gxt ml tbgt xgdcgtcm` gt tbo qcto ml tbo huxqt.

1?


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8.8 Qogxaboq lmx \BO Oecqqcm` lxme IX

a blind search for bursts of very high enery gamma rays with milagro

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