influence of tool-pin profile on properties of friction

Influence of Tool-Pin Profile on Properties of Friction Stir Processed AA 2014 Under Natural and Flood Cooling

Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal1* and Pardeep Kumar2 1Research Scholar, Mech.Engg.Section, YCoE, Punjabi University GK Campus, Talwandi Sabo,

Distt.Bathinda, Punjab-151302, India 2Mech.Engg.Section, YCoE, Punjabi University GK Campus, Talwandi Sabo, Distt.Bathinda, Punjab – 151302, India

* corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - Aluminium alloys, possessing good strength to weight ratio, are extensively employed in various fields of technology. Friction stir processing (FSP) is an allied process of friction stir welding (FSW) that is used to transform the material properties. FSP performed on surface can transform the surface properties of certain material and can also transform the mechanical properties, if carried out in bulk of material. Investigations have been carried out by number of researchers to see the influence of FSP parameters and the simultaneous cooling on different properties of different materials. In the present research work, the work was carried out to see the influence of tool-pin profile on the properties of aluminium alloy AA2014, under natural and flood cooling conditions. AA2014 is commonly used in aerospace industry and in defence equipment. AA2014 was friction stir processed with three types of tool-pin profiles and freezing the other process parameters of FSP, on the basis of literature. The processed specimens were characterized with X-ray radiography and microstructure analysis. Micro-hardness and the tensile strength of the processed specimens were also tested. Among the processed specimens, the highest hardness was obtained with square tool-pin profile under flood cooling conditions. The refinement in microstructure has been observed to be the reason of the same. Keywords: Friction stir processing, microstructure, micro-hardness, tool-pin profile, flood cooling.

1. INTRODUCTION Aluminium and aluminium alloys have a wide range of applications, due to its many outstanding attributes including good corrosion and oxidation resistance, high electrical and thermal conductivities, low density, high reflectivity, high ductility and reasonably high strength, and relatively low cost (Pushpanathan et al., 2012; Kapoor et al., 2013;Vagh and Pandya, 2012). Aluminium and its alloys are used commonly in aerospace and transportation industries because of their low density and high strength to weight ratio. Aluminium alloys are generally classif ed as non-weldable because of the poor solidif cation microstructure and porosity in the fusion zone. These factors make the joining of these alloys by conventional welding processes unattractive. Some aluminium alloys can be resistance welded, but the surface preparation is expensive, with surface oxide being a major problem. Friction stir welding (FSW) was invented at The Welding Institute (TWI) of UK in 1991 as a solid-state joining technique and it was initially applied to aluminium alloys. The basic concept of FSW is remarkably simple. Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has come up as a solid state

technique for microstructure modif cation, based on the basic principles of FSW (Misra and Ma, 2005; Pushpanathan et al., 2012; Elangovan and Balasubramanian, 2008). In FSW, a non-consumable rotating tool with a specially designed pin and shoulder is inserted into the abutting edges of plates, to be joined and then traversed along the line of joint, while shoulder touches the plates. Due to stirring action of the tool-pin, the friction heats both the materials at the joint. The two materials in visco-plastic state on solidification give a good welded joint. Thus, a welding joint is produced in solid state by localized heat from the friction between the tool and work piece and plastic deformation of the material. In FSP, the same process is used for modification of the material properties by the process of friction stirring in the single material only. Then the tool is plunged into the material at pre-determined rotational speed and traversed across it, as shown in Fig. 1. The heat is generated by the friction between the tool-pin and work piece. The localized heating softens the material around the pin. The combination of tool rotation and translation cause the movement of material from front to the back of the pin, which results in the processing of the material (Misra and Ma, 2005).

Fig. 1: Schematic representation of FSP principle (Yadav and Bauri, 2012).

32ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014

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Friction stir proto change themicrostructure used (PushpaBalasubramaniis in-volume Fsubstrate materprocessing of soverlap ratio isalteration of respectively (Kprofiles also pproperties in FThe microstruczone can also tool design, FS(Pushpanathan study the influfriction stir pr2014 in both fStir Processingwith three differound). Frictionflood cooling keeping othespecimens havtesting and mhave also beemicro-hardnesscondition withimages of threfinement, whimprovement inobserved to besquare tool, uwith the procconditions.

2. E

The substratealuminium alloLudhiana in dimensions of of substrate mSpectrometer aand Sewing required for FSany temperaturrequired numdimensions 10the procured ssoftware was udesign, the Table 1.

ocessing is done mechanical in which diff

anathanet et ian, 2008). TheSP that meansrial and the secsurface of mats very importanmicrostructure

Kurt et al., 201plays a major FSP (Elangovancture and mech

be accuratelySP parameters

et al., 2012). Tuence of tool-processed (in-vflood and naturg was performerent tool-pin pn stir processinconditions w

er parametersve been chara

microstructure tn evaluated. As has been o

h square tool-phe processed hich seems ton micro-hardne more in caseunder flood cocessing done

EXPERIMEN

e material choy2014, was prplate shape 600mm × 50m

material is detavailable at thMachine part

SP were preparre rise to caus

mbers of samp00 mm × 50mmsubstrate materused for designselected tool

ne on a single properties b

ferent tool-pinal., 2012;

e FSP is done i processing ofcond is surfaceterial up to a snt factor for the and mecha11). Effect of drole in modif

n and Balasubrhanical proper

y controlled byand active hea

The present wopin profile on volume FSP) aral cooling con

med on verticaprofiles (squarng was done u

with each tools constant. acterized withtesting. The tA significant

observed undepin profile. Th

specimens do be the causess. The tensile of specimensooling conditio

with other t

NTAL PROCE

hosen in therocured from thhaving thickn

mm. The chemtermined with he R and D Cts, Ludhiana. red by wire EDse microstructuples of 6mm tm were cut byrial in plate sning the tools dimensions

sheet of materby changing tn profiles can

Elangovan ain two ways, o

f full thickness e FSP that measmall depth. The evaluation aanical propertdifferent tool-pfying the surfaramanian, 200ties of processy optimizing tating and cooliork is focussedthe properties aluminium allnditions. Frictial milling cenre, hexagonal aunder natural al-pin profile, The process

h micro-hardneensile propertimprovement

er flood coolihe microstructudepict the grase of significale strength is als processed won, as compartools or cooli

EDURE

e present stuhe local markeness 6mm, wmical composit

the help of Centre for Bicy

The specimDM so as to avural changes. Tthickness, havy wire EDM frhape. Auto CAs for FSP. In

are presented

rial the be

and one

of ans The and ties pin ace 8). sed the ing

d to of

loy ion

ntre and and by

sed ess ties

in ing ure ain ant lso

with red ing

udy, et of with tion the

ycle mens void The ving rom AD the

d in

ShouldTool-pdiametsquareTool-p

CNC mand DLudhiain Fig.tools re

Before necessaproper importaspecimAuto Chaving fixture Sewingmachinmillingwas emspecimIn pesethree hexagounder 45mm/The psuspensmachinetchingetchingetched was emicroscprocessof micrresult aused to

TABL

Tool Para

der diameter pin diameter fter of circle cir

e or hexagonal topin length

machine was u Centre for

ana. The drawin 2.A hexagon

espectively wer

Fig. 2 D

starting macary to hold themachining of

ant role in the men into the fixCAD software

dimensions 1was manufactu

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men at the reseaent study, the vdifferent type

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ne. To contrast g of polished sg reagent. The

with this Kelexamined uncope (RMM-7sed specimens.ro-hardness of and discussion.o measure the h

LE 1 TOOL DIME

ameter

for round tool rcumscribed aboool-pin profiles

used to manufBicycle and ngs of tools manal ( ), square employed fo

Drawing of differen

hining on anye job firmly of the work pieFSP for secureture cavity. Thfor friction st00mm × 50mured at R and

parts, Ludhianir processing

using speciallypreparing the

arch and develoverticle millinges of tool-pind. Friction St

atural cooling d 1400 r.p.m.

carried out mirror like surthe different p

specimens waspolished speciller’s etching der inverted 7) for obtainin The microstruall types of sp. Micro-hardnehardness of spe

ENSIONS Dimens

(mm)

18/

out 6

5.7

facture the tooSewing Mach

anufactured arare ( ), and or FSP.

nt FSP tools.

y machine, aon the work taece. So fixture and proper mhe fixture was tir processing

mm× 6mm. ThD Centre for B

na using CNwas done on

y designed fixte friction stir opment centre,g machine wasn profiles vitir Processing

conditions h

with aluminrface finish onphases of micrs done with thimens were subreagent. Each

optical meng the microstructure images aecimens are pr

ess tester (Mituecimens.. It wa

ion )

ls at the R hine parts, e presented round ( )

a fixture is able for the re plays an mounting of modeled in of samples

he designed Bicycle and

NC milling n a verticle ture, which

processed , Ludhiana. s used with iz. square,

was done aving feed

na powder n polishing ostructure,

he Keller’s bsequently

specimen etallurgical ructures of and graphs resented in utoyo) was s done at a


33 ARME Vol.3 No.2 July - December 2014

lppptsta(

3Mbb

a

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load of 0.5 kperformed unprocessed tensiproduced from testing as per specimens wertest was perforat Baba Farid (Punjab).

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a)

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Fig. 4 Macrographcondition with d

kg for 10 secder dry and ile specimens othe processed ASTM E8M

re prepared usinrmed on a HECollege of En

RESULTS AN

alysis of frictios of all frictioThe macrograpd in Fig. 3 and 4

raphs of specimenion with different

hexagonal too

hs of specimens prdifferent tool-pin pr

tool, (c)

conds. Tensileflood coolin

of standard sizmaterial to be -04 standard. ng wire EDM

EICO universalngg. and Techn

ND DISCUSSI

n stir processeon stir processephs of specimen4.

s processed with Ftool-pin profiles (a

ol, (c) round tool.

rocessed with FSProfiles (a) square round tool.

e test was alng. Friction se and shape wetested for tensThe tensile t

machine. Tensl testing machinology, Bathin

ION

ed specimens ed specimens ns after FSP h

FSP under natural a) square tool, (b)

P under flood coolitool, (b) hexagona

lso stir ere sile test sile ine nda

has have

ing al

Lookinthe macclean ain Fig.without 3.2 MicMicro-hAA201the effewas anrespect 3.2.1 EfThe surboth dprofilessummacoolingvalue opin prowith roof the tsignific5 and 6

Fig. 5 E

Fig. 6 E

ng at the surfaccrographs that

and no obvious.3 and 4. Thet any voids/hol

cro-hardness ahardness of to

14 processed wect of tool-pin nalysed and ditively.

Effect of Tool-prface micro-ha

dry and flood s such as Sarized respectivg conditions. Iof Micro-hardnofile. The Miound tool-pin pthree used toolcant improvem6 than that of b

Effect of tool-pin p

Effect of tool-pin pr

81.6

0102030405060708090

Micr

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ss(H

v)

122

020406080

100120140

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v)

ce obtained aftop surface of

s defects coulderefore, FSP les on its surfa

analysis op surface of thwith FSP was m

profile and coiscussed in fol

pin Profile on Mardness values

cooling by uSquare, Hexagvely for naturaIn both the caness has been ocro-hardness o

profile is obserl-pin profiles. T

ment after FSP iase metal.

profiles on the miccondition.

rofile on the Microcooling.

6 77.53 7

Tool-pin p

2.5

98.739

Tool-pin p

fter FSP, it is cf processed spd be identifiedproduced cleace.

he specimens measured. In thooling on micrllowing two s

Micro-hardneof processed musing differengonal and Ral cooling andases of FSP, thobtained for sqof specimens rved to be minThe hardness ein all cases sho

cro-hardness in FS

o-hardness in FSP

75.64 73.93

profile

91.2274.93

profile Bas

e B

ase

clear from ecimens is

d as shown an surface

of material his section, ro-hardness subsections,

ess material in nt tool-pin Round are d for flood he highest quare tool-processed

nimum, out exhibited a own in Fig.

SP underdry

under flood

Gagandeep Singh Dhaliwal and Pardeep Kumar


Taoabitaa(pTmpottpv(pr( 3TwHripchd

The increase iand dislocatioobserved that aluminium diebar-graphs in improvement itool-in profile and flood cooaluminium allo(Elangovan anplays an imporThe primary fmetal and movproperties enhobserved that terms of Micrthat of other topulsating actiovertical flat (2008) also oproduced 80 pur.p.m. There is(Hexagonal and

3.2.2 Effect of The graphical rwith cooling Hexagonal andrespectively. Iimproved the profiles. This mcoolant. The chardness of mdecrease in gra

Fig. 7 Effect of c

020406080

100120140

Micr

o-ha

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sss (

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in hardness is on interaction.hardness incre

e casting alloyFig.5 and

in the micro-hain both the co

oling conditiooys through a

nd Balasubramrtant role in enfunction of toove the same b

hancement. In square tool-pi

ro-hardness imool-pin profileon experiencedsurface. Elanobserved that ulses/s, when ts no such puld round) pin pr

f cooling on therepresentation for individua

d Round) are sIt has been omicro-hardnesmay be due tocooling action material consiain size.

cooling on the mic

81.6

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re(Dry) Sq

attributed to . Nakata et eases in frictio

y due to grain 6 clearly in

ardness is moronditions of FSn. As observ

a lot of reseamanian, 2008), nhancement ofol-pin is to stibehind it to ha

this work alin profile gav

mprovement ths because of hd in the stirri

ngovan and Bthe square

tool rotated at lsating action rofiles.

e micro-hardnof variation o

al tool-pin pshown in givenobserved that ss substantiallyo the cooling a

during FSP pderably; this

cro-hardness in FS

122.5

n profile

quare(Flood co

grain refinemeal. (2006) al

on stir processrefinement. T

ndicate that tre in case squaSP under natu

ved for differearch done earl

tool-pin proff micro-hardneir the plasticizave good surfalso, it has bee best results

hrough FSP thhigher number ing zone dueBalasubramanitool-pin profa speed of 12in case of oth

ness f micro-hardne

profiles (Squan Fig. 7, 8 andthe cooling h

y for all tool-paction of floodprocess increas

is related to

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oling)

ent lso sed The the are

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in han

of to

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Fig. 1

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)M

icro-

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ness

(Hv)

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Effect of cooling

Effect of cooling

0 Relative effect odry/flood coo

ncreased hardties of the ma

FSP under flhardness in caagonal and roun

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Micr

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)

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0

20

40

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81.6

1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Micr

o-ha

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ss(H

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Dry FS

on the Micro-hardTool.

on the micro-hard

of cooling on the moling for different

dness is impaterial. Figure lood cooling, se of square tond tool.

77.53

Tool-pin p

Hexagonal(DrHexagonal(Fl

75.64

Tool -pin pr

Dry) Roun

6 77.53

122.5

98

Tool-pin pr

SP FSP

dness in FSP with H

dness in FSP with r

micro-hardness in Ftool-pin profiles.

proved the m10 clearly de

the improvemool is more as

98.73

profile

ry)ood cooling)

91.22

rofile

nd(Flood coolin

3 75.64

8.73 91.

rofile

with coolant

Hexagonal

round tool.

FSP under

mechanical emonstrate

ment in the compared

ng)

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3.3 MicrostrucMicrostructureform surface fcooling condition the microscooling has besubsections res

3.3.1 Effect MicrostructureIn microstructucooling are aoptical microsdetails. Fig. microstructure square, hexagocooling respeclarge grains distribution of Fig.11. The sursuch as square,brighter than t(2013) observefriction stir protool have signithe processed deformation phomogeneous, improve the mgrain refinemethis can be attrobservations mTable 2 and 3.

F

TABLE 2 MIC

Tool-pin p

Squar

Hexago

Roun

cture Analysis images of spe

for all tool-pinions were captstructure of deen analysed aspectively.

of Tool-pine ure analysis, s

analysed at mscope to reve12 and 13 of processed

onal and rounctively. The pa

of non-unifof coarse secondrfaces of specim, hexagonal andthe parent meted same result ocessing, rotatificant effects surface. The m

processes is tofine grain siz

mechanical proent, precipitateributed to acce

made from the m

Fig. 11 Microstruc

CROSTRUCTURCOND

profile

re Fine

onal Densstruc

nd Hom

ecimens of AAn profiles, undtured. In this sdifferent tool-pand discussed i

Profile in

specimens undmagnification (

eal quality opresents the

surfaces carriend pin profilearent material orm size, wid phase particmens under alld round after ptal. The Ramaand also discu

tional and tranon the grain

main purpose oo produce the and distribut

operties.FSP ise breakup simelerated diffusimicrostructure

cture of base mater

RE OBSERVATIODITION

Observat

recrystallized gr

se recrystallture

mogeneous grain

2

A0214 after FSer dry and floection, the effepin profiles ain following tw

FSP on t

der dry and flo(20X) using tf microstructu

typical opticed out employie with dry/flo

is composed ith non-unifocles as shown l tool-pin profiprocessing appeanjaneyulu et ussed that durinslation speed size evolution of several plas

he material wte precipitates

s effective in tmultaneously aion kinetics. T

e are presented

rial.

ON UNDER DRY

tion

rain structure

ized grain

structure

0µm

SP, ood fect and wo

the

ood the ure cal ing ood

of rm in

les ear al.

ing of in

stic with

to the and The d in

TABL

To

The effrictioncooling

LE 3 MICROSTRUC

ool-pin profile

Square

Hexagonal

Round

ffects of tool-n stir processg conditions are

UCTURE OBSEROOLING CONDI

O

Fine andequiaxed structure Medium gr

More hostructure

-pin profile oned specimense shown in Fig

(a)

(b)

RVATION UNDERITION

Observation

d more unrecrystallized

ain structure

omogeneous

n the microsts under dry g. 12 and 13 res

20µ

20µ

R FLOOD

niform, grain

grain

tructure of and flood spectively.

µm

µm



(c)

Fig. 12 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed under dry condition with different tool-pin profiles (a) square (b) hexagonal and (c) round.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig.13 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed with FSP under flood cooling condition with different tool-pin profiles (a) square (b) hexagonal

and (c) round. From the analysis of microstructure images, it can be inferred that the microstructure can be controlled by changing the tool-pin profile and formation of defects free friction stir processed surface is also a function of tool-pin profile. From the above investigation, the processed region of specimens, show a fine recrystallized grain structure due to heavy plastic deformation, which is due to dynamic recrystallization due to thermo mechanical processing by the square tools. It can also be seen that sample processed by square tool-pin profile has finer equiaxed grain structure relative to sample processed by the other pin profiles as shown in Fig. 12(a) and Fig. 13(a). These results are in conformance with Elangovan and Balasubramanian (2008) in the case of aluminium alloy. The grain refinement is attributed to the higher number of pulsating action experienced in the stirring zone of square pin profile as compared to that in other tool-pin profiles. 3.3.2 Effect of Cooling on the Microstructure The FSP process under the cooling conditions changed the coarse and inhomogeneous microstructure of specimen to a fine and uniform microstructure. The cooling process decreases grain size and increased its uniform distribution. Reduction of the process temperature with cooling system and lowering the total time of cooling process results more uniform and similar grain size microstructure. The similar result was observed by Darras and Kishta (2006) in submerged friction stir processing of AZ31.Nia et al., (2013) also observed that cooling process decreased grain size and increased its uniform distribution. So that FSP under flood cooling have a fine and equiaxed grain structure than that of FSP dry conditions as shown in Fig. 14, 15 and 16 respectively.

20µm

20µm20µm

20µm



(a) (b)

Fig. 14 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed with FSP with square tool-pin profile, under (a) natural cooling, (b) flood cooling.

(a) (b)

Fig. 15 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed with FSP with hexagonal tool-pin profile, under (a) natural cooling, (b) flood cooling

(a) (b)

Fig. 16 Microstructure images of AA2014 processed with FSP with round tool-pin profile, under (a) natural cooling, (b) flood cooling.

20µm 20µm

20µm20µm



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3.4 Tensile streTensile propeprocessed withto improve thetool-pin lengthslightly lesser processed. In tkept slightly swas done to stithe bulk propproperties. In tcooling on tediscussed in fo

3.4.1 Effect of The Longitudinstrength, percebeen evaluatedIt can be notecylindrical toolfor FSP with squahexagonal tointermediate bboth cases. Thebe obtained deformation.

Fig. 17 Effect of t

0

50

100

150

200

250

Tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)

ength Analysisrties of spec

h FSP were dee surface prop

h is increased sthan the thic

the present wshorter than thir the bulk of mperties in adthis section, theensile propertllowing two su

f Tool-pin Profnal tensile propentage elongatid and their resued that tensile l is the lowest

are tool, the saol, mean te

between the sqe highest tensiby increases

tool-pin profile on and flood coo

219217

Tool-

FSP wit

s cimens of mascribed.FSP isperties of certsuch that it beckness of the ork, the lengthhe thickness omaterial and chdition to effee effect of toolties has beenubsections, resp

file on the Tenperties such asion of the FSP

ults are shown istrength valuamong six. On

ame is the Higensile strengtquare and cylle strength fors the volum

the tensile strengtoling condition.

217208

pin profile

th coolant

aterial AA201s generally dontain material. ecomes equal o

material beinh of tool-pin

of workpiece. heck its effect ofect on surfacl-pin profile an

n analysed anpectively.

sile Strength ultimate tensi

P specimen havin fig.17 and 1

ue for FSP witn the other han

ghest. In case oth values arlindrical tool ir square tool ca

me of materi

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211200

Dry FSP

14 ne If or ng is It

on ce nd nd

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Fig.18

Becauround,througanalysregionsquaredeformeffect the spobservthe spexhibispecimirrespecondit(squareffect the samstrengeffect Murugprocesand tasignifi 3.4.2. It can procesthe lowhand, pin prPercencompafor allmecharegistetool-pdiffere

Elon

gatio

n(%

)

Effect of tool-pin

use of changin, there is a sigh friction andsis has been can of all the spee tool-pin promation, due to provides high

pecimens procved from the Fipecimens proited superior mens processective of FSP tion). It has alsre, hexagonal,on tensile stre

me that the FSgth and ductili

on tensile pgan (2010), ssed using hexapered octagonicantly.

Effect of Coolbe noted that

ssed under drywest than that elongation forrofiles is thentage elongatiared with that l tool-pin profanical properered a graduain profile. Thience in the me

6.66

11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

profiles on the elo

flood cooling

g the surface ignificant diffed material defoarried out in thcimens. Frictioofile caused its higher ecce

h tensile strengcessed with oig. 17 and 18 tcessed with tensile prope

sed with ocooling cond

so been observ round) undeength. Xu et P parameters hty, whereas toproperties. Acthe tensile

xagonal, taperenal tool-pin pro

ling on the Tent tensile strengy conditions inobtained in flor FSP under dr

highest than ion nearly foobtained in flofiles. It is alwrties in the l increase frois observation echanism of he

6.61

1.07

9

Tool pin pro

FSP with

ongation in FSP ung.

area of a squaerence in the

ormation. The the friction stir on Stir Processhigh degree

entricity and itsgth, when compther tool prof

that out of six ssquare tool-perties as comther tool-pin

dition (dry/flooved that tool-per FSP have al., 2013 also

have a great efool-pin profileccording to Vstrength of ed hexagonal,

ofile tools, do n

nsile Strengthgth values for n all tool-pin ood cooling. Onry conditions i

that in floodound to be dooded cooling

ways noteworthlongitudinal

m cylindrical may be attribu

eat generation

5.89

9.67

8

ofile

h coolant D

nder dry and

are tool to heat input tensile test processed

sing by the of plastic s pulsation pared with files. It is specimens,

pin profile mpared to n profile, od cooling pin profiles very little expressed

ffect on the e has little Vijay and specimens octagonal

not change

specimens profiles is n the other in all tool-d cooling. double as condition,

hy that the direction

to square uted to the in various

8.11

ry FSP



tcs2MtFaped

tool-pin proficomplements tseen that ultim200 to 217 MPMPa in case othere is drasticFSP, as maximagainst nominaprofile. Wen eexhibits highedry/flood cooli

F

iles, where athe frictional h

mate tensile strePa in case of nof flood cooli reduction in d

mum percentagal value of 13 et al. (2012) or ultimate tening are shown

Fig. 19 Effect of co

additional deheat generationength values anatural and frng. It can be

ductility of thee elongation is%, in case of

observed that nsile strength in Fig. 19 and

ooling on the tensi

Tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)

1

Tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)

0

4

8

Tens

ile st

reng

th (M

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formation hen. It can also bre ranging from

from 211 to 21concluded th

e material due ts noted 11.07 %f square tool-pi

multi-pass FSand elongatio20.

ile strength with (a

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REFERENC

), "Standard Gpecimens", AS

(2013a), " Standalic Materials,"

Mahadevan K. ahe changes effec

)

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CES

Guide for PrepSTM Internatio

ard Test Methods ASTM Internati

and Pushpanathancted by the tool

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for Tension ional, West

n D., 2012, l profile on



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[12] Nataka K., Kim Y.G., Fujii H., Tsumura T. and Komazaki T., 2006, ‘Improvement of mechanical properties of aluminium die casting alloy bu multi-pass friction stir processing’, Material science and engineering, vol.437, pp.274-280.

[13] Pushpanathan D., GanesaBalamurugan K. and Mahadevan K., 2012, ‘Investigation on the change effected by the tool type on the hardness of friction stir processed AA6063 aluminium alloy’, Applied science, vol.12, no.10, pp.1067-1070.

[14] Ramanjaneyulu K., Reddy G., Rao A. and Markandeya R., 2013, ‘Structure-property correlation of AA2014 friction stir welds: Role of tool pin profile’,ASM international, vol.22, no.8, pp.2224-2240.

[15] Wen W., Kuaishe W., Qiang G. and Nan W., 2012, ‘Effect of friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cast AZ31 Magnesium alloy’, Material science and engineering, vol.41, no.9, pp.1522-1526.

[16] Xu W., Liu j., Zhu H., and Fu Li., 2013, ‘Influence of welding parameters and tool pin profile on the microstructure and mechanical properties along the thickness in a friction stir welded aluminum alloy’, Material and design, vol.47, pp.599-606.

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influence of tool-pin profile on properties of friction

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