infectious diseases health ii. pre-test what is a pathogen? list at least 3 types of pathogens. ...
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Pre-Test1. What is a pathogen?
2. List at least 3 types of pathogens.
3. List 3 ways pathogens are spread
4. How do you treat bacterial diseases?
5. What is a vaccine?
6. Name 2 common bacterial diseases
7. Name 2 common viral diseases
Answers1. Any agent that causes disease
2. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, parasites, rickettsia
3. Person to person, food and water, environment, animals
4. Antibiotics
5. Substance made of killed or weakened pathogens or from genetic material introduced into the body to create immunity
6. Strep throat, meningitis, sinus infection, salmonellosis, tetanus
7. Flu, common cold, mumps, measles, mononucleosis, hepatitis, Ebola
PathogensANY AGENT THAT CAUSES DISEASE
Bacteria Tiny, single-celled organisms that live almost everywhere on
Earth Most bacteria are harmless and help with bodily functionsBacteria in mouth, intestines
Harmful bacteria make you sick when they grow on or in your body
Example: Some give off poisons (tetanus/toxins) that damage cells Sinus infections
Most harmful bacteria are killed by our immune system, others need antibiotics to treat and cure infections
PathogensVirusesSmaller than bacteriaDisease-causing particles made up of genetic material
surrounded by a coat of protein the virus finds a living “host cell” and forces it to
reproduce and “attack” more cellsColds, flu, measles, AIDS
Pathogens Fungi (fungus)
Organisms that absorb and use nutrients from other living or dead organisms
Mushrooms Athlete’s foot, ringworm
Protists Larger and more complex than bacteria
Malaria
Parasites Animals—get their energy and nutrients by feeding on other living
organisms Lice, tape worms, etc.
Rickettsia Pathogens that resemble bacteria
Invade cells of other organisms Enter humans through bites from fleas, ticks, or lice
typhus
How are they transmitted? Person to person
Airborne (sneezing, coughing, touching anything drops landed on) kissing, drinking from same glass, direct contact (tetanus)
Dirty Hands Suck
Food and water Contaminated food (from humans, from infected animal)
Examples? Water from streams or lakes, sewage,
Typhoid, cholera, dysentery
Environment Pathogens are all around you—few can cause disease
Tetanus present in soil
Animals Pathogens live on/in animals Ringworm from pets, mosquitos carry malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis,
ticks carry Lyme disease
How are they treated?Bacterial diseases Antibiotics-medicines used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria
Penicillin CANNOT be used to treat colds or viral diseases
Antibiotic resistance: bacteria are no longer killed by a particular antibiotic
Improper use=build up of antibiotic resistant bacteria
Viral Diseases Not much is known, so most concentrate on relieving symptoms
and stopping production of viruses inside cells
Fungal Infections Over-the-counter or prescription medicine
Protistan, parasitic Infections Prevention—good hygiene, sanitation
VaccinesSubstances made of killed or weakened
pathogens or from genetic material introduced into the body to create immunity
The body begins to make WBCs called memory cellsIf the specific pathogen enters the body , the
memory cells and their antibodies fight the pathogen before it can cause diseaseMay need boosters for vaccinesFlu?
Common Bacterial Infections
Tetanus Symptoms- Severe muscle spasms
Transmission- Tetanus causing bacteria found in soil Prevention- vaccine and boosters
Treatment- antibiotics
Strep Throat Symptoms- sore throat, fever, yellow or white specks on tonsils
Transmission- contact with mucus from infected person Prevention- avoid contact
Treatment- antibiotics
Meningitis-inflammation of membranes covering brain and spinal chord
Symptoms- severe headache, fever, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, nausea
Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus from infected person Prevention- vaccine, avoid contact
Treatment- antibiotics—if caught early enough
Common Bacterial Infections
Sinus InfectionSymptoms- headache, tenderness of sinuses, thick
greenish mucus, pressure in headTransmission- contact with mucusPrevention- avoid contact and allergensTreatment- ??
Salmonellosis- an infection of the digestive systemSymptoms- headache, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomitingTransmission- eating contaminated foodPrevention- thorough cooking, hand washing,
refrigerationTreatment- OTC meds for symptoms, sometimes
antibiotics
Common Viral Infections Flu Symptoms- headache, sore muscles and throat, fever, vomiting, ect.
Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus Prevention- vaccine and avoid contact
Treatment- rest, fluids
Cold Symptoms- sore throat, sneezing, runny nose, mild cough
Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus Prevention- wash hands, avoid contact
Treatment- rest, fluids
Mumps Symptoms- pain and swelling of glands in throat, fever, headache
Transmission- contact with infected airborne droplets and infected person Prevention- vaccine
Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids
Common Viral Infections Measles Symptoms- fatigue, runny nose, cough, fever, small white dots in
mouth, rash on body Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus
Prevention- vaccine Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids
Mononucleosis Symptoms- fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, weakness
Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus Prevention- avoid eating/drinking after infected person
Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids
Hepatitis Symptoms- inflammation of liver, jaundice, fever, darkening of urine
Transmission- contact with bodily fluids, contaminated food or water Prevention- vaccine for A and B, wash hands, avoid contact
Treatment- see doc. Rest, meds, no cure for Hep. B and C
What is a disease outbreak?
Occurs when a disease spreads in greater numbers than expected in a community or region or during a season1 community or extend to several countries
Example?
Even 1 case could be considered an outbreakUnknown disease, new to community, absent for a
long period of timeEx. Whooping cough
Epidemic vs PandemicPAIR AND SHARE
Talk to a partner and find out what you each know about an epidemic and a pandemic.
What are they?
What is the difference?
Examples of each?
EpidemicOccurs when an infectious disease spreads
rapidly to many people
Ex. SARS (2003) killed nearly 800 people worldwide
PandemicGLOBAL disease outbreak
When an epidemic gets out of hand, it becomes a pandemic
HIV/AIDS—one of the most destructive global pandemics in history
InfluenzaSpanish: 40-50 million people in 1918Asian: 2 million in 1957Hong Kong: 1 million in 1968
Who is responsible when an outbreak occurs?
World Health Organization (WHO)Directing and coordinating authority for health
within the UN system. Responsible for providing leadership on global
health matters, research, setting norms and standards, evidence-based policies, support in assessing health trends
“In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective defense against transnational threats
WHO WebQuest
WHO WebQuest Questions1. Who is the director-general of WHO at the moment?
2. How many countries are involved in WHO?
3. List the 6 regional office locations and the location of WHO headquarters.
4. What year what WHO formed?
5. List 3 big achievements of WHO and the dates.
6. Explain what “International Health Regulations” is.
7. WHO is funded mainly through what source?
Who is responsible?Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Major operating component of Department of Health and Human Services
Protects Americans from all types of diseases
Explore the CDC website and write a brief summary of the mission, role, history and accomplishments of the CDCThen, find what vaccines are required of all
travelers, most travelers, and some travelers if you and your children are traveling to India to visit friends/family.
http://www.cdc.gov/
Then, with a partner, complete the CDC Simulation CDC Simulation
Who is responsible?Food and Drug Administration (FDA—U.S.)
Agency within the US Department of Health and Human ServicesResponsible for:
Protecting public health through food sources and drug safety
Protecting against electronic product radiationAssuring cosmetics and supplements are safe and
properly labeledRegulating tobacco productsAdvancing public health by helping to speed product
innovations