a world list of chickpea and pigeonpea pathogens
TRANSCRIPT
A World List of Chickpe~and Pigeonpea Pathogens
Fifth edition
YL Nene
V K Sheila
S B Sharma
ICRISAT
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
1996
Citation: Nene, Y.L., Sheila, Y.K., and Sharma, S.B. 1996. A world list of chickpea andpigeonpea pathogens. 5th edn. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: InternationalCrops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (Semi-formal publication.)
.. ~. - .. ,,",--.- ..
An ICRISAT semi-formal publication without formal review issued by the Office of the DeputyDirector General, Corporate Office, ICRISAT.
Acknowledgment: The assistance of V S Reddy in typing and graphics is gratefullyacknowledged.
Contents
Introduction 1
World list of pathogensChickpea 3Pigeonpea 11
Distribution of pathogensChickpea 19Pigeonpea 19
Common names for the diseases of chickpea and pigeonpea 23
Bibliography 27
Introduction
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) are mandate pulses ofICRISAT. The first world list of chickpea and pigeonpea pathogens was published in 1978(ICRISAT Pulse Pathology Progress Report-3) and was revised in 1980 (ICRISAT PulsePathology Progress Report-8), in 1984 (ICRISAT Pulse Pathology Progress Report-32), andin 1989 (ICRISAT Legumes Pathology Progress Report-7).
This comprehensive list contains information available as of December 1995 and hasbeen prepared mainly from published reports and observations by ICRISAT researchersand cooperators. Pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma, and nematodes)and their global distribution are listed. The occurrence of the pathogens in 1978 and 1995 isbriefly reviewed. Common names for the diseases of chickpea and pigeonpea are alsogiven.
We hope that this revised list will be useful to chickpea and pigeonpea researchers andextension workers all over the world.
World List of Pathogens
Chickpea
DiseaseslPathogens
FungiDamping-off, collar rots, foot rots,
root rots, seed/seedling rots
Aphanomyces euteiches Drechsler
Aspergillus jfavus Link:Fries
Aspergillus niger van Tieghem
Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges & May
Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everhart
Fusarium arthrosporioides Sherbakoff
Fusarium avenaceum (Corda:Fries) Saccardo
Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Saccardo
Fusarium so/ani (Martius) Saccardo
Fusarium so/ani (Martius) Saccardo
f. sp eumartii (Carpenter) Snyder & Hansen
= Fusarium eumartii Carpenter
Fusarium spp
Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Goidanich
= Rhizoctonia batatico/a (Taubenhaus) Butler
Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Smith
Ozonium texanum (Neal & Wester.)
var parasiticum Thirumalachar
Phacidiopycnis padwickii
(Kheswalla) B. Sutton
= Opercu/ella padwickii Kheswalla
Phoma medicaginis Malbr. & Roumeguere
var pinodella (Jones) Boerema
Distribution (Country)
USA
India
Australia
Brazil
Australia
Australia
Australia, USA
Australia, India
Argentina, Australia, Chile, China,
Egypt, Hungary, India, Mexico,
Spain, Syria, USA
Spain
Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru,
Philippines, Thnisia
Australia, Bangladesh, China,
Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Kenya,
Lebanon, Mexico, Myanmar,
Pakistan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Syria, Tanzania, Thrkey, Uganda,
USA, Zambia
Ethiopia, Hungary, India
India
India
Australia, USA
. ,~ <':""".~ '.
3
Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. .& E.H. Sm.)Leonian
Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & LaffertyPhytophthora drechsleri ThckerPhytophthora megasperma Drechsler
Phytophthora parasitica DasturPythium debaryanum HessePythium irregulare BuismanPythium ultimum TrowPythium spRhizoctonia crocorum (Persoon) DC. ex FriesRhizoctonia solani Kuhn
Rhizoctonia spSclerotium rolfsii Saccardo (teleomorph: Athelia rolfsii
(Curzi) Th & Kimbrough - Corticium rolfsii Curzi)
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) FerrarisTrichoderma harzianum RifaiTrichothecium roseum (Persoon:Fries) Link
Leaf/stem blightsAlternaria alternata (Fries:Fries) Keissler
Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) WiltshireAlternaria tenuissima (Kunze:Fries) WiltshireAlternaria spAscochyta pinodes L.K. Jones
(teleomorph: Mycosphaerella pinodes(Berk. & Bloxam) Vestergr.)
Ascochyta pisi Lib.Ascochyta rabiei (Passerini) Labrousse
(races I, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6)(teleomorph: Mycosphaerella rabieiKovachevski= Didymella rabiei (Kovachevski) v. Arx)
4
Argentina
USA
Argentina, Chile, IranArgentina, Australia, India,Pakistan, SpainUSA
ArgentinaAustralia, USA
India, Iran, Thrkey, USA
Australia, Chile, Iran, USA
ItalyArgentina, Australia, Bangladesh,Chile, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran,Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan,Philippines, Sudan, Syria, USA
Sri Lanka, SudanBangladesh, Colombia, Egypt,Ethiopia, India, Kenya,Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan,Philippines, Sudan, Syria,Uganda, ZambiaUSA
IndiaHungary
Australia, Bangladesh, Hungary,India, Sri LankaIndiaIndiaNepalAustralia, Hungary, India
AustraliaAlgeria, Australia, Bangladesh,Bulgaria, Canada, China,Colombia, Cyprus, Egypt,Ethiopia, France, Greece,Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq,Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya,Lebanon, Libya, Mexico,Morocco, Pakistan, Portugal,Romania, Spain, Sudan, Syria,
Botrytis cinerea Persoon:Fries
Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) Butler & BisbyColletotrichum dematium (Persoon) GroveColletotrichum trifolii Bain & EssaryColletotrichum spMyrothecium roridum Tode:FriesMystrosporium spPhoma medicaginis Malbr. & Roumeguere
Pleospora herbarum (Persoon:Fries) Rabenhorst(anamorph: Stemphylium herbarum Simmons)
Pleospora tarda Simmons(anamorph: Stemphylium botryosum Wal1roth)
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Sclerotinia trifoliorum ErikssonSclerotinia spScopulariopsis brevicaulis (Saccardo) BainierStemphylium sarciniforme (Cavara) Wiltshire
Stemphylium spp
Downy mildewPeronospora sp
Powdery mildewsLeveillula taurica (Uvei11e) Arnaud
(anamorph: Oidiopsis taurica(Levei11e) Salmon)
Erysiphe sp
RustsUromyces appendiculatus (Persoon) UngerUromyces ciceris-arietini
Jaczewski in Boyer & Jaczewski
Tanzania, Thnisia, Thrkey,USA, former USSRArgentina, Australia,Bangladesh, Canada,Colombia, Hungary, India,Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal,Pakistan, Spain, Thrkey, USA,
VietnamIndiaIndia, Sri LankaAustralia, GermanyMexicoHungaryIndiaAustralia, Bangladesh,India, USA
Hungary, Thnisia
Australia, Hungary
Algeria, Australia, Bangladesh,Chile, Egypt, Hungary, India,Iran, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal,Pakistan, Syria, Thnisia, USA
AustraliaMexicoIndiaBangladesh, India, Iran,SyriaAustralia
Israel, Mexico
Ethiopia, India, Mexico,Morocco, Pakistan, Sudan,USA, ZambiaIran
TanzaniaAlgeria, Afghanistan, Australia,Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Chile,Cyprus, Ethiopia, France,
5
Uromyces striatus SchroeterUromyces viciae-fabae (Persoon) Schroeter
WiltsAcrophialophora fusispora
(Saksena) M.B. EllisFusarium oxysporum
Schlecht.:Fries emend. Snyder & Hansenf. sp ciceris (Padwick) Matuo & Sato(races O. I, 2, 3. 4. 5. and 6)
Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth.Verticillium dahliae KlebahnVerticillium sp
Bacteria
Seedling rot/blight, leaf spotPseudomonas andropogonis (Smith) StappXanthomonas campestris pv cassiae
(Kulkarni. Patel & Dhande) DyeXanthomonas sp
Viruses and mycoplasma
Stunting, chlorosis, wilting, proliferationAlfalfa mosaic virus
Bean (pea) leaf roll virus
6
Hungary, India, Iran, Italy,Lebanon, Libya. Malawi, Mexico,Morocco, Nepal. Pakistan, Peru,Portugal, Syria. Tunisia. USAAustralia. IndiaIndia
India
Algeria. Argentina, Australia.Bangladesh, Chile. China.Colombia, Egypt, Ethiopia,Hungary, India, Iran. Iraq,Italy, Kenya, Malawi, Mexico.Morocco. Myanmar, Nepal,Pakistan. Peru. Spain.Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria. Tunisia.Turkey, Uganda, USA. formerUSSR. ZambiaIndia. Pakistan. Tunisia, USAItaly. Syria. USAChile
Australia, Italy, USAIndia
Philippines
Algeria, Australia. India,Iran, Morocco, Myanmar.New Zealand, Turkey, USAAlgeria. Bangladesh.China, Ethiopia. India.Iran, Kenya, Lebanon,Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar,Nepal, Netherlands. NewZealand. Pakistan, Russia.Spain. Sudan. Syria,Tunisia. Turkey, USA.Zambia
Bean yellow mosaic virusBeet western yellows virus
Broad bean mottle virusChickpea bushy stunt (dwarf) virusChickpea chlorotic dwarf virusChickpea distortion mosaic virusChickpea filiform virusCucumber mosaic virus
Faba bean necrotic yellows virusLegume yellows virusLettuce mosaic virusLettuce necrotic yellows virusPea enation mosaic virusPea seedborne mosaic virusPea streak virusPhyllody (mycoplasma-like organism)
Red clover vein mosaic virusSubterranean clover red leaf virusTobacco ring spot virusTobacco streak virus
Parasitic nematodes
India, Iran, USAAustralia, India, Spain,Syria, USAMoroccoIndiaIndiaIndiaUSAAustralia, Bulgaria,Colombia, India, Iran,Morocco, Spain, USA,former USSRSyria, ThrkeyUSAUSAAustraliaItaly, USAEgypt, USAUSAEthiopia, India, Myanmar,ZambiaUSAAustralia, USAIndia
U~A
SudanIndia, Sudan, SyriaIndiaIndiaIndiaSyriaIndia, SudanIndiaIndiaIndiaSpainIndiaIndiaSpainSyria, Zimbabwe
Stunting, root-knot, root lesion, pearly root, dirty root, etcAmplimerlinius magnistylus Spain
Castillo, Barcina, Vovlas, NavasAphelenchoides graminis Basanowskaja & HangeAphelenchoides spBasiria spBoleodorus spCriconema spDitylenchus dipsaci (KUhn) FilipjevDitylenchus spHelicotylenchus abunaamai SiddiqiHelicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) SherHelicotylenchus indicus SiddiqiHelicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner) GoldenHelicotylenchus retusus Siddiqi & BrownHelicotylenchus shara/ati Mulk & JairajpuriHelicotylenchus tunisiensis SiddiqiHelicotylenchus sp
7
Hemicriconemoides cocophil/us(Loos) Chitwood & Birchfield
Heterodera cajani KoshyHeterodera ciceri Vovlas, Greco & Di Vito l
Heterodera goettingiana LiebscherHeterodera rosii Duggan & Brennan)Heterodera schachtii SchmidtHeterodera spHirschmanniella mucronata DasHirschmanniella oryzae
(van Breda de Haan) Luc & GoodeyHirschmanniella sppHoplolaimus dimorphicus Mulk & JairajpuriHoplolaimus indicus SherHoplolaimus seinhorsti LucLongidorus sppMacroposthonia ornata
(Raski) De Grisse & LoofMalenchus spMeloidogyne arenaria (Neal) ChitwoodMeloidogyne artiellia Franklin)Meloidogyne incognita
(Kofoid & White) Chitwood I
Meloidogyne incognita acrita ChitwoodMeloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood)
Meloidogyne thamesiChitwood in Chitwood, Specht & Havis
Meloidogyne sp
Merlinius spNothocriconemella spParatylenchus spPratylenchoides spPratylenchus alkani YukselPratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Goodey)Pratylenchus coffeae
(Zimmerman) Filipjev & Schuurmans StekhovenPratylenchus leiocauda SherPratylenchus mediterraneus CorbettPratylenchus minyus Sher & Allen
8
India
IndiaJordan, Lebanon, SyriaSpain, USASyriaGermanyIndia, Nepal, SpainIndiaIndia
IndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndia, MexicoIndia
IndiaIndiaItaly, Spain, SyriaBangladesh, India, Nepal,PakistanEgyptBangladesh, Brazil, Egypt,India, Malawi, Nepal,PakistanAustralia
Bangladesh, Cuba, Ethiopia,Malawi, Myanmar, Pakistan,Syria, Uganda, USA, zambia,ZimbabweIndiaIndiaIndiaSyriaSyriaAustralia, BrazilIndia
AlgeriaAlgeria, Morocco, Syria, TunisiaSpain
Pratylenchus mulchandi Nandakumar & KheraPratylenchus neglectus
(Rensch) Chitwood & OteifaPratylenchus penetrans
(Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans StekhovenPratylenchus ritteri SherPratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen I
Pratylenchus zeae GrahamRotylenchulus macrosoma
Dasgupta, Raski & SherRotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira l
Rotylenchulus spRotylenchus sppScutellonema brachyurum (Steiner) AndrassyScutellonema sppTrichodorus spTrophurus imperialis LoofTrophurus spTylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy) GoldenTylenchorhynchus brassicae SiddiqiTylenchorhynchus brevidens AllenTylenchorhynchus brevilineatus WilliamsTylenchorhynchus clarus AllenTylenchorhynchus dubius (Butschli) FilipjevTylenchorhynchus mashhoodi Siddiqi & BasirTylenchorhynchus vulgaris
Upadhyay, Swarup & SethiTylenchorhynchus spTylenchus spp
Xiphinema americanum CobbXiphinema basiri SiddiqiXiphenema pachaicum (Tulaganou) KirjanovaXiphinema spZygotylenchus guevarai
(Tober Jimenez) Braun & Loof
IndiaAlgeria, USA
Algeria, Morocco, Spain, Thnisia
Algeria, ThnisiaAustralia, India, Myanmar,SyriaIndiaSyria
Ghana, IndiaThnisiaIndiaIndiaIndiaBangladeshSpainSyriaPakistanIndiaIndiaIndiaSpainNetherlandsIndiaIndia
India, Morocco, Syria, ThnisiaIndia, Morocco, Spain, Syria,ThnisiaUSA
IndiaMorocco, SyriaIndia, SyriaSpain
I. These nema~odes have been responsible for disease situations in fields.
9
Pigeonpea
DiseaseslPathogens
FungiDamping-off, seed/seedling rots, root rots,
collar rots, stem blights/cankers/galls/rots
Armillaria mellea (Vahl.:Fries) Kummer
Aspergillus fiavus Link:Fries
Aspergillus niger van Tieghem
Botryosphaeria xanthocephala
(Sydow, P. Sydow & Butler) Theissen
(anamorph: Fusicoccum cajani
(Sydow, P. Sydow & Butler) Samuel & Singh)
Cercospora canescens Ellis & Martin
Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) Butler & Bisby
Colletotrichum crassipes (Spegazzini) v. Arx
Colletotrichum truncatum
(Schweinitz) Andrus & Moore
Colletotrichum sp
Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome
Dendrochium gigasporum Bresadola & Saccardo
Diplodia cajani Raychaudhuri
Diplodia sp
Fusarium avenaceum (Corda:Fries) Saccardo
Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Saccardo
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
(Patouillard) Griffon & Maublanc
= Botryodiplodia theobromae Patouillard
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich
= Rhizoctonia bataticola(Taubenhaus) Butler
Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Smith
Phellinus noxius(Corner) G.H. Cunningham
Phoma cajani (Rangel) Khune & Kapoor
Phoma sorghina (Saccardo) Boerema et al.
Phoma sp
Distribution (Country)
Malawi
India, Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Australia, Fiji, India, Puerto
Rico
Zambia
India
Zambia
India
Barbados, Puerto Rico
New Caledonia
Uganda
India
Zambia
Trinidad and Tobago
India
Puerto Rico
Australia, India, Jamaica,
Malawi, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago,
USA, Vietnam, Zambia
India
Niger, Papua New Guinea
Brazil, India
Trinidad and Tobago, zambia
Puerto Rico, Trinidad and
Tobago
II
Phomopsis cajani Sydow & SydowPhomopsis sp
Phytophthora cinnamomi RandsPhytophthora drechsleri TuckerPhytophthora drechsleri Tucker f. sp cajani
(Mahendra Pal, Grewal & Sarbhoy)Kannaiyan, Ribeiro, Erwin & Nene
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haanvar parasitica (Dastur) Waterhouse= Phytophthora parasitica Dastur
Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) ButlerPhytophthora spp
Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) FitzpatrickPythium arrhenomanes DrechslerPythium debaryanum HessePythium irregulare BuismanPythium splendens Braun
var hawaiianum SiderisPythium spRhizoctonia crocorum (Persoon) DC. ex FriesRhizoctonia solani KUhn
(teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris(Frank) Donk)
Rhizoctonia spSclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo(teleomorph: Athelia rolfsii(Curzi) Tu & Kimbrough= Corticium rolfsii Curzi)
Sclerotium spSynchytrium phaseoli-radiati Sinha & GuptaSynchytrium umbilicatum
(Berk. & Broome) KarlingThanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk
(anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani KUhn)
Leaf spotslblights/rotsAlternaria alternata (Fries:Fries) KeisslerAlternaria tenuissima (Kunze:Fries) WiltshireAlternaria sp
12
ZambiaIndia, Puerto Rico, Trinidad andTobagoUSAAustralia, USADominican Republic, India,Kenya, Panama, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico, USA
USADominican Republic, Kenya,Nepal, Sri Lanka, Trinidadand TobagoIndiaUSAUSAUSAUSA
AustraliaTrinidad and Tobago, ZambiaIndia, Malaysia, Philippines,Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone,Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda,ZambiaPhilippines, Puerto Rico, USAAustralia, Bermuda, Malaysia,ZambiaAustralia, India, Pakistan,Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka, Trinidadand Tobago, USA, Venezuela,ZambiaPuerto RicoIndiaIndia, Sri Lanka
India, Sri Lanka, Trinidad andTobago, zambia
Australia, IndiaIndia, Puerto Rico, USA, ZambiaKenya, Malawi, Sri Lanka
Botrytis cinerea Persoon:Fries
Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ellis & Halsted)Cercoseptoria cajanicola Pavgi & SinghCercospora canescens Ellis & MartinCercospora instabilis Rangel
Cercospora thirumalacharii Sharma & MishraChaetoseptoria wellmani StevensonChoanephora cucurbitarum
(Berk. & Ravenel) ThaxterChoanephora spCladosporium cladosporioides
(Fresenius) de VriesCladosporium oxysporum Berk. & CurtisColletotrichum cajani Rangel
Colletotrichum graminicola (de Cesati) WilsonCurvularia lunata (Walker) BoedijnFusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Saccardo= Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel
Leptosphaerulina briosiana(Poll.) Graham & Luttrell
Macrophoma cajanicola Pavgi & SinghMycovellosiella cajani
(Hennings) Rangel ex. Trotter= Cercospora cajani Hennings
Mycovellosiella cajani var indica(Singh) Deighton= Cercospora indica Singh
Mycovellosiella cajani var tricophila(Curzi) Deighton
Myrothecium gramineum Lib.Myrothecium roridum Tode:FriesPericonia byssoides PersoonPhaeoisariopsis griseola (Saccardo) FerrarisPhoma sp
Bangladesh, India, Nepal,Sri LankaBrazilIndia, ZambiaPhilippinesBrazil, India, Philippines,Puerto Rico, USA
IndiaGuatemalaIndia
Trinidad and TobagoIndia
ZambiaBrazil, India, Puerto Rico,USA, Venezuela, ZambiaIndiaIndiaIndia, Puerto Rico
India
India, TanzaniaBangladesh, Brazil, Colombia,Dominican Republic, Ethiopia,Fiji, Guatemala, Haiti, India,Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi,Mauritius, Nepal, Nigeria,Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone,Sri Lanka, Sudan, Taiwan,Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago,Uganda, USA, Venezuela,Zambia, ZimbabweFiji, India
Kenya, Somalia, Taiwan
IndiaIndiaIndiaZambiaDominican Republic, India,
13
Phyllosticta cajani Rangel
Pyrenochaeta cajani Singh & PavgiStemphylium sp
Powdery mildewsLeveillula taurica (Leveille) Arnaud(anamorph: Oidiopsis taurica(Leveille) Salmon)
Ovulariopsis ellipsospora Gorter
RustsPhakopspora pachyrhizi SydowUredo cajani Sydow
WiltsFusarium udum Butler
(teleomorph: Gibberella indicaB. Rai & R.S. Upadhyay)
Fusarium spVerticillium sp
Bacteria
Leaf spots, stem cankerPseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola(Burkholder) Young, Dye & Wilkie
Pseudomonas spXanthomonas campestris pv cajani(Kulkarni, Patel & Abhyankar) Dye
Xanthomonas sp
14
Malawi, Panama, Puerto Rico,Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela,ZambiaBrazil, Fiji, India, Jamaica,Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka,Trinidad and Tobago, USAIndiaUSA
Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi,Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Sudan,Tanzania, Uganda, ZambiaSouth Africa
Australia, PhilippinesBermuda, Colombia,Cote d'Ivoire,Guatemala, India, Jamaica,Kenya, Nigeria, Puerto Rico,Sierra Leone, South Africa,Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Trinidadand Tobago, Uganda, USA,Venezuela
Bangladesh, Germany, Ghana,Grenada, India, Indonesia, Italy,Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius,Myanmar, Nepal, St. Kitts andNevis, Tanzania, Thailand,Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda,Venezuela, Vietnam, ZambiaPhilippinesEcuador
Australia, Ethiopia, Zambia
BrazilAustralia, China, Fiji, India,Malawi, Myanmar, Panama,Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka, SudanZambia
Viruses/mycoplasmaStunting, mosaic, proliferationAlfalfa mosaic virusArhar mosaic virusClitoria yellow vein virusCowpea mosaic virus
Foliar vein yellowing (rhabdovirus)Mosaic (virus ?)
Mung bean yellow mosaic virus
Phyllody (mycoplasma-like organism)
Pigeonpea mosaic mottle (viroid)Rhynchosia little leaf
(mycoplasma-like organism)Rhynchosia mosaic (virus)Ring spot (virus ?)
Rosette (mycoplasma-like organism)Sterility mosaic (unknown/virus ?)
Tobacco mosaic virusTobacco streak virusTomato black ring virusDrd bean leaf crinkle virusWitches' broom (mycoplasma-like organism)
Parasitic nematodesStunting, root-knot, root lesion,pearly root, dirty root, etc.Aphasmatylenchus straturatus Germani1
Aphelenchoides bicaudatus(Imamura) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven
Aphelenchoides sppBasiria spBitylenchus singularis Siddiqi & SharmaCriconema spCriconemoides sp
New ZealandIndiaKenyaEI Salvador, Kenya, PuertoRico, Trinidad and TobagoUSA
Kenya, ZambiaIndia, Jamaica, Nepal,Philippines, Puerto Rico,Sri LankaIndia, Myanmar, Thailand,ZambiaIndiaJamaica
Puerto RicoZambiaIndiaBangladesh, India, Myanmar,Nepal, Sri Lanka, ThailandIndiaUSA
KenyaIndiaAustralia, Bangladesh,Costa Rica, Dominican Republic,EI Salvador, Haiti, Jamaica,Panama, Papua New Guinea,Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Trinidadand Tobago, USA, Venezuela
Burkina FasoFiji, Kenya
KenyaKenyaKenyaTrinidad and TobagoBurkina Faso, India, PuertoRico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA
15
Ditylenchus spDuosulcius spFilenchus spGracilacus peperpotti SchoemakerGracilacus spHelicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher
Helicotylenchus elegans RomanHelicotylenchus indicus SiddiqiHelicotylenchus microcephalus SherHelicotylenchus mucronatus SiddiqiHelicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) GoldenHelicotylenchus paraplatyurus SiddiqiHelicotylenchus pseudorobustus
(Steiner) GoldenHelicotylenchus retusus Siddiqi & BrownHelicotylenchus sp
Hemicriconemoides cocophillus(Loos) Chitwood & Birchfield
Hemicriconemoides sppHeterodera cajani KoshylHeterodera trifolii GoffartHirschmanniella mucronata DasHirschmanniella oryzae
(van Breda de Haan) Luc & GoodeyHirschmanniella sppHoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb) ThorneHoplolaimus indicus SherHoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc l
Hoplolaimus spLongidorus siddiqii Aboul-EidLongidorus sppMacroposthonia onensis
(Loo£) De Grisse & LoofMacroposthonia spMeloidogyne acronea CoetzeeMeloidogyne arenaria (Neal) ChitwoodMeloidogyne hapla ChitwoodMeloidogyne incognita
(Kofoid & White) Chitwood l
16
Fiji, India, Kenya, SudanKenyaKenyaKenyaKenyaAustralia, Brazil, Cuba, Fiji,India, Kenya, Tonga, Trinidadand Tobago, USA
IndiaFiji, IndiaKenya, TongaTongaCubaKenyaKenya
IndiaIndia, Cote d'Ivoire, Jamaica,Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sudan,Trinidad and Tobago, ZimbabweFiji, India
IndiaEgypt, IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia, Kenya
IndiaUSA
IndiaFiji, India, Kenya, NigeriaIndia, Jamaica, Puerto RicoIndiaIndia, JamaicaFiji
Kenya, Trinidad and TobagoMalawiUSA
Australia, India, USA
Australia, Bangladesh, Egypt,India, Malawi, Nepal,Philippines, Trinidad and
Meloidogyne incognita acrita ChitwoodMeloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood1
Meloidogyne sp
Merlinius sppMulkorhynchus spNeoditylenchus spNeodolichorhynchus gladiolatus
(Fortuner & Amougou) Jairajpuri & HuntOttolenchus spParalongidorus spParaphelenchus sp (hyphal feeder)Paratrichodorus christiei (Allen) SiddiqiParatrichodorus minor (Colbran) SiddiqiParatrichodorus mirzai SiddiqiParatylenchus sppPratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) GoodeyPratylenchus coffeae
(Zimmerman) Filipjev & Schuurmans StekhovenPratylenchus delattrei LucPratylenchus indicus DasPratylenchus neglectus(Rensch) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven
Pratylenchus penetrans(Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven
Pratylenchus scribneri SteinerPratylenchus sefaensis FortunerPratylenchus sudanensis Loof & YassinPratylenchus vulnus Allen & JensenPratylenchus zeae Graham
Pratylenchus sp
Psilenchus spRadopholus similis (Cobb) ThorneRadopholus sppRotylenchulus leptus Dasgupta, Raski & Sher
Tobago, Uganda, USA
IndiaAustralia, Bangladesh, Brazil,India, Kenya, Malawi, Nepal,Philippines, Puerto Rico,Zambia, ZimbabweEthiopia, Fiji, Kenya, Nepal,Nigeria, Tonga, USA, Zambia,ZimbabweIndiaKenyaIndiaKenya
KenyaKenyaKenyaUSA
Egypt, KenyaIndiaIndiaBrazil, Fiji, USA
India
IndiaIndiaKenya
Egypt
Sudan, USA
KenyaKenya, SudanKenyaFiji, India, Kenya, Trinidadand TobagoBangladesh, India, Jamaica,Kenya, Nigeria, Philippines,Sudan, Trinidad and Tobago,USA, ZimbabweIndiaAustralia, Fiji, India, USA
NepalKenya
17
Rotylenchulus parous (Williams) SherRotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira!
Rotylenchulus spp
Rotylenchus secundus Mulk & JairajpuriRotylenchus sppSakia spScutellonema anisomeristum Siddiqi & BridgeScutellonema brachyurum (Steiner) AndrassyScutellonema bradys(Steiner & Le Hew) Andrassy
Scutellonema clathricaudatum WhiteheadScutellonema diversicaudatum LucScutellonema erectum Sivakumar & KhanScutellonema magniphasmum SherScutellonema paralabiatum Siddiqi & SharmaScutellonema propeItatum Siddiqi & SharmaScutellonema unum SherScutellonema sppTelotylenchoides lobatus
(Loof & Yassin) SiddiqiTrichodorus christiei AllenTrichodorus spTylenchorhynchus brassicae SiddiqiTylenchorhynchus claytoni SteinerTylenchorhynchus divittatus SiddiqiTylenchorhynchus goffarti SturhanTylenchorhynchus mashhoodi Siddiqi & BasirTylenchorhynchus phaseoli Sethi & SwarupTylenchorhynchus ventrosignatus Tobar JimenezTylenchorhynchus vulgarisUpadhyay, Swarup & Sethi
Tylenchorhynchus sp
Tylenchus spXiphinema campinense LordelloXiphinema elongatumSchuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen
Xiphinema lambertii Bajaj & JairajpuriXiphinema spp
Australia, KenyaAustralia, Fiji, India, Jamaica,Puerto Rico, Trinidad andTobagoKenya, Philippines, Trinidadand TobagoIndiaIndia, Trinidad and TobagoKenyaKenyaKenyaJamaica
NigerNigerIndiaKenyaKenyaKenyaKenyaIndia, Jamaica, KenyaKenya
Egypt, USA
BangladeshIndiaUSA
IndiaIndia, KenyaIndia, KenyaIndiaKenyaIndia
Bangladesh, India, Jamaica,Sudan, Trinidad and TobagoIndia, Trinidad and TobagoBrazilFiji, Kenya
IndiaKenya
1. These nematodes have been responsible for disease situations in fields.
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Distribution of Pathogens
Chickpea
Until 1978, a total of 49 pathogens (30 fungi, 1 bacterium, 8 viruses and mycoplasma, and10 nematodes) were reported from 35 countries. By 1995, the number of pathogensincreased to 172 (67 fungi, 3 bacteria, 22 viruses and mycoplasma, and 80 nematodes)reported from 55 countries (Fig. 1). Maximum numbers have been reported from Indiawith 35 pathogens in 1978 and 89 pathogens in 1995. In other countries, the number ofpathogens ranged from 1 to 14 in 1978; in 1995 it ranged from 1 to 40 with more than 20reported each from USA, Australia, Syria, and Spain (Table 1). The pathogens that are mostwidely distributed are Ascochyta rabiei (35 countries), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp ciceri (32countries), Uromyces ciceris-arietini (25 countries), bean (pea) leaf roll virus (23 countries),and Macrophomina phaseolina (21 countries).
200~ 1978 ~ 1995
172
150
</)
cCl)0/)0..c......Cl:l 100Q..
"""0.....8E::sZ
50
30
o
80
67
Fungi Bacteria Viruses/mycoplasma Nematodes Total
Figure 1. Number of chickpea pathogens reported in 1978 and 1995.
Pigeonpea
Until 1978, a total of 48 pathogens (34 fungi, 1 bacterium, 3 viruses and mycoplasma, and10 nematodes) were reported from 28 countries. By 1995, the number of pathogensincreased to 210 (83 fungi, 4 bacteria, 19 viruses and mycoplasma, and 104 nematodes)reported from 58 countries (Fig. 2). Maximum numbers have been reported from India
19
with 35 pathogens in 1978 and 98 pathogens in 1995. In other countries the number ofpathogens ranged from 1 to 9 in 1978; in 1995 it ranged from 1 to 59 with more than 20reported each from Kenya, USA, Trinidad and Tobago, Puerto Rico, and Zambia (Table 2).The pathogens that are most widely distributed are Mycovellosiella cajani (= Cercosporacajani) (27 countries) and Fusarium udum (20 countries).
250
~ 1978 ~ 1995
210
200
50
o
104
Fungi Bacteria Viruses/mycoplasma Nematodes Total
Figure 2. Number of pigeonpea pathogens reported in 1978 and 1995.
20
Table 1. Occurrence of chickpea pathogens reported up to 1978 and 1995.
Number of pathogens Number of pathogens
Region/Country 1978 1995 Region/Country 1978 1995
Africa Cyprus 2 2Algeria 0 11 India 35 89Egypt 0 11 Iran 14 15Ethiopia 5 11 Iraq 1 2
Ghana 0 1 Israel 2 2Kenya 0 5 Jordan 0 2
Libya 1 2 Lebanon 3 5
Malawi 1 4 Myanmar 1 9
Morocco 1 16 Nepal 0 10Sudan 2 11 Pakistan 4 17
Tanzania 1 3 Philippines 0 4Tunisia 1 14 Sri Lanka 0 5
Uganda 0 4 Syria 3 30
Zambia 0 7 Turkey 3 8
Zimbabwe 0 2 Vietnam 0 1
North and Central Europe
America Bulgaria 2 3
Canada 1 2 France 2 2
Cuba 0 1 Germany 0 2
Mexico 3 14 Greece 1 1
USA 11 40 Hungary 0 13
South AmericaItaly 1 8
Argentina 5 8Netherlands 0 2
Brazil 0 3Portugal 1 2
Chile 1 8Romania 1 1
Russia _1 1Colombia 2 5
Peru 1 3Spain 1 22USSR (former) 2 3
AsiaOceania
Afghanistan 1 1
Bangladesh 0 16Australia 4 35
China 0 5New Zealand 1 2
I. Included under USSR (former).
21
Table 2. Occurrence of pigeonpea pathogens reported up to 1978 and 1995.
Number of pathogens Number of pathogens
Region/Country 1978 1995 RegiOn/Country 1978 1995
AfricaBurkina Faso 1 2 Trinidad and Tobago 6 33C6te d'Ivoire 0 2 USA 0 34Egypt 0 5Ethiopia 0 4 South America
Ghana 0 1 Brazil 1 11
Kenya 3 59 Colombia 1 2
Malawi 0 11 Ecuador 0 1
Mauritius 1 3 Venezuela 2 7
Niger 0 3 AsiaNigeria 0 5 Bangladesh 0 10Sierra Leone 1 3 China 0 1Somalia 0 1 India 35 98South Africa 0 2 Indonesia 1 1Sudan 1 9 Malaysia 1 2Tanzania 3 5 Myanmar 1 5Uganda 3 7 Nepal 0 11Zambia 0 27 Pakistan 0 1Zimbabwe 1 5 Philippines 1 12
North and CentralSri Lanka 1 14
AmericaTaiwan 1 3
Barbados 0 1 Thailand 2 3
Bermuda 2 2 Vietnam 0 2
Costa Rica 0 1 EuropeCuba 0 2 Germany 0Dominican Republic 4 5 Italy 0El Salvador 0 2Grenada 0 1 Oceania
Guatemala 1 3 Australia 1 18
Haiti 0 2 Fiji 0 18
Jamaica 1 15 New Caledonia 1 1
Panama 0 4 New Zealand 0 1
Puerto Rico 1 29 Papua New Guinea 1 2St. Kitts and Nevis 1 1 Tonga 0 4
22
Common names for the diseases of chickpeaand pigeonpeaThe list of common names for the diseases of chickpea and pigeonpea, accepted by the AmericanPhytopathological Society, is given below.
Common name
ChickpeaAcrophialophora wiltAlternaria blight
Aphanomyces root rotAscochyta blight
Bacterial blightBacterial leaf spotBlack root rotBlack streak root rotBotrytis gray moldBroomrapeBushy stuntChlorosisCollar rot
Colletotrichum blight
Cylindrocladium root rotDamping-off
Distortion mosaicDodderDowny mildewDry root rot
FiliformFoot rot
Fusarium root rot
Fusarium wiltMosaicMyrothecium leaf spotMystrosporium leaf spot
Pathogen or cause
Acrophialophora fusisporaAlternaria alternataAlternaria tenuissimaAphanomyces euteichesAscochyta rabiei (teleomorph:
Mycosphaerella rabiei = Didymella rabiei)Xanthomonas campestris pv cassiaePseudomonas andropogonisFusarium solaniThielaviopsis basicolaBotrytis cinereaOrobanche crenataChickpea bushy stunt (dwarf) virusIron deficiencySclerotium rolfsii (teleomorph:Athelia rolfsii = Corticium rolfsii)
Colletotrichum capsiciColletotrichum dematiumCylindrocladium clavatumPythium debaryanumPythium irregularePythium ultimumChickpea distortion mosaic virusCuscuta hyalinaPeronospora spMacrophomina phaseolina
= Rhizoctonia bataticolaChickpea filiform virusPhacidiopycnis padwickii= Operculella padwickiiFusarium acuminatumFusarium arthrosporioidesFusarium avenaceumFusarium equisetiFusarium solani f. sp eumartii
= Fusarium eumartiiFusarium oxysporum f. sp cicerisAlfalfa mosaic virusMyrothecium roridumMystrosporium sp
23
Narrow leafNecrosis
Nematodes (parasitic):Dirty root (Reniform nematode)Pearly root (Cyst nematode)
Root-knot (Root-knot nematode)
Root lesion (Root lesion nematode)
Neocosmospora root rotOzonium collar rotPhoma blightPhyllodyPhytophthora root rot
Pleospora leaf spot
Powdery mildew
ProliferationRust
Sc1erotinia stem rot
Scopulariopsis leaf spotSeedling or seed rot
Stemphylium blightStuntTrichoderma foot rotVerticillium wilt
Wet root rotYellowing
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Bean yellow mosaic virusLettuce necrotic yellows virusPea streak virus
Rotylenchulus reniformisHeterodera ciceriHeterodera rosiiMeloidogyne arenariaMeloidogyne artielliaMeloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne javanicaPratylenchus brachyurusPratylenchus thorneiNeocosmospora vasinfectaOzonium texanum var parasiticumPhoma medicaginisMycoplasma-like organismPhytophthora citrophthoraPhytophthora cryptogeaPhytophthora drechsleriPhytophthora megaspermaPleospora herbarum (anamorph: Stemphylium herbarum)
Leveillula taurica (anamorph: Oidiopsistaurica)
Erysiphe spCucumber mosaic virusUromyces ciceris-arietiniUromyces striatusSclerotinia sclerotiorumSclerotinia trifoliorumScopulariopsis brevicaulisAspergillus fiavusTrichothecium roseumStemphylium sarciniformeBean (pea) leaf roll virusTrichoderma harzianumVerticillium albo-atrumVerticillium dahliaeRhizoctonia solaniPea enation mosaic virus
PigeonpeaAlternaria blight
Anthracnose
Arhar mosaicArmillaria root rotBacterial leaf spot and stem cankerBotryodiplodia blight
Botryosphaeria stem canker
Botrytis gray moldBracteomaniaCercoseptoria leaf spotCercospora leaf spot
Cladosporium leaf blightCladosporium leaf spotCollar rot
Colletotrichum stem cankerDamping-off
Dieback and stem cankerDiplodia stem cankerDodderDry root rot
Foliar vein yellowingFusarium leaf blight
Fusarium seedling rot
Fusarium wilt
Halo blightMacrop~omina stem canker
Marginal leaf burnMild mosaicMosaic
Alternaria alternataAlternaria tenuissimaColletotrichum cajaniColletotrichum truncatumArhar mosaic virusArmillaria melleaXanthomonas campestris pv cajaniLasiodiplodia theobromae
= Botryodiplodia theobromaeBotryosphaeria xanthocephala(anamorph: Fusicoccum cajani)Botrytis cinereaGenetic abnormalityCercoseptoria cajanicolaCercospora instabilisCercospora thirumalachariiMycovellosiella cajani
= Cercospora cajaniMycovellosiella cajani var indica
= Cercospora indicaCladosporium oxysporumCladosporium cladosporioidesSclerotium rolfsii
(teleomorph: Athelia rolfsii= Corticium rolfsii)
Colletotrichum crassipesPythium aphanidermatumPythium splendens var hawaiianumColletotrichum capsidDiplodia cajaniCuscuta hyalinaMacrophomina phaseolina
= Rhizoctonia bataticolaRhabdovirusFusarium pallidoroseum
= Fusarium semitectumFusarium avenaceumFusarium equisetiFusarium udum
(teleomorph: Gibberella indica)Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicolaMacrophomina phaseolina
= Rhizoctonia bataticolaSalinity injury (most likely)Tobacco mosaic virusAlfalfa mosaic virusCowpea mosaic virus
25
Myrothecium leaf spot
Nematodes (parasitic):Dirty root (Reniform nematode)Lance nematode
Pearly root (Cyst nematode)Root-knot (Root-knot nematode)
Neocosmospora root rotPericonia leaf spotPhaeoisariopsis leaf spotPhoma stem cankerPhyllodyPhyllosticta leaf spotPhytophthora blightPhytophthora root rot and stem blightPhytophthora stem canker
Powdery mildew
Rhynchosia little leafRhynchosia mosaicRosetteRustSclerotinia stem rotSeedling or seed rot
Sterility mosaicSynchytrium brown gall and wiltSynchytrium orange gallWeb blight
Wet leaf rotWet root rot
Witches' broomYellow mosaic
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Myrothecium gramineumMyrotheciwn roridum
Rotylenchulus reniformisAphasmatylenchus straturatusHoplolaimus seinhorstiHeterodera cajaniMeloidogyne acroneaMeloidogyne arenariaMeloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne javanicaNeocosmospora vasinfectaPericonia byssoidesPhaeoisariopsis griseolaPhoma cajaniMycoplasma-like organismPhyllosticta cajaniPhytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajaniPhytophthora drechsleriPhytophthora nicotianae var parasitica
= Phytophthora parasiticaLeveillula taurica
(anamorph: Oidiopsis taurica)Ovulariopsis ellipsosporaMycoplasma-like organismVirus (most likely)Mycoplasma-like organismUredo cajaniSclerotinia sclerotiorumAspergillus f1avusAspergillus nigerUnknown (virus ?)
Synchytrium phaseoli-radiatiSynchytrium umbilicatumThanatephorus cucumeris
(anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani)Choanephora cucurbitarumRhizoctonia solani
(teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris)Mycoplasma-like organismMung bean yellow mosaic virus
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