THE INDUSTRIAL THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

1818thth and 19 and 19thth CENTURY EUROPE CENTURY EUROPE

Key Questions Key Questions How did the Industrial Revolution develop in How did the Industrial Revolution develop in

Britain?Britain? What were the major technological innovations What were the major technological innovations

that allowed industrialization to develop? that allowed industrialization to develop? What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution

on labor, social class, and standard of living? on labor, social class, and standard of living? Why did industrialization occur later in Why did industrialization occur later in

continental Europe (after 1815)?continental Europe (after 1815)? How did governments in Europe attempt to How did governments in Europe attempt to

address issues created by rapid industrialization? address issues created by rapid industrialization? What is meant by the sexual division of labor?What is meant by the sexual division of labor?

MAJOR GENERALIZATIONSMAJOR GENERALIZATIONS

THE INDUSTRIALIZATION REVOLUTION THE INDUSTRIALIZATION REVOLUTION BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN THE 1780’S BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN THE 1780’S

IT SPREAD TO THE CONTINENT AFTER 1815IT SPREAD TO THE CONTINENT AFTER 1815

IT CHANGED THE WAY PEOPLE WORKEDIT CHANGED THE WAY PEOPLE WORKED

IT INFLUENCED SOCIAL CLASS DIVISIONSIT INFLUENCED SOCIAL CLASS DIVISIONS WORKING CLASS - PROLETERIAT WORKING CLASS - PROLETERIAT

UPPER MIDDLE CLASS - BOURGEOISIE UPPER MIDDLE CLASS - BOURGEOISIE

IT ALTERED THE POLITICAL AND IT ALTERED THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC BALANCE OF POWER IN ECONOMIC BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPEEUROPE CAPILTALISMAND INDUSTRY GREW CAPILTALISMAND INDUSTRY GREW

NEW CLASS OF WEALTHY BUSINESS PEOPLE NEW CLASS OF WEALTHY BUSINESS PEOPLE EMREGED – BOURGEOISIE EMREGED – BOURGEOISIE

A CONSUMER SOCIETY DEVELOPED AS A CONSUMER SOCIETY DEVELOPED AS INDUSTRY GREW INDUSTRY GREW

NEW LAWS WOULD BE ENACTED TO ADDRESS NEW LAWS WOULD BE ENACTED TO ADDRESS THE ABUSES OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY THE ABUSES OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY

THE 1800’S EXPERIENCED RAPID THE 1800’S EXPERIENCED RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

DURING THE EARLY 1800’S, THE DURING THE EARLY 1800’S, THE STANDARD OF LIVING CHANGED STANDARD OF LIVING CHANGED VERY LITTLE FOR MANY IN EUROPE VERY LITTLE FOR MANY IN EUROPE DUE TO POPULATION PRESSURESDUE TO POPULATION PRESSURES

NOT ENOUGH JOBS NOT ENOUGH JOBS

LOW WAGES LOW WAGES

THE EARLY THE EARLY BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

TEXTILE PRODUCTIONTEXTILE PRODUCTION

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION GREW OUT OF THE GREW OUT OF THE EARLIER EARLIER PUTTING-OUT SYSTEM PUTTING-OUT SYSTEM AND AND COTTAGE INDUSTRYCOTTAGE INDUSTRY

THE THE ENCLOSURE SYSTEM ENCLOSURE SYSTEM HAD HAD INCREASED AGRICULTURAL INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTION AND CHANGED WORK CHANGED WORK PATTERNS IN FARMINGPATTERNS IN FARMING MORE PEOPLE WERE NOW LOOKING MORE PEOPLE WERE NOW LOOKING

FOR JOBS FOR JOBS

ENGLAND HAD A YOUNG AND ENGLAND HAD A YOUNG AND MOBILE WORKFORCEMOBILE WORKFORCE

INDUSTRIALIZATION CENTERED INDUSTRIALIZATION CENTERED AROUND THE PRODUCTION OF AROUND THE PRODUCTION OF THREAD AND CLOTHTHREAD AND CLOTH COTTON CLOTH BECAME MORE COTTON CLOTH BECAME MORE

POPULAR AS COTTON ARRIVED FROM POPULAR AS COTTON ARRIVED FROM THE COLONIES THE COLONIES America and India America and India

PRE-INDUSTRIALPRE-INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION PRODUCTION - - PUTTING-OUT PUTTING-OUT SYSTEM AND COTTAGE INDUSTRY SYSTEM AND COTTAGE INDUSTRY

JAMES HARGREAVES JAMES HARGREAVES SPINNING JENNY-1765SPINNING JENNY-1765

THE PRODUCTION OF MORE THREAD MEANT MORE THE PRODUCTION OF MORE THREAD MEANT MORE AND CHEAPER CLOTH AND CHEAPER CLOTH

JAMES WATT JAMES WATT THE STEAM ENGINE-1769THE STEAM ENGINE-1769

IMPROVEMENTS ON THE STEAM ENGINE ALLOWED MECHANIZATION IMPROVEMENTS ON THE STEAM ENGINE ALLOWED MECHANIZATION TO DEVELOPTO DEVELOP

COAL SUPPLIED THE FUEL (POWER) FOR INDUSTRIALIZATIONCOAL SUPPLIED THE FUEL (POWER) FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION

FACTORIES DEVELOPED IN AND AROUND URBAN FACTORIES DEVELOPED IN AND AROUND URBAN CENTERS SUCH AS MANCHESTER, CENTERS SUCH AS MANCHESTER, LIVERPOOLLIVERPOOL, ,

BIRMINGHAM, AND LONDONBIRMINGHAM, AND LONDON

THE FACTORY SYSTEM THE FACTORY SYSTEM

WOMEN INITIALLY MADE UP A LARGE PART OF THE WOMEN INITIALLY MADE UP A LARGE PART OF THE WORK FORCEWORK FORCE

CHILDREN WERE ALSO A CHEAP AND ABUNDANT CHILDREN WERE ALSO A CHEAP AND ABUNDANT SOURCE OF LABORSOURCE OF LABOR

Young boys working in the coal mines Young boys working in the coal mines

Dangerous working condition, long hours, and little pay Dangerous working condition, long hours, and little pay

IMPROVED TECHNIQUES ALLOWED THE IMPROVED TECHNIQUES ALLOWED THE IRON INDUSTRY TO DEVELOPIRON INDUSTRY TO DEVELOP

BUILDING ON THE IRON INDUSTRY BUILDING ON THE IRON INDUSTRY AND STEAM POWER RAILROADS AND STEAM POWER RAILROADS

DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

OVERCROWDED CITIESOVERCROWDED CITIES UNSANTIARY LIVING CONDITIONSUNSANTIARY LIVING CONDITIONS LACK OF SCHOOLS AND PROPER CARE LACK OF SCHOOLS AND PROPER CARE

FOR YOUNG CHILDRENFOR YOUNG CHILDREN POVERTY AND DISEASEPOVERTY AND DISEASE DANGEROUS AND ABUSIVE WORK DANGEROUS AND ABUSIVE WORK

ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENTS DEGRADATION OF THE NATURAL DEGRADATION OF THE NATURAL

ENVIRONMENT WITH INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT WITH INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

Watt Allegory Watt Allegory Etching of Etching of

James Watt James Watt lamenting the lamenting the impact of his impact of his steam engine on steam engine on industrial industrial development development

Bradford, England Bradford, England

In 1846, George Weerth, a young German In 1846, George Weerth, a young German on vacation in England, described on vacation in England, described Bradford, England in an article he wrote Bradford, England in an article he wrote for a German newspaper: for a German newspaper:

"In Bradford, however, you think you have "In Bradford, however, you think you have been lodged with the devil incarnate. If been lodged with the devil incarnate. If anyone wants to feel how a poor sinner is anyone wants to feel how a poor sinner is tormented in Purgatory, let him travel to tormented in Purgatory, let him travel to Bradford."Bradford."

Over 200 mill chimneys in BradfordOver 200 mill chimneys in Bradford

From 1801-1851 Bradford’s population From 1801-1851 Bradford’s population grew from 13,000 to 104,000grew from 13,000 to 104,000

There were- There were- 80 worsted thread (cloth) mills80 worsted thread (cloth) mills 8 corn mills8 corn mills 16 dye works16 dye works 250 stuff and woolen mills250 stuff and woolen mills 40 underground coal mines 40 underground coal mines 22 stone quarries22 stone quarries

In 1876- 2,000 of Bradford’s children under the In 1876- 2,000 of Bradford’s children under the age of 5 diedage of 5 died-  only 30% of children lived to reach the age of 15only 30% of children lived to reach the age of 15

For textile workers in Bradford, the life For textile workers in Bradford, the life expectancy was just over 18 years. expectancy was just over 18 years. The lowest rate in the EnglandThe lowest rate in the England

   

CRITICS OF CRITICS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION AND

SOCIAL REFORMERSSOCIAL REFORMERS

WILLIAM WILBERFORCEWILLIAM WILBERFORCE

1759-18331759-1833 MEMBER OF MEMBER OF

PARLIAMENTPARLIAMENT PASSIONATE AND PASSIONATE AND

DEEPLY COMMITTED DEEPLY COMMITTED CHRISTIANCHRISTIAN

KEY FIGURE IN KEY FIGURE IN ENDING THE SLAVE ENDING THE SLAVE TRADE IN THE TRADE IN THE BRITISH COLONIESBRITISH COLONIES

ROBERT OWEN ROBERT OWEN SCOTTISH SCOTTISH

MANUFACTURERMANUFACTURER WORKED TO ADDRESS WORKED TO ADDRESS

LABOR PROBLEMS LABOR PROBLEMS AND ABUSES AND ABUSES

FOCUSED ON CHILD FOCUSED ON CHILD LABOR ISSUESLABOR ISSUES

ASSOCIATED WITH ASSOCIATED WITH BRITISH UTOPIANISM BRITISH UTOPIANISM AND SOCIALISMAND SOCIALISM

FRIEDRICH ENGELSFRIEDRICH ENGELS HIGHLY CRITICAL HIGHLY CRITICAL

OF WORKING OF WORKING CONDITIONS CONDITIONS

LATER WORKED LATER WORKED WITH WITH KARL MARXKARL MARX TO DEVELOP A TO DEVELOP A MODEL OF SOCIAL MODEL OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC AND ECONOMIC REFORMREFORM

1844- 1844- THE THE CONDITION OF THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASS IN WORKING CLASS IN ENGLANDENGLAND

WILLIAM BLAKE- POETWILLIAM BLAKE- POET ASSOCIATED WITH ASSOCIATED WITH

THE ROMANTIC THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

CRITICAL OF THE CRITICAL OF THE ABUSES AND ABUSES AND DEGRADATION DEGRADATION CAUSED BY CAUSED BY INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

CALLED FACTORIES CALLED FACTORIES “SATANIC MILLS”“SATANIC MILLS”

JERUSALEMJERUSALEM BY WILLIAM BLAKE BY WILLIAM BLAKE

And did those feet in ancient time And did those feet in ancient time Walk upon England's mountains green? Walk upon England's mountains green? And was the holy Lamb of God And was the holy Lamb of God On England's pleasant pastures seen? On England's pleasant pastures seen? And did the Countenance Divine And did the Countenance Divine Shine forth upon our clouded hills?Shine forth upon our clouded hills? And was Jerusalem builded here And was Jerusalem builded here Among these dark Satanic mills?Among these dark Satanic mills? Bring me my bow of burning gold!Bring me my bow of burning gold! Bring me my arrows of desire! Bring me my arrows of desire! Bring me my spear! O clouds unfold! Bring me my spear! O clouds unfold! Bring me my chariot of fire! Bring me my chariot of fire! I will not cease from mental fight, I will not cease from mental fight, Nor shall my sword sleep in my handNor shall my sword sleep in my hand Till we have built JerusalemTill we have built Jerusalem In England's green and pleasant land. -- In England's green and pleasant land. -- William Blake

OPPOSITION TO INDUSTRY OPPOSITION TO INDUSTRY THE THE LUDDITESLUDDITES

THE THE LUDDITESLUDDITES WERE HANDICRAFT WERE HANDICRAFT WORKERSWORKERS

THEY ATTACKED FACTORIES IN THEY ATTACKED FACTORIES IN NORTHERN ENGLAND IN 1812NORTHERN ENGLAND IN 1812

SMASHED MACHINES THAT WERE SMASHED MACHINES THAT WERE PUTTING THEM OUT OF BUSINESSPUTTING THEM OUT OF BUSINESS

ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

FACTORY ACT OF 1833FACTORY ACT OF 1833

LIMITED THE HOURS THAT LIMITED THE HOURS THAT CHILDREN COULD WORK IN CHILDREN COULD WORK IN

THE FACTORIESTHE FACTORIES

CHILDREN UNDER 9 WERE CHILDREN UNDER 9 WERE ENROLLED IN SCHOOLENROLLED IN SCHOOL

MINE ACT OF 1842MINE ACT OF 1842

STOPPED WOMEN AND BOYS STOPPED WOMEN AND BOYS (UNDER THE AGE OF 10) FROM (UNDER THE AGE OF 10) FROM WORKING UNDERGROUND IN WORKING UNDERGROUND IN

THE COAL MINESTHE COAL MINES

LABOR MOVEMENTSLABOR MOVEMENTS

THE BRITISH THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNMENT AND THE BUSINESS THE BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENT ESTABLISHMENT FEARED LABOR FEARED LABOR ORGANIZAITONS’ ORGANIZAITONS’ IMPACT ON IMPACT ON ECONOMIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTHGROWTH

COMBINATION COMBINATION ACTS -1799ACTS -1799

OUTLAWED LABOR OUTLAWED LABOR UNIONS AND UNIONS AND STRIKESSTRIKES

EARLY LABOR EARLY LABOR MOVEMENTS WERE MOVEMENTS WERE

LARGELY UNSUCCESSFUL LARGELY UNSUCCESSFUL WORKERS REMAINED HOPEFUL AND WORKERS REMAINED HOPEFUL AND

ACTIVE ACTIVE MANY JOINED THE MANY JOINED THE CHARTIST CHARTIST

MOVEMENT- SOUGHT UNIVERSAL MOVEMENT- SOUGHT UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGEMALE SUFFRAGE

THE POWER OF THE POWER OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

ENGLAND BECAME THE ENGLAND BECAME THE “WORKSHOP OF “WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD”THE WORLD”

THE SUPREMACY OF BRITISH ECONOMIC THE SUPREMACY OF BRITISH ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT WAS AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT WAS SYMBOLIZED IN THE GREAT EXPOSITION OF SYMBOLIZED IN THE GREAT EXPOSITION OF 1851 AND THE 1851 AND THE CRYSTAL PALACECRYSTAL PALACE

BRITAIN’S BRITAIN’S GDP GREW BY 400%GDP GREW BY 400% POPULATION PRESSURES, HOWEVER, KEPT POPULATION PRESSURES, HOWEVER, KEPT

MANY FROM ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MANY FROM ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPROVEMENT IMPROVEMENT

THE CRYSTAL PALACETHE CRYSTAL PALACE

THE ECONOMICS OF THE ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

THE THE CLASSICAL SCHOOLCLASSICAL SCHOOL OF OF ECONOMICS ECONOMICS

ADAM SMITH’S MODEL OF FREE ADAM SMITH’S MODEL OF FREE MARKET CAPITALISMMARKET CAPITALISM

THOMAS MALTHUSTHOMAS MALTHUS

ENGLISH POLITICAL ENGLISH POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERPHILOSOPHER

1766-18341766-1834 ESSAY ON THE ESSAY ON THE

PRINCIPLES OF PRINCIPLES OF POPULATIONPOPULATION

PRINCIPLES OF PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL POLITICAL ECONOMYECONOMY

MAJOR IDEASMAJOR IDEAS

BELIEVED THAT BELIEVED THAT POPULATION WOULD POPULATION WOULD ALWAYS GROW ALWAYS GROW FASTER THAN THE FASTER THAN THE FOOD SUPPLYFOOD SUPPLY

BASED HIS THEORY ON BASED HIS THEORY ON TWO RATIOSTWO RATIOS POPULATION POPULATION

INCREASES AT A INCREASES AT A GEOMETRIC RATIOGEOMETRIC RATIO

FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD PRODUCTION INCREASES AT AN INCREASES AT AN ARITHMETIC RATIOARITHMETIC RATIO

PROPOSED SOLUTIONPROPOSED SOLUTION POPULATION HAD TO POPULATION HAD TO

BE BE CHECKEDCHECKED LOWER BIRTH RATESLOWER BIRTH RATES WAR, DISEASE, WAR, DISEASE,

LOWER STANDARD LOWER STANDARD OF LIVINGOF LIVING

DELAY IN DELAY IN MARRIAGEMARRIAGE

MORAL RESTRAINT MORAL RESTRAINT AND DECREASE IN AND DECREASE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITYSEXUAL ACTIVITY

DAVID RICARDODAVID RICARDO ENGLISH STOCK ENGLISH STOCK

BROKER 1772-1832BROKER 1772-1832 BUILT ON MALTHUS’ BUILT ON MALTHUS’

THEORIESTHEORIES BELIEVED POPULATION BELIEVED POPULATION

PRESSURES WOULD PRESSURES WOULD ALWAYS DRIVE WAGES ALWAYS DRIVE WAGES TO SUBSISTENCE TO SUBSISTENCE LEVELSLEVELS

‘‘IRON LAW OF WAGES”IRON LAW OF WAGES” FAVORED FREE MARKET FAVORED FREE MARKET

COMPITION AND VERY COMPITION AND VERY LITTLE GOVERNMENT LITTLE GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE OR INTERFERENCE OR ASSISTANCEASSISTANCE

BOTH THEORIES PROVED BOTH THEORIES PROVED TO BE INCORRECT IN THE TO BE INCORRECT IN THE

LONG RUNLONG RUN

THE IMPACT OF THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

POLITICALPOLITICAL

GROWTH OF GROWTH OF POLITICAL LIBERALISMPOLITICAL LIBERALISM THROUGHOUT EUROPETHROUGHOUT EUROPE

EMERGENCE OF SOCIALISMEMERGENCE OF SOCIALISM AS AN AS AN ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS THE EXCESSES OF ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS THE EXCESSES OF FREE MARKET CAPITALISMFREE MARKET CAPITALISM

MOVE TO EXPAND THE RIGHT TO VOTEMOVE TO EXPAND THE RIGHT TO VOTE MOVE TO ENACT MOVE TO ENACT LEGISLATION TO LEGISLATION TO

PROTECT WORKERSPROTECT WORKERS NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL

COMPETITIONCOMPETITION DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE NATIONS OF EUROPENATIONS OF EUROPE

ECONOMICECONOMIC

CAPITALISM WOULD CONTINUE TO CAPITALISM WOULD CONTINUE TO GROW GROW

A A CONSUMER SOCIETY DEVELOPEDCONSUMER SOCIETY DEVELOPED IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STANDARD OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STANDARD OF

LIVING FOR MORE PEOPLE BEGAN TO LIVING FOR MORE PEOPLE BEGAN TO OCCUR BY 1850OCCUR BY 1850

SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISMSOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM WOULD CHALLENGE CAPITALISM’S WOULD CHALLENGE CAPITALISM’S EXCESSESEXCESSES

SOCIALSOCIAL

INCREASED URBANIZATIONINCREASED URBANIZATION THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE

CHANGEDCHANGED MOVE TOWARD WOMEN STAYING HOME AND MOVE TOWARD WOMEN STAYING HOME AND

CARING FOR FAMILY AND CHILDRENCARING FOR FAMILY AND CHILDREN ““SEPARATE SPHERES”SEPARATE SPHERES” – WOMEN’S WAGES DID – WOMEN’S WAGES DID

NOT MATCH THAT OF MENNOT MATCH THAT OF MEN MEN VIEWED WOMEN WORKING IN FACTORIES MEN VIEWED WOMEN WORKING IN FACTORIES

AND BUSINESS AS UNDIGNIFIEDAND BUSINESS AS UNDIGNIFIED NEW NEW SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONSOCIAL STRATIFICATION

WORKING CLASS –WORKING CLASS –PROLITARIATPROLITARIAT MIDDLE CLASS- MIDDLE CLASS- BOURGEOISIEBOURGEOISIE

PORLITARIATPORLITARIAT

BOURGEOISIEBOURGEOISIE

Queen Victoria Queen Victoria