Industrial WasteUçÑÜÉwâvàIndustrial Waste Management

UçÑÜÉwâvàManagement

Pratim BiswasPratim BiswasDepartment of Energy, Environmental p gy,

& Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St LouisWashington University in St. Louiswww.aerosols.wustl.edu/~pbiswas

pbiswas@wustl.edu

Seminar and Training Workshop, Gandhinagar, India, January 27, 2014

Environmental Pollution

Air• Toxic Chemicals• Air Contaminants• Greenhouse Gases AIR

Domestic• Greenhouse Gases• Hazardous Wastes• Nonhazardous Wastes

EnvironmentalWater

• Radioactive Wastes

Environmental PollutionIndustrial WATER

A i l

Soil

AgricultureSOIL

2TransportationSOURCES ENVIRONMENT

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Multiple Forms:

Air PollutantsGasesGasesAerosolsWater Pollutants

Impacts the Environment(Atmosphere, Water Bodies, Soil)Water Pollutants

PrimaryFrom AtmosphereFrom Atmosphere

Solid Waste

Should we call these pollutants or waste ?3

Should we call these pollutants or waste ?  Or a byproduct, and a potential resource ?

A New ParadigmCONVENTIONAL PARADIGM NEW PARADIGM

Not much focus on Process

PROCESS PRODUCTFEED

Byproducts considered tobe a “waste” – cost sink asthey have to be treated

CONTROL DEVICE

FEED

EMISSIONSWASTE

they have to be treated

DEVICE WASTE

EVALUATE PROCESS:IMPROVE EFFICIENCY, MINIMIZE WASTE

WASTE= BYPRODUCT (CAN WE REUSE OR RECYCLE?)

IMPORTANT THERMODYNAMIC CONSTRAINT:EMISSIONS OR WASTE CANNOT BE ELIMINATED ENTIRELY

4NOR REUSED OR RECYCLED COMPLETELY

INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IMPORTANT

New Paradigm for Fossil Fuel Combustors

Conventional Paradigm

FUEL AIR

OXYGENENRICHEDAIR FUELAIR

Membrane/

OR

FUEL AIR AIRMembrane/Cryogenic Sep.

pid !

MB

US

TO

ansf

er

cess

, stu

p

OXY‐FUEL

CO

M

Cos

t tra

is th

e pr

oc COMBUSTION

POLLUTIONCONTROL

SO2NOXPM

POLLUTIONCONTROL

It

CONTROLPMHg, CO2 (18% in exhaust)

CONTROL

NOXBetter effectivenessat sequestering CO2

CONVENTIONALCOMBUSTION SYSTEM

at sequestering CO2(98% in exhaust) MODIFIED

COMBUSTOR

US Industrial Pollution 2005-201040 00 000

35,00,000

40,00,000

s)

25,00,000

30,00,000

Met

ric T

ons

15,00,000

20,00,000

Pol

lutio

n (M Recycling

WATER

10,00,000

15,00,000

Indu

stria

l

LAND

0

5,00,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

AIR2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

YearOn‐site Air Emissions On‐site Surface Water DischargesOn‐site Land Releases On‐site Underground InjectionT l Off i R l Di l T l R li T f

6Source: Commission for Environmental Cooperation

Total‐Off‐site Releases to Disposal Total‐Recycling Transfers

US 2010 Industrial Pollution Release or TransferO it AiTotal‐

Other f

On‐site Air Emissions,12.9%

Transfers, 13.6%

On‐site Surface Water Discharges, 

3 4%

Total‐

3.4%

On‐site Land 

Releases

Recycling Transfers, 

Releases, 31.6%

28.4%

Total Off siteRelease, 6.4%  On‐site Underground 

Injection 3 4%

7Source: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Taking Stock Database

Injection, 3.4%

Top Air/Water Industrial Pollutants 2010

93,50490,000

1,00,000

Top 10 Air Pollutants91,931

1,00,000Top 10 Water Pollutants

55,95353 04060,000

70,000

80,000

ON

S

2,5222,3021,676

703 626 5981,000

10,000

(LO

G)

53,04047,368

30 000

40,000

50,000

,

ME

TRIC

TO 598

371230 220

100

,000

ETR

IC T

ON

S (

17,09814,41313,146

9,9136,9246,40310,000

20,000

30,000

10

ME

0 1

• Only account for 1.3% of total  • Account for 24.3% of total 

8Source: Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Taking Stock Database

pollutants pollutants

Industrial Air/Water Pollution in China

SO2 and NOx emissions from Industrial Sources

COD and NH3 Discharges from Industrial Sources

5

6

Millions

20

25

Millions

3

4

5

e (T

ons)15

20

rge

(Ton

s)

start to control NO

2

3

Dis

char

ge

COD NH35

10

Dis

char

SO2 NOx

start to control NOxat national level

0

1

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Y

02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

YearYear

9Source: State of the Environment Report, MEP, China

US Air Pollution

PM most problematic Air PollutantpMajor fraction – secondary, biogenic interacting with anthropogenic

10Source:  USEPA, 2013

biogenic interacting with anthropogenic

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

PARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERCONTROL

CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING(SHOULD BE DONE)( )

• PERFORMANCE OF EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES• REAL TIME PROCESS MONITORING• INITIAL COST RECOVERED

(ACTIVE PROCESS CONTROL)

11GASEOUS EMISSIONCONTROL

CO2 is now considered an Air Pollutant ?O

2) 7000 390m

etric

tons

of C

O

5000

6000

United States India China

atio

ns (p

pm)

370

380

390er

yea

r (m

illion

m

3000

4000

c C

O2 C

once

ntra

340

350

360

CO

2 Em

isso

ns p

e

0

1000

2000

Atm

osph

eric

310

320

330

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

C 0

Global CO2 Emissions (million metric tons of CO2 per year)

10000 15000 20000 25000 30000310

b d f l dCO2  can be converted to useful products:‐ Very energy intensive

N t h l ff h‐ Nanotechnology offers hope: Convert to Fuels, to Chemicals – use Solar Energy

12Wang, Biswas (2012) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134(27): 11276‐11281.

SOIL POLLUTIONVARIOUS TYPES SOME ARE 7.6 Billion Tons 

of Industrial* SOLID WASTE 

*    DOMESTIC, INDUSTRIAL

of Industrial Solid Waste Generated in• CHEMICALS

• PESTICIDES, FERTILIZERSNUCLEAR

Generated in USA

• NUCLEAR  Much of the solid waste is disposed in Landfills

Can also Incinerate (Waste to Energy)Energy)Recycling “Energy Content”Need State of the Art Air

13Pollution Control Devices

ELECTRONIC WASTE (E-WASTE)

Could be considered Municipal Wastebut linked to Industrial Production

• 80 to 85 percent of electronic products were discarded in landfillsor incinerators, which release certain toxics into the air.

but linked to Industrial Production

• E‐waste represents 2 percent of America's trash in landfills, but it equals 70 percent of overall toxic waste (e.g. lead)

illi i f di d ld id• 20 to 50 million metric tons of e‐waste are disposed worldwideevery year.  Only 12.5% E‐waste is recycled

• Cell phones and other electronic items contain high amounts• Cell phones and other electronic items contain high amountsof precious metals like gold or silver.  US cell phones discarded contain over $60 million in gold/silver every year.

• Recycling 1 million laptops saves the energy equivalentto the electricity used by 3,657 U.S. homes in a year.I k 539 d f f il f l 48 d f h i l

14

• It takes 539 pounds of fossil fuel, 48 pounds of chemicals, and 1.5 tons of water to manufacture one computer and monitor

Industrial Wastewater Pollution in Israel

Wastewater dischargedto Seato Sea

Brine Quantities discharged to the Seadischarged to the Sea and their Salt Quantities

15Source: State of the Environment in Israel-Indicators, Data, and Trends,2010, MEP, Israel

Industrial Wastewater Pollution in IndiaProjected Water Withdraws for Each SectorProjected Water Withdraws for Each Sector

• By 2050, the industrial wastewater production could 

reach ~48 billion m3 per year (Bhardwaj, 2005) 

16Source: Central Water Commission, 2010, India

• 2009 production estimated ~ 5 billion m3 (UN Water)

Industrial Wastewater Production

• US: 352 billion m3 ; est. 2.6 billion m3 from Oil & 

Gas industry: Hydraulic Fracturing)

• China: 23.8 billion m3

• India: 4.9 billion m3 , ~ 60% treated

• Israel: 8‐9 million m3 , > 80% recovered for 

agricultural useagricultural use

17

Source: Water Environmental Foundation; State of the Environment Report, MEP, China; UN Water Country Report India; State of the Environment in Israel-Indicators, Data, and Trends,2010, MEP, Israel

USEPA GUIDE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Protecting Human Health and EnvironmentProtecting Human Health and Environment• Sound management with a multi‐media approach• Presents a comprehensive framework ofPresents a comprehensive framework of technologies and practices

• Tailoring Management Practices to RiskTailoring Management Practices to Risk• Provides simple to use modeling tools to tailor management practicestailor management practices

• Affirming State and Tribal Leadership• Complements state and local programsComplements state and local programs

• Fostering Partnerships• Public, Facility Managers, Government, Tribes, Industry

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Public, Facility Managers, Government, Tribes, Industry

Industrial Waste Management Hierarchy

Source Reduction(reduce amount of contaminant entering waste stream)

Recycling(reuse materials)

Treatment(reduce the volume andtoxicity of a waste)

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Industrial Wastewater Pretreatment

Publicly Owned

Control and/or limit certain pollutants 

PretreatmentPublicly Owned

Treatment Works (POTWs)

(particularly toxic ones) discharged to the sewer system

Pretreatment technologies are industry‐based, g y ,and combination of multiple technologies.

Industry Major Targets Pretreatment ProcessesIndustry Major Targets Pretreatment Processes

Pharmaceuticals BOD Evaporation, Drying

Metal‐plating Acidity, heavy metals Neutralization,sedimentation, chemical precipitation

20

p pPlastics and resin

High or low pH, VOCs Neutralization, biological treatment

Water Treatment Technologies

To name a few…

Ad tiMembrane Technologies

f l bAdsorptionSedimentationElectrocoagulation

• Microfiltration membrane• Ultrafiltration membrane• Nanofiltration membraneElectrocoagulation

...

Advanced Oxidation Process Microbial Processes

• RO• ...

Advanced Oxidation Process Microbial Processes

• Ozonation• UV/H O

• Bioreactor• UV/H2O2• Photocatalytic oxidation• Electrochemical Oxidation

F t ’ t

• Activated Sludge Systems• Microbial Fuel Cell• Membrane Bioreactor

• Fenton’s reagent• ...

• ...

Addressing water challenges call out for less chemically, ti ll d ti ll i t i t ifi ti

21

energetically and operationally intensive water purification methods. (Shannon, et al., 2008) 

Nanotechnology – can play a major role!• Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter

at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers 

• At this scale, materials have novel properties; they can be d f ltuned to meet a functionality

ll $ d b ff l f• 1 Trillion $ Industry by 2015; offers great potential for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

• Sensing, Detection, Treatment and Remediation

• Work at WUStL with Graphene Oxide, TitaniaM b f fil i d h i l

22

Membranes for filtration and chemicalconversion

Membrane Technologies

Schematic Diagram of Membrane Cut-offs for Filtration Technologies

vs. Performance

23

Functionality: Reactive? Antimicrobial ?

Wastewater Reuse in Oil/Gas Industry in USil dOil and gas 

production i dassociated water 

management21 billi b l• 21 billion barrels of wastewater per year

• $31 billion spent, l 10%only <10% on 

recycling

Zero Discharge Water Management for Horizontal Shale Gas Well development

24

Horizontal Shale Gas Well developmentSource: Bloomberg New Energy Finance

A Regional Perspective-North America Example

Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC)

Canada

• an intergovernmental organization, financially supported by the three governments.

• comprises a Council (governing body, cabinet‐level 

Pollutants across boundaries!!!

United States

M i

Canada representative from each country), a Secretariat(technical, administrative and operational function) and a Joint Public Advisory Committee ( five citizens 

Mexico from each country).• facilitates collaboration and public participation to 

protect environment from North American regional

Sound Management of Chemicals program

protect environment from North American regional perspective

Priorities:Priorities:• develop comparable tools, data and expertise for the assessment and management of 

industrial chemical substances (such as the database: Taking Stock).• capacity building in monitoring reporting and management

25

• capacity building in monitoring, reporting and management.• identifying and addressing unique challenges in specific industrial sectors, such as 

mercury in health care sector.

Discharge Permitting System in US

Permit issuance: 

• discharge to surface waters and ground waters: usually issued by Department ofdischarge to surface waters and ground waters: usually issued by Department of 

Environmental Protection's Industrial Wastewater Program

• discharges to domestic wastewater treatment facilities: regulated under the• discharges to domestic wastewater treatment facilities: regulated under the 

Industrial Pretreatment component of the Department’s Domestic Wastewater 

PProgram

Industrial wastewater directly discharged under National Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System (NPDES) may be subject to federal Effluent Limitations 

Guidelines (ELG).

Effluent guidelines standards are technology‐based (i.e. they are based on the 

performance of treatment and control technologies); they are not based on risk

26

performance of treatment and control technologies); they are not based on risk 

or impacts upon receiving waters. (and also industry‐specific). 

Compliance & EnforcementIntegrated Compliance Information System (ICIS)Integrated Compliance Information System (ICIS)• companies being issued permits to discharge wastewater into rivers.• when a permit was issued and expires• how much the company is permitted to discharge.• the actual monitoring data showing what the company has 

discharged.

Enforcement ActionsCivil Administrative Actions: non‐judicial enforcement actions, such as:• A notice of violation or a Superfund notice letter• An administrative order or order (either with or without penalties) directing an 

individual, a business, or other entity to take action to come into compliance, or to clean up a site.

Civil Judicial Actions: formal lawsuits, filed by the U.S. Department of Justice on behalf of EPA and, in regulatory cases, by the State's Attorneys General for the states.

27

Criminal Actions: usually reserved for the most serious violations, those that are willful, or knowingly committed. A court conviction can result in the imposition of fines or imprisonment.

Public Private Partnership (PPP)

Burlingame‐Veolia 

h l h d

A public‐private partnership 

Partnership: launched in 

1972, being the first 

d l t i bli

Burlingame, California Veolia Water North America

and longest‐running public‐

private partnership in the 

U S for management of theArea: 15686 km2Population: 28806 (2010)Per capita income: $46,573 (2009)

the world leader in water and wastewater services and technological solutions

U.S. for management of the 

city's wastewater treatment 

facilityfacility

An option for providing wastewater treatment servicesrealize cost savings utilize expertise achieve efficiencies inrealize cost savings, utilize expertise, achieve efficiencies in construction and operation, access private capital, and improve the quality of water and wastewater services.

28http://water.epa.gov/grants_funding/cwf/privatization.cfm

SUMMARY

• Industry will produce by‐productsor waste 

• Understand and model process:Understand and model process: will help improve product and reduce waste

• Explore opportunities to re‐cycle,p pp y ,and more importantly – re‐useD l t t f th t ll ti t l• Deploy state of the art pollution control technologies (PPP critical in effective

29implementation)

30

31

32

Environmental Impact =P *A *T

Environmental Impact (I) = Population (P) × Affluence (A) × Technology (T)

Ehrlich, Holdren and Commoner, 1970s

p ( ) p ( ) ( ) gy ( )

• Affluence : GDP per capita• Technology: Emissions per unit of GDP (consumption)

World Population Growth

United Nations projections

• Population: ↑Population: ↑• Economic Growth (consumption): ↑

U.S. Census Bureau (historical estimates)

33