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INDUSTRIAL RISK ON ENVIORNMENT (LEATHER & OIL INDUSTRY)

PRESENTED BY: SOMYA MATHUR 4513 TANVI CHATURVEDI 4519 DIVYA SANGHI PALLAVI TIWARI KHUSHBOO DIPTI PRABHA SOUMYA VERMA3/19/20131LEATHER INDUSTRY IN INDIA:3/19/20132Product linesFootwear, components ofshoes, garments, saddles, gloves & finished leather.

MAIN CENTRES OF PRODUCTIONChennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore in southern region,Jallandhar & Delhi in north, Kolkata in east, Mumbai inwest & Agra & Kanpur in central India aremajor production hubs.Capacityprocesses 65 million hides & 170 million skinpieces of leather peryear. This sector employees 25 lakh people & 65 % of production is small scale.

PREFACE:A durable & flexible material created by thetanningof animalrawhideand skin.The various forms of leather includes:Vegetable tanned leather;Chrome tanned leather;Adlehyde tanned leather;Formaldehyde;Brain tanned leather;Rose tanned leather;

3/19/20133Chamois leather;Synthetic tanned leather;Alum tawed leather;Rawhide.

3/19/20134LEATHER PRODUCTION PROCESS:3/19/20135

3/19/20136Tanning:A process which matches theproteinof the raw hide or skin into a stable material which will not putrefy & is suitable for a wide variety of end applications.the most common tanning material is chromium.Crusting the process by which the hide/skin is thinned, retanned, and lubricated.coloring operation is included here.

THE PROBLEM:3/19/20137The steps in producing and tanning animal skins starting in the coral and ending at the sales counter as finished goods is a long process that leaves its effects on individuals and communities worldwide.For some there is economic gain, likeWages to workers;Profits to owners and investors;For others there is a disease that comes from exposure:Directly working in tanning process;Animals being killed.

ENVIORNMENTAL IMPACT:3/19/20138Impact on livestock:The animals such as cows, buffalos, snakes are slaughtered for their skin/hide ruthlessly.

PETA investigation in India found that cows have their tails broken & chili peppers & tobacco rubbed into their eyes so that they walk lethargically & can easily be slaughtered.

3/19/20139 Snakes and lizards are skinned alive because of the belief that live flaying makes leather more supple.

Kid goats are boiled alive to make gloves, & the skins of unborn calves & lambs are purposely aborted & others taken from slaughtered pregnant cows & ewesare considered especially "luxurious.

3/19/201310A lawyer for China's Centre for Legal Assistance to Pollution Victims describes conditions on one river poisoned by waste from a nearby tannery: "A few years ago, villagers could swim in the river. Now they get blisters on their hands & feet from touching the water. When they stand close to the river they can smell rotting flesh because the leather factory dumps its sewage, made up of animal skin & meat, untreated into the river.3/19/201311 Impact of livestock:Raising animals for leather requires huge amounts of feed, pastureland, water, & fossil fuels Animals on factory farms produce 130 times as much excrement as the entire human population, without the benefit of waste treatment plants. The U.S. EPA has even acknowledged that livestock pollution is the greatest threat to our waterways.According to the U.N., worldwide cattle-rearing for food and fashion is responsible for 18 % of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.

3/19/201312the use of chemicals in the tanning process (e.g.chromium,arsenic,mercury &solvents) has drastic effects on soil, water, human health, etc.Impact on humans:It leads to GENETIC MUTATIONS;ULCERS;CANCER;LEUKEMIA;

CHROMIUM3/19/201313LUNG CANCER;BRONCHITAL PROBLEMS;

Impact on soil, water:1 ton of hide generally leads to the production of 20 to 80 m3of wastewater including chromium levels of 100400mg/L, sulfide levels of 200800mg/L & high levels of fat.ARSENIC3/19/201314raising the animals whose skin eventually becomes leather requires vast quantities of water & wide tracts of pastureland, which must be cleared of trees. Runoff from feedlots & dairy farms also creates a major source of water pollution.the process of tanning stabilizes the collagen or protein fibers in skins so that they actually stop biodegrading.The waste treated annually is held in open lagoons & is diluted & sprayed in the farmlands.

CITIES FOCUSSED: AGRA & KANPUR3/19/201315

KANPUR: LEATHER CITY OF INDIA3/19/201316According to the 2011 report, Kanpur had 10,000 tanneries & a city of 3 million people on the banks of the river Ganges, pollution levels were so high that despite an industry crisis, the PCB has decided to seal 49 high-polluting tanneries out of 404 in July 2009.A test conducted by IIT-Kanpur brought forward the following new facts about pollution from leather tanneries:Alarmingly high levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Nickel & Chrome VI have been found in the raw tannery waste water being generated at Kanpur and Unnao Industrial area;3/19/201317Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Nickel and Chrome VI have also been found in raw Kanpur city sewage reaching the Main Pumping Station in Jajmau. This also shows that the domestic sewage line is also being fed with toxic industrial effluents.The above toxicants are also present in the Post Treated Sewage Irrigation Water channel used for farmland irrigation in the Jajmau area.The GAP authorities have also reported that the leather tanneries are the culprit of the river Ganga.

3/19/201318There is widespread contamination of food chains, sharp decline in productivity of food crops, soil, vegetables, livestock & even milk; contamination of underground water meant for drinking purposes with attendant grave public health implications.Frequent fish kills are often being reported & the river water quality is being degraded.

ANSWER:3/19/201319Primary Effluent Treatment Plant (PETP) has been made mandatory in the leather tanneries.Tannery waste conveyance system were created to treat the highly polluting tannery effluents.CETP(Chromium effluent treatment plant) was designed to treat chrome free tannery effluents.Polluter must pay principle is being applied to the factories.AGRA:CITY OF TAJ3/19/201320Agra also 1 of the leading manufacturers of leathers is having drastic effects on the city(most affected being the TAJ MAHAL & river YAMUNA).The shoe units have been blamed for much of Agra's pollution.Choking of drains.Leather cuttings are callously dumped along roads & drains which find their way into the river Yamuna.About 40 shoe industry units have been told to move out of the Taj city to the Leather Park on the Jaipur-Agra highway by the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board.

3/19/201321Even after the Yamuna action plan there is no desired improvement in the quality of river.A latest report by the Jal Sansthan has confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons.

OIL INDUSTRY:3/19/201322Includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers & pipelines).Our world continues to demand a consistent & increasingly larger flow of oil to supply its constantly growing needs for transportation & energy.Every single year, millions of gallons of oil are released into our environment due to technological & mechanical breakdown, human error or carelessness, as well as natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, etc. Risk Faced By Environment In Case Of Oil Industries:3/19/201323Oil spillsPipeline ruptures FiresExplosionsRigs breaking Ships sinking Trains derailing

Effects Of OIL DRILLING:3/19/201324OIL SPILLSdirectly poison the water & land as well as the local food chain. They also coat the feathers of birds making it impossible for them to fly.Clean-up workers might suffer long-term respiratory effects as well.3/19/201325MARINE LIFEIt is not only subjected to toxic oil spills, but to seismic waves that are used to locate oil in the seabed. These damage the sonar that dolphins & whales use to orient themselves underwater. In 2008, the Exxon Mobil company halted seismic exploration after 100 whales beached themselves because of fatal disruptions in their sonar function. Seismic exploration has also caused whales to alter their migratory paths, forcing them to leave known hunting grounds.

3/19/201326interference with breeding by making the animal too ill to breed, interfering with breeding behavior such as a bird sitting on their eggs, or by reducing the number of eggs a bird will lay;poisoning of young through the mother, as a dolphin calf can absorb oil through it's mothers milk.damage to a marine mammal's or turtle's eyes, which can cause ulcers, conjunctivitis and blindness, making it difficult for them to find food, and sometimes causing starvation.3/19/201327InfrastructureThe physical infrastructure that accompanies oil drilling is immense & disruptive to ecosystems.Airstrips are a hazard for birds & frighten animals as well as tear up habitat in order to lay tarmac.Buildings & equipment are often abandoned & left behind once wells run dry because the cost to remove them is prohibitive.3/19/201328Oil Spills Damage Beaches, Marshlands and Fragile Marine Ecosystems.

CASE STUDY:THE GROUNDING OF THE SEA EMPRESS3/19/20132910/02/1996 oil tanker sea empress carrying crude oil, ran aground off the Millford Haven in Wales.The crude oil leaked over half her cargo into Welsh coast waters.As a result, oil slicks surrounded the Welsh coastline & coated the beaches of Britains only 2 marine nature reserves-Lundy island & Skoomer island.Threatened marine wildlife, livelihood of 100s of locals.3/19/201330CAUSE:-1) mechanical failure,2)Human error,3)Stormy weather,4)No double hull.Thus, causing the marine life to be disturbed.

TOURISM INDUSTRY:3/19/201331Environmental quality of a place determine the success of the tourism industry.Tourism is beneficial for any place but can be harmful at the same time if its unregulated & unplanned.It is less harmful as compared to industries like manufacturing.

EFFECTS :3/19/201332littering causes changes in soil nutrients;human & vehicular traffic affects both the soil and the vulnerability of plants;Air pollution can be attributed to the congestion of tourist vehicles in resort areas;pollution of lakes, rivers & oceans caused by large quantities of waste material & inadequately treated sewage from tourist facilities & from oil spills from recreational vehicles.Leads to eutrophication.

3/19/201333increasing demand of wildlife souvenirs induces a parallel increase in poaching, since the monetary rewards become greatly attractive to the local population;Marine ecosystems suffer from the waste disposal by hotels, littering by tourists, fuel seepage from ships and other boat traffic.CASE STUDY:GOA3/19/201334Fact file:Situated on the west coast of India, approximately 400 km south of Mumbai. Goa's coastal strip is approximately 100 km long boasting idyllic sandy beaches & blue crystal seas.Traditional industries included- fishing, rice growing & toddy tapping - where an alcoholic drink is fermented from the sap of the coconut palm.

3/19/201335Growth:Till 1986, tourism was limited to India.1986 saw the arrival of the first package holidays from Europe.A new demand for 3 & 4 * hotels with pools & gardens started to put pressure on the environment.

3/19/201336CONSEQUENCES:Decline of traditional industry: Local industries have in many situations been forced into decline. Toddy tapping is struggling as deforestation makes way for hotels and pool. Valuable farm- land is also lost & in some instances locals claim that they have been forced from the land.Fishing has been badly hit by trawlers but also the tradition of drying fish on the beach has been banned because the smell upsets tourists. In many areas locals are now denied access to their traditional fishing or tapping grounds by large hotel complexes. This is illegal but still appears to be occurring.

3/19/201337Water tables:The water tables are being depleted so hotels can fill their pools, water their gardens and provide running water for their guests. Meanwhile locals have access to water for just two hours a day. One primary school says it no longer has drinking water for the children.3/19/201338Coastal eco-systemSand dunes & mangrove swamps are being destroyed because hotels are being built or better access to the beaches can be provided. These dunes & swamps provide a natural flood defense for villagers.Refuse disposal outstripping the essential infrastructure.sewage treatment is inadequate, refuse disposal ineffectively regulated. As a consequence water supplies have been polluted by dumped refuse and the marine ecosystem is in danger of being irreparably damagedTourism development & its impact on endangered species: A case study of Nilgiri Thar3/19/201339Munnar is one of the most important Hill Resort of Southern Peninsular India.most important rare species of flora is the Neelakurinji which booms once in 12 years, & fauna is the endangered species of rare Nilgiri Thar, Nilgiri Langur, etc.Only found in the Eravikulam national park, tourists flow have adversely affected their lives.Tourists threw battles & stones at them, resulting in their injury.Heavy rush of tourist traffic and vehicular emissions had adversely affected the habitat of the Nilgiri Thar.3/19/201340Various studies had pointed that, higher the altitude, there will be more than double the impact of pollution in the area.

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