• Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological and industrial development.

• WHY?– Plenty of natural resources.– Need for cheap goods.

Agriculture• Need for more and cheaper food.

• Before the IR, people practiced open-field farming.– Land was divided into strips.– Half was farmed, half rested.

• New farming practice developed – crop rotation.– Three fields: two farmed, one rested.

• Rotate rested field each year.

• Farmers also began to use fertilizer on their fields.

• Jethro Tull invented a new planting machine – seed drill.– Planted seeds evenly and at the same depth.

• Crop production greatly increased, driving food prices down.

Jethro Tull

Textiles

• Textiles (cloth-making) was the first heavy industry to modernize.

• Before the IR, goods were made in the home, under the domestic system.– Slow, expensive, minimal production.

• Shear sheep, clean wool, spin into yarn, weave into cloth.

• Advancements were made to speed up the process.

• Spinning Jenny – Hand-powered wheel, would spin 8 threads at a time.

• Spinning Wheel – Faster than the Spinning Jenny.

• Richard Arkwright invented the Water Frame – water powered weaving machine.– Too large to put in the home, so Arkwright

built a special building for the equipment.

• Start of Factory System – Bring workers to machines.

Spinning Jenny

Spinning Wheel

Richard Arkwright

Water Frame

Steam

• In England, most of the forests were gone.– Needed something to burn to work iron.– Use coal!!– Mines would flood with groundwater.

• James Watt invented a steam-powered pump.– Would drain the mines.

• Steam power was quickly adopted for iron, sugar, beer industries.

James Watt

Watt’s Steam Pump

Early steam engines

IronworkTriphammer

“Bertha” – Krupp Ironworks. World’s largest triphammer

Sugar refining

Beer Brewing

Agriculture

• Agriculture started the IR, and agriculture benefitted from the IR.

• Eli Whitney took advantage of steam power.– Invented the Cotton Gin.– Machine to separate cotton fiber from

cottonseed.

• Greatly increased cloth production.

Eli Whitney