INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

A Concise Presentation

By

Mr. Deepak Sarangi M.Pharm

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction2. Definition3. Hazardous waste rules4. Types of hazards5. Industrial dermatitis6. Accident records7. Routes of infection8. Types of hazards toxicity9. Diagnosis and control of industrial hazards10. Treatment of hazardous wastes11. Precautions of industrial hazards12. Conclusion13. References

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INTRODUCTION

Hazard is a term associated with a substance that is

likelihood to cause an injury in a given environment or

situation.

Safety in simple terms means freedom from the

occurrence of risk or injury or loss. Industrial safety

refers to the protection of workers from the danger of

industrial accidents.

DEFINITION

Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property.

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HAZARDOUS WASTE RULES Hazardous wastes to be collected, treated, stored and disposed

off only on authorised places.

Authorisation for above to be issued by SPCB.

Hazardous waste to be packed and transported in sufficiently

safe conditions.

State government or a person authorised shall undertake a

continuing programme to identify the sites and publish

periodically an inventory of disposal sites within the state for

disposal of hazardous wastes. 5

TYPES OF HAZARDS

1. Biological hazards2. Chemical hazards3. Mechanical hazards4. Physical hazards5. Electrical hazards6. Fire and dust hazards

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1. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

A biological hazard is one originating from an organism that is

foreign to the organism being affected.

Many biological hazards are associated with food, including

certain viruses, parasites, fungi, bacteria, and plant and seafood

toxins.

Disease in human can come from biological hazards in the form

of infection by bacteria, antigents, car, plane, bus, viruses and

parasites. 7

2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS

A chemical can be considered a hazards by virtue of its intrinsic

properties it can cause harm or danger to humans, property, or

the environment.

Some chemicals occur naturally in certain geological

formations, such as radon gas or arsenic.

Many other chemicals used in industrial and laboratory settings

can cause respiratory, digestive, or nervous systems problems if

they are inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. 8

3. MECHANICAL HAZARDS

A mechanical hazard is any hazard involving a machine or

process. Motor vehicles, aircrafts and air bags pose

mechanical hazards. Compressed gases or liquids can also

be considered a mechanical hazard.

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4. PHYSICAL HAZARDS

A physical hazard is a naturally occurring process that has the

potential to create loss or damage.

Physical hazards often have both human and natural

elements.

Flood problems can be affected by climate fluctuations and

storm frequency, both natural elements, and by land drainage

and building in a flood plain, human elements.

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5. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Electrical injuries consist of four main types:

Electrocution (fatal),

Electric shock,

Burns and

Falls caused as a result of contact with electrical energy.

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CONTD….

An worker will receive a shock when he/she:

i. Touches two wires at different voltages at the same time.

ii. Touches phase and neutral wire at a time

iii. Touches the phase standing on the ground

iv. Touches the phase having wet cloth, high humidity and

perspiration.

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6. FIRE AND DUST HAZARDS Source of dust hazards in pharmaceutical industries

Grinding or milling of drugs, excipients, or herbal products.

During weighing dusts may float on air.

During powder mixing dusts may be generated.

During coating operation dusts are generated.

During capsule filling and tablet punching operation dusts may be

generated.

Methods of controlling dust

Filtration

Inertial separator

Electrostatic separator

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CONTD…..

Types of fire hazards:

Class A Fires: These are fires in ordinary combustible

materials such as wood, cloth, paper etc. those produce

glowing ember.

Class B Fires: These are fires of flammable petroleum

products, liquids, gases and greases etc.

Class C Fires: These fires involve energized electrical

equipment.

Class D Fires: These are fires in combustible metals.

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INDUSTRIAL DERMATITIS

Industrial dermatitis is skin disease that is caused by

conditions at work. It may be the result of irritation or allergy.

Usually it starts with redness and itchiness. Sometimes there

may be swelling, scaling, cracking, blistering and oozing. Any

part of the body may be affected but usually it is in the exposed

parts of the hands and arms.

CONTD…

Prevention of industrial dermatitis at work:

Work clothes should be changed daily.

For Chemicals, which dry the skin such as, solvents,

moisturisers should be applied daily.

If skin problem arises, the worker should report to your

supervisor and consult your doctor.

Personal protective equipments e.g.: gloves, impervious

sleeves and boots should be wore to minimise contact with

chemicals. 16

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ACCIDENT RECORDS

After any accident or incident during work an accident

record should be maintained. Generally a standard form is filed

up and a copy is kept at the factory premises and another copy

is sent to respective authorities of that country.

ROUTES OF INFECTION

Workers involved in work requiring direct contact

with chemicals are at a greater risk of developing industrial

dermatitis. Construction workers can develop allergy or

irritation to cement and epoxy resin. Workers in the metal

working industry are at risk of skin irritation from coolants

and solvents while workers in the electronic industry are at

risk from contact with solvents, fibre-glass, acids, alkalis and

resins.18

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TYPES OF HAZARDS TOXICITY Acute poisoning is characterized by rapid absorption of the substance

and the exposure is sudden & severe.  Normally, a single large

exposure is involved.  Examples:  carbon monoxide or cyanide

poisoning. 

Chronic poisoning is characterized by prolonged or repeated

exposures of a duration measured in days, months or years. 

Symptoms may not be immediately apparent, but tend to build up in

the body as a result of chronic exposure.  The effects are not seen

until a critical body burden is reached.  Examples:  lead or mercury

poisoning or pesticide exposure. 

DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS

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TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

Reduction of source/ reuse/ recycle.

Dilution of hazardous waste.

Commercial available alternatives

1. Physical treatment

2. Chemical treatment

3. Biological treatment

4. Thermal treatment

5. Stabilization/ solidification/ sorption. 21

CONTD....

Any chemical contamination of the skin should be

washed off as soon as possible.

Materials or agents known to cause dermatitis may be

substituted wherever practicable.

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PRECAUTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS

Protect the head and eyes with the help of goggles,

helmets, hooks, masks.

Protection of hand, arms, legs and feet with rubber

gloves, rubber boots, aprons, shoes, other clothing.

Prevention of breathing of poisonous gases with

respiration protective devices.

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SAFETY PROGRAM

The basic principals are:-

To identify potential hazards, provide effective safety

equipment and facilities.

To develop safety policies.

To train in safe method of working and provide continuing

education and guidance on eliminating safety hazards and

prevention of accidents.

CONCLUSION

From the previous discussion it is clear that the safety aspects

must be considered by the pharmaceutical industry not only in

the interest of the employees or property but also in the terms of

the neighbouring environment as well.

The source of possible hazards, risk analysis, control

procedures, preventive measures and contingency plan are the

main five essentials for ensuring a complete work atmosphere in

the industry. 25

REFERENCES

1. Subramanyam C.V.S. Thaimma J. Setty Pharmaceutical

production management, first Edition 2004 vallabh prakashan

New Delhi 393-412.

2. Subramanyam C.V.S. Thaimma J. Setty, Devi V.K.

Pharmaceutical Engineering Principle and Practice, first

Edition 2003, M.K. Jain for vallabh prakashan New Delhi

483,2

3. Samba Murthy K Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Age

International publishers 449. 26

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