industrial age
DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL AGE. 801-850. The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between 1865-1910, 25 million immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from __, fleeing persecution and poverty. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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INDUSTRIAL AGE
801-850
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• The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between 1865-1910, 25 million immigrants arrived.
• Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from __, fleeing persecution and poverty.
• Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.
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Southern and Eastern Europe
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• 1911 - Congressional commission set up to investigate demands for immigration restriction.
• It's report was a list of complaints against the "new immigrants."
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Dillingham Commission Report
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• The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary.
• People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar.
• These new living areas were called __.
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Streetcar suburbs
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• Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers.
• Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.
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Tenements
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• Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class.
• In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.
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Jane Addams
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• Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco and fought for workers rights.
• He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans.
• Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement.
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Denis Kearney
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• Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbade further immigration of Chinese.
• Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants who would work for less pay.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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• A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.
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American Protective Association
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• Immigrants were required to pass __ in order to gain citizenship.
• Many immigrants were uneducated or non-English-speakers, so they could not pass.
• Meant to discourage immigration.
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Literacy tests
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• Opposed the Nativist sentiment and promoted the "melting pot" idea of American culture.
• Author of The American Commonwealth
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James Bryce
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• He pioneered the development of suspension bridges and designed the Brooklyn Bridge, but died before its construction was completed.
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John A. Roebling
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• Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper.
• Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.• Pioneer of the functionalist school of
architecture.
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Louis Sullivan
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• Considered America's greatest architect.• Pioneered the concept that a building should
blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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• Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators.
• They believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail.
• Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.
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Ashcan School
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• 1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School.
• It was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.
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Armory Show
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• Social reformer who worked against obscenity.• He boasted of driving offenders into suicide.
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Anthony Comstock
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• Presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which mutation and natural selection constantly give rise to new species.
• Sparked a long-running religious debate over the issue of creation.
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Charles Darwin
• Origin of the Species
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• Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive.
• Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
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Social Darwinism
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• He was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works.
• His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.
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Andrew Carnegie
• The Gospel of Wealth
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• British, he developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution.
• He believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking.
• Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavors could be explained rationally and scientifically.
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Herbert Spencer
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• Minister who worked against slavery in Kansas Border War.
• An advocate of Women's suffrage, temperance and Darwin's theory of evolution, and a foe of slavery and bigotry of all kinds, he held that Christianity should adapt itself to the changing culture of the times.
• Later, he became a prominent advocate for allowing Chinese immigration to continue to the United States, and is credited for delaying the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act until 1882.
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Henry Ward Beecher
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• Baptist preacher whose famous speech said that hard work and thrift would lead to success.
• The speech/sermon was called “Acres of Diamonds."
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Russell Conwell
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• Evangelist who preached the social gospel.
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Dwight L. Moody
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• He pleaded for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict.
• He was one of the first to warn that Protestants were ignoring the problems of the cities and the working classes.
• He argued that the Anglo-Saxon race had a responsibility to "civilize and Christianize" the world due to its superiority.
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Rev. Josiah Strong
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• Sociologist who attacked social Darwinism in his book, Dynamic Sociology.
• He hoped to restore the central importance of experimentation and the scientific method to the field of sociology.
• His idea of social liberalism sought to enhance social progress through direct government intervention.
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Lester Frank Ward
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• A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
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Social gospel
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• Provided food, housing, and supplies for the poor and unemployed.
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Salvation Army, YMCA
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• New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.
• His view of Christianity was that its purpose was to spread a Kingdom of God, not through a fire and brimstone style of preaching but by leading a Christ-like life.
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Walter Rauschenbusch
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• Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform.
• A prolific writer whose newspaper columns and many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.
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Washington Gladden
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• 1891 - Pope Leo XII's call to the Catholic Church to work to alleviate social problems such as poverty.
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Rerum Novarum
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• He delivered a very popular collection of sermons which encouraged young people to emulate Christ called In His Steps.
• These sermons popularized the phrase “What Would Jesus Do?”
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Charles Sheldon
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• Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science.
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Mary Baker Eddy
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• One of the first adult education programs. • Started in 1874 as a summer training program
for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.
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Chautauqua Movement
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• A private university which emphasized pure research.
• It's entrance requirements were unusually strict -- applicants needed to have already earned a college degree elsewhere in order to enroll.
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Johns Hopkins University
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• He was the president of Harvard University, and started the policy of offering elective classes in addition to the required classes.
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Charles W. Elliot
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• America's greatest theoretical scientist, he studied thermodynamics and physical chemistry.
• He was the first American to earn a Ph.D. in engineering.
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Josiah Willard Gibbs
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• 1862 - Set aside public land in each state to be used for building agricultural colleges.
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Morrill Act
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• 1887 - Provided for agricultural experimentation stations in every state to improve farming techniques.
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Hatch Act
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• 1888 - Utopian novel which predicted the U.S. would become a socialist state in which the government would own and oversee the means of production and would unite all people under moral laws.
• Written by Edward Bellamy.
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Looking Backwards, 2000-1887
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• Said that poverty was the inevitable side-effect of progress.
• He advocated a single tax on land in Progress and Poverty.
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Henry George
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• A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich.
• The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
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"Gilded Age"
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• French for "new rich." • Referred to people who had become rich
through business rather than through having been born into a rich family.
• They made up much of the American upper class of the late 1800s.
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Nouveau riche
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• Developed the philosophy of pragmatism. • One of the founders of modern psychology,
and the first to attempt to apply psychology as a science rather than a philosophy.
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William James
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• A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.
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Pragmatism
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• Political writer who founded The Nation magazine, which called for reform.
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Edwin Lawrence Godkin
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• Editor of the Atlantic Monthly, and a champion of the realist movement in fiction writing.
• Wrote what is considered to be the first business novel in the US, The Rise of Silas Lapham.
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William Dean Howells
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• American writer who lived in England. • Wrote numerous novels around the theme of
the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters.
• Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."
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Henry James