Indonesian Architecture

Indonesian ArchitecturePresented byElesterio,HanceOlivar,MabelJuanir,PhilipAngeles.RicardoAbelinde,Cristal

INDONESIA

Capital: JakartaForm of government: Elected Legislature and President

Indonesia is a country with a vast natural beauty stretching from Sabang to Merauke. It is asovereign stateinSoutheast Asia and Oceania and is an archipelagocomprising13,466 islands. It encompasses33 provincesand1 Special Administrative Region (for being governed by a pre-colonial monarchy) with over 238 million people, making it the world's fourthmost populous country.introductionIndonesia consists of hundreds of distinct nativeethnicandlinguistic groups. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it.Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level ofbiodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread.

Javanese largest and politically dominant ethnic groupMotto: "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity"literally,"many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the countryintroductionTheArchitecture of Indonesia reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques. Traditionally, the most significant foreign influence has been Indian. However, Chinese, Araband since the 18th and 19th centuriesEuropean influences have played significant roles too in shaping Indonesian architecture.adfrgnbcArchitecture of Indonesiamaterials

BrickTimber/Hard Wood/Worok WoodBamboo Coconut TrunkSugar Palm Leavesmaterials

Alang-alang GrassRice StrawCoconut FiberTheclimate ofIndonesiais almost entirely tropical. Temperature varies little from season to season, and Indonesia experiences relatively little change in the length of daylight hours from one season to the next; the difference between the longest day and theshortest dayof the year is only forty-eight minutes. This allows crops to be grown all year round.climateInfluence to Architecture

Row houses, canals and enclosed solid walls - first thought as protection against tropical diseases coming from tropical air, years later the Dutch learnt to adapt their architectural style with local building features (long eaves, verandahs, porticos, large windows and ventilation openings)

The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat. In hot and humid-low lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows.

climateInfluence to Architecture

The Indo-European hybrid villa of the 19th century was among the first colonial buildings to incorporate Indonesian architectural elements and attempt adapting to the climate. The basic form, such as the longitudinal organizations of spaces and use of joglo and limasan roof structures, was Javanese, but incorporated European decorative elements such as neo-classical columns around deep verandahs.climate

Indonesiais anarchipelagicisland countryinSoutheast Asia, lying between theIndian Oceanand thePacific Ocean. It is in a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean. The country's variations in culture have been shapedalthough not specifically determinedby centuries of complex interactions with the physical environment. Although Indonesians are now less vulnerable to the effects of nature as a result of improved technology and social programs, to some extent their social diversity has emerged from traditionally different patterns of adjustment to their physical circumstances.geographyInfluence to Architecture

Building houses off the ground allows breezes to moderate the hot tropical temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above storm water runoff and mud; it allows houses to be built on rivers and wetland margins; it keeps people, goods and food from dampness and moisture; lifts living quarters above malaria-carrying mosquitos; and reduces the risk ofdry rotandtermites.

The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhangingeaveskeep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat.geographyInfluence to Architecture

In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows. Traditional buildings in Indonesia are built on stilts with oversized saddle roofs which have been the home of the Batak and the Toraja.geographyThe first principle ofIndonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, is "belief in the one and onlyGod".

A number of different religions are practiced in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant.

The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.religionThe government only recognizes six official religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism).

Indonesian law requires that every Indonesian citizenhold anidentity cardthat identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may be able to leave that section blank.

agnosticismoratheism, andblasphemy is illegal.religion

Influence to Architecture

Architecture in Indonesia focuses on defining terms that relate to their religions such as; Islam, Buddhist, early Indonesia Hindu, and Balinese Hindu.They make representations of religious sculptures, carvings, and temples. It is important to realize that the Indonesian forms of the above religions have been adapted to accommodate pre-existing Indonesian beliefs and customs and that this is evident in the religious architecture found in Indonesia today. Architectural heritage influences by religious are commonly found in Java. religionTypes of ArchitectureAlthough religious architecture has been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant was developed in Java. The island's long tradition of religious syncretism extended to architecture, which fostered uniquely Javanese styles of Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and to a lesser extent, Christian architecture.religious architectureCandi = Religious structures- large and sophisticated, tower-like structures- built in Java during the peak of Indonesias Great Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms (18th-14th Century)

The earliest surviving Hindu temples in Java are at the Dieng Plateau, thought to have originally numbered as many as 400, only 8 remain today.

* Dieng Structures- small and relatively plain

But architecture developed substantially and just 100 years later the second Kingdom of Mataram built the Prambanan complex near Yogyakarta; considered largest and finest example of Hindu architecture in Java.

Complek Candi ArjunaCandi Prambanan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The origin of Buddhist and Hindu temple are built of stone, which is raised on a basement and surmounted by a stepped pyramidal roof, ornamented with relics. In symbolic terms, the building is as a representation of the legendary Mount Meru, which in Hindu-Buddhist mythology is identified as the residence of the gods.Buddhist monument, Borobudur- a World Heritage site- built by the Sailendra Dynasty between 750 and 850 AD, but it was abandoned shortly after its completion as a result of the decline of Buddhism and a shift of power to eastern Java.- contains a vast number of intricate carvings that tell a story as one moves through to the upper levels, metaphorically reaching enlightenment.

With the decline of the Mataram Kingdom, eastern Java became the focus of religious architecture with an exuberant style reflecting Shaivist, Buddhist and Javanese influences; a fusion that was characteristic of religion throughout Java.

Burobudor Temple, Java

The Majapahit Era

The use of bricks in Indonesias Classical Era mastered by the Majapahit builders, using a mortar of vine sap and palm sugarTemples of Majapahit- have a strong geometrical quality with a sense of verticality achieved through the use of numerous horizontal lines often with an almost art-deco sense of streamlining and proportion

Majapahit influences can be seen today in the enormous number of Hindu temples of varying sizes spread throughout Bali. Although they have elements in common with global Hindu styles, they are of a style largely unique to Bali and owe much to the Majapahit era.

Majapahit Hindu TempleMosques

(15th Century)

Islam had become the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia's two most populous islands; absorbed and reinterpreted, with mosques given a unique Indonesian/Javanese interpretation.

Javanese Mosques- took many design cues from Hindu, Buddhist, and even Chinese architectural influences- lacked, for example, the ubiquitous Islamic dome which did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century,- had tall timber, multi-level roofs similar to the pagodas of Balinese Hindu temples still common today

Menara Kudus Mosque in Kudus Sultan Suriansyah Mosque in BanjarmasinMosques

(19th Century)

- sultanates of Indonesian archipelago began to adopt and absorb foreign influences of Islamic architecture- The Indo-Islamic and Moorish style are particularly favoured as displayed in Banda Aceh Baiturrahman Grand Mosque built in 1881, and Medan Grand Mosque built in 1906- mosques have tended to be built in styles more consistent with global Islamic styles, which mirror the trend in Indonesia towards more orthodox practice of Islam

Bandah Aceh Baiturrahman Grand MosqueMedan Grand MosqueGala Mosque, Tembayat

- the oldest mosque in Java that survives through time- one of the examples of Indo-Javanese culture style top of the hill building one characteristic of the Hindu-Buddhist religious buildings in Java, while the tick wall was influenced from Gujarati architecture and the tajug wooden-tile roof structure was from Javanese traditional architecture- set as the Objects of Cultural Property (Tangible Heritage) by the Indonesian Institute for Preservation of Archaeological Heritage (BP3) based on Law No. 5 year 1992Gala Mosque

Traditional and vernacular architecture in Indonesia originates from two sources. One is the great Hindu tradition brought to Indonesia from India via Java. The second is an indigenous architecture pre-dating the Hindu epic.

It has its own unique form because Indonesia has 33 provinces; each of Indonesias ethnic groups has its own distinctive form of the traditional vernacular architecture, known as Rumah adat.

Traditional Indonesian homes are not architect designed, rather villagers build their own homes, or community will their resources for a structure built under the direction of a master builder and/or a carpenter.traditional and vernacular architectureRumah Adat

- Rumah adat or Custom House is at the center of a web of customs, social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths, and religions that bind the villagers together.- The house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure for many activities of its residents.

Characteristicstimber construction,varied and elaborate roof structureslonghouses on stiltssteep sloping roofs and heavy gablesBuilt on stilts except for Java and Bali

Rumah Adat BatakConstruction System:post, beam and lintel structural system with either wooden or bamboo walls that are non-load bearingrather than nails, mortis and tenon joints and wooden pegs are usedSome of the more significant and distinctiverumah adatinclude:

Batak architecture(North Sumatra) includes the boat-shaped jabu homes of the Toba Batak people, with dominating carved gables and dramatic oversized roof, and is based on an ancientmodel.

TheMinangkabauofWest Sumatrabuilds therumah gadang, distinctive for their multiplegableswith dramatically upsweeping ridge ends.

The homes ofNiaspeoples include theomo sebuachiefs' houses built on massive ironwood pillars with towering roofs. Not only are they almost impregnable to attack in former tribal warfare, but flexible nail-less construction provide proven earthquake durability.

Rumah MelayuMalaytraditional houses built on stilts of Sumatra, Borneo and Malay Peninsula.

TheRiauregion is characterized by villages built on stilts over waterways.

Unlike most South East Asian vernacular homes,Javanesejogloare not built on piles, and have become the Indonesian vernacular style most influenced by European architectural elements.TheBubungan Tinggi, with their steeply pitched roofs, is the large homes ofBanjareseroyalty and aristocrats inSouth Kalimantan.

TraditionalBalinese homesare a collection of individual; largely open structures (including separate structures for the kitchen, sleeping areas, bathing areas and shrine) within a high-walled garden compound.

TheSasakpeople ofLombokbuildlumbung, pile-built bonnet-roofed rice barns, that are often more distinctive and elaborate than their houses.

Dayakpeople traditionally live in communallonghousesthat are built on piles. The houses can exceed 300 m in length, in some cases forming a whole village.

TheTorajaof theSulawesihighlands are renowned for theirtongkonan, houses built on piles and dwarfed by massive exaggerated-pitch saddle roofs.

Rumah adatonSumbahave distinctive thatched "high hat" roofs and are wrapped with sheltered verandahs.

The Papuan Dani traditionally live in small family compounds composed of several circular huts known as honay with thatched dome roofs.

Istana(or "palace") architecture of the various kingdoms and realms of Indonesia is more often than not based on the vernacularand domestic styles of the area. Royal courts, however, were able to develop much grander and elaborate versions of this traditional architecture.palace architectureJavaneseKraton (Keraton Javanese Royal palace)

Characteristics:large pendopos (pavilion) of the joglo roof formwith tumpang sari ornamentation that are elaborate but based on common Javanese forms.Gala Mosque

Joglo Roof Frame

The omo sebua ("chief's house") in Bawomataluo, Nias

- is an enlarged version of the homes in the village

The palaces of the Balinese such as thePuri AgunginGianyaruse the traditional baleform, and the Pagaruyung Palace is a three-storey version of the Minangkabau Rumah Gadang. Pagaruyung PalacePuri Agung

Rumah gadang (Minangkabau: "big house") or rumah bagonjong (Minangkabau: "spired roof house")

- traditional homes (Indonesian: "rumah adat") of the Minangkabau. The architecture, construction, internal and external decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau. - Arumah gadangserves as a residence, a hall for family meetings, and for ceremonial activities. In the matrilineal Minangkabau society, therumah gadang is owned by the women of the family who live there; ownership is passed from mother to daughter.

Two basic designs (reflect two variations of Minangkabau social structure):

Thekoto piliangdesign reflects an aristocratic and hierarchical social structure, with the house containing anjuang(raised floors) at each end to permit elevated seating of clan leaders during ceremonial events.Thebodi caniagodesign reflects a democratic social structure, with the floors being flat and on one level.Architectural Elements of Rumah Gadang

Each element of arumah gadanghas its own symbolic meaning, which is referred to in adapt speech andaphorisms. The elements of arumah gadanginclude:

gonjong, hornlike roof structuresingkok, triangular wall under the ends ofgonjongpereng, shelf under thesingkokanjuang, raised floor at the end of one style ofrumah gadangdindiang ari, the walls on the side elevationsdindiang tapi, the walls on the front and back elevationspapan banyak, front faadepapan sakapiang, a shelf or middle band on the periphery of the housesalangko, wall enclosing space under a house that has been built on stiltSome symbolisms of the house:relate to the gonjong reaching to god dindiang tapi, which is traditionally made of plaited strips of bamboo, symbolizing the strength and utility of the community which is formed when individual

Minangkabau become part of the larger community instead of standing alone.The pillars of the idealrumah gadangare arranged in five rows which run the length of the house. These rows divide the interior into four long spaces calledlanjar. Thelanjarat the rear of the house is divided into bedrooms (ruang). According to adat, arumah gadangmust have at least five ruang, and the ideal number is nine. The otherlanjarare used as a common area, called thelabuah gajah(elephant road), for living and ceremonial events.

A number of rice barns (rangkiang) ideally accompany arumah gadang, with each having a different name and function. Therangkiang sitinjau lauik, contains rice for the family, particularly for adat ceremonies. Therangkiang sitangka lapacontains rice for donation to poor villagers and for times of famine in the village. Therangkiang sibayau-bayaucontains rice for the daily needs of the family. 16th and 17th centuries - arrival of European powers in Indonesia who used masonry for much of their construction. - One of the first major Dutch settlements was Batavia (later named Jakarta) which in the 17th and 18th centuries was a fortified brick and masonry city. - the Dutch learnt to adapt their architectural style with local building features (long eaves, verandahs, porticos, large windows and ventilation openings)

The Indo-European hybrid villa of the 19th century was among the first colonial buildings to incorporate Indonesian architectural elements and attempt adapting to the climate. The basic form, such as the longitudinal organization of spaces and use of joglo and limasan roof structures, was Javanese, but it incorporated European decorative elements such as neo-classical columns around deep verandahs.colonial architecture

Indo-European Hybrid Villa*JavaIndo-European homes- Indonesian houses with European trims

In Early 20th Century- European buildings with Indonesian trims- Practical measures carried over from the earlier Indo-European hybrids, which responded to the Indonesian climate, included overhanging eaves, larger windows and ventilation in the walls

End of 19th Century- improvements to technology, communications and transportation- Modernistic buildings required for such development appeared in great numbers, and were heavily influenced by international styles includes train stations, business hotels, factories and office blocks, hospitals and education institutions

*Bali-Colonial rule was never as extensive as it was in Java it was only in 1906, for example, that the Dutch gained full control of the islandand consequently the island only has a limited stock of colonial architecture- The hill town of Munduk, a town amongst plantations established by the Dutch, is Bali's only other significant group of colonial architecture; a number of mini mansions in the Balinese-Dutch style still survive.

Native architecture was arguably more influenced by the new European ideas than colonial architecture was influenced by Indonesian styles; and these Western elements continue to be a dominant influence on Indonesia's built environment today

Art-Deco House BandungEarly twentieth century modernisms are still very evident across much of Indonesia, again mostly in Java

1930s world depression was devastating to Java, and was followed by another decade of war, revolution and struggle, which restricted the development of the built environment

the Javanese art-deco style from the 1920s became the root for the first Indonesian national style in the 1950s

The politically turbulent 1950s meant that the new but bruised Indonesia was neither able to afford or focused to follow the new international movements such as modernist brutalismpost independence architectureLet us prove that we can also build the country like the Europeans and Americans do because we are equal Sukarno

Despite the new country's economic woes, government-funded major projectswere undertaken in the modernist style, particularly in the capitalJakarta. ReflectingPresidentSukarno'spolitical views, the architecture is openly nationalistic and strives to show the new nations pride in itself.Projects approved by Sukarno, himself a civil engineer who had acted as an architect, include:A clover-leaf highway.A broadby-passin Jakarta (Jalan Sudirman).Fourhigh-risehotels including the famous Hotel Indonesia.A new parliament building.The 127 000-seatBung Karno Stadium.Numerous monuments includingThe National Monument.Istiqlal Mosque, Jakartathe largest mosque in Southeast Asia.

1950sjengkistyle- so named after Indonesian references to the American armed forces as 'yankee', was a distinctive Indonesian architectural style that emerged. The modernist cubic and strict geometric forms that the Dutch had used before World War II were transformed into more complicated volumes, such as pentagons or other irregular solids. This architecture is an expression of the political spirit of freedom among the Indonesians.

The International Style dominated in Indonesia in the 1970s, as it did in much of the rest of the world

The 1970s saw the Indonesian government promote indigenous Indonesian forms. Constructed in 1975, theTaman Mini Indonesia Indah theme park re-created over twenty buildings of exaggerated proportions to showcase Indonesian traditional vernacular forms.

By the 1980s in particular, most public buildings were built with exaggerated elements of traditional vernacular forms.

Tama Mini Indonesia Indah Theme ParkBalairung HotelThe 1970s, 1980s and 1990s saw foreign investment and economic growth; large construction booms brought major changes to Indonesian cities, including the replacement of the early twentieth styles with late modern and postmodern styles

Many new buildings are clad with shiny glass surfaces to reflect the tropical sun. Architectural styles are influenced by developments in architecture internationally, including the introduction of deconstructivism architecture.

Following the pattern of colonial architecture in Malaysia and Singapore, architects in the former Dutch East Indies relieved heavily on imported European models for their public buildings, clubs and churches

In residential Architecture, producing a growing number of fine houses based on indigenous idioms, sometimes blended with colonial or modern themes.contemporary architectureInstitute of Technology, Bandung, Jakarta (1920) by Henri Maclaine Pont,- first on a series of remarkable buildings, based on meticulous study of regional traditions

Incorporated indigenous features:timber houses-on-stilts of the Minangkabau region in Sumatra, with their distinctive peakedsuspended roofsJavanese Kratons, or royal palaces Consists a cluster of pavilions set around small courtyards and interconnected with shaded colonnades with stout columns made of uncut stone. The multi-layered roofing provides ventilation in the gaps between the layers, as well as their high peaks, while the open structure at ground level provides further movement of air.

AULA Main hall

An impressive and an imposed structure of giant parabolic beams of laminated wood bound with iron clamps.

Catholic Church, Pohsarang, Java (1937) Ponts last work in the region.

Surrounded by a series of stepped walled courtyards and gateways, rising up towards the church in the fashion of Hindu temple-platforms of Java, the main body consists of a five cornered cupola, made up of bent timber rafters converging on a key piece at the apex, between which is suspended a composite roofnet of steel cables and lattice timber frameworks, supporting clay roof tiles. Overhead windows with overlapping, open panes of glass ensure adequate light and ventilation at the apex. The Cupola, like ancillary structures, was originally open at ground level in the fashion of the indigenous pendopo, or open pillared hall, commonly used for dance and dramas. It has since been walled in, to the detriment of design.

The difference of Western and Indonesian architecture according to Dutch architect is correlation between building and people. Western architecture (occidental) is a totality construction, while Indonesians have been developed as subjective matter, elementary, with preferring outside appearance especially front faade. The natural condition between the sub-tropical Netherlands and wet-tropical Indonesia is also the main consideration of Dutch buildings in IndonesiaArchitectsBirthday: 16 December1912, Bonandolok,North SumatraAnopzichter/architectinitial generation in the countryIndonesia.He is a self-taught architect.Formal education only at STM (Technical High School) but persistence led to several design wins architectural competition, so it's profession recognize him as an architectplays a major role in the formation ofthe Association of Indonesian Architects(IAI)Frederich Silaban

Architectural projectsBuilding Nommensen University - Field (1982)Bung Karno Stadium- Jakarta (1962)House A Lie Hong - Bogor (1968)West Irian Liberation monument - Jakarta (1963)Headquarters Air Force - Jakarta (1962)Building Patterns - Jakarta (1962)BNI Building 1946 - Field (1962)Tower Bung Karno Jakarta - 1960-1965 (unbuilt)National Monument/ Tugu Monas -Jakarta(1960)BNI Building 1946 -Jakarta(1960)BLLD Building, Bank Indonesia, Jalan Kebun Betel - Jakarta (1960)Head Officeof Bank Indonesia, Jalan Thamrin - Jakarta (1958)Private home Friderich Silaban -Bogor(1958)Istiqlal Mosque- Jakarta (1954)Frederich Silaban win the contest of making picture mockups mosque with the motto (password) "Godhead"is then in charge of making the overall design of the Istiqlal.Istiqlal is also the largest mosque inSoutheast Asiain the1970sFrederich SilabanArchitectural projectsBentol Building -West Java(1954)This building is part ofCipanas Presidential Palacelocated at the top of the lane highways, West Java and is located right behind the main building and stood in the plain over the other buildings.The building is often referred to as theSoekarnofor inspirationcalled Building Bentol because all the walls are affixed to natural stone that makes an impression bump-bumpKalibata Heroes Cemetery gate - Jakarta (1953)Cibalagung Campus, College of Agricultural Extension (STPP) / Secondary Agricultural School (SPMA) - Bogor (1953)Agricultural schools have spawned a number of veteran leaders in various fields.Some of them even served as minister.Though the school isnow a century oldis a true "churning" to the agents and technicians in the field of agriculture.Home Office Mayor -Bogor(1952)Office of Fisheries -Bogor(1951)Equator monument-Pontianak(1938)This monument was first built in 1928 by a geographer nationality Netherlands. Rebuilt in 1938 and refined by Frederich Silaban.In 1990 built a duplicate with the size 5 times more likely to protect the equator of the original monument.Development of the latter was inaugurated on 21 September 1991Frederich Silaban

Bung Karno Stadium- Jakarta (1962)National Monument/ Tugu Monas -Jakarta(1960)Istiqlal Mosque- Jakarta (1954)Equator monument-Pontianak(1938)Herbowo is an Indonesian architect and administrator

Graduated from ITB Institute Technology Bandung in 1960

Post Graduated in 1962 from Copenhagen

President of Indonesia SoehartocqHome Ministerto becomeVice of Head Government of Jakarta Capital City of Indonesia during 1988.

After graduating from Copenhagen,Herbowo started to work at Pulo Mas together with Ir Radinal Moochtarand Ir Kandar Tisnawinata, in a company owned by the Government of Jakarta Capital City of Indonesia, later becoming Head of Director at IV during GovernorAli Sadikindan Head of BAPPEDA. He introduced Route 3 in 1 in Jakarta Capital City.Ir HerbowoHe is an architect and urban planner by traininggraduated fromParahyangan Catholic University.As a journalist, Marco covers urban issues in Indonesia for Aikon Foundation and other publications.He initiated his country'sGreen Mapnetwork in 2002, shortly after publishing the first Jakarta Green Map. Today, he has published 3 Jakarta Green Maps & assisted another 8 published nationally. He is also developing the Asia Mapmakers network.He is taking part in Aceh reconstruction through Komisi Darurat Kemanusiaan untuk Aceh dan Sumatera Utara and as architect in Uplink.He criticizes a lot of policies fromDKI JakartagovernorSutiyoso.

Project/s:Kota Rumah Kita (The City, Our Home), 2006Marco Kusumawijaya

Birthday: May 6, 1929, Ambarawa,Central Java, He was an Indonesian architect, writer, and Catholic religious leader. He was popularly known asRomo Mangun(Father Mangun). known as the father of modernIndonesian architecture. He continued to study architecture inAachen, Germany, and at theAspen Institute of Humanistic StudiesinAspen, Colorado. In 1992.According to Erwinthon P. Napitupulu, the author of a book on Mangunwijaya, due to be published at the end of 2011, Mangun heads the list of the top 10 Indonesian architects. Romo Mangun's dedication to helping those who were poor,oppressed and marginalized by politics through an "outcry of the voice of conscience" made him a strong opponent of theSoehartoregime.Y.B. Mangunwijawa (Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya)

AwardsGolden Windmill Award for fiction/literary works fromRadio NederlandAga Khan Award for Architecture1992 for Kali Code,YogyakartaIndonesian Institute of Architects Award 1991 for Marian Shrine inSendangsonoRamon Magsaysay Award1996

He also receivedThe Ruth and Ralph Erskine Fellowshipin 1995, as recognition of his dedication to the less privileged.His work on the houses of the poor along the banks of the Code River contributed towards Mangunwijaya becoming one of Indonesia's most renowned architects. Y.B. Mangunwijawa (Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya)Architectural projects

Kali Code Urban Settlement, Yogyakarta: Aga Khan Award 1992Sendangsono (Marian shrine)Semarang Apostolic BuildingGedung Bentara Budaya, JakartaGereja Katolik Jetis, YogyakartaGereja Katolik Cilincing, JakartaMarkas Kowihan IIKampus II Universitas SurabayaGereja Katolik Santa Maria Assumpta, Klaten- JatengY.B. Mangunwijawa (Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya)

Gereja Katolik Santa Maria Assumpta, Klaten- JatengBirthday: October 4 1971an Indonesian architect and lecturer in the Department of Architecture,Bandung Institute of Technology.founded architect firmUrbane Indonesiain 2004 with three partnersHe was elected as mayor of Bandung on 23 June 2013. In 2006, Kamil was the Indonesian winner of the British Council's Young Creative Entrepreneur award, representing Indonesia in theInternational Young Design Entrepreneur of the Yearaward.In 2009, Kamil was selected as the Architect of the Year byElle Decor magazine.Urbane Indonesiawas listed in theBCI Asia Top 10 Awardsfrom 2008 to 2010 and again in 2012.Ridwan Kamil

Projects:Kamil was the pioneer of theIndonesia Berkebunmovement to build amateur gardens in the cities of Indonesia. As of 2011the community project is established in fourteen cities in Indonesia, with membership approaching 4000.

Kamil and Urbane Indonesia projects in Indonesia include

United Tractorsoffice tower in Jakarta, Al-Irsyad MosqueandAl-Irsyad Satya Islamic SchoolinBandung Aceh Tsunami MuseuminBanda Aceh,Tarumanegara UniversityTower I and campus revision,andRasuna EpicentrumRidwan Kamil

Al-Irsyad Mosque in BandungAceh Tsunami MuseuminBanda AcehRasuna EpicentrumInternational projects include

Marina Bay WaterfrontMaster Plan in SingaporeBeijing Islamic Centre MosqueRas Al KaimahWaterfront Master Plan SuzhouRetail Waterfront Masterplan in ChinaTech ParkKunming, andGrand Tourism Community Club House in CalcuttaRidwan KamilBirthdate: December 13, 1897, Rotterdam, Netherlands

Between 1910 and 1918- Aalbers studied architecture at the Rotterdam Academy of Visual Arts and Techniques.- Dutch architecture was highly influenced by the expressionist movement due to popular expressionist artists, including thepainterWillem de Kooningwho also studied in the same school.Albert Aalbers

1930- the Aalbers family moved toBandung, a few kilometers east of Sukabumi- Dutch East Indiesgovernment was planning to move the colonial capital from Batavia (present-dayJakarta) to Bandung-Several Dutch architects, were actively involved designing and renovating buildings throughout the city. Aalbers saw this as a good opportunity and he started to work as a freelance architect in the city. Later he and his friend, Rijk de Waal, opened a new firm, the Aalbers en De WaalAlbert AalbersProjects:1935 DENIS Bank (De Eerste Nederlandsch-Indische Spaarkasor the First Dutch-Indies Savings)1936 Savoy Homann Hotel, BandungHe renovated the hotel lobby of the Grand Hotel Lembang atLembangDesigned a new hotel, the Grand Hotel Ngamplang atGarut, and a resort hotel in the middle of thePangalenganteaplantation in the south of Bandung.He designed three identical villas at Juanda Street, known as "the locomotive", in 1937, which were built as a promotion for the new residential area in the north of BandungAalbers designed twelve identical villas at the Pager Gunung Street (1939), fourteen houses at Haji Hasan Street (1940) and the three-color (de driekleur) villa at Juanda Street.Albert Aalbers

DENIS Bank (De Eerste Nederlandsch-Indische Spaarkasor the First Dutch-Indies Savings), 1935Savoy Homann Hotel, Bandung, 1936Birthday: April 22, 1885

Karsten was a Dutch engineer who gave major contributions to architecture and town planninginIndonesiaduringDutch colonial rule. Most significantly he integrated the practice of colonial urban environment with native elements; a radical approach tospatial planningfor Indonesia at the time. He introduced a neighborhood plan for all ethnic groups in Semarang, built public markets inYogyakartaandSurakarta, and a city square in the capital Batavia (now 'Jakarta')Thomas Karsten

1918, he had defined a set of principles for his town planning which saw him engaged as a consultant for major cities in the colony.

He was a town planning consultant forSemarang(191620, 1936),Buitenzorg (now 'Bogor') (192023), Madiun (1929), Malang (193035), Batavia (Jakarta) (193637), Magelang (193738), Bandung (1941), as well as Cirebon, Meester Cornelis (part of Jakarta which is known as Jatinegara), Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Purwokerto, Padang, Medanand Banjarmasin.

In 1941, he was appointed to lecture at theSchool of Engineeringat Bandung. During theJapanese occupation in Indonesia, Thomas Karsten was imprisoned at camp Baros in Cimahi near Bandung. He died at the camp in 1945.Thomas KarstenProjects

His building projects included large two-storey homes with steeply pitched roofs for members for elite Dutch citizens, new palace pavilions that were both European and traditional Javanese for indigenous royalty, public market buildings in Yogyakarta and Surakarta, and grand headquarters for companies. Thomas KarstenBirthday: June 21, 1884 Pont was a Dutch architect and archaeologist active in Indonesia, acclaimed for his synthesis ofJavaneseand western architecture. Born inBataviain 1884, Henri Maclaine Pont studied civil engineering inDelft. After graduation he moved back to theDutch East Indieswhere in 1911 received his first major work, the design of the Semarang-Cheribon Steam Tram Company headquarters. In Semaranghe set up his own firm, which was later joined byThomas Karsten. Soon however he fell ill, and being forced to return to the Netherlands, sold the firm to Karsten, Lutjens and Steenstra Toussaint. Henri Maclaine PontIn 1919 he has been commissioned for the design of the Ceremonial Hall of theBandung Institute of Technologybuilding. The building is remarkable for the synthesis of Western technology and local architecture.

His notable works also include the originalTrowulan Museum(1932) and the Puh Sarang Catholic church in Kediri (1937).Henri Maclaine Pont

Trowulan Museum(1932)Puh Sarang Catholic church in Kediri (1937)

Akhir.(End)Terima kasih anda!(Thank you!)