individual behavior 2

8/8/2019 Individual Behavior 2

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Foundations of Individual Behavior


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Biographical CharacteristicsBiographical Characteristics

Personal characteristics such as age, gender,

and marital status that are objective andeasily obtained from personnel records.


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Ab ility, Intellect, and IntelligenceAb ility A n individual s capacity to performthe various tasks in a job.

In tellectual Ab ilityThe capacity to do mental activities.

Multiple In tellige n cesIntelligence contains four subparts:cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.


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N um b er aptitude

Ver b

al comprehen

sion

P erceptual speed

In ductive reaso n in g

Deductive reaso n in g

Spatial visualizatio n

Memory

N um b er aptitude

Ver b

al comprehen

sion

P erceptual speed

In ductive reaso n in g

Deductive reaso n in g

Spatial visualizatio n

Memory

Dimensions of

Intellectual Ab ility


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P hysical Ab ilitiesP hysical Ab ilities

The capacity to do tasksdemanding stamina, dexterity,strength, and similarcharacteristics.


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What Is Personality?What Is Personality?

HeredityHeredity

HeredityHeredity SituationSituation

SituationSituationEnvironmentEnvironment

EnvironmentEnvironment


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Style of Style of Decisio n Maki n gDecisio n Maki n g Judgme n tal (J)Judgme n tal (J)

P erceptive ( P )P erceptive ( P )

P refere n ce for P refere n ce for Decisio n Maki n gDecisio n Maki n g

Thi n kin g (T)Thi n kin g (T)

Feeli n g (F)Feeli n g (F)

Type of SocialType of SocialIn teractio nIn teractio n In trovert ( I)In trovert ( I)

Extrovert (E)Extrovert (E)

P refere n ce for P refere n ce for Gatheri n g DataGatheri n g Data In tuitive ( N )In tuitive ( N )

Se n si n g (S)Se n si n g (S)

MyersMyers- -Briggs Type In dicator Briggs Type In dicator


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T heT he

Big FiveBig FiveP ersonalityP ersonalityModelModel

O pe nn ess to Experie n ceO pe nn ess to Experie n ce

Extraversio nExtraversio n

A greea b le n essA greea b le n ess

Co n scie n tious n essCo n scie n tious n ess

Emotio n al Sta b ilityEmotio n al Sta b ility


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The Big Five Personality DimensionsThe Big Five Personality Dimensions

Ex traversionEx traversion: : Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive Agreeableness Agreeableness: : Trusting, good natured, cooperative,soft hearted

ConscientiousnessConscientiousness: : Dependable, responsible,achievement oriented, persistentE motional stabilityE motional stability :: Rela x ed, secure, unworriedOpenness to e x perience:Openness to e x perience: Intellectual, imaginative,curious, broad minded

Research findingResearch finding: : Conscientiousness is the best (butnot a strong) predictor of job performance


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H olland s Personality-Job Fit Theory

Type P erso n ality O ccupatio n s

Realistic

Investigative

Social

Conventional

Enterprising

Artistic

Shy, Stable, Practical

Analytical, Independent

Sociable, Cooperative

Practical, Efficient

Ambitious, Energetic

Imaginative, Idealistic

Mechanic, Farmer, Assembly-Line Worker

Biologist, Economist,

MathematicianSocial Worker,

Teacher, Counselor

Accountant, Manager Bank Teller

Lawyer, Salesperson

Painter, Writer,Musician


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A ttitudes

Cognitive and affective evaluation thatpredisposes a person to act in a certain way

A ttitudes determine how people P erceive the work environment Interact with others

Behave on the job


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Components of an A ttitude


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Components of A ttitudes

Cognitive component includes the b eliefs,opinions, and information the person hasa b out the o b ject of the attitude

A ffective component is the persons emotionsor feelings a b out the o b ject of the attitude

Behavioral component of an attitude is thepersons intention to b ehave toward theob ject of the attitude in a certain way


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High- P erformance Work A ttitudes

T wo attitudes thatmight relate to highperformance

Jo b Satisfaction

OrganizationalCommitment

Managers of todays knowledge workers often rely onManagers of todays knowledge workers often rely on job satisfaction to keep motivation and enthusiasm for job satisfaction to keep motivation and enthusiasm for the organization highthe organization high


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High- P erformance Work A ttitudes

Jo b Satisfaction = positive attitudetoward ones jo b

Organizational Commitment = loyaltyto and heavy involvement in onesorganization


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Conflicts A mong A ttitudes

Cognitive Dissonance = condition in whichtwo attitudes or a b ehavior and an attitudeconflict Leon Festinger 1 9 5 0s P eople want to b ehave in accordance with

their attitudes

Usually will take corrective action


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WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY

ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.


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P erceptio n

T he study of perception is concerned with identifying the processthrough which we interpret and organize sensory information to

produce our conscious experience of o b jects and o b ject relationship.

P

erception is the process of receiving information ab

out and makingsense of the world around us. It involves deciding which informationto notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret itwithin the framework of existing knowledge.

Aprocess

by which individuals organize and interpret their sensoryimpressions in order to give meaning to their environment.


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T he P erceptual P rocess

1 .Sensation A n individuals a b ility to

detect stimuli in the

immediateenvironment.2 .Selection

T he process a personuses to eliminate someof the stimuli that haveb een sensed and toretain others for further processing.

3.Organization T he process of placing

selected perceptual

stimuli into aframework for storage.

4 .T ranslation

T he stage of theperceptual process atwhich stimuli areinterpreted and givenmeaning.


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R eceivi n g Stimuli(External & Internal)

Selecti n g StimuliExternal factors : Nature,

Location,Size,contrast,Movement,repetition,similarity

Internal factors : Learning,needs,age,Interest,

O rga n izi n gFigure Background ,P erceptual Grouping( similarity, proximity,closure, continuity)

R espo n seCovert: A ttitudes ,

Motivation,Feeling

Overt: Behavior

P erceptual P rocess

In terpreti n g A ttrib ution ,Stereotyping,

Halo Effect, P rojection


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Factors i n flue n ci n g perceptio n

A num b er of factors operate to shape and sometimes

distort perception. T hese factors can reside in the

perceiver , in the o b ject or target b eing perceived or in

the context of the situation in which the perception is

made.


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Factors i n flue n ci n g P erceptio n

Factors i n the perceiver A ttitudesMotivesInterestsExperienceExpectations

P erceptio n

Factors i n the TargetNoveltyMotionSoundsSizeBackgroundP roximitySimilarity

Factors i n the situatio nT imeWork SettingSocial Setting


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P erceptual organization

It is the process b y which we group outside stimuli into recogniza b leand identifia b le patterns and whole o b jects.

Certain factors are considered to b e important contri b utors onassem b ling, organizing and categorizing information in the humanb rain. T hese are

- Figure ground- P erceptual grouping


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Figure-Ground Illustration

Field-ground differentiation T he tendency to distinguish

and focus on a stimulus thatis classified as figure asopposed to b ackground.


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P ER CEP T U A L G ROU P ING

Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into ameaningful and recogniza b le pattern.

It is very b asic in nature and largely it seems to b e

inb orn.

Some factors underlying grouping are-continuity

-closure-proximity-similarity


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Types of Values

Termi n alTermi n alValuesValues

In strume n talIn strume n talValuesValues


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Values A cross CulturesValues A cross Cultures

P ower Distance

Individualism or Collectivism

Quantity or Quality of Life

Uncertainty A voidance

Long- T erm or Short- T erm

individual behavior 2

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