Indiana Standard: 3 Summary of Unit Energy is required by all living things. When you consume food, that food is broken down and used to produce energy. Your body uses energy to maintain homeostasis, for motion, for cell repair, and many other tasks. Much of the energy consumed by organisms is released into the atmosphere as heat. Energy cant be created or destroyed - just converted from one form to another. Sum of all Chemical Reactions Within an Organism Catabolism The breakdown of molecules (degradation) Releases energy (ATP) Anabolism Building of molecules (synthesis) Uses energy (results in ADP) Chemical Energy ATP and ADP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate LAB Photosynthetic Organisms = Producers Photosynthetic organisms produce their own sources of chemical energy. Photosynthetic Organisms = Producers Sunlight is absorbed through chlorophyll Carbon dioxide enters through the stomata. Water enters through the roots Takes place in the Chloroplast Thylakoids Have membranes that contain chlorophyll Stroma Fluid inside the chloroplast Takes place in the Chloroplast Light Dependent Reactions Happen in the thylakoids membranes, called the Electron Transport Chain Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight which excites the electrons Water molecules are split into oxygen and hydrogen Oxygen is released ATP and NADH are produced and travel to the stroma to energize the Calvin Cycle Takes place in the Chloroplast Light Independent Reactions Happen in the stroma in a process called the Calvin Cycle Carbon dioxide and energy from the light- dependent reaction are used to build glucose (a sugar). Equation Takes place in the Chloroplast Thylakoids Takes place in the Chloroplast Thylakoids Stroma Takes place in the Chloroplast Sun Thylakoids Stroma Takes place in the Chloroplast Sun Thylakoids Water Stroma Takes place in the Chloroplast Sun Thylakoids Water Oxygen Stroma Takes place in the Chloroplast Sun Thylakoids Water Oxygen Energy ATP Stroma Takes place in the Chloroplast Sun Thylakoids Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Energy ATP Stroma Takes place in the Chloroplast Sun Thylakoids Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Energy ATP Stroma Calvin Cycle Takes place in the Chloroplast Sun Thylakoids Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Energy ATP Stroma Calvin Cycle ADP Takes place in the Chloroplast Sun Thylakoids Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Energy ATP Stroma Calvin Cycle ADP Glucose (sugar) Makes ATP by Breaking Down Sugar Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. Makes ATP by Breaking Down Sugar Glycolysis Breaks 6 carbon glucose molecules down into two 3 carbon molecules called Pyruvate Produces 2 ATP Produces 2 NADH (energy carriers) Makes ATP by Breaking Down Sugar Glycolysis Breaks 6 carbon glucose molecules down into two 3 carbon molecules called Pyruvate Produces 2 ATP Produces 2 NADH (energy carriers) Anaerobic Process No Oxygen Required Takes Place in the Mitochondrion Stage One: Krebs Cycle Happens in the Matrix Glucose enters the Matrix Krebs Cycle begins Small amount of ATP is produced Carbon dioxide is released as waste Stage Two Stage Two: Electron Transport Happens in the Cristae Oxygen enters the Cristae Energy is moved through a chain of proteins A large number of ATP molecules are made - 38! Water is released as waste Equation Takes Place In the Mitochondrion Aerobic - Requires Oxygen Takes Place In the Mitochondrion Krebs Cycle in Matrix Electron Transport Chain in Cristae Takes Place In the Mitochondrion 2 three carbon glucose molecules called Pyruvate Krebs Cycle in Matrix Electron Transport Chain in Cristae Takes Place In the Mitochondrion 2 three carbon glucose molecules called Pyruvate Krebs Cycle in Matrix ATP NADH carbon dioxide Electron Transport Chain in Cristae Takes Place In the Mitochondrion 2 three carbon glucose molecules called Pyruvate Krebs Cycle in Matrix ATP ATP from Glycolysis NADH carbon dioxide oxygen Electron Transport Chain in Cristae Takes Place In the Mitochondrion 2 three carbon glucose molecules called Pyruvate Krebs Cycle in Matrix ATP ATP from Glycolysis NADH carbon dioxide water oxygen Electron Transport Chain in Cristae Indiana Department of Education. (2010). Standards. Retrieved from Indiana Department of Education:BiologyI.pdf Stephen Norwicki, P. (2012). Biology. Orlando, Florida: Houghton Miller Harcourt Publishing Company.