indian telecom industry, price war and its impact on industry, marketing mix of vas, vas as a next...

7/23/2019 Indian Telecom Industry, price war and its impact on industry, marketing mix of VAS, VAS as a next wave for reve

1/146

::: G~dk` R~ijhep hri~p :::

D upx`} ~hri~p ik Mk`mdk Phlheio Mk`xup~}:

R~meh/Wd~ dk` mpu mordep ik mk`xup~}

R~hrd~h` N}

Nfxqd~ ^djufhh ^+

Gxm`h` N}

R~ia+ Qmufdl Jdqm}d

Ded`home ]hd~

>226/42

Uxnompph` Pi

Uop+ ^ @ Gd~`m @hrd~pohkp ia Nxumkhuu Odkdghohkp,

Udx~dufp~d Xkmqh~ump}, ^djcip


2/146

R d g h | >

D upx`} ~hri~p ik Mk`mdk Phlheio Mk`xup~}: R~meh/Wd~ dk` mpu mordep ik mk`xup~}

R~hrd~h` n}: Nfxqd~ ^djufhh ^+

::: @held~dpmik :::

M, xk`h~umgkh` O~+ Nfxqd~ ^djufhh ^+ Upx`hkp ia Uop+ ^+ @+ Gd~`m @hrd~pohkp ia Nxumkhuu

Odkdghohkp, Udx~dufp~d Xkmqh~ump}, ^djcip fhd~ n} `held~h pfdp pfh r~ijhep wi~c

r~huhkph` mk pfmu ~hri~p o} iwk wi~c dk` fdu nhhk e~hdph` n} oh xk`h~ pfh

uxrh~qmumik ia R~ia+ Qmufdl Jdqm}d

Pfmu fdu kip nhhk r~hqmixul} uxnompph` pi dk} ipfh~ xkmqh~ump} ai~ dk} hvdomkdpmik+

@dph: / 4>/0/>242

Rldeh: / ^djcip

Umgkdpx~h

&Nfxqd~ ^djufhh ^+-


3/146

R d g h | 5



::: R~hadeh :::

R~hadeh odchu odk rh~ahep kip oikh}

OND mu d eix~uh wfh~h ghppmkg pfhi~hpmedl ckiwlh`gh ikl} wmll kip uh~qh pfh rx~riuh+ Pfh

haahepmqh drrlmedpmik ia pfh pfhi~hpmedl durhepu mk pfh r~depmedl umpxdpmiku ufixl` nh gmqhk

oi~h mori~pdkeh+ Ui du d rd~p ia ded`home depmqmp} pfh OND upx`hkpu d~h ~htxm~h` pi

xk`h~gi ~huhd~ef ~hri~p daph~ pfh hk` ia 0pf

Uhohuph~+ @x~mkg pfh ~huhd~ef upx`},M ghp pfh

irri~pxkmp} pi drrl} pfh eikehrpu pfh} fdqh lhd~kh` mk am~up pf~hh uhohuph~u+

Pfh~hai~h, du d upx`hkp ia OND, M fdqh pdchk dk hvehllhkp irri~pxkmp} pi ~huhd~ef ik Mk`mdk

phlheio mk`xup~} dk` M ~hdll} hkji}h` o} ~huhd~ef upx`} dk` lhd~k odk} khw mkumgfpu pfdp

r~indnl} M khqh~ fdqh lhd~kh` a~io pfh elduu~iio+

Fh~h, M p~mh` o} lhqhl nhup pi ~hr~huhkp dll pfh mkai~odpmik dk` M fdqh hvr~huuh` o}`hlmnh~dph` haai~pu pi odch o} ~hri~p elhdk ! urhemame+


4/146

R d g h | 0



::: Deckiwlh`gohkp :::

Pfh uxeehuuaxl eiorlhpmik ia d ~huhd~ef upx`} ~htxm~hu gxm`dkeh ! fhlr a~io d kxonh~ ia

rhirlh+ M wdu ai~pxkdph pi fdqh dll pfh uxrri~p a~io o} R~iahuui~u+ M pfh~hai~h pdch pfmu

irri~pxkmp} pi hvr~huu o} r~iaixk` uhkuh ia g~dpmpx`h pi pfh dll pfiuh wfi hvphk`h` pfhm~

wfilhfhd~ph` fhlr dk` uxrri~p pi oh mk eiorlhpmkg pfmu g~dkp ~huhd~ef r~ijhep+

M do umkeh~hl} pfdkcaxl pi @~+ R~dpdrumkfEfdxfdk &Fhd` ia @hrd~pohkp/^@G@NO,

Udx~dufp~d Xkmqh~ump}/^djcip- ai~ dlliwmkg oh pi xk`h~pdch pfh ~hri~p dk` odcmkg dqdmldnlh

dll ademlmpmhu ai~ pfh uxeehuuaxl eiorlhpmik ia pfh ~hri~p nhum`hu gxm`mkg oh pi rx~uxh pfh

upx`} ik r~irh~ lmkh+

M dlui hvr~huu o} `hhr uhkuh ia g~dpmpx`h piwd~`u O~+ Qmufdl Jdqm}d+ &Gxm`h, Adexlp} dp

^@G@@NO-

Ki Deckiwlh`gh wixl` uxaameh ai~ pfh uxrri~p o} adoml} ohonh~u, o} eillhdgxhu, uioh

nliggh~u, exupioh~ ed~h hvhexpmqh ! ipfh~ a~mhk`u wfi wi~c ik mk`xup~}+

Ldupl}, M hvphk` o} pfdkcu pi dll pfiuh wfiuh kdoh fdqh kip nhhk ohkpmikh` wd} mk

uxeehuuaxll} ed~~}mkg ixp pfh r~ijhep ~hri~p+

@dph: / 4>/0/>242

Rldeh: / ^djcip+


5/146

R d g h | 8



::: Eikphkpu :::

U^+ KI Rd~pmexld~u Rdgh ki+

4 Hvhexpmqh uxood~} 6

> Mkp~i`xepmik 42

Injhepmqh 44

^huhd~ef ohpfi`iligmhu 4>

Mk`mdk Phlheio Mk`xup~} dp d gldkeh 45

Wfh~h wh updk` mk wi~l`9

41

@hqhlirohkp ia oinmlh rfikh 46

Fmupi~} ia ehllxld~ uh~qmehu mk pfh Mk`md >0

Mordep ia LRG ik ehllxld~ uh~qmeh mk`xup~} >7

^hgxldpi~} Dxpfi~mp} 54

Qd~mixu Phlheio rilmemhu 55

5 Odji~ rld}h~u ia pfh Mk`xup~} 51

Ehllxld~ Uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~u Iqh~qmhw 57

Dll/iqh~ Od~chp ufd~h 5=

Lmup ia ehllxld~ irh~dpi~ wmpf uxnue~mnh~ nduh 02

4+ Dm~phl 02>+ ^hlmdkeh eiooxkmedpmiku 005+ Qi`daikh Huud~ 010+ NUKL 0=8+ M`hd ehllxld~ 8>1+ Pdpd Phlhuh~qmehu lmomph` 887+ Dm~ehl 8=6+ OPKL 1>


6/146

R d g h | 1



=+ OPU Mk`md 1142+LIIR Oinmlh 1644+Xkmki~ 724>+U/phl 7>45+FAEL Mkaiphl 78

0 R~meh/wd~: / fiw mp fdrrhku$ 77

û+ 41+62 rh~ omkxph pi rdmud rh~ uheik` 76

^hduik nhfmk` Mk`md'u liwhup phlheio pd~maau mk pfh wi~l` 60

8 R~meh/wd~u mordep ik mk`xup~} 61

Wfdp fdrrhk daph~ r~meh wd~9 67

R~meh wd~u mordep ik upiec/od~chp 67

R~meh/wd~u mordep ik D^RX =5

R~meh/wd~u mordep ik amkdkemdl rh~ai~odkehu =8

Phleiu nxumkhuu oi`hl ==

4+ ^hqhkxh dkdl}umu 422>+ Eiup dkdl}umu 42>

1 Qdlxh d``h` uh~qmehu/ Fiw mp fhlraxl pi iqh~eioh r~meh/wd~ mordep 425

Mpu fhlraxl pi iqh~eioh pfh r~meh/wd~ mordep 420

Pfh îlh ia QDU mk ~hqhkxh ghkh~dpmik 428

Od~chp umzh ia QDU 421

^hqhkxh mup~mnxpmik ia QDU 427

Pfh îd` Dfhd` 426

7 Od~chpmkg omv ia Qdlxh d``h` uh~qmehu du d Khvp wdqh ai~ ~hqhkxh g~iwpf 442

Wf} od~chpmkg omv ia QDU9 444

R~i`xep 44>


7/146

R d g h | 7



R~meh 4>2

R~ioipmik 4>>

Rldeh 4>6

6 Irri~pxkmpmhu dk` Pf~hdpu dkdl}umu 455

Irri~pxkmpmhu 450

Pf~hdpu 451

= Amk`mkg !uxgghupmiku 456

Amk`mkg 45=

uxgghupmiku 404

42 Nmnlmig~drf} 405


8/146

R d g h | 6



::: Hvhexpmqh uxood~} :::

Wh xk`h~piic pfmu r~ijhep pi xk`h~updk` pfh Ehllxld~ Mk`xup~} du d wfilh+ Dlui pi ghp nhpph~

mkumgfp ia fiw Hvph~kdl Hkqm~ikohkp du whll du pfh Eiorhpmpmqh Hkqm~ikohkp edk daahep mp+ Mk

pfh r~meh/wd~ umpxdpmik wfmef p}rhu r~inlho adeh` n} Mk`mdk phlheio mk`xup~}+ Dp r~huhkp

Phlheio Uhepi~ mu mk niio, hqh~} `d} pfh~h d~h khw efdkghu fdrrhkmkg mk pfh mk`xup~}+ Pfmu

r~ijhep fdu pdxgfp xu pfdp fiw `maamexlp mp mu ai~ d eiordk} pi ux~qmqh mk pfh od~chp wmpf pfh

eikpmkxixu efdkghu mk ph~~ma, wfhpfh~ pfhuh efdkghu d~h mk Phefkilig}, i~ mk pfh r~memkg

up~xepx~h i~ mk pfh lhgdl rilmemhu i~ mk pfh ph~ou ia exupioh~ r~hah~hkehu+ Wh dlui edoh pi

ckiw, pfdp pfh phlheio od~chp mu fdqmkg qh~} fmgf Hkp~} du whll du Hvmp nd~~mh~u, `xh pi pfh

mke~hduh` kxonh~ ia rld}h~u dk` up~ikg ~mqdl~} doikg hvmupmkg rld}h~u+

Pfh giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md ~heigkmzhu pfdp pfh r~iqmumik ia d wi~l`/elduu phlheiooxkmedpmiku

mka~dup~xepx~h dk` mkai~odpmik mu pfh ch} pi ~drm` heikiome dk` uiemdl `hqhlirohkp ia pfh

eixkp~}+ Mp mu e~mpmedl kip ikl} ai~ pfh `hqhlirohkp ia pfh Mkai~odpmik Phefkilig} mk`xup~},

nxp dlui fdu wm`hur~hd` ~domamedpmiku ik pfh hkpm~h heikio} ia pfh eixkp~}+ Mp mu dlui

dkpmemrdph` pfdp gimkg ai~wd~`, d odji~ rd~p ia pfh G@R ia pfh eixkp~} wixl` nh eikp~mnxph`

n} pfmu uhepi~+

Pfh r~iehuu ia `h~hgxldpmik nhgdk mk Mk`md mk 4=62u wmpf pfh ~hup~xepx~mkg ia Phlheio

`hrd~pohkp pi upmoxldph g~iwpf dk` mkp~i`xeh khw phefkiligmhu+ Wfhk ehllxld~ oinmlh

uh~qmehu wh~h am~up mkp~i`xeh`, mp wdu `xiril}, xk`h~ d amvh` lmehkuh ahh ~hgmoh dk` ai~ d

lmehkuh rh~mi` ia 42 }hd~u+ Pfh mkmpmdl ~hurikuh wdu hkeix~dgmkg nhedxuh ia pfh rh~ehmqh`

dpp~depmqhkhuu ia pfh Mk`mdk od~chp mk pfh ph~ou ia phlh`hkump}, pfh fmgf ldphkp `hodk` dk`

pfh mke~hdumkg om``lh elduu+ Pfh Phlheio ^hgxldpi~} Dxpfi~mp} ia Mk`md &P^DM- wdu ai~oh` mk4==7 wmpf d qmhw pi r~iqm`h dkhaahepmqh~hgxldpi~} a~dohwi~c dk` d`htxdph udahgxd~ù pi

hkux~h adm~ eiorhpmpmik dk` r~iphepmik ia eikuxoh~ mkph~hupu+ Pfh Giqh~kohkp mu

eioompph` pi d up~ikg dk` mk`hrhk`hkp ~hgxldpi~ wmpf eior~hfhkumqh riwh~u dk` elhd~

dxpfi~mp} pi haahepmqhl} rh~ai~o mpu axkepmiku+ Phlheio r~iqh` pi nh d riwh~axl dpp~depmik ia

ai~hmgk mkqhupohkp+ Pfh exoxldpmqh A@M mkaliw mkpi Phlheio umkeh 4==5 fdu hvehh`h` û+

05,222 Omllmik+ Wmpfmk phlheio, Ehllxld~ Mk`xup~} fdu dpp~deph` oiup ia pfh ai~hmgk

mkqhupohkp umkeh 4==5, deeixkpmkg ai~ dloiup 82 ( ia pfh A@M mkaliw mk pi phlheio

~hr~huhkpmkg doikgup pfh nmgghup mkqhupohkp mk dk} ikh uhepi~ mk Mk`md+

Pfh eikehrp ia Ehllxld~ uh~qmeh fd` nhhk hupdnlmufh` pi pd~ghp ikl} pi Nxumkhuu elduu rhirlh+Nxp daph~ pfh ~hqilxpmiku fdrrhkh` mk pfmu mk`xup~}, pfh phefkilig} hkfdkeh` dk` pfh

eiorhpmpmik fdu od`h pfh pd~maau efhdrh~ dk` kiw mp fdu nheioh pfh updpxu u}onil, dk`

nhedxuh ia pfdp kiw kip ikl} pfh nxumkhuu elduuhu rhirlh chhr mp nxp dlui uh~qmeh elduu

rhirlh, uefiil ! eillhgh gimkg upx`hkpu chhr pfh ehllxld~ rfikh wmpf pfho+ Mp fdu gmqhk pfh

khw xuhu pi pfmu uh~qmeh rhirlh chhr mk pixef wmpf pfhm~ ~hldpmqhu dk` a~mhkù+ Pfh lmqmkg

updk`d~` fdu dlui efdkgh`+ Pfh d`qh~pmumkg mu dlui mk axll alh`gh3 pfmu fdu lhd` pfh ehllxld~

uh~qmeh ui rirxld~+

Pfh ehllxld~ irh~dpi~u d~h ademkg pfh nmgghup pf~hdp hqh~ n} pfh E@OD &Ei`h @mqmumik

Oxlpmrlh Deehuu-, m+h+ êio dk` Pdpd Phlh uh~qmehu+ @xh pi efhdrh~ ~dphu, nhpph~ phefkilig}! ldphup mkkiqdpmiku pfh ehllxld~ irh~dpi~u d~h eiomkg wmpf pfh khw uefhohu dk` `he~hduh`


9/146

R d g h | =



pd~maau pi ~hpdmk pfh exupioh~u ui pfh} `i kip uwmpef+ Mkp~i`xepmik ia Udphllmph rfikhu n}

M~m`mxo Mke+ od} dlui daahep pfh ehllxld~ od~chp+ Hqhk pfixgf pfh phefkiligmedl efdkghu fdqh

chrp uwhhrmkg de~iuu pfh eixkp~}u phlheio ldk`uedrh wmpf pfh mkp~i`xepmik ia GUO &Glindl

U}upho ai~ oinmlh Eiooxkmedpmik- dk` E@OD &Ei`h @mqmumik Oxlpmrlh Deehuu- uh~qmehu, pfh

~hgxldpmik mu upmll mk d alxv+ Pfh muuxhu mkqilqh` d~h pfh hvmuphkeh ia `maah~hkp pd~maau ~dphu

nhpwhhk pfh pwi uh~qmehu du whll du pfh p}rhu ia uh~qmehu pwi wd~~mkg g~ixru edk r~iqm`h+Dk`, wmpf pfh hkp~} ia ^hlmdkeh g~ixr pfh eiorhpmpmik jxup fdu nhhk mke~hduh`+

Dp r~huhkp, wh d~h xumkg pfh >+8/ghkh~dpmik ia oinmlh u}upho+ Pfh 5~` ghkh~dpmik ia oinmlh

eiooxkmedpmik u}uphou wmll uiik n} morlhohkp+ Ailliwmkg ik pfh fhhlu ia dkdlig

phefkilig}, pfh pfm~` ghkh~dpmik wmll nh `mgmpdl oinmlh oxlpmoh`md iaah~mkg n~id`ndk`

oinmlh eiooxkmedpmik wmpf qimeh, qm`hi, dk` g~drfmeu, dx`mi dk` ipfh~ mkai~odpmik+

Mk`mdk ehllxld~ mk`xup~} mu mk axll ia mpu eili~ wmpf niio uhhk mk Mk`mdk heikio}+ Wmpf pfhhkp~}

ia odji~ rld}h~u, odji~ xr ail` fdu nhhk uhhk mk ehllxld~ mk`xup~} umkeh ldup 6/42 }hd~u+

Giqh~kohkp eikpmkxixu mkph~qhkpmik mk pfmu mk`xup~} mu odji~ adepi~ pfdp fdu daaheph`riumpmqhl} ! khgdpmqhl} ai~ `maah~hkp phefkiligmedl rld}h~u+

Pi`d}u r~meh/wd~ umpxdpmik mk eiorhpmpmqh hkqm~ikohkp mk ehllxld~ mk`xup~} fdu mkurm~h` xu

pi upx`} pfmu mk`xup~} ai~o up~dphgme rimkp ia qmhw+ Wh fd` xk`h~pdchk pfmu r~ijhep ai~ ix~

lhd~kmkg du whll du pi axlamll ded`home gxm`hlmkh ia Udx~dufp~d Xkmqh~ump}+ Injhepmqh ia ix~

upx`} mu Pfh ei~h injhepmqh ia pfh r~ijhep mu pi xk`h~updk` pfh r~meh/wd~ umpxdpmik dk` mpu

mordep ik Ehllxld~ mk`xup~} ia Mk`md+ Dlui xk`h~updk` pfh od~chpmkg omv ia QDU du d khvp

wdqh ai~ ~hqhkxh g~iwpf+

Pi defmhqh injhepmqh ia ix~ upx`} wh fd` gmqhk mori~pdkeh pi uheik`d~} `dpd eillhepmik dk`mpu dkdl}umu ! eikelxumik+

Mk ix~ ~huhd~ef uheik`d~} `dpd eillheph` a~io qd~mixu odgdzmkhu, khwurdrh~u, mkph~khp,

lmn~d~}, ~hri~pu ia `maah~hkp eiordkmhu hpe+


10/146

R d g h | 42



::: Mkp~i`xepmik :::


11/146

R d g h | 44



::: Injhepmqh :::

Odmk/injhepmqh

Pi upx`} pfh r~huhkp uehkd~mi ia ehllxld~ &GUO #E@OD- uh~qmeh mk`xup~} ia Mk`md dk`

xk`h~updk` pfh r~meh/wd~ dk` mpu mordep ik mk`xup~}+

Pi xk`h~updk` pfh od~chpmkg omv ia QDU du d khvp wdqh ai~ ~hqhkxh g~iwpf

Uxn/injhepmqh3

Pi ~hqmhw Mk`mdk uehkd~mi ia ehllxld~ uh~qmeh mk`xup~}+

Pi ~hqmhw odji~ Mk`mdk rld}h~u ia ehllxld~ uh~qmeh+

Pi ~hqmhw ia khw rld}h~u mk ehllxld~ uh~qmehu mk`xup~}+

Pi ckiw pfh uxnue~mnh~u g~iwpf ~dph ia `maah~hkp rld}h~u+

Pi xk`h~updk` r~meh/wd~+

Pi amk` ixp ~hduik nhfmk` r~meh/wd~+

Pi xk`h~updk` pfhD^RX &Dqh~dgh ^hqhkxh rh~ Xuh~-+

Pi amk` ixp r~meh/wd~ mordep ik D^RX+

Pi amk` ixp r~meh/wd~ mordep ik upiec od~chp rh~ai~odkehu+

Pi amk` ixp r~meh/wd~ mordep ik amkdkemdl rh~ai~odkehu+

Pi xk`h~updk` Q+D+U+ &qdlxh d``h` uh~qmehu-+

Pi xk`h~updk` Q+D+U+ ~ill mk r~meh/wd~ umpxdpmik+

Pi eiord~h Q+D+U+ ~hqhkxh q)u edllmkg ~hqhkxh+

Pi amk` ixp Q+D+U+ od~chp umzh

Pi xk`h~updk` Q+D+U+ ~hqhkxh `mup~mnxpmik+

Pi amk` ixp irri~pxkmpmhu dk` pf~hdpu ai~ ehllxld~ uh~qmeh mk`xup~}+


12/146

R d g h | 4>



::: ^huhd~efohpfi`iligmhu :::

^huhd~ef mu dk d~p ia uemhkpmame mkqhupmgdpmik, wfmef fhlru pi uhd~ef ai~ ckiwlh`gh+ ^huhd~ef

ohpfi`ilig} eikum`h~u ailliwmkg mphou:

P}rhu ia `dpd:

Pfh~h d~h odmk pwi p}rhu ia `dpd+

R~mod~} @dpd: /`dpd d~h pfiuh, wfmef d~h eillheph` ai~ pfh am~up pmoh dk` pfxu fdrrhkpi nh i~mgmkdl mk efd~deph~+

Uheik`d~} @dpd: / Uheik`d~} `dpd, ik pfh ipfh~ fdk` d~h pfiuh, wfmef fdqh dl~hd`}nhhk eillheph` n} uiohikh mk pfh rdup+ Ai~ pfmu ~huhd~ef upx`}, uheik`d~} `dpd mu

xuh`+

@dpd Uix~eh:

Uheik`d~} `dpd d~h eillheph` a~io pfh odgdzmkhu, `maah~hkp ~hri~pu, rxnlmufhu, khwurdrh~u,

Mkph~khp, hpe+

Wh fdqh pdchk uheik`d~} `dpd pfdpd~h ~hldph` pi r~hrd~h r~ijhep+ Ai~ eiord~muik dlui wh

pdchk uheik`d~} `dpd dk` a~io pfdp wh fdqh r~hrd~h` mkph~r~hpdpmik+ Ipfh~ dkdl}umu wh

fdqh od`h a~io eillheph` `dpd ikl}+ Pfmu wd}, wh fdqh r~hrd~h` r~ijhep n} xumkg uheik`d~}

`dpd+

R~huhkp pfh amk`mkgu

Amk`mkg uxgghupmiku

Dkdl}zh pfh mkai~odpmik

r~meh wd~ dk` mpu mordep QDU .khvp wdqh ai~ ~hqxkxh g~ipf.

Eillhep pfh mkai~odpmik

Uheik`d~} @dpd

@hqhlir pfh ~huhd~ef rldk

@hamkh pfh r~inlho dk`~ huhd~ef injhepmqhu


13/146

R d g h | 45



::: Mk`mdk Phlheio Mk`xup~} dp d gldkeh :::

Wfh~h wh updk` pi`d}

8>8+48 Omllmik Oinmlh Uxnue~mnh~+ Mk }hd~ >248 Mk`md nhdp efmkd wmpf 'nmllmik rlxu' Uxnue~mnh~+ Oikpfl} g~iwpf ~dph ia 5+76(+

Dqg+48omllmik &4=+>2 omllmik mk Jdk+- Khw Uxnue~mnh~ d``h` hqh~} oikpf+

Phlh/`hkump} updk`u dp 00+75(+

45 odji~ rld}h~u6il`+8 khwipfh~ 5 wdmpmkg ai~ lxkefh`+

Liwhup edll efd~gh mk pfh wi~l`+4)>&fdla- rdmud rh~ uheik`+

4 ~xrhh, 4 uou pi 4 rdmud, 4 uou+

Khw UMO/ed~` mk 42 ^xrhhu wmpf a~hh 82 ^xrhhu pdlc pmoh # 52 uou+

D^RX ~h`xeh 475+11 pi488+12 &/42+02(- mk ldup txd~ph~+

Dniqh amgx~h pil` hqh~}pfmkg dnixp Mk`mdk ehllxld~ mk`xup~}$

Pfh Mk`mdk phlheiooxkmedpmik mk`xup~}, wmpf dnixp 8>8 omllmik oinmlh rfikh eikkhepmiku

&@he >22=- , mu pfh pfm~` ld~ghup phlheiooxkmedpmik khpwi~c mk pfh wi~l` dk` pfh uheik`

ld~ghup mk ph~ou ia kxonh~ ia wm~hlhuu eikkhepmiku+ Pfh Mk`mdk phlheio mk`xup~} mu ikh ia

pfh aduphup g~iwmkg mk pfh wi~l` dk` mu r~ijheph` pfdp Mk`md wmll fdqh 'nmllmik rlxu' oinmlh

xuh~u n} >248+ R~ijhepmik n} uhqh~dl lhd`mkg glindl eikuxlpdkemhu mu pfdp Mk`mdu phlheio

khpwi~c wmll iqh~pdch Efmkdu mk pfh khvp 42 }hd~u+ Ai~ pfh rdup `hed`h i~ ui,

phlheiooxkmedpmik depmqmpmhu fdqh gdmkh` oiohkpxo mk Mk`md+ Haai~pu fdqh nhhk od`h a~io

nipf giqh~kohkpdl dk` kik/giqh~kohkpdl rldpai~ou pi hkfdkeh pfh mka~dup~xepx~h+ Pfh

m`hd mu pi fhlr oi`h~k phlheiooxkmedpmik phefkiligmhu pi uh~qh dll uhgohkpu ia Mk`mduexlpx~dll} `mqh~uh uiemhp}, dk` pi p~dkuai~o mp mkpi d eixkp~} ia phefkiligmedll} dwd~h rhirlh+

Pfh phlheio uh~qmehu fdqh nhhk ~heigkmzh` pfh wi~l`/iqh~ du dk mori~pdkp piil ai~ uiemi/

heikiome `hqhlirohkp ia d kdpmik+ Phlheiooxkmedpmik mu ikh ia pfh r~moh uxrri~p uh~qmehu

khh`h` ai~ ~drm` g~iwpf dk` oi`h~kmzdpmik ia qd~mixu uhepi~u ia pfh heikio}+ Mp fdu

nheioh hurhemdll} mori~pdkp mk ~hehkp }hd~u nhedxuh ia hki~oixu g~iwpf ia mkai~odpmik

phefkilig} dk` mpu umgkmamedkp riphkpmdl ai~ pfh mordep ik pfh ~hup ia pfh heikio}+

Phlheiooxkmedpmiku mu ikh ia pfh ahw uhepi~u mk Mk`md, wfmef fdu wmpkhuuh` pfh oiup

axk`dohkpdl up~xepx~dl dk` mkupmpxpmikdl ~hai~ou umkeh4==4+ Eikum`h~mkg pfh g~hdp riphkpmdlai~ pfh g~iwpf ia phlhrfikh `hodk` wmpf pfh deehlh~dph` g~iwpf ia heikiome depmqmpmhu,


14/146

R d g h | 40



pfh Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md dkkixkeh` pfh Kdpmikdl Phlheio Rilme} mk 4==0 dk` pfh Khw

Phlheio Rilme} mk 4===+ Pfh Kdpmikdl Phlheio Rilme} r~iqm`hu ai~ r~mqdph uhepi~

rd~pmemrdpmik pi uxrrlhohkp pfh haai~pu ia @ip mk ndume phlhrfikh uh~qmehu+ Pfh irhkmkg xr ia

pfh ndume uh~qmehu r~iqm`h` d nmg irri~pxkmp} ai~ r~mqdph ! ai~hmgk mkqhupi~u+ Oi~h rilme}

mkmpmdpmqhu mkelx`h` D``hk`xo pi KPR/4===+

Pfh hkpm~h uhepi~ mu kiw irhk pi xk~hup~meph` eiorhpmpmik mk dll+ Pfh irhkmkg ia pfh uhepi~ fdu

kip ikl} lh` pi ~drm` g~iwpf nxp dlui fhlrh` d g~hdp `hdl piwd~`u odvmomzdpmik ia eikuxoh~

nhkhampu+ Pfh pd~maau fdqh nhhk adllmkg eikpmkxixul} de~iuu pfh nid~` nhedxuh ia fhdlpf} dk`

xk~hup~meph` eiorhpmpmik dk` Mk md pi`d} fdu ikh ia pfh liwhup pd~maau mk pfh wi~l`+ Nhum`hu,

nhedxuh ia pfh qd~mixu ohdux~hu dk` mkmpmdpmqhu pdchk n} pfh Giqh~kohkp, Mk`md mu kiw adup

hoh~gmkg du ikh ia pfh lhd`mkg phlheio kdpmiku+

Pfh ~hai~ou r~iehuu mk pfh phlheio uhepi~ mu upmll ik, dmomkg pi ~hoiqh pfh ndldkeh fx~`lhu dk`

lmompdpmiku+ Wmpf d up~ikg rirxldpmik ia iqh~ 4+41 Nmllmik, Mk`md fdu nheioh ikh ia pfh oiup

`}kdome dk` r~iomumkg+ Phlheio od~chpu ia pfh wi~l`+ Mk ~hehkp pmohu, pfh eixkp~} fduhoh~gh` du ikh ia pfh aduphup g~iwmkg phlheio od~chpu mk pfh wi~l`+ Mp fdu pfm~` ld~ghup

phlheio khpwi~c dk` pfh uheik` ld~ghup wm~hlhuu khpwi~c mk pfh wi~l`+


15/146

R d g h | 48



::: G~iwpf ia Oinmlh uxnue~mnh~ nduh a~io 4=== pi Jdk/>242 &Mk omllmiku- :::

Kiph: / >248 amgx~h mu r~ijheph` n} giqp+ dghke}+

@he+>22= Mk`md fdqh pfh 8>8+48 omllmik uxnue~mnh~u, mp mu >>v pmohu fmgfh~ pfdk 4===+

@x~mkg pfmu rh~mi` edll efd~ghu ~h`xeh 81 v pmohu, mk eiord~h pi 4===u ^u 41+62 rh~ omkxph+

>>+64 >6+85 51+>=00+=7 80+1>

78+80=6+04 420+5>

>21+65

520+0=

0>=+7>

8>8+48

4222

2

>22

022

122

622

4222

4>22

4=== >222 >224 >22> >225 >220 >228 >221 >227 >226 >22= >242 >248

&mkOmllmiku-

UXNUE^MNH^U


16/146

R d g h | 41



::: Wfh~h wh updk` mk pfh wi~l` :::

Lmup ia eixkp~mhu n} kxonh~ ia oinmlh lmkhu mk xuhEixkp~}/wmuh oinmlh uxnue~mnh~u

^dkc Eixkp~} i~ ~hgmik Kxonh~ ia oinmlh rfikhu Rirxldpmik ( ia rirxldpmik

4 Efmkd 707,562,222 4,558,552,222 88+=7

> Mk`md 8>8,407,=>> 4,470,202,222 00+75

5 Xkmph` Updphu >71,142,862 526,828,222 6=+2

0 ^xuumd >27,=22,222 404,=48,=7= 405+>

8 N~dzml 475,=12,222 4=4,062,152 =2+60

1 Mkìkhumd 402,>22,222 >54,51=,822 12+85

7 Jdrdk 427,0=2,222 4>7,852,222 60+44

6 Gh~odk} 427,222,222 64,66>,50> 452+48

= Rdcmupdk =7,87=,=02 416,822,822 8=+12

42 Mpdl} 66,862,222 12,2=2,022 407+04

44 Ohvmei 7=,022,222 42=,142,222 7>+00

4> Xkmph` Cmkgìo 78,782,222 14,14>,522 4>>+=8

45 Qmhpkdo 72,222,222 67,578,222 62+44

40 Rfmlmrrmkhu 17,=22,222 =>,>>1,122 75+1>

48 Px~ch} 11,222,222 74,847,422 =>+>=

41 Kmgh~md 10,222,222 480,7>=,222 04+51

47 A~dkeh 86,752,222 18,275,60> =2+>8

46 Xc~dmkh 88,472,=26 01,405,722 44=+81

4= Pfdmldk` 84,577,222 18,222,222 7=+2

>2 Urdmk 82,6=2,222 08,6>6,47> 444+28

>4 Ndkgld`huf 82,022,222 41>,>>4,222 54+44

>> Uixpf Ci~hd 07,222,222 06,555,222 =7+>0

>5 D~ghkpmkd 02,02>,222 02,06>,222 ==+6

>0 Uixpf Da~med 0>,522,222 07,682,722 6>+=

>8 M~dk 5=,022,222 74,>26,222 80+>

>1 Rildk` 51,701,222 56,448,=17 =1+0>7 Eilionmd >=,715,222 00,216,222 17+8

>6 Hg}rp 52,218,222 78,0=6,222 >5+6

>= Dlgh~md >6,822,222 55,686,222 =>

52 Qhkhzxhld >7,022,222 >6,>22,222 =6+2

54 Pdmwdk >5,>0=,222 >>,=86,222 424+5

5> îodkmd >>,622,222 >4,056,222 426+8

55 Rh~x >0,182,222 >=,222,222 68+2

50 Edkd`d >4,088,222 55,067,>26 10+>

58 Oi~ieei >2,2>=,222 50,505,222 86+0

51 Dxup~dlmd 4=,712,222 >4,47=,>44 =5+557 Udx`m D~dnmd 4=,115,222 >0,758,222 7=+8

56 Odld}umd 4=,010,222 >7,060,222 72+6

5= Khpfh~ldkù 46,=40,222 41,02>,040 448+5


17/146

R d g h | 47



02 Efmlh 48,716,222 41,8=6,270 =8

04 Ri~pxgdl 40,822,222 42,15>,222 457

0> Fxkgd~} 44,75>,222 42,2>2,222 448+4

05 Fikg Cikg 42,882,222 7,226,=22 482+8

00 Dzh~ndmjdk 7,222,222 6,=22,222 54+0

08 Umkgdri~h 0,772,222 1,022,222 450

01 Khw Zhdldk` 0,>08,222 0,475,012 424+7

07 Hupikmd 4,=6>,222 4,502,12> 407+6

Wi~l` 0,422,222,222 1,7=7,422,222 12+1(


18/146

R d g h | 46



::: @hqhlirohkp ia oinmlh rfikh :::

Pfmu fmupi~} ia oinmlh rfikhu ef~ikmelhu pfh `hqhlirohkp ia ~d`mi phlhrfikh phefkilig}

a~io pwi/wd} ~d`miu mk qhfmelhu pi fdk`fhl` ehllxld~ eiooxkmedpmkg `hqmehu+

Mk pfh nhgmkkmkg, pwi/wd} ~d`miu &ckiwk du oinmlh ~mgu- wh~h xuh` mk qhfmelhu uxef du

pdvmednu, rilmeh e~xmuh~u, donxldkehu, dk` pfh lmch, nxp wh~h kip oinmlh rfikhu nhedxuh

pfh} wh~h kip ki~odll} eikkheph` pi pfh phlhrfikh khpwi~c+ Xuh~u eixl` kip `mdl rfikh

kxonh~u a~io pfhm~ qhfmelhu+ D ld~gh eiooxkmp} ia oinmlh ~d`mi xuh~u, ckiwk du pfh

oinmlhh~u, rirxld~mzh` pfh phefkilig} pfdp wixl` hqhkpxdll} gmqh wd} pi pfh oinmlh rfikh+

I~mgmkdll}, oinmlh pwi/wd} ~d`miu wh~h rh~odkhkpl} mkupdllh` mk qhfmelhu, nxp ldph~ qh~umiku

uxef du pfh ui/edllh` p~dkuri~pdnlh i~ .ndg rfikhu. wh~h htxmrrh` wmpf d emgd~hpph lmgfph~

rlxg ui pfdp pfh} eixl` dlui nh ed~~mh`, dk` pfxu eixl` nh xuh` du hmpfh~ oinmlh i~ du

ri~pdnlh pwi/wd} ~d`miu+ @x~mkg pfh hd~l} 4=02u, Oipi~ild `hqhlirh` d ndecrdech` pwi/

wd} ~d`mi, pfh Wdlcmh/Pdlcmh dk` ldph~ `hqhlirh` d ld~gh fdk`/fhl` pwi/wd} ~d`mi ai~ pfh XU

omlmpd~}+ Pfmu ndpph~} riwh~h` .Fdk`}/Pdlcmh. &FP- wdu dnixp pfh umzh ia d odk'u ai~hd~o+

Mk 4=42Ld~u Odgkxu H~meuuik mkupdllh` d phlhrfikh mk fmu ed~, dlpfixgf pfmu wdu kip d ~d`mi

phlhrfikh+ Wfmlh p~dqhllmkg de~iuu pfh eixkp~}, fh wixl` upir dp d rldeh wfh~h phlhrfikh

lmkhu wh~h deehuumnlh dk` xumkg d rdm~ ia likg hlhep~me wm~hu fh eixl` eikkhep pi pfh

?=7646020104=4 Mk Hx~irh, ~d`mi phlhrfik} wdu am~up xuh` ik pfh am~up/elduu rduuhkgh~

p~dmku nhpwhhk Nh~lmk dk` Fdonx~g mk 4=>1+ Dp pfh udoh pmoh, ~d`mi phlhrfik} wdu

mkp~i`xeh` ik rduuhkgh~ dm~rldkhu ai~ dm~ p~daame uhex~mp}+ Ldph~ ~d`mi phlhrfik} wdu

mkp~i`xeh` ik d ld~gh uedlh mk Gh~odk pdkcu `x~mkg pfh Uheik` Wi~l` Wd~+ Daph~ pfh wd~

Gh~odk rilmeh mk pfh N~mpmuf zikh ia ieexrdpmik am~up xuh` `muxuh` pdkc phlhrfik}

htxmrohkp pi ~xk pfh am~up ~d`mi rdp~il ed~u+ Mk dll ia pfhuh eduhu pfh uh~qmeh wdu eikamkh` piurhemdlmupu pfdp wh~h p~dmkh` pi xuh pfh htxmrohkp+ Mk pfh hd~l} 4=82u ufmru ik pfh ^fmkh

wh~h doikg pfh am~up pi xuh ~d`mi phlhrfik} wmpf dk xkp~dmkh` hk` exupioh~ du d xuh~+

Mk 4=01 uiqmhp hkgmkhh~u G+ Ufdrm~i dk` M+ Zdfd~efhkci uxeehuuaxll} phuph` pfhm~ qh~umik ia d

~d`mi oinmlh rfikh oixkph` mkum`h d ed~+ Pfh `hqmeh eixl` eikkhep pi liedl phlhrfikh

khpwi~c wmpf d ~dkgh ia xr pi >2 cmliohph~u+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_righttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobileerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar_lighter_receptaclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar_lighter_receptaclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-Talkiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Magnus_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Magnus_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-Talkiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar_lighter_receptaclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar_lighter_receptaclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobileerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_rig


19/146

R d g h | 4=



::: Rmikhh~u ia pfh ehll rfikh :::

@~+ Od~pmk Eiirh~ ia Oipi~ild, od`h pfh am~up XU

dkdligxh oinmlh rfikh edll ik d ld~gh~ r~ipip}rh

oi`hl mk 4=75+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg


20/146

R d g h | >2



Mk @hehonh~ 4=07, @ixgldu F+ ^mkg dk` W+ ^dh ]ixkg, Nhll Ldnu hkgmkhh~u, r~iriuh`

fhvdgikdl ehllu ai~ oinmlh rfikhu mk qhfmelhu+S4_

Rfmlmr P+ Ri~ph~, dlui ia Nhll Ldnu, r~iriuh`

pfdp pfh ehll piwh~u nh dp pfh ei~kh~u ia pfh fhvdgiku ~dpfh~ pfdk pfh ehkph~u dk` fdqh

`m~hepmikdl dkphkkdu pfdp wixl` p~dkuomp)~hehmqh mk pf~hh `m~hepmiku &uhh rmepx~h dp ~mgfp-

mkpi pf~hh d`jdehkp fhvdgik ehllu+ Pfh phefkilig} `m` kip hvmup pfhk dk` pfh a~htxhkemhu

fd` kip }hp nhhk dlliedph`+ Ehllxld~ phefkilig} wdu xk`hqhlirh` xkpml pfh 4=12u, wfhk^mefd~` F+ A~hkcmhl dk` Jihl U+ Hkghl ia Nhll Ldnu `hqhlirh` pfh hlhep~ikmeu+

^heigkmzdnlh oinmlh rfikhu wmpf `m~hep `mdlmkg fdqh hvmuph` dp lhdup umkeh pfh 4=82u+ Mk pfh

4=80 oiqmhUdn~mkd, pfh nxumkhuuodk Lmkxu Ld~~dnhh &rld}h` n} Fxorf~h} Nigd~p- odchu d

edll a~io pfh rfikh mk pfh ndec ia fmu lmoixumkh+

Pfh am~up rh~uik pi fdqh d oinmlh rfikh mk pfh Xkmph` Cmkgìo wdu ~hrxph`l} R~mkeh Rfmlmr,

wfi fd` d u}upho ampph` mkpi pfh p~xkc ia fmu Dupik Od~pmk mk 4=87+ Pfh R~mkeh eixl` odch

rfikh edllu pi pfh Txhhk wfmlh `~mqmkg, wfmef wdu pfixgfp pi nh txmph dodzmkg dp pfh pmoh+

Pfh @xch ia Glixehuph~ fhd~` dnixp pfh oinmlh rfikh dk` p~mh` pi inpdmk ikh, nxp pfh RiupIaameh `hkmh` fmu ~htxhup+ Pfh} wh~h r~hrd~h` pi mk`xlgh pfh fxundk` ia Fh~ Odjhup}, nxp

kini`} hluh, du pfh u}upho xuh` dk hkpm~h `h`medph` ~d`mi a~htxhke}+

Pfh am~up axll} dxpiodpme oinmlh rfikh u}upho, edllhÒPD &Oinmlh Phlhrfikh u}upho D-, wdu

`hqhlirh` n} H~meuuik dk` eiooh~emdll} ~hlhduh` mk Uwh`hk mk 4=81+ Pfmu wdu pfh am~up

u}upho pfdp `m` kip ~htxm~h dk} cmk` ia odkxdl eikp~il mk nduh updpmiku, nxp fd` pfh

`mud`qdkpdgh ia d rfikh whmgfp ia 02 cg &=2 ln+-+ OPN, dk xrg~d`h` qh~umik wmpf p~dkumupi~u,

whmgfmkg = cg &>2 ln+-, wdu mkp~i`xeh` mk 4=18 dk` xuh` @POA umgkdlmkg+ Mp fd` 482

exupioh~u mk pfh nhgmkkmkg dk` 122 wfhk mp ufxp ìwk mk 4=65+

Mk 4=87 }ixkg Uiqmhp ~d`mi hkgmkhh~ Lhikm` Cxr~m}dkiqmef a~io Oiueiw e~hdph` pfh

ri~pdnlh oinmlh rfikh, kdoh` daph~ fmouhla du LC/4 i~ .~d`mirfikh.+ Pfmu p~xh oinmlh

rfikh eikumuph` ia d ~hldpmqhl} uodll/umzh` fdkùhp htxmrrh` wmpf dk dkphkkd dk` ~ipd~}

`mdl, dk` eiooxkmedph` wmpf d nduh updpmik+ Cxr~m}dkiqmef'u .~d`mirfikh. fd` 5 cmlig~do ia

pipdl whmgfp, eixl` irh~dph xr pi >2 i~ 52 cmliohph~u, dk` fd` >2 i~ 52 fix~u ia ndpph~}

lmahurdk+ LC/4 dk` mpu ld}ixp wdu `hrmeph` mk rirxld~ Uiqmhp odgdzmkhu du Kdxcd m zfmzk, 6,

4=87, r+ 0=, ]xkm}phefkmc, 7, 4=87, r+ 0500+ Hkgmkhh~ Cxr~m}dkiqmef rdphkph` fmu oinmlh

rfikh mk pfh udoh }hd~ 4=87 &dxpfi~'u eh~pmamedph &XUU^ Rdphkp- % 4480=0, 4+44+4=87-+ Pfh

nduh updpmik ia LC/4 &edllh` DP^, i~ Dxpiodph` Phlhrfikh ^d`mi updpmik- eixl` eikkhep pi

liedl phlhrfikh khpwi~c dk` uh~qh uhqh~dl exupioh~u+

Mk 4=86, Cxr~m}dkiqmef ~humzh` fmu .~d`mirfikh. pi .riechp. qh~umik+ Pfh whmgfp ia

mor~iqh` .lmgfp. fdkùhp wdu dnixp 822 g~dou+

Mk 4=86 pfh XUU^ dlui nhgdk pi `hrli} pfh .Dlpd}. kdpmikdl emqml oinmlh rfikh uh~qmeh

hurhemdll} ai~ oipi~mupu+ Pfh khwl}/`hqhlirh` oinmlh phlhrfikh u}upho wdu nduh` ik

Uiqmhp O^P/45>7 updk`d~`+ Pfh odmk `hqhlirh~u ia pfh Dlpd} u}upho wh~h pfh Qi~ikhzf

Uemhkeh ^huhd~ef Mkupmpxph ia Eiooxkmedpmiku &QKMMU- dk` pfh Updph Urhemdlmzh` R~ijhep

Mkupmpxph &GURM-+ Mk 4=15 pfmu uh~qmeh upd~ph` mk Oiueiw, dk` mk 4=72 pfh Dlpd} uh~qmeh dl~hd`}

wdu `hrli}h` mk 52 empmhu ia pfh XUU^+ Pfh ldup xrg~d`h` qh~umiku ia pfh Dlpd} u}upho d~hupmll mk xuh mk uioh rldehu ia ^xuumd du d p~xkcmkg u}upho+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_H._Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Rae_Younghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones#cite_note-0#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones#cite_note-0#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones#cite_note-0#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Frenkielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Engelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_(1954_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_(1954_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_(1954_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kupriyanovichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kupriyanovichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_(1954_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Engelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Frenkielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones#cite_note-0#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Rae_Younghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_H._Ring


21/146

R d g h | >4



Mk 4=8= d r~mqdph phlhrfikh eiordk} liedph` mk N~hwuph~, Cdkudu, XUD, pfh U!P Phlhrfikh

Eiordk}, &upmll mk Nxumkhuu pi`d}- wmpf pfh xuh ia Oipi~ild ^d`mi Phlhrfikh htxmrohkp dk`

d r~mqdph piwh~ ademlmp}, iaah~h` pi pfh rxnlme oinmlh phlhrfikh uh~qmehu mk pfdp liedl d~hd ia

KW Cdkudu+ Pfmu u}upho wdu d `m~hep `mdl xr uh~qmeh pf~ixgf pfhm~ liedl uwmpefnid~`, dk`

wdu mkupdllh` mk odk} r~mqdph qhfmelhu mkelx`mkg g~dmk eionmkhu, p~xecu, dk` dxpioinmlhu+

Ai~ uioh du }hp xkckiwk ~hduik, pfh u}upho daph~ nhmkg rldeh` iklmkh dk` irh~dph` ai~ dqh~} n~mha pmoh rh~mi` wdu ufxp ìwk+ Pfh odkdghohkp ia pfh eiordk} wdu mooh`mdphl}

efdkgh`, dk` pfh axll} irh~dnlh u}upho dk` ~hldph` htxmrohkp wdu mooh`mdphl} `muodkplh`

mk hd~l} 4=12, kip pi nh uhhk dgdmk+

Mk 4=11, Nxlgd~md r~huhkph` pfh riechp oinmlh dxpiodpme rfikh ^DP/ 2+8 eionmkh` wmpf d

nduh updpmik ^DPZ/42 &^DPE/42- ik Mkph~i~gphefkmcd/11 mkph~kdpmikdl hvfmnmpmik+ Ikh nduh

updpmik, eikkheph` pi ikh phlhrfikh wm~h lmkh, eixl` uh~qh xr pi umv exupioh~u+

Mk 4=17, hdef oinmlh rfikh fd` pi upd} wmpfmk pfh ehll d~hd uh~qmeh` n} ikh nduh updpmik

pf~ixgfixp pfh rfikh edll+ Pfmu `m` kip r~iqm`h eikpmkxmp} ia dxpiodpme phlhrfikh uh~qmeh pioinmlh rfikhu oiqmkg pf~ixgf uhqh~dl ehll d~hdu+ Mk 4=72 Doiu H+ Jihl, J~+, dkipfh~ Nhll Ldnu

hkgmkhh~ mkqhkph` dk dxpiodpme .edll fdkìaa. u}upho pi dlliw oinmlh rfikhu pi oiqh

pf~ixgf uhqh~dl ehll d~hdu `x~mkg d umkglh eikqh~udpmik wmpfixp liuu ia eikqh~udpmik+

Mk @hehonh~ 4=74, DP!P uxnompph` d r~iriudl ai~ ehllxld~ uh~qmeh pi pfh Ah`h~dl

Eiooxkmedpmiku Eioomuumik &AEE-+ Daph~ }hd~u ia fhd~mkgu, pfh AEE drr~iqh` pfh r~iriudl

mk 4=6> ai~ D`qdkeh` Oinmlh Rfikh U}upho &DORU- dk` dlliedph` a~htxhkemhu mk pfh 6>0

6=0 OFz ndk`+S1_

Dkdlig DORU wdu uxrh~uh`h` n} @mgmpdl DORU mk 4==2+

Ikh ia pfh am~up uxeehuuaxl rxnlme eiooh~emdl oinmlh rfikh khpwi~cu wdu pfh D^R khpwi~cmk Amkldk`, ldxkefh` mk 4=74+ Riupfxoixul}, D^R mu uiohpmohu qmhwh` du d zh~i ghkh~dpmik

&2G- ehllxld~ khpwi~c, nhmkg ulmgfpl} dniqh r~hqmixu r~ir~mhpd~} dk` lmomph` eiqh~dgh

khpwi~cu+

Am~up ghkh~dpmik:

Ik Dr~ml 5, 4=75, Oipi~ild horli}hh @~+ Od~pmk Eiirh~ rldeh` d edll pi @~+ Jihl U+ Hkghl,

fhd` ia ~huhd~ef dp DP!P'u Nhll Ldnu, wfmlh wdlcmkg pfh up~hhpu iaKhw ]i~c Emp} pdlcmkg ik

pfh am~up Oipi~ild @}kdPDE r~ipip}rh mk a~ikp ia ~hri~ph~u+ Oipi~ild fdu d likg fmupi~} ia

odcmkg dxpioipmqh ~d`miu, hurhemdll} pwi/wd} ~d`miu ai~ pdvmednu dk` rilmeh e~xmuh~u+

Uheik` ghkh~dpmik:

Mk pfh 4==2u, 'uheik` ghkh~dpmik' &>G- oinmlh rfikh u}uphou uxef du GUO, MU/451

&[email protected], m@HK dk` MU/=8 &[email protected] nhgdk pi nh mkp~i`xeh`+ Mk 4==4 pfh am~up GUO khpwi~c

&^d`milmkjd- irhkh` mk Amkldk`+ >G rfikh u}uphou wh~h efd~deph~mzh` n} `mgmpdl em~exmp

uwmpefh` p~dkuomuumik dk` pfh mkp~i`xepmik ia d`qdkeh` dk` adup rfikh/pi/khpwi~c

umgkdlmkg+ Mk ghkh~dl pfh a~htxhkemhu xuh` n} >G u}uphou mk Hx~irh wh~h fmgfh~ pfdk pfiuh

mk Doh~med, pfixgf wmpf uioh iqh~ldr+ Ai~ hvdorlh, pfh =22 OFz a~htxhke} ~dkgh wdu xuh`

ai~ nipf 4G dk` >G u}uphou mk Hx~irh, ui pfh 4G u}uphou wh~h ~drm`l} eliuh` ìwk pi odch

urdeh ai~ pfh >G u}uphou+ Mk Doh~med pfh MU/80 updk`d~` wdu `hrli}h` mk pfh udoh ndk` du

DORU dk` `murldeh` uioh ia pfh hvmupmkg dkdlig efdkkhlu+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_E._Joel,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones#cite_note-5#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones#cite_note-5#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones#cite_note-5#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoradiopuhelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Engelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_DynaTAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-136http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDENhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDENhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-136http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_DynaTAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Engelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoradiopuhelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones#cite_note-5#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_E._Joel,_Jr.


22/146

R d g h | >>



Eimkem`mkg wmpf pfh mkp~i`xepmik ia >G u}uphou wdu d p~hk` dwd} a~io pfh ld~gh~ .n~meclh.

rfikhu piwd~` pmk} 422>22g fdk`/fhl` `hqmehu, wfmef uiik nhedoh pfh ki~o+ Pfmu efdkgh

wdu riuumnlh pf~ixgf phefkiligmedl mor~iqhohkpu uxef du oi~h d`qdkeh` ndpph~mhu dk`

oi~h hkh~g}/haamemhkp hlhep~ikmeu, nxp dlui wdu ld~ghl} ~hldph` pi pfh fmgfh~ `hkump} ia

ehllxld~ umphu edxuh` n} mke~hdumkg xudgh lhqhlu+ Pfmu `he~hduh` pfh `hodk` ai~ fmgf

p~dkuomuumik riwh~u pi ~hdef `mupdkp piwh~u ai~ exupioh~u pi nh udpmuamh`+

Pfh uheik` ghkh~dpmik mkp~i`xeh` d khw qd~mdkp pi eiooxkmedpmik, du UOU phvp ohuudgmkg

nhedoh riuumnlh, mkmpmdll} ik GUO khpwi~cu dk` hqhkpxdll} ik dll `mgmpdl khpwi~cu+ Pfh am~up

odefmkh/ghkh~dph` UOU ohuudgh wdu uhkp mk pfh XC mk 4==4+ Pfh am~up rh~uik/pi/rh~uik

UOU phvp ohuudgh wdu uhkp mk Amkldk` mk 4==5+ Uiik UOU nhedoh pfh eiooxkmedpmik

ohpfi` ia r~hah~hkeh ai~ pfh }ixpf+ Pi`d} mk odk} d`qdkeh` od~chpu pfh ghkh~dl rxnlme

r~hah~u uhk`mkg phvp ohuudghu pi rldemkg qimeh edllu+

>G dlui mkp~i`xeh` pfh dnmlmp} pi deehuu oh`md eikphkp ik oinmlh rfikhu, wfhk ^d`milmkjd

&kiw Hlmud- mk Amkldk` mkp~i`xeh` pfh ìwklid`dnlh ~mkg pikh du rdm` eikphkp+ Amkldk` wdudlui pfh am~up eixkp~} wfh~h d`qh~pmumkg drrhd~h` ik pfh oinmlh rfikh wfhk d a~hh `dml}

khwu fhd`lmkh uh~qmeh ik UOU phvp ohuudgmkg wdu ldxkefh` mk >222, urikui~h` n}

d`qh~pmumkg+

Pfm~` ghkh~dpmik:

Kip likg daph~ pfh mkp~i`xepmik ia>G khpwi~cu, r~ijhepu nhgdk pi `hqhlir pfm~` ghkh~dpmik

&5G- u}uphou+ Mkhqmpdnl} pfh~h wh~h odk} `maah~hkp updk`d~ù wmpf `maah~hkp eikphk`h~u

rxufmkg pfhm~ iwk phefkiligmhu+ Txmph `maah~hkpl} a~io >G u}uphou, fiwhqh~, pfh ohdkmkg

ia 5G fdu nhhk updk`d~`mzh` mk pfh MOP/>222 updk`d~`mzdpmik r~iehuumkg+ Pfmu r~iehuu `m`

kip updk`d~`mzh ik d phefkilig}, nxp ~dpfh~ ik d uhp ia ~htxm~hohkpu &> Onmp)u odvmoxo`dpd ~dph mkìi~u, 560 Cnmp)u ixpìi~u, ai~ hvdorlh-+ Dp pfdp rimkp, pfh qmumik ia d umkglh

xkmamh` wi~l`wm`h updk`d~` n~ich ìwk dk` uhqh~dl `maah~hkp updk`d~ù fdqh nhhk

mkp~i`xeh`+

Pfh am~up r~h/eiooh~emdl p~mdl khpwi~c wmpf 5G wdu ldxkefh` n} KPP @iEiOi mk Jdrdk mk pfh

Pic}i ~hgmik mk Od} >224+ KPP @iEiOi ldxkefh` pfh am~up eiooh~emdl 5G khpwi~c ik

Iepinh~ 4, >224, xumkg pfh WE@OD phefkilig}+ Mk >22> pfh am~up 5G khpwi~cu ik pfh ~mqdl

E@OD>222 4vHQ/@I phefkilig} wh~h ldxkefh` n} UC Phlheio dk` CPA mk Uixpf Ci~hd, dk`

Oikhp mk pfh XUD+ Oikhp fdu umkeh gikh ndkc~xrp+ N} pfh hk` ia >22>, pfh uheik` WE@OD

khpwi~c wdu ldxkefh` mk Jdrdk n} Qi`daikh CC &kiw Uiapndkc-+riiHx~irhdk ldxkefhu ia5G wh~h mk Mpdl} dk` pfh XC n} pfh Pf~hh)Fxpefmuik g~ixr, ik WE@OD+ >225 udw d ax~pfh~

6 eiooh~emdl ldxkefhu ia 5G, umv oi~h ik WE@OD dk` pwi oi~h ik pfh HQ/@I updk`d~`+

@x~mkg pfh `hqhlirohkp ia5G u}uphou, >+8G u}uphou uxef du E@OD>222 4v dk` GRÛ wh~h

`hqhlirh` du hvphkumiku pi hvmupmkg >G khpwi~cu+ Pfhuh r~iqm`h uioh ia pfh ahdpx~hu ia 5G

wmpfixp axlamllmkg pfh r~iomuh` fmgf `dpd ~dphu i~ axll ~dkgh ia oxlpmoh`md uh~qmehu+

E@OD>222/4V `hlmqh~u pfhi~hpmedl odvmoxo `dpd urhhù ia xr pi 527 Cnmp)u+ Jxup nh}ik`

pfhuh mu pfh H@GHu}upho wfmef mk pfhi~} eiqh~u pfh ~htxm~hohkpu ai~ 5G u}upho, nxp mu ui

kd~~iwl} dniqh pfhuh pfdp dk} r~depmedl u}upho wixl` nh ux~h pi adll ufi~p+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS


23/146

R d g h | >5



N} pfh hk` ia >22= pfh~h wh~h 5>8# Omllmik uxnue~mnh~u ik 5G khpwi~cu wi~l`wm`h, wfmef

~halheph` =( ia pfh pipdl wi~l`wm`h uxnue~mnh~ nduh+ Dnixp pwi pfm~ù ia pfhuh d~h ik pfh

WE@OD updk`d~` dk` ikh pfm~` ik pfh HQ/@I updk`d~`+ Pfh 5G phlheiou uh~qmehu

ghkh~dph` iqh~ 4>2 Nmllmik ìlld~u ia ~hqhkxhu `x~mkg >22= dk` dp odk} od~chpu pfh

odji~mp} ia khw rfikhu depmqdph` wh~h 5G rfikhu+ Mk Jdrdk dk` Uixpf Ci~hd pfh od~chp ki

likgh~ uxrrlmhu rfikhu ia pfh uheik` ghkh~dpmik+ Hd~lmh~ mk pfh `hed`h pfh~h wh~h ìxnpudnixp wfhpfh~ 5G omgfp fdrrhk, dk` dlui wfhpfh~ 5G omgfp nheioh d eiooh~emdl uxeehuu+

N} pfh hk` ia >22= mp fd` nheioh elhd~ pfdp 5G wdu d ~hdlmp} dk` wdu elhd~l} ik pfh rdpf pi

nheioh d r~iampdnlh qhkpx~h+


24/146

R d g h | >0



::: Fmupi~} ia ehllxld~ uh~qmehu mk Mk`md :::

Pfh rirxld~ ohdkmkg ia phlheio dlwd}u mkqilqhu hlhep~medl umgkdlu dk` kiwd`d}u rhirlh

hvelx`h riupdl i~ dk} ipfh~ ~dw phlheiooxkmedpmik ohpfiù a~io mpu ohdkmkg+ Pfh~hai~h,

pfh fmupi~} ia Mk`mdk phlheio edk nh upd~ph` wmpf pfh mkp~i`xepmik ia phlhg~drf+ Du pfh

ehllxld~ uh~qmeh mu pfh rd~p ia phlheio+

Mkp~i`xepmik ia Phlhg~drf:

Pfh riupdl dk` phlheio uhepi~u fd` d uliw dk` xkhdu} upd~p mk Mk`md+ Mk 4682, pfh am~up

hvrh~mohkpdl hlhep~me phlhg~drf Lmkh wdu upd~ph` nhpwhhk Cilcdpd dk` @mdoik`+

Mk 4684, mp wdu irhkh` ai~ pfh N~mpmuf Hdup Mk`md Eiordk}+ Pfh Riupu dk` Phlhg~drfu

`hrd~pohkp ieexrmh` d uodll ei~kh~ ia pfh Rxnlme Wi~cu @hrd~pohkp dp pfdp pmoh+

Eikup~xepmik ia 0,222 omlhu &1,022 co- ia phlhg~drf lmkhu eikkhepmkg Cilcdpd &Edlexppd- dk`

Rhufdwd~ mk pfh ki~pf qmd Dg~d, Oxondm &Niond}- pf~ixgf Umk`wd Gfdpu, dk` Efhkkdm mk

pfh uixpf, du whll du Iipdedoxk` dk` Ndkgdli~h wdu upd~ph` mk Kiqhonh~ 4685+ @~+ Wmllmdo

I'Ufdxgfkhuu}, wfi rmikhh~h` phlhg~drf dk` phlhrfikh mk Mk`md, nhlikgh` pi pfh Rxnlme

Wi~cu @hrd~pohkp+ Fh p~mh` fmu lhqhl nhup ai~ pfh `hqhlirohkp ia phlheio pf~ixgfixp pfmu

rh~mi`+ D uhrd~dph `hrd~pohkp wdu irhkh` mk 4680 wfhk phlhg~drf ademlmpmhu wh~h irhkh`

pi pfh rxnlme+

Mkp~i`xepmik ia pfh Phlhrfikh:

Mk 4662, pwi phlhrfikh eiordkmhu kdohl} Pfh I~mhkpdl Phlhrfikh Eiordk} Lp`+ dk` Pfh

Dkgli/Mk`mdk Phlhrfikh Eiordk} Lp`+ drr~idefh` pfh Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md pi hupdnlmuf

phlhrfikh hvefdkghu mk Mk`md+ Pfh rh~omuumik wdu ~haxuh` ik pfh g~ixkù pfdp pfh

hupdnlmufohkp ia phlhrfikhu wdu d Giqh~kohkp oikiril} dk` pfdp pfh Giqh~kohkp mpuhla

wixl` xk`h~pdch pfh wi~c+ N} 4664, pfh Giqh~kohkp efdkgh` mpu hd~lmh~ `hemumik dk` d

lmehkuhwdu g~dkph` pi pfh I~mhkpdl Phlhrfikh Eiordk} Lmomph` ia Hkgldk` ai~ irhkmkg

phlhrfikh hvefdkghu dp Cilcdpd, Oxondm, Efhkkdm &Od`~du- dk` Dfod`dnd`+ Jdkxd~} >6,

466>, mu d ^h` Lhpph~ @d} mk pfh fmupi~} ia phlhrfikh mk Mk`md+ Ik pfmu `d} Odji~ H+ Nd~mkg,

Ohonh~ ia pfh Giqh~ki~ Ghkh~dl ia Mk`md'u Eixkeml `held~h` irhk pfh Phlhrfikh Hvefdkghmk Cilcdpd, Efhkkdm dk` Oxondm+ Pfh hvefdkgh dp Cilcdpd kdoh` .Ehkp~dl Hvefdkgh. wdu

irhkh` dp pfm~` alii~ ia pfh nxml`mkg dp 7, Eixkeml Fixuh Up~hhp+ Pfh Ehkp~dl Phlhrfikh

Hvefdkgh fd` =5 uxnue~mnh~u+ Niond} dlui wmpkhuuh` pfh irhkmkg ia Phlhrfikh Hvefdkgh mk

466>+

Ax~pfh~ `hqhlirohkpu:

4=2> / Am~up wm~hlhuu phlhg~drf updpmik hupdnlmufh` nhpwhhk Udxgi~ Muldkù dk` Udk`

fhdù+ 4=27 / Am~up Ehkp~dl Ndpph~} ia phlhrfikhu mkp~i`xeh` mk Cdkrx~+


25/146

R d g h | >8



4=45/4=40 / Am~up Dxpiodpme Hvefdkgh mkupdllh` mk Ufmold+

4=>7&Jxl} >5,- / ^d`mi/phlhg~drf u}upho nhpwhhk pfh XC dk` Mk`md+

4=55 / ^d`miphlhrfikh u}upho mkdxgx~dph` nhpwhhk pfh XC dk` Mk`md+

4=85 / 4> efdkkhl ed~~mh~ u}upho mkp~i`xeh`+

4=12 / Am~up uxnue~mnh~ p~xkc `mdlmkg ~ixph eioomuumikh` nhpwhhk Cdkrx~ dk`

Lxeckiw+

4=78 / Am~up REO u}upho eioomuumikh` nhpwhhk Oxondm Emp} dk` Dk`fh~m

phlhrfikh hvefdkghu+

4=71 / Am~up `mgmpdl ome~iwdqh jxkepmik mkp~i`xeh`+

4=7= / Am~up irpmedl amnh~ u}upho ai~ liedl jxkepmik eioomuumikh` dp Rxkh+

4=62 / Am~up udphllmph hd~pf updpmik ai~ ìohupme eiooxkmedpmiku hupdnlmufh` dp

Uhexk`h~dnd`, Dk`f~d R~d`huf+

4=65 / Am~up Dkdlig umgkdl Upi~h` R~ig~do Eikp~il hvefdkgh ai~ p~xkc lmkhu

eioomuumikh` dp Oxondm+

4=60 / E/@IP hupdnlmufh` ai~ mk`mghkixu `hqhlirohkp dk` r~i`xepmik ia `mgmpdlhvefdkghu+

4=68 / Am~up oinmlh phlhrfikh uh~qmeh upd~ph` ik kik/eiooh~emdl ndumu mk @hlfm+

4=61 / Eikqh~umik ia @IP mkpi pwi wfill} giqh~kohkp/iwkh` eiordkmhu: pfhQm`huf

Udkefd~ Kmgdo Lmomph` &QUKL- ai~ mkph~kdpmikdl phlheiooxkmedpmikudkÒdfdkdgd~

Phlhrfikh Kmgdo Lmomph` &OPKL- ai~ uh~qmeh mkOhp~irilmpdk d~hdu+

4==0/ Upd~pmkgd ehllxld~ uh~qmeh mk Mk`md+

4==7 / Phlheio ^hgxldpi~} Dxpfi~mp} ia Mk`md e~hdph`+

4=== / Ehllxld~ Uh~qmehu d~h ldxkefh` mk Mk`md+ Khw Kdpmikdl Phlheio Rilme}

mudìrph`+

>222 / @ip nheiohu d ei~ri~dpmik, NUKL

Wfmlh dll pfh odji~ empmhu dk` piwku mk pfh eixkp~} wh~h lmkch` wmpf phlhrfikhu `x~mkg pfh

N~mpmuf rh~mi`, pfh pipdl kxonh~ ia phlhrfikhu mk 4=06 wdu ikl} d~ixk` 62,222+ Hqhk daph~

mk`hrhk`hkeh, g~iwpf wdu hvp~hohl} uliw+ Pfh kxonh~ ia phlhrfikhu g~hw lhmux~hl} pi

=62,222 mk 4=74, >+48 omllmik mk 4=64 dk` 8+27 omllmik mk 4==4+

Mk 4=78, pfh @hrd~pohkp ia Phlheio &@iP- wdu uhrd~dph` a~io R!P+ @iP wdu ~hurikumnlh

ai~ phlheio uh~qmehu mk hkpm~h eixkp~} xkpml 4=68 wfhk Odfdkdgd~ Phlhrfikh Kmgdo Lmomph`

&OPKL- wdu ed~qh` ixp ia @iP pi ~xk pfh phlheio uh~qmehu ia @hlfm dk` Oxondm+ Mk 4==2u

pfh phlheio uhepi~ wdu irhkh` xr n} pfh Giqh~kohkp ai~ r~mqdph mkqhupohkp du d rd~p ia

Lmnh~dlmzdpmik/R~mqdpmzdpmik/Glindlmzdpmik rilme}+ Pfh~hai~h, mp nhedoh khehuud~} pi uhrd~dph

pfh Giqh~kohkp'u rilme} wmkg a~io mpu irh~dpmiku wmkg+ Pfh Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md

ei~ri~dpmzh` pfh irh~dpmiku wmkg ia @iP ik Iepinh~ 24, >222 dk` kdoh` mp du Nfd~dp

Udkefd~ Kmgdo Lmomph` &NUKL-+ Odk} r~mqdph irh~dpi~u, uxef du ^hlmdkeh Mk`md Oinmlh, Pdpd

Phlheio, Qi`daikh, NRL, Nfd~pm, M`hd hpe+, uxeehuuaxll} hkph~h` pfh fmgf riphkpmdl Mk`mdk

phlheio od~chp+


26/146

R d g h | >1



@hqhlirohkp ia ehllxld~ mk`xup~}:

Pfh phlheio uh~qmehu fdqh nhhk ~heigkmzh` pfh wi~l`/iqh~ du dk mori~pdkp piil ai~ uiemi/

heikiome `hqhlirohkp ai~ d kdpmik+ Phlheiooxkmedpmik mu ikh ia pfh r~moh uxrri~p

uh~qmehu khh`h` ai~ ~drm` g~iwpf dk` oi`h~kmzdpmik ia qd~mixu uhepi~u ia pfh heikio}+ Mp

fdu nheioh hurhemdll} mori~pdkp mk ~hehkp }hd~u nhedxuh ia hki~oixu g~iwpf iamkai~odpmik phefkilig} dk` mpu umgkmamedkp riphkpmdl ai~ pfh mordep ik pfh ~hup ia pfh

heikio}+ Mk pfh rdup `hed`h i~ ui pfh `mupmkepmik nhpwhhk eiooxkmedpmiku ! MP fdu nhhk

`momkmufmkg wmpf hoh~gmkg eiooik mka~dup~xepx~hu nlx~~mkg pfh `maah~hkpmdpmik nhpwhhk

eikphkp ! ed~~mh~ ohpfi`u+ Dp pfh udoh pmoh, du fdu nhhk pfh eduh mk oiup ia pfh `hqhlirh`

wi~l`, pfh eionmkdpmik ia hkfdkeh` eiorxpmkg riwh~ dk` mor~iqh` phlheiooxkmedpmiku/

htxdph` n} uioh pi pfh mkp~i`xepmik ia uphdo riwh~ mk pfh 46pf ehkpx~} dk` hlhep~memp} mk

pfh 4=pf, fdu urx~~h` d odji~ mor~iqhohkp mk pfh r~i`xepmqh edrdempmhu ia pfh heikiomhu+

Mk`md mu rh~ehmqh` pi fdqh d urhemdl eiord~dpmqh d`qdkpdgh mk mkai~odpmik phefkilig} dk` mk

MP hkdnlh` uh~qmehu+ Pfh hvphkp ia d`qdkpdgh `hrhk`u e~mpmedll} ik fmgf txdlmp}phlheiooxkmedpmik mka~dup~xepx~h+ Phlheio mka~dup~xepx~h mu p~hdph` du d e~xemdl adepi~ pi

~hdlmzh pfh uiemi/heikiome injhepmqhu mk Mk`md+


27/146

R d g h | >7



::: Mordep ia LRG ik ehllxld~ uh~qmeh mk`xup~} :::

Mkp~i`xepmik:

Glindlmzdpmik, lmnh~dlmzdpmik dk` r~mqdpmzdpmik d~h pfh pf~hh oiup urichk wi~ù mk pi`d}u

wi~l`+ Pfhuh mkmpmdpmqhu rdqh` wd} ai~ dll/~ixk` ~hai~ou,

Hurhemdll} mk `hqhlirmkg heikiomhu, lmch Mk`md+ Pfhuh eixkp~mhu ~hdlmzh` pfdp `hqhlirohkp

iahaahepmqhdk` haamemhkp ohdku ia eiooxkmedpmiku dk` mkai~odpmik phefkilig} mu mori~pdkp

pi rxuf pfho ikpi pfh rdpf ia `hqhlirohkp+ Pfh g~iwpf ia pfh phlheio uhepi~ mk Mk`md

`x~mkg riup/ lmnh~dlmzdpmik fdu nhhk rfhkiohkdl+ Pfmu ~huhd~ef dmou pi pf~iw lmgfp ik pfh

adepi~u pfdp eikp~mnxph` pi g~iwpf mk pfh uhgohkp dk` r~huhkpu dk mkumgfp ik pfh r~huhkp

updpxu ia pfh mk`xup~}+

Lmnh~dlmzdpmik:

Ki ohdkmkgaxl lmnh~dlmzdpmik ia pfh phlheio uhepi~ mu riuumnlh xklhuu pfh~h mu dkhaahepmqhdk`

up~ikg ~hgxldpi~} dxpfi~mp}+ Mk qmhw ia pfh ~dgmkg eikp~iqh~u} nhpwhhk pfh P^DM dk` pfh

@IP iqh~ pfh riwh~u dk` jx~mu`mepmiku ia hdef ipfh~, pfh Xkmik Giqh~kohkp mkphkù

uxmpdnlh dohkòhkpu mk pfh P^DM Dep pi e~hdph mkqhupi~u' eikam`hkeh dk` d lhqhl/rld}mkg amhl`

nhpwhhk rxnlme dk` r~mqdph irh~dpi~u+ Pdcmkg mkpi deeixkp pfh eikqh~ghkeh ia phlheio,

eiorxph~u, phlhqmumik dk` hlhep~ikmeu, d g~ixr ia hvrh~pu mu nhmkg eikupmpxph` pi ~heioohk`

d khw lhgmuldpmik mk rldeh ia pfh Mk`md Phlhg~drf Dep 4668 du mp fdu liup mpu ~hlhqdkeh+

Mk pfh hd~l} 4==2u wdu pfh mordep ia heikiome ~hai~ou r~ioxlgdph` n} pfh Giqh~kohkp ia

Mk`md pi dlmgk mpu heikio} wmpf pfh wi~l` heikio}+ Ax~pfh~ pfh heikiome ~hkdmuudkeh ia

Mk`md edpdl}zh` pfh khh` ai~ pfh irhkmkg ia Mk`mdk ehllxld~ mk`xup~}+ Umkeh mk`hrhk`hkeh pfh

kxonh~ ia ndume phlheiooxkmedpmik uh~qmehu khpwi~c fdu hvrdk`h` a~io dnixp 60

pfixudk` eikkhepmiku pi d~ixk` 568+=8 ldcf eikkhepmiku du ik Od~ef 54 >22>+ Pfh ndume

uh~qmeh khpwi~c ~hr~huhkpu pfh odji~mp} ia pfh phlhrfikh uxnue~mrpmik, wfmef deeixkpu ai~

d~ixk` 61( ia pfh pipdl phlheiooxkmedpmik khpwi~c mk Mk`md+ Riup 4==2u, pfh Giqh~kohkp

ia Mk`md `m` dwd} wmpf mpu il` oikiril}/od~chp eikehrp dk` ufmaph` pi irhk/od~chp rilme}

~hgmoh+

Mk pfh eix~uh ia lmnh~dlmzdpmik, lmehkuhu wh~h g~dkph` ai~ r~iqm`mkg ehllxld~ oinmlh uh~qmeh mk

pfh ohp~i empmhu ia @hlfm, Oxondm, Cilcdpd, dk` Efhkkdm+ Pi dqim` iqh~ldru, pfh KPR updph`

pfdp kip oi~h pfdk pwi ehllxld~ r~iqm`h~u eixl` irh~dph mk d gmqhk phlheio em~elh+ Uh~qmeh

r~iqm`h~u wh~h kiw a~hh pi r~iqm`h dll p}rhu ia oinmlh uh~qmehu mkelx`mkg qimeh dk` kik/

qimeh ohuudghu dk` `dpd uh~qmehu mk pfhm~ uh~qmeh d~hd ia irh~dpmik+

Nfd~pm, d rd~p ia Nfd~pm Hkph~r~muhu, wdu pfh am~up pi ldxkef mpu ehllxld~ uh~qmeh ik Jxl} 7, 4==8+

Nfd~pm'u ehllxld~ uh~qmehu wh~h ldxkefh` xk`h~ pfh n~dk` kdoh Dm~Phl'dk` wdu edphgi~ mzh`

du r~h/rdm` uh~qmehu dk` riup/rdm` uh~qmehu+ Pfh riuprdm` uh~qmeh wdu ldxkefh` xk`h~ pfh

n~dk` kdoh Dm~phl wfh~hdu mpu r~hrdm` uh~qmehu wh~h ldxkefh` xk`h~ pfh n~dk` kdohOdgme+++


28/146

R d g h | >6



Hupdnlmufh` mk 4=71, Nfd~pm Hkph~r~muhu wdu Mk`md'u lhd`mkg Phlheio dk` Fhdlpfed~h

eikglioh~dph+ Mp fd` r~iampu ia 5>2 omllmik dk` ~hqhkxhu ia 4,7=2+771 omllmik ai~ pfh

amkdkemdl }hd~ >220+ R~h/rdm` uh~qmehu d~h pfh oinmlh uh~qmeh wfh~h pfh xuh~ khhù pi

rx~efduh d r~hrdm` ed~` pfdp iaah~u pdlc/pmoh dk` ipfh~ uh~qmehu `hrhk`mkg ik pfh pdlc/

pmoh qdlxh ia pfh ed~`+

Riup/rdm` uh~qmehu ~hah~ pi oinmlh uh~qmehu pfdp d~h nmllh` ik d oikpfl} ndumu+ Pfh xuh~ khhù

pi rd} pfh nmllu dp pfh hk` ia pfh oikpf'u xudgh ia pfh uh~qmeh+

R~mqdpmzdpmik:

Ai~ `hed`hu, wh fdqh wdkph` pfh giqh~kohkp pi upir ndcmkg n~hd`, ~xkkmkg fiphlu,

irh~dpmkg dm~lmkhu, iaah~mkg rfikh uh~qmehu, r~iqm`mkg mkux~dkeh i~ ~xkkmkg dk} nxumkhuu pfdp

~htxm~hu fmgf updk`d~ù ia exupioh~ uh~qmeh+ Dlui, wh wdkph` giqh~kohkp pi upir nhmkg

nipf, d uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~ dk` d ~hgxldpi~, i~ d rld}h~ dk` d ~hah~hh+ Dk` mk pfh ldup amqh }hd~u,pfh giqh~kohkp mu depxdll} odcmkg d uh~mixu dpphorp pi ghp ixp ia uhqh~dl nxumkhuuhu

pf~ixgf mpu r~mqdpmzdpmik r~ig~dooh`+ Mp fdu dlui uhp xr uhqh~dl mk`hrhk`hkp ~hgxldpi~u pi

hkux~h d adm~ eiorhpmpmik nhpwhhk uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~u dk` pi `hdl wmpf pfh mordep ia efdkgmkg

phefkilig} ik pfh wd} nxumkhuuhu d~h ~xk+

R~mqdpmzdpmiku dk` eiorhpmpmik dlikh fdqh lh` pi nmg mor~iqhohkpu mk uh~qmeh txdlmp} mk

odk} d~hdu+ Xkai~pxkdphl}, pfh ~hgxldpi~} u}uphou uhho pi irh~dph ik pfh nhlmha pfdp

eiorhpmpmik dlikh mu hkixgf pi r~iphep eikuxoh~ mkph~hupu+ Pdch ai~ mkupdkeh pfh Phlheio

^hgxldpi~} Dxpfi~mp} ia Mk`md &P^DM-+ Mp ailliwu pfh irhk fixuh ~ixph pi rilme} odcmkg, nxp

ìhu kip hkph~pdmk pfh oixkpmkg kxonh~ ia mk`mqm`xdl eiorldmkpu+ Fiwhqh~, mp mu kiwrldkkmkg pi uhp xr d phlheio ionxùodk pi mkph~adeh wmpf exupioh~u+ Ohdkwfmlh,

uxnue~mnh~u de~iuu pfh urhep~xo ia phlhrfikh uh~qmehu eikpmkxh pi ~hri~p d qd~mhp} ia

eiorldmkpu+

D~xkUdvhkd, r~hum`hkp ia pfh Mkph~kdpmikdl Eikuxoh~ ^mgfpu R~iphepmik Eixkeml &ME^RE-,

ai~wd~`h` Rilhu eiorldmkp pi pfh eiordk}+ Ipfh~ emqme depmqmupu rimkp ixp pfdp pfh r~inlho

mu kip ~hup~meph` pi ^hlmdkeh+ Cmudk Ohfpd ia pfh Udqh Niond} Eioompphh rimkpu pi uhqh~dl

r~inlhou wmpf pfh Pdpd Mk`meio uh~qmeh+ Dloiup dll oinmlh eiordkmhu d~h hvp~hohl} `maamexlp

pi ~hdef pf~ixgf pfhm~ fhlr lmkhu, pd~`} mk pfhm~ nmllmkg dk` uhlìo ~hurik` pi eiorldmkpu i~

txh~mhu uhkp pi pfhm~ hodml d``~huuhu+ Kikh ia pfho dlliw deehuu pi uhkmi~ hvhexpmqhu ma deikuxoh~ wdkpu pi pdch dk xk~huilqh` eiorldmkp pi d fmgfh~ lhqhl+

Edllu pi oinmlh rfikhu d~h pfh oiup dkki}mkg ai~o ia phlhod~chpmkg nhedxuh pfh} d~h kip

ikl} d n~dzhk mkqdumik ia r~mqde} nxp iaphk odch pfh qmepmo rd} likg `mupdkeh efd~ghu+ Uioh

ia ix~ lhd`mkg ndkcu dk` amkdkeh eiordkmhu fdqh ki txdlou dnixp lhppmkg phlhod~chph~u

fd~duu pfhm~ exupioh~u+ O} hvrh~mhkeh wmpf d lhd`mkg Mk`mdk ndkc dk` d ai~hmgk ndkc ~hqhdlu

pfdp wh edkkip ghp iaa pfh lmup xkpml wh odch oxlpmrlh eiorldmkpu pi pfh pir odkdghohkp ia

pfhuh mkupmpxpmiku+ Wh edk ud} pfdp oiup oinmlh rfikh eiordkmhu d~h mk`hh` r~iphepmqh ia

pfhm~ uxnue~mnh~u dk` ì kip rd~pu wmpf phlhrfikh lmupu, ui oiup edll ehkph~u e~hdph lmupu n}

`mdlmkg ~dkìo kxonh~u dk` firmkg pi up~mch lxec}+ Pfh r~inlho mu pfdp pfh} umorl} ~haxuhpi up~mch ixp kxonh~u hqhk wfhk pfh rh~uik horfdpmedll} ducu pfho khqh~ pi edll+


29/146

R d g h | >=



Pfh uilxpmik mu inqmixu: Mkp~i`xemkg d ì/kip/edll/~hgmup~} dk` odcmkg pfh mkqdumik ia

eikuxoh~ r~mqde} rxkmufdnlh wmpf d fhap} amkh+ Hqhk pfh XU fdu hvrh~mohkph` wmpf uxef d

~hgmup~} ikl} ~hehkpl} dk` lhuu pfdk d whhc dgi d ah`h~dl drrhdlu eix~p fdu xrfhl` pfh

giqh~kohkpu ~mgfp pi fhlr rhirlh nliec xkwdkph` phlhod~chpmkg edllu+ Mk Mk`md, amlmkg d

eiorldmkp dgdmkup eiordkmhu, wfmef fd~duu eikuxoh~u pf~ixgf phlhod~chpmkg, wixl` dgdmk

~htxm~h d likg ndpplh wmpf d eikuxoh~ eix~p+ Pfh dlph~kdpmqh wixl` nh eikuxoh~ depmik mkpfh ai~o ia em~exldpmkg pfh kdohu ia uxef eiordkmhu ik Mkph~khp g~ixru dk` hkeix~dgmkg

pfh ni}eipp pfh r~i`xepu ia eiordkmhu pfdp mkqd`h ix~ r~mqde}+

Emqml eix~pu d~h e~iw`h` dk` eikuxoh~ eix~pu d~h uliwh` ìwk n} mkd`htxdph

mka~dup~xepx~h dk` iaphk d rii~ xk`h~updk`mkg ia eikuxoh~ muuxhu+ Pfh uilxpmik lmhu mk

hvrdk`mkg pfh ~ilh ia mk`hrhk`hkp ~hgxldpi~u dk` ducmkg pfho pi e~hdph g~mhqdkeh

~h`~huuh` eix~pu i~ ionxùohk pi fhd~ eikuxoh~ eiorldmkpu dk` g~dkp uwmap jxupmeh+ Nxp

xklhuu pfh jx`memdl u}upho odchu mp oxef pii hvrhkumqh ai~ eiordkmhu pi mgki~h pfhm~

exupioh~u, pfh nhkhampu ia r~mqdpmzdpmik wmll mkqd~mdnl} pdrh~ iaa wmpfmk d eixrlh }hd~u daph~

dk} uhepi~ mu irhkh` xr pi eiorhpmpmik+

Rilme} Mkmpmdpmqhu:

Mk`md mu ikh ia pfh oiup `h~hgxldph` phlheio od~chpu mk pfh wi~l`+ R~mqdph rd~pmemrdpmik mu

rh~ompph` mk dll uhgohkpu ia pfh uh~qmehu mkph~kdpmikdl likg `mupdkeh, ìohupme likg

`mupdkeh, ndume, ehllxld~, mkph~khp, ~d`mi/rdgmkg, dk` d kxonh~ ia qdlxh/d``h` uh~qmehu+

R~mqdph rd~pmemrdpmik mk mkph~kdpmikdl qimeh uh~qmehu fdu nhhk d umgkmamedkp uphr xk`h~pdchk

n} pfh giqh~kohkp+ R~mqdph rld}h~u fdqh nhhk dlliwh` pi r~iqm`h mkph~kdpmikdl likg

`mupdkeh uh~qmehu umkeh Dr~ml >22>3 pwi }hd~u dfhd` ia uefh`xlh+ Pfh giqh~kohkp fdudkkixkeh` pfh Khw Phlheio Rilme} &KPR- 4=== pi ax~pfh~ `h/~hgxldph pfh uhepi~ wmpf

~hurhep pi uh~qmehu lmch ndume, mkph~kdpmikdl likg `mupdkeh &ML@-, kdpmikdl likg `mupdkeh &KL@-

dk` Wm~hlhuu mk Liedl Liir &WLL- doikg ipfh~u+

Pfh giqh~kohkp fdu lmnh~dlmzh` pfh uhepi~ wmpf pfh ailliwmkg injhepmqhu:

Hkux~h dqdmldnmlmp} ia phlhrfikhu ik `hodk`

Nhkefod~c phlheio uh~qmehu wmpf glindl updk`d~ù

Mk`md Riumpmikmkg du d odji~ odkxadepx~mkg nduh dk` hvri~ph~ ia phlheio htxmrohkp+

Mkp~i`xeh dll qdlxh d``h` uh~qmehu dqdmldnlh mkph~kdpmikdll}

Defmhqh fmgfh~ phlheio rhkhp~dpmik

Pfh giqh~kohkp fdu ~hldvh` umgkmamedkpl} pfh ai~hmgk mkqhupohkp ki~ou mk pfh uhepi~+

R~huhkpl} 0= rh~ ehkp htxmp} rd~pmemrdpmik mu rh~ompph` mk phlheio uh~qmehu dk` 70 rh~ ehkp mk

Mkph~khp uh~qmehu xk`h~ pfh dxpiodpme ~ixph+ Odvmoxo ai~hmgk htxmp} rd~pmemrdpmik ai~

Mkph~khp Uh~qmeh R~iqm`h~u &MURu- mu 422 rh~ ehkp+ R~mqdph mkqhupi~u, nipf ìohupme dk`

ai~hmgk, fdqh dl~hd`} mkqhuph` iqh~ XU >,00= omllmik mk `maah~hkp uhgohkpu ia pfh mk`xup~}+422 rh~ ehkp A@M mu dlliwh` ai~ odkxadepx~mkg phlheio htxmrohkp+


30/146

R d g h | 52



Pi mordepmqhl} ~hgxldph pfh uhepi~, ademlmpdph g~iwpf dk` `hqhlirohkp, r~ioiph

p~dkurd~hke} dk` hkux~h adm~ eiorhpmpmik, pfh giqh~kohkp fdu uhp xr pfh Phlheio

^hgxldpi~} Dxpfi~mp} ia Mk`md &P^DM- du dk mk`hrhk`hkp ~hgxldpi~} ni`} dk` pfh Phlheio

@murxph Uhpplhohkp Drrhlldph P~mnxkdl du d `murxph uhpplhohkp ni`}+

Glindlmzdpmik:

Wmpf pfh d`qhkp ia glindlmzdpmik dk` `h~hgxldpmik, pfh `}kdomeu ia pfh Phlheio mk`xup~} mu

xk`h~gimkg d uhd efdkgh+ Pfmu mu dlui daaheph` n} pfh eikqh~ghkeh ia qimeh, `dpd, dk` qm`hi+

Mk i~`h~ pi upd} dfhd` ia eiorhpmpmik, phlheio uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~u khh` pi irh~dph wmpf liw

`hlmqh~} eiupu, iaah~ haamemhkp uh~qmehu pi ~hpdmk hvmupmkg exupioh~u, dk` eioh xr wmpf khw

uefhohu pi dpp~dep khw exupioh~u+ Uhqh~dl phlheio irh~dpi~u iaah~ d qd~mhp} ia phlheio

uh~qmehu+

Mk 4==8, pfh Mk`mdk ehllxld~ mk`xup~} liich` qh~} r~iomumkg+ Wmpf hqh~ mke~hdumkgglindlmzdpmik dk` hvrdk`mkg nxumkhuu depmqmpmhu, ehll rfikhu nhedoh d khehuump} ai~ nxumkhuu

ik pfh oiqh+ Pfh }ixkgh~ ghkh~dpmik dlui nhgdk pi aldxkp pfh ehll rfikh du d updpxu u}onil+

Uiik ehll rfikhu wh~h nhmkg xuh` kip ikl} du d piil ai~ eiooxkmedpmik nxp dlui du d uix~eh

ia hkph~pdmkohkp+

Du rh~ pfh A@M rilme} ai~ pfh Phlheio Uhepi~, mkqhupohkp xr pi 0=( mu rh~ompph` mk Ndume,

Ehllxld~ dk` ipfh~ qdlxh d``h` uh~qmehu, wfmef mu fmch` pi 70(3 xr pi 70( mu rh~ompph` mk

Mkph~khp, mka~dup~xepx~h dk` ~d`mi rdgmkg uh~qmehu dk` xr pi 422( mu rh~ompph` mk

odkxadepx~mkg, Mkph~khp uh~qmeh, qimeh dk` hlhep~ikme odml, nduh` ik eh~pdmk eik`mpmiku ai~

axlamllohkp du d rd~p ia lmehkumkg dk` uhex~mp} ~htxm~hohkpu, ldm` `iwk n} pfh @hrd~pohkp iaPhlheiooxkmedpmiku, Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md+ Uhqh~dl dkkixkehohkpu wh~h od`h ~hldpmkg pi

rilme} efdkgh eiqh~mkg efdkgh ia D@E a~io rh~ omkxph efd~ghu pi ~hqhkxh ufd~h, dk`

oinmlh kxonh~ ri~pdnmlmp}+ A@M ehmlmkg mke~hohkp fdu lh` pi dk mke~hduh mk A@M mk oinmlh

uh~qmehu wfh~hdu D@E fdu ~huxlph` mk ~h`xepmik ia oinmlh pd~maau mk pfh eixkp~}+ Ik pfh

rilme} a~ikp, rh~ omkxph D@E ik `iohupme edllu wdu efdkgh` pi ~hqhkxh ufd~h ~hgmoh+ Dk`

pfh rh~ehkpdgh efd~gh` mu 4+8( ia DG^ &d`jxuph` g~iuu ~hqhkxh-+


31/146

R d g h | 54



::: ^hgxldpi~} Dxpfi~mp} :::

@hrd~pohkp ia Phlheio:

Pfh @hrd~pohkp ia Phlheio fdu nhhk ai~oxldpmkg `hqhlirohkpdl rilmemhu ai~ pfh

deehlh~dph` g~iwpf ia pfh phlheiooxkmedpmik uh~qmehu+ Pfh @hrd~pohkp mu dlui ~hurikumnlh

ai~ g~dkp ia lmehkuhu ai~ qd~mixu phlheio uh~qmehu lmch Xkmamh` Deehuu Uh~qmeh Mkph~khp dk`

QUDP uh~qmeh+ Pfh @hrd~pohkp mu dlui ~hurikumnlh ai~ a~htxhke} odkdghohkp mk pfh amhl` ia

~d`mi eiooxkmedpmik mk eliuh eii~`mkdpmik wmpf pfh mkph~kdpmikdl ni`mhu+ Mp dlui hkai~ehu

wm~hlhuu ~hgxldpi~} ohdux~hu n} oikmpi~mkg wm~hlhuu p~dkuomuumik ia dll xuh~u mk Mk`md+

Phlheio Eioomuumik:

Pfh Phlheio Eioomuumik wdu uhp xr n} pfh Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md qm`h Kipmamedpmik `dph`

Dr~ml 44, 4=6= wmpf dòmkmup~dpmqh dk` amkdkemdl riwh~u ia pfh Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md pi `hdl

wmpf qd~mixu durhepu ia Phlheiooxkmedpmiku+ Pfh Eioomuumik eikumupu ia d Efdm~odk, aix~

axll pmoh ohonh~u, wfi d~h hv/iaameh Uhe~hpd~} pi pfh Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md mk pfh

@hrd~pohkp ia Phlheiooxkmedpmiku dk` aix~ rd~p pmoh ohonh~u wfi d~h pfh Uhe~hpd~mhu pi

pfh Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md ia pfh eikeh~kh` @hrd~pohkpu+ Pfh Phlheio Eioomuumik dk` pfh

@hrd~pohkp ia Phlheiooxkmedpmiku d~h ~hurikumnlh ai~ rilme} ai~oxldpmik, lmehkumkg,

wm~hlhuu urhep~xo odkdghohkp, dòmkmup~dpmqh oikmpi~mkg ia RUXu, ~huhd~ef dk`

`hqhlirohkp dk` updk`d~`mzdpmik)qdlm`dpmik ia htxmrohkp hpe+ Pfh oxlpm/r~ikgh` up~dphgmhu

ailliwh` n} pfh Phlheio Eioomuumik fdqh kip ikl} p~dkuai~oh` pfh qh~} up~xepx~h ia pfmu

uhepi~ nxp fdqh oipmqdph` dll pfh rd~pkh~u pi eikp~mnxph mk deehlh~dpmkg pfh g~iwpf ia pfhuhepi~+

EIDM &Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md-:

EIDM &Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md- wdu uhp xr mk 4==8 du d ~hgmuph~h` kik/

giqh~kohkpdl, dk` kik/r~iamp uiemhp}+ Pfh Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md wdu

hupdnlmufh` wmpf pfh dmo pfdp mp wixl` nh `h`medph` pi pfh d`qdkehohkp ia oi`h~k

eiooxkmedpmik+

EIDM hkeix~dghu pfh d`qdkehohkp ia eiooxkmedpmik pf~ixgf Uh~qmehu ia Oinmlh Ehllxld~

Phlhrfikh+ Pfh qmumik ia EIDM &Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md- mu pi uhp xr dkùxupdmk ehllxld~ mka~dup~xepx~h pfdp mu ia wi~l` elduu updk`d~` dk` dlui pi hkeix~dgh oinmlh

eiooxkmedpmik uh~qmehu pfdp mu daai~`dnlh mk pfh eixkp~}+

Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md mu pfh iaamemdl qimeh ai~ pfh ehllxld~ mk`xup~} mk Mk`md

dk` mkph~depu ik mpu nhfdla wmpf pfh lmehkui~, pfh phlheio mk`xup~} duuiemdpmiku, pfh

odkdghohkp urhep~xo dghke}, dk` pfh rilme} odch~u+ Pfh efdm~odk ia EIDM &Ehllxld~

Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md- mu O~+ Udkjhhq Dgd dk` pfh qmeh/ efdm~odk mu O~+ Kd~huf

Gxrpd+ EIDM &Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md- fdu odk} eioompphhu xk`h~ mp uxef du

pfh Hvhexpmqh Eixkeml Eioompphh, Nxumkhuu @hqhlirohkp Eioompphh, Amkdkeh dk`

Eiooh~emdl eioompphh, ^hgxldpi~} Eixkeml Eioompphh, dk` Phefkilig} Eioompphh+


32/146

R d g h | 5>



EIDM &Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md- injhepmqhu mkelx`hu pi xrg~d`h dk` odmkpdmk

uh~qmehu uxef du uhex~mp}, urhhef p~dkuomuumik, eiqh~dgh, dk` deehuu mk i~`h~ pi fhlr mk pfh

hvrdkumik ia pfh ehllxld~ uh~qmehu mk pfh eixkp~} dk` pi odch eikpmkxixu haai~pu pi udpmua}

pfh exupioh~u+ Ax~pfh~ pfh qd~mixu injhepmqhu ia EIDM d~h pi d``~huu pfh r~inlhou ia pfh

ehllxld~ irh~dpi~u pfdp ~hldph pi amkdkemdl, irh~dpmikdl, lmehkumkg, i~ ~hgxldpi~} n} mkph~depmkg

wmpf pfh Omkmup~} ia Amkdkeh, @hrd~pohkp ia phlheiooxkmedpmiku, Amkdkemdl Mkupmpxpmiku,Omkmup~} ia Eiooxkmedpmiku ! MP, Omkmup~} ia Eiooh~eh, dk` Phlheio ^hgxldpi~} Dxpfi~mp}

ia Mk`md+ Dlui pfh injhepmqhu ia Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia Mk`md d~h pi odch haai~pu pi

defmhqh pfh eixkp~}'u injhepmqhu ia nhpph~ ~x~dl deehuu dk` mke~hduh` phlh/ `hkump} dk` dlui

pi ur~hd` mkai~odpmik dk` `murhkuh dwd~hkhuu doikg eikuxoh~u dk` irh~dpi~u ik muuxhu

~hldpmkg pi pfh qd~mixu cmkù ia uh~qmehu r~iqm`h` n} pfh uh~qmeh irh~dpi~u pi pfhm~

exupioh~u+

Pfh qd~mixu ehllxld~ eiordkmhu pfdp d~h ohonh~u ia EIDM &Ehllxld~ Irh~dpi~u Duuiemdpmik ia

Mk`md- d~h3

Liir oinmlh ^hlmdkeh Phlheio Lp`

M`hd Ehllxld~ Lp`

Dm~ehl Lp`

Qi`daikh G~ixr

Nfd~pm Dm~phl Lp`

P^DM du d ~hgxldpi~} dxpfi~mp}:

Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md fd` uhp/xr phlheio ~hgxldpi~} dxpfi~mp} ia Mk`md &P^DM- du d ~hgxldpi~}

dxpfi~mp} ai~ phlheio uhepi~+ GiM fdu gmqhk d riwh~ pi P^DM ai~ `hqhlirohkp ia phlheiouhepi~+ P^DM dep du dk mooh`mdph nhpwhhk mk`xup~mhu dk` giqh~kohkp+ P^DM wdu ai~oh` mk

Jdk 4==7 wmpf d qmhw pi r~iqm`h dkhaahepmqh~hgxldpi~} a~dohwi~c dk` d`htxdph udahgxd~`

pi hkux~h adm~ eiorhpmpmik dk` r~iphepmik ia eikuxoh~ mkph~hup+ Pfh giqh~kohkp mu

eioompph` pi up~ikg dk` mk`hrhk`hkp ~hgxldpi~ wmpf eior~hfhkumqh riwh~u dk` rld}h~

dxpfi~mp} pi mordepmqhl} rh~ai~o mpu axkepmiku+ P^DM, 4==5 `hdlu wmpf pfh riwh~u dk`

axkepmiku ia pfh dxpfi~mp}+ Ikh ia pfh mori~pdkp axkepmik pi nh `muefd~gh n} pfh dxpfi~mp} mu

pi ldm` ìwk pfh updk`d~` ia txdlmp} ia uh~qmeh pi nh r~iqm`h` n} pfh uh~qmeh r~iqm`h dk` ai~

pfdp pfh r~hue~mnh` txdlmp} ia uh~qmeh mu odmkpdmkh` n} pfh uh~qmeh r~iqm`hu dk` ai~ pfdp

rx~riuh ikh ia pfh ohdku dìrph` wixl` nh pi eik`xep rh~mi`medl ux~qh} ia pfh uxef

uh~qmeh r~iqm`h` n} pfh uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~+ Mk rx~uxdkeh ia pfmu injhepmqh pfh dxpfi~mp} kipma} d~hgxldpmik ik txdlmp} ia uh~qmeh ia ndume dk` ehllxld~ oinmlh uh~qmeh mk Jxl}, >222+ Pfh

rx~riuh ia pfh ~hgxldpmik mu pi e~hdph uxmpdnlh eik`mpmiku ai~ exupioh~ udpmuadepmik n}

ohhpmkg ìwk pfh txdlmp} ia uh~qmeh pfdp pfh uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~u d~h ~htxm~h` pi r~iqm`h dk`

exupioh~ du d ~mgfp pi deehrp+ Udpmuadepmik n} odcmkg ckiwk pfh txdlmp} ia uh~qmeh pfdp pfh

uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~u d~h ~htxm~h` pi r~iqm`h dk` pfh eikuxoh~ fdu pfh ~mgfp pi deehrp+ Pfh

~hgxldpmik dlui r~iqm`hu ai~ ohdux~mkg exupioh~ rh~ehrpmik ~hgd~`mkg phlheio uh~qmehu

pf~ixgf ux~qh}u+ Pfh dxpfi~mp} pf~ixgf mk`hrhk`hkp dghke} od} eik`xep uxef uh~qmeh+ Pfh

~hgxldpmik ax~pfh~ r~iqm`hu ai~ ohhpmkg pfh ~huxlpu ia pfh ux~qh}u rxnlme ui du pi mor~iqh

pfh txdlmp} ia pfh uh~qmeh n} ghkh~dpmkg fhdlpf} eiorhpmpmik doikg pfh uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~u+


33/146

R d g h | 55



::: Qd~mixu Phlheio rilmemhu :::

Giqh~kohkp rilme}:

Rilme} Mkmpmdpmqhu n} Giqp+ ia Mk`md mk pfh Phlheiooxkmedpmik Uhepi~ fdqh nhhk ikh ia pfh

ld~ghup edxuhu ai~ pfh uxeehuu ia pfh phlheio od~chp mk Mk`md+ Pfh kdpmikdl rd~pmhu nhai~h pfh

dòmkmup~dpmqh xkmp fdqh lmaph` r~mqdph phlheio xkmpu nduh` ik lmehkuh/ahh+

Pfh giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md fdu dìrph` d khw heikiome rilme} ai~ pfh phlheiooxkmedpmik

od~chp mk Mk`md+ Pfmu rilme} fdu nhhkhaahepmqha~io 4==0 dk` pfh Giqp+ ia Mk`md wmpf pfh dmo

pi deehlh~dph Mk`md'u g~iwpf mk hvri~p r~i`xepmik dk` mkph~kdpmikdl od~chp ai~oxldph` mp+

Pfh kdpmikdl phlheio rilme} du fdu nhhk `humgkh` n} pfh giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md dlui hkux~hu

ai~hmgk `m~hep mkqhupohkp dk` hvfmld~dpmkg ìohupme mkqhupmpx~h+ Pfmu kdpmikdl heikiome

rilme} ia phlheio `hrd~pohkp `hodkù uxrh~mi~ txdlmp} phlheiooxkmedpmik uh~qmehu dk`

pfh~hai~h pfh `hqhlirohkp ia phlheio uh~qmehu d~h pi nh gmqhk pfh xpoiup mori~pdkeh pi

dppdmk pfh rhdc ia uxeehuu+ Pfh kdpmikdl phlheio rilme} eiqh~u pfh ailliwmkg injhepmqhu:

D kxonh~ ia rilme} efdkghu fdqh nhhk od`h mk pfh ~hehkp rdup wfmef, ma morlhohkph`, mu

nixk` pi fdqh d umgkmamedkp mordep ik pfh phlheio uehkd~mi+ Pfh oiup umgkmamedkp doikg pfh

efdkghu mu pfh dkkixkehohkp ia d Khw Phlheio Rilme} &KPR- 4===+ Pfh Rilme} hkqmudghu

`hqhlirohkp ia phlheio ademlmpmhu mk ~hoiph, ~x~dl dk` p~mndl d~hdu ia pfh eixkp~} dk` pfhm~

dqdmldnmlmp} pi pfh oduuhu dp daai~`dnlh eiupu+

Pfh KRP 4===, wfmef fdu eioh mkpi mordep a~io Dr~ml 4, 4===, dmou dp odcmkg phlhrfikhu

dqdmldnlh ik `hodk` n} pfh }hd~ >22> dk` pi defmhqh phlh`hkump} ia uhqhk rh~ fxk`~h`

rh~uiku n} pfh }hd~ >228+ Mk eduh ia ~x~dl d~hdu, pfh ex~~hkp phlh`hkump} mu r~iriuh` pi nh~dmuh` a~io 2+0 pi 0 n} pfh }hd~ >242+ Pfh rilme} ìexohkp ia KRP ixplmkhu ~drm` g~iwpf mk

pfh phlheio uhepi~ mk Mk`md wmpf d r~ijheph` phlh`hkump} ia 48 n} pfh }hd~ >242+

Kdpmikdl Phlheio rilme} 4==0:

Pfh Giqh~kohkp ia Mk`md &Giqh~kohkp- ~heigkmzhu pfdp r~iqmumik ia wi~l` elduu

phlheiooxkmedpmiku mka~dup~xepx~h dk` mkai~odpmik mu pfh ch} pi ~drm` heikiome dk` uiemdl

`hqhlirohkp ia pfh eixkp~}+ Mp mu e~mpmedl kip ikl} ai~ pfh `hqhlirohkp ia pfh Mkai~odpmik

Phefkilig} mk`xup~}, nxp dlui fdu wm`hur~hd` ~domamedpmiku ik pfh hkpm~h heikio} ia pfheixkp~}+ Mp mu dlui dkpmemrdph` pfdp gimkg ai~wd~`, d odji~ rd~p ia pfh G@R ia pfh eixkp~}

wixl` nh eikp~mnxph` n} pfmu uhepi~+ Deei~`mkgl}, mp mu ia qmpdl mori~pdkeh pi pfh eixkp~} pfdp

pfh~h nh d eior~hfhkumqh dk` ai~wd~` liicmkg phlheiooxkmedpmiku rilme} wfmef e~hdphu dk

hkdnlmkg a~dohwi~c ai~ `hqhlirohkp ia pfmu mk`xup~}+

Injhepmqhu dk` defmhqhohkpu:

Mk 4==0, pfh Giqh~kohkp dkkixkeh` pfh Kdpmikdl Phlheio Rilme} wfmef `hamkh` eh~pdmk

mori~pdkp injhepmqhu, mkelx`mkg dqdmldnmlmp} ia phlhrfikh ik `hodk`, r~iqmumik ia wi~l` elduuuh~qmehu dp ~hduikdnlh r~mehu, hkux~mkg Mk`md'u hoh~ghkeh du odji~ odkxadepx~mkg ) hvri~p


34/146

R d g h | 50



nduh ia phlheio htxmrohkp dk` xkmqh~udl dqdmldnmlmp} ia ndume phlheio uh~qmehu pi dll qmlldghu+

Mp dlui dkkixkeh` d uh~mhu ia urhemame pd~ghpu pi nh defmhqh` n} 4==7+ Du dgdmkup pfh KPR

4==0 pd~ghp ia r~iqmumik ia 4 REI rh~ 822 x~ndk rirxldpmik dk` eiqh~dgh ia dll 1 lde qmlldghu,

@iP fdu defmhqh` dk x~ndk REI rhkhp~dpmik ia 4 REI rh~ 8>> dk` fdu nhhk dnlh pi r~iqm`h

phlhrfikh eiqh~dgh pi ikl} 5+4 lde qmlldghu+ Du ~hgd~ù r~iqmumik ia pipdl phlhrfikh lmkhu mk

pfh eixkp~}, @iP fdu r~iqm`h` 6+75 omllmik phlhrfikh lmkhu dgdmkup pfh hmgfpf rldk pd~ghp ia7+8 omllmik lmkhu+

Khh` ai~ d khw phlheio rilme}:

Mk d``mpmik pi uioh ia pfh injhepmqhu ia KPR 4==0 kip nhmkg axlamllh`, pfh~h fdqh dlui nhhk

ad~ ~hdefmkg `hqhlirohkpu mk pfh ~hehkp rdup mk pfh phlheio, MP, eikuxoh~ hlhep~ikmeu dk`

oh`md mk`xup~mhu wi~l`/wm`h+ Eikqh~ghkeh ia nipf od~chpu dk` phefkiligmhu mu d ~hdlmp} pfdp

mu ai~emkg ~hdlmgkohkp ia pfh mk`xup~}+ Dp ikh lhqhl, phlhrfikh dk` n~idèdupmkg mk`xup~mhu

d~h hkph~mkg hdef ipfh~'u od~chpu, wfmlh dp dkipfh~ lhqhl phefkilig} mu nlx~~mkg pfh`maah~hkeh nhpwhhk `maah~hkp eik`xmp u}uphou uxef du wm~h lmkh dk` wm~hlhuu+ Du mk pfh eduh

ia oiup eixkp~mhu, uhrd~dph lmehkuhu fdqh nhhk muuxh` mk ix~ eixkp~} ai~ ndume, ehllxld~, MUR,

udphllmph dk` ednlh PQ irh~dpi~u hdef wmpf uhrd~dph mk`xup~} up~xepx~h, ph~ou ia hkp~} dk`

qd~}mkg ~htxm~hohkp pi e~hdph mka~dup~xepx~h+ Fiwhqh~, pfmu eikqh~ghkeh kiw dlliwu

irh~dpi~u pi xuh pfhm~ ademlmpmhu pi `hlmqh~ uioh uh~qmehu ~huh~qh` ai~ ipfh~ irh~dpi~u,

khehuumpdpmkg d ~hliic mkpi pfh hvmupmkg rilme} a~dohwi~c+ Pfh khw phlheio rilme}

a~dohwi~c mu dlui ~htxm~h` pi ademlmpdph Mk`md'u qmumik ia nheiomkg dk MP uxrh~riwh~ dk`

`hqhlir d wi~l` elduu phlheio mka~dup~xepx~h mk pfh eixkp~}+

P^DM Dep 4==7:

Pfmu Dep od} nh edllh` pfh Phlheio ^hgxldpi~} Dxpfi~mp} ia Mk`md Dep, 4==7+

Mkp~i`xepmik:

Pfh khw heikiome rilme} dìrph` n} pfh Giqh~kohkp dmou dp mor~iqmkg Mk`md'u

eiorhpmpmqhkhuu mk pfh glindl od~chp dk` ~drm` g~iwpf ia hvri~pu+ Dkipfh~ hlhohkp ia pfh

khw heikiome rilme} mu dpp~depmkg ai~hmgk `m~hep mkqhupohkp dk` upmoxldpmkg ìohupme

mkqhupohkp+ Phlheiooxkmedpmik uh~qmehu ia wi~l` elduu txdlmp} d~h khehuud~} ai~ pfh uxeehuuia pfmu rilme}+ Mp mu, pfh~hai~h, khehuud~} pi gmqh pfh fmgfhup r~mi~mp} pi pfh `hqhlirohkp ia

phlheio uh~qmehu mk pfh eixkp~}+

Efdkgmkg phlheio uehkd~mi:

Mk`md fdu ~hgmuph~h` dk mor~huumqh g~iwpf mk pfh phlheio uhepi~+ Iqh~ pfh }hd~u pfh eixkp~}

fdu `hqhlirh` d qdup phlheio khpwi~c eior~mumkg iqh~ >8222 phlhrfikh hvefdkghu dk`

>4+8 omllmik wi~cmkg eikkhepmiku+ Pfh~h mu d ld~gh khpwi~c ia irpmedl amn~h ednlhu, `mgmpdl

ome~iwdqh dk` udphllmph eiooxkmedpmik u}uphou+ D qh~} up~ikg mk`xup~mdl nduh fdu nhhk

nxmlp mk pfh phlheio uhepi~ wmpf d ld~gh kxonh~ ia kdpmikdl dk` oxlpm/kdpmikdl phlheioeiordkmhu+


35/146

R d g h | 58



Pfh KRP 4===, wfmef fdu eioh mkpi mordep a~io Dr~ml 4, 4===, dmou dp odcmkg phlhrfikhu

dqdmldnlh ik `hodk` n} pfh }hd~ >22> dk` pi defmhqh phlh`hkump} ia uhqhk rh~ fxk`~h`

rh~uiku n} pfh }hd~ >228+ Mk eduh ia ~x~dl d~hdu, pfh ex~~hkp phlh`hkump} mu r~iriuh` pi nh

~dmuh` a~io 2+0 pi 0 n} pfh }hd~ >242+ Pfh rilme} ìexohkp ia KRP ixplmkhu ~drm` g~iwpf mk

pfh phlheio uhepi~ mk Mk`md wmpf d r~ijheph` phlh`hkump} ia 48 n} pfh }hd~ >242+

Pfmu wmll ~htxm~h d oduumqh mkqhupohkp ia iqh~ >5 nmllmik ìlld~u mk pfh khvp amqh }hd~u dk` 18

nmllmik iqh~ pfh khvp 42 }hd~u mk pfh phlheio uhepi~+

Deehlh~dpi~:

Phlheiooxkmedpmik mu n} mpuhla dk deehlh~dpi~ ia heikiome g~iwpf+ Du rh~ pfh edlexldpmiku

od`h n} hvrh~pu hqhk ikh rh~ehkp mke~hduh mk phlh`hkump} ~huxlpu mk d pf~hh rh~ehkp mke~hduh

mk pfh g~iuu kdpmikdl r~i`xep &GKR-+

Pfh KRP 4=== fdu nhhk fdmlh` pfh wi~l` iqh~ du d r~ig~huumqh dk` ai~wd~`/liicmkg rilme} mkpxkh wmpf pfh fmgf phefkiligmedl efdkghu ia pfh >4up ehkpx~}+ Mp d``~huuhu pfh qd~mixu

r~inlhou daahepmkg pfh phlheio uhepi~+ Pfh khw rilme} eiohu du d n~hdpf ia a~huf dm~ ai~ pfh

nhlhdgxh~h` phlheio mk`xup~}+ Mp mu hvrheph` pi hkeix~dgh mkqhupohkpu mk pfh phlheio

uhepi~ dk` filù pfh r~iomuh ia niiupmkg pfh hkp~} ia wi~l` elduu mka~dup~xepx~h mk pfh

eixkp~}+

Ndml/ixp rdecdgh:

Pfh Giqh~kohkp ldph~ edoh ixp wmpf wfdp edoh pi nh ckiwk du d ndml/ixp rdecdgh dlliwmkg

lmehkuhhu ia dll phlheio uh~qmehu mkelx`mkg ndume, ehllxld~, rdgmkg dk` ipfh~ qdlxh/d``hùh~qmehu pi omg~dph pi pfh ~hqhkxh/ufd~mkg u}upho xk`h~ pfh KRP 4===+ Deei~`mkg pi pfh

Giqh~kohkp, pfmu wdu khehuumpdph` nhedxuh d ld~gh kxonh~ ia lmehkuhhu xk`h~ pfh 4==0

Phlheio Rilme} wh~h amk`mkg mp `maamexlp pi rd} pfh lmehkuh ahh dk` wdkph` pi uwmpef iqh~ pi

pfh ~hqhkxh/ufd~mkg ~hgmoh xk`h~ pfh khw rilme}+

Pfh Giqh~kohkp eld~mamh` pfdp mp `m` kip wdkp pi `mue~momkdph nhpwhhk pfh hvmupmkg phlheio

irh~dpi~u dk` pfh khw lmehkuhhu+ Oi~hiqh~, axpx~h eillhepmiku xk`h~ pfh il` lmehkuh ahh

~hgmoh wh~h xkeh~pdmk du odk} ehllxld~ irh~dpmkg eiordkmhu wh~h lmchl} pi px~k umec+

Xk`h~ pfh ndml/ixp rdecdgh, pfh r~mqdph phlheio irh~dpi~u wh~h ~htxm~h` pi rd} xr 52 rh~ehkp ia d~~hd~u ia lmehkuh ahh mkelx`mkg mkph~hup ldup n} Dxgxup 54 du r~iqm`h` mk pfh lmehkuh

dg~hhohkp ai~ omg~dpmkg pi pfh Khw Phlheio Rilme}+ ^htxmumph ndkc gxd~dkphhu ai~ pfh

~hodmkmkg doixkp ia d~~hd~u, mkelx`mkg mkph~hup, wh~h pi nh ax~kmufh` ai~ pfh rh~mi` pmll pfh

d~~hd~u wh~h elhd~h` n} Jdkxd~} 54 khvp }hd~+ ^hlmha wdu r~iqm`h` pi pfh lmehkuhhu n}

hvphk`mkg pfh rh~mi` ia pfhm~ lmehkuhu a~io pfh r~huhkp 42 }hd~u pi >2 }hd~u a~io pfh `dph ia

hvmupmkg lmehkuh dg~hhohkp+


36/146

R d g h | 51



::: Odji~ rld}h~u ia pfh Mk`xup~} :::


37/146

R d g h | 57



::: Ehllxld~ Uh~qmeh r~iqm`h~uIqh~qmhw :::

Mk`md mu pfh `hqhlirmkg eixkp~} dk` ui dll pfh mk`xup~} mk Mk`md d~h `hqhlirmkg `d} n} `d},

nxp ehllxld~ uh~qmeh mk`xup~} mk Mk`md mu mk hoh~gmkg updgh+ Ui, pfh~h d~h oxef efdkehu ia

`hqhlirohkp mk pfmu mk`xup~} dk` efdkehu ia khw rld}h~u pi hkph~ mkpi pfmu mk`xup~}+ Mk Mk`md,

oi~h pfdk 08( rhirlh fdqh oinmlhu dk` pfh ipfh~u `i kip fdqh oinmlhu+Pfh oinmlhu d~h

xuhlhuu wmpfixp UMO ed~` dk` pfh eiordkmhu wfi r~iqm`h pfh UMO ed~` d~h ckiwk du ehllxld~

uh~qmeh eiordkmhu+ Mk Mk`md, rxnlme eiordkmhu du whll du r~mqdph eiordkmhu d~h mk pfmu

nxumkhuu+ Pfh eiordkmhu wfi r~iqm`h ehllxld~ uh~qmehu d~h du ailliwu+

Lmup ia ehllxld~ irh~dpi~

^dkc Irh~dpi~ Phefkilig} A~htxhke} Uxnue~mnh~u

&mk omllmiku-

&Du ia

Jdkxd~}

>242-

Iwkh~ufmr

4 Dm~phl GUO GUO =22)4622 446+610254 Nfd~pm

Hkph~r~muhu

&10+71(-

UmkgPhl &52+60(-

Qi`daikh &0+0(-

> ^hlmdkeh

Eiooxkmedpmik

E@ODIkh

GUO,

E@OD>222 4v =5+7=8145 ^hlmdkeh / Dkml

@fm~xnfdmDondkm

G~ixr

5 Qi`daikh Huud~ GUO GUO =22)4622 =4+024=8= Qi`daikh &17(-

Huud~ G~ixr

&55(-

0 NUKL GUO,

E@ODIkh,

GUO =22,

E@OD>222 4v

1>+614>40 Updph/iwkh`

8 M`hd Ehllxld~ GUO GUO 4622 87+14467> D`mp}d Nm~ld

G~ixr

Dvmdpd G~ixr

Nh~fd` &48(-

1 Pdpd

Phlhuh~qmehu

&Pdpd Mk`meio-

E@OD,

GUO,

E@OD>222 4v 87+5>=00= SPdpd Mk`meio//

Pdpd G~ixr_
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Enterpriseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Enterpriseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_-_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_-_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Essarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essar_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-ownedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Birla_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Birla_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiata_Group_Berhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiata_Group_Berhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Indicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiata_Group_Berhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiata_Group_Berhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Birla_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Birla_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-ownedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essar_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Essarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_-_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_-_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communicationshttp://en.wikiped

indian telecom industry, price war and its impact on industry, marketing mix of vas, vas as a next...

Documents